tariel futkarazedl.sangu.edu.ge/pdf/qapvols/qav_v7_19.pdf · romis: ptanamedrove qartuli ena (2011:...

Actual Problems of Kartvelology 165

tariel futkaraZe

qarTuli zmnis mwkrivis kategoria

aristo quTaTelaZe (1894 w.):

”dRemde ver vigdeT xelSi is klite, romelic aRebs qarTul zmnas”.

qarTul enaSi ori ZiriTadi metyvelebis nawilia: zmna

da saxeli. saxeli aRniSnavs adamians (kaci), sagans (wigni), movlenas (wvima), dros (guSin), sagnis fers (TeTri), Tvisebas (mSvenieri), raodenobas (xuTi), adgils (aq), viTarebas (kargad)... zmnis konkretuli yalibi (forma) SeiZleba gamoxatavdes qmedebas, kerZod: adamianis, sagnis moqmedebas (vakeTeb), adamianis gancdas/aRqmas (miyvars), adamianis, sagnis mdgomareobas (vzivar); Sdr.: moqmedebaa: vayvareb (/mayvarebs), vaSieb, vacieb, vtken, vibrZvi... vawuxeb (/mawuxebs: me mawuxebs mezobeli)... gancdaa (/aRqmaa): miyvars, mSia, mciva, mtkiva... vwuxvar, mawuxebs (me mawuxebs guli = guli mtkiva)... mdgomareobaa: vwevar, vdgavar, vzivar...

saxelis msgavsad zmnac srulmniSvnelovani formac-valebadi sityvaa, magram saxelisgan gansxvavebiT zmnas gacilebiT meti formobrivi varianti da meti morfolo-giuri kategoria gaaCnia; kerZod, zmnis formaSi arse-buli sxvadasxva rangis afiqsiT gamoixateba: piri, ricxvi, gezi Tu orientacia; Sesabamisad, piri, ricxvi, gezi da orientacia morfologiuri (/gramatikuli) kategoriebia30 . Sdr.: qarTul enaSi formobrivad ar gamoixateba sqesi: qarTulur qvesistemebSi sqesi semantikuri kategoriaa.

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, Tanamedrove qarTulSi zmnis formiT (yalibiT) gamoixateba ramdenime morfo-logiuri kategoria: dro, kilo, aspeqti, gvari, qceva, kontaqti (Tu kauzativi)... specialistTa meore nawili

30 kategoria (berZ. kategoria) gulisxmobs zogadi niSn(eb)is mixedviT gaerTianebul mocemulobaTa (/cnebaTa) jgufs, romlis Semadgenlebi ufro konkretuli niSn(eb)iT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. kategoria morfologiuria (/gramatikulia), Tuki semantikaSi moazrebuli gramatikuli cnebebi formob-rivad aisaxebian sityvaSi /afiqsebiT, gansxvavebuli yalibebiT/ Tu winadadebaSi /sintaqsuri konstruqciiT/ (vrclad ix. qvemoT).

mfg qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi

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maT semantikur kategoriebad Tvlis; Sdr., mag., azrTa sxvadasxvaoba drois kategoriis Sesaxeb:

ak. SaniZe: “zmna aris moqmedebis aRmniSvneli forma-cvalebadi sityva, romelsac erTdroulad ramdenime mor-fologiuri kategoria moepoveba: pirvel yovlisa piri, ricxvi, dro da kilo. dro da kilo, SeerTebuli sxva-dasxva saxiT da zogjer garTulebuli sxva kategoriebiT (gzisobiT, aqtiT, TanamdevrobiT) 31 , qmnis mwkrivis kate-gorias, romelic Tavis formebSi Seicavs ama Tu im pirisa da erT-erTi ricxvis gagebas. zmnis formacvaleba mwkrivebSi pirisa da ricxvis mixedviT Seadgens zmnis mimoxvris Sinaarss anu uRlebis sistemas, xolo uRleba Cveulebriv mimdinareobs ama Tu im gezis, orientaciis, aspeqtis, gvaris, qcvisa da kontaqtis mixedviT, rom-lebic warmoqmnis kategoriebia... uRlebisaa kategoria, Tu is zmnis ZiriTad leqsikur mniSvnelobas ar cvlis da amasTanave erTad aucileblad saWiroa ama Tu im mwkrivis sawarmoeblad. warmoqmnisaa kategoria, Tu is modifikacias uSvreba zmnis ZiriTad leqsikur mniS-vnelobas da Tanac imeorebs Zireuli zmnis mwkrivebs, yve-las Tu ara, umetesobas mainc" (SaniZe, 1980: 163-165).

g. gogolaSvili: "dro ar aris morfologiuri kate-goria, radgan: a) ar xdeba misi gamoxatva morfologiur-ad; b) drouli mniSvneloba cvalebadia erTi mwkrivis farglebSi. konteqstis gareSe formis drouli mniSvne-loba ver gairkveva; drois gagebas formas konteqsti ani-Webs... kilo ar aris morfologiuri kategoria, radgan: a) ar xdeba misi gamoxatva morfologiurad; b) kilouri mniSvneloba cvalebadia erTi mwkrivis farglebSi. konteq-stis gareSe formis kilouri mniSvneloba ver gairkveva; kilour mniSvnelobas formas konteqsti aniWebs"32.

Cemi azriT, qarTul enaSi drosa da kilos saxes-

xvaobebi namdvilad arian dakavSirebuli zmnis sxva-

dasxva formasTan, Sesabamisad, dro da kilo qarTulSi

morfologiuri kategoriebia (ix. qvemoT).

31 Sdr., avT. arabuli: „Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi gzisoba ar aris ganmsazRvreli niSani mwkrivTa semantikuri (aspeqturi) opoziciis SeqmnaSi, is ar Semodis TxrobiTi ki-los mwkrivebis ZiriTad semantikur niSnebSi“ /Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia 2011, gv. 409/. 32 vrclad ix., mag., Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia 2011, gv. 332-338.


Sdr., aseve, gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi gvaris Se-saxeb: ak. SaniZe zmnur formebs gvaris mixedviT ajgufebs; gvars ki warmoqmnis kategoriad Tvlis. formobrivad gamoyofs gvaris sami saxis yalibs: moqmedebiTi gvaris formas, vnebiTi gvaris formas da saSuali gvaris formas (SaniZe, 1980: 163-165). Sdr.: arn. Ciqobavac qarTuli zmnis formebs gvaris mixedviT ajgufebs, oRond gamoyofs or gvars: moqmede-biTsa da vnebiTs. zmnur formaTa nawils is ugvaro zmne-bad miiCnevs (Ciqobava, 1950: 059-060).

ak. SaniZisa da arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisebis ”mori-gebas” cdilobs b. jorbenaZe, romelic mesame saxeobis gvaris Sesaxeb wers: ”zmnuri formawarmoeba gulisxmobs axali gramatikuli mniSvnelobis mqone fuZis warmoqmnas, ris safuZvelzec gamoiyofa zmnuri formawarmoebiTi kategoriebi... formawarmoebiTi kategoriebia: gvari, ka-uzativi, qceva, mimarTuleba... gvari qarTuli zmnis Ziri-

Tadi sakvalifikacio kategoriaa... gvaris stabiluri for-

mebia moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi; labiluri formaa mdgo-mareobis gamomxatavi yalibi (”mdgomareobiTi zmnebi”), romelic kontaqtis Sesabamisad icvlis statuss, xolo uRvlilebisas - yalibsac” (jorbenaZe, 1995: 64-75).

ak. SaniZis Tavlsazriss iziareben g. gogolaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT gamoqveynebuli koleqtiuri naS-romis: ”Tanamedrove qarTuli ena” (2011: 426) avtorebi, romelTa azriT, „gvaris formaTa dapirispireba (moq-medebiTi - vnebiTi - saSuali) qarTulSi marto Sinaarsis mixedviT ar aris warmodgenili. moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris zmnebs aqvT ara marto sakuTari Sinaarsi, aramed formac. saSuali gvaris zmnebi formisa da funqciis mixedviT aqtivsa da pasivs Soris arian gadanawilebuli”.

d. meliqiSvilis azriT (1994: 59), ”akaki SaniZe intu-iciiT cdilobs klasifikacias mouZebnos gramatikuli principi, magram faqtobrivad, ”gvaris formebs mainc se-mantikuri principiT gamohyofs” aqve d. meliqiSvili

svams logikur kiTxvas:

”aris Tu ara gvari zogadgvareobiTi gramatikuli ka-tegoria, romelic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos qarTuli zmnis uRlebis tipebad klasifikacias, Tu igi semantiku-ri niSniT gansxvavebuli saxeobiTi jgufia zogadgvareob-rivi gramatikuli ktegoriisa?” (gv. 59-60, 70).“


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d. meliqiSvilis pasuxi aseTia: ”qarTuli zmnis gvaris tradiciuli kvalifikacia verc formaluri da verc se-mantikuri TvalsazrisiT, ver akmayofilebs gvaris katego-riis im gansazRvrebas (gagebas), romelic zogadad enaTmecnierebaSia miRebuli da universaluradaa miCne-uli” (gv.77).

CemTvis sruliad misaRebia d. meliqiSvilis warmodge-nili msjeloba: qarTul enaSi zmnas gvaris morfologi-uri kategoria ar aqvs: gvari, rogorc morfologiuri kategoria qarTul enaSi ar aris Camoyalibebuli; saerTod, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaTvis ucxoa gvaris morfologiuri kategoria.

aRvniSnavT imasac, rom gvari, aseve: gezi, orientacia, aspeqti, qceva, kontaqti (/kauzativi) ver cvlian zmnis leqsikur mniSvnelobas ise, rom geziT, orientaciiT, as-peqtiT, kontaqtiT Tu e.w. qceviTa da gvariT gansxvave-buli formebi axal damoukidebel leqsikur erTeulebad miviCnioT, Sesabamisad, gvari arc„warmoqmnis“ kategoriaa. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa T. uTurgaiZis Tvalsaz-

risi; kerZod, misi azriT, gvari rom warmoqmnis kate-goria iyos, e. i. gvaris Secvla rom zmnis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlas iwvevdes, yovlad SeuZlebeli iq-

neboda erTi sawyisi hqonodaT gvaris mixedviT gan-sxvavebul formebs (uTurgaiZe, 2002: 81).

cnobil mecnierebs urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi aqvT qarTuli enis zmnis gardamavlobis kategoris Sesaxebac:

ak. SaniZe: ”pirdapiri obieqtis xmareba sintaqsuri niSania gardamavlobisa, magram arsebobs morfologiuri saSualebac am kategoriis dasadgenad. amisaTvis mivmar-TavT formaTa dapirispirebas: mxatavs - mixatavs, gagtex - gagitex. aseTi dapirispirebiT SegviZlia gamovarkvioT, rom piri, romelic obieqtad aris warmodgenili zmnis formaSi, SeiZleba orgvari iyos: erTi, romelTanac zmnis gardamavlobaa dakavSirebuli, da meore, romelsac zmnis gardamavlobasTan araferi aqvs saerTo. magram sintaqsuri niSani ufro martivia da TvalsaCinoa da gardamavlobis gamosarkvevad Cveulebriv imas mivmarTavT xolme” (SaniZe, 1942: 183)... „gardamavalia zmna, Tu mas brunvacvalebadi obieqti moepoveba. es brunvacvalebadi obieqti namyo ZiriTadSi saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas. saxelobiTSi das-muli obieqti aris gardamavlobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi


niSani... a- prefiqsi yovelTvis ar migviTiTebs irib obieqtze, meoreul zmnebSi is gardamaval zmnaTa mawar-moebelia saarviso qceviT: a-wiTlebs, a-gorebs, a-wvens” (SaniZe, 1973: 311, 376).

arn. Ciqobava: ”gardamavloba-gardauvloba zmnis mor-fologiur kategorias ar warmoadgens, igi qarTulSi zmnaTa ZvelisZvel dayofa-dajgufebas qmnis iseve, rogorc statikuroba-dinamikuroba... kauzativis a- prefiqsi da gardamaval zmnaTa prefiqsi a- erTi da igive odenobaa. arc gardamaval zmnaTa a- prefiqsi da arc kauzativis a-prefiqsi TurmeobiTSi ar SeiZleba gvqondes: Turme-obiTSi gardamavlobis neitralizacias aqvs adgili” (Ciqobava: 1981). ”gardauval da gardamaval zmnaTa gan-sazRvreba SesaZlebelia da saWiroa iqnes mocemuli, ro-gorc MS-is (es uwinares yovlisa!), ise MO-is mixedviT: gardauvalia yoveli zmna, romelsac an sul ara aqvs nam-yo ZiriTadi (aoristi), an Tu aqvs, moiTxovs MS-s saxe-lobiTs brunvaSi: gardamavalia yoveli zmna, romelic namyo ZiriTadSi (aoristSi) MS-s moTxrobiTs brunvaSi moiTxovs... morfologiuri obieqtis TvalsazrisiT: garda-uvalia yoveli zmna, romelsac an sul ara aqvs MO, an Tu aqvs, oden micemiTs brunvaSi, iqneba zmna namyo ZiriTadSi Tu awmyoSi; gardamavalia yoveli zmna, rome-lsac namyo ZiriTadSi SeiZleba hqondes MO saxelobiTs brunvaSi” (Ciqobava, 1986: 142).

d. meliqiSvili: ”termini gardamavali/gardamavloba semantikuri TvalsazrisiT dezinformaciulia da moxer-xebuli ar aris, radganac moqmedeba ara marto ”pirdapir obieqtze”, aramed brunvaucvlel ”irib obieqtzec” ”pir-dapir” gadadis: arwivi acxreba kurdRels, ejaxeba kldes da sxv.... gardamavali samvalentiani zmna, romelTanac Sewyobilia sami piri, pirdapiri obieqtis garda SeiZleba Seicavdes irib obieqtsac, romelic gamoxatulia imave niSniT, riTac pirdapiri obieqti (m-xatavs is me - m-ixatavs is me mas), rac imas niSnavs, rom qarTuli zmnis sistemaSi morfosintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT subieqti da

orive obieqti Tanasworuflebiania...“ (xazi Cemia - t.f.), ramdenadac qarTul zmnaSi pirdapir da irib obieqts Tanabari sintaqsuri uflebebi aqvs da isini erTi da imave markerebiT aRiniSnebian, amdenad, varCevdiT gvela-paraka qarTul relatiur zmnebSi irib da pirdapir


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gardamavlobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi erTpiriani absoluturi agebulebis zmna gardauvalia, orvalentiani/orpiriani relatiuri agebulebisa - SeiZleba iribgardamavali da pirdapirgardamavalic iyos imis mixedviT, Tu rogor obieqts Seicavs - pirdapirs, Tu iribs” (meliqiSvili, 2014: 131-132).

m. suxiSvili: ”gardamavlobas qarTulSi sintaqsurad axasiaTeben - uaxloesi obieqtis da subieqtis brunvaTa mixedviT. dasturdeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac am sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebidan erT-erTi SesityvebaSi araa warmod-genili. xSirad gardamavali zmnis sintagmaSi ara gvaqvs uaxlesi obieqtis fardi saxeli Zvelsa Tu axal qar-TulSi: daiZina, izruna... man; Cveni azriT, zmnis formaSi gamovlenili xmovani prefiqsi uaxloes obieqts mianiSnebs. saerTod, xmovani prefiqsebis ZiriTadi funqcia gardama-val zmnebSi uaxloesi obieqtis mimarTebaTa aRniSvnaa - gansxvavebuli xmovnebi uaxloesi obieqtis gansxvavebul relacias asaxavs. gardauval zmnebSi xmovani prefiqsebi gansxvavebul mimarTebebs aCveneben... zmnis gardamavloba ar icvleba Sesityvebidan subieqtis elifsis SemTxveveb-Sic, gardamavali zmnis natvriTi kilos formebSi subi-eqtis niSani gvaqvs (-a), SesityvebaSi ki subieqti gauCi-nardeba: neta gamekeTebina me igi /Sdr.: gamakeTebin-a man me igi/” (suxiSvili: 1986: 117).

qarTuli zmnis dasaxelebuli kategoriebis (gvaris,

qcevis, kontaqtis, gardamavlobis...) Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli kvalifikaciebis mizezia am semantikuri kategoriebis

formobrivi gamoxatvis arasistemuroba; Sdr., azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ar aris, mag., qarTulSi ricxvis morfolo-giuri kategoriis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac zustadaa SesaZ-lebeli am kategoriis farglebSi formobriv-funqciuri Sesabamisobis dadgena.

sxvadasxva Taobis mecnierTa mosazrebebi vrclad imi-tomac davimowme, rom meCvenebina kidev erTi faqti: dasaxelebul kategoriebSi sistemuri ar aris formobriv-funqciuri Sesabamoba: TiToeul maTgans bevri gamonak-lisi aqvs semantikuri opoziciis formaSi asaxvis Tval-

sazrisiT; garda amisa, darRveulia sistemurobis prin-cipi; mag., qcevisa da gardamavlobis kategoriaze ver


visaubrebT erTvalentiani33 zmnuri formebis SemTxvevaSi34; aseve, qceva da gardamavloba ara aqvT e.w. mesame seriis formebs, metic: gardamavloba SeiZleba ar hqondes samva-lentian formas ki (hpirdeba is mas mas) da sxv.. mniSvnelovania sxva garemoebac:

gamoxatulebis planSic da funqciuradac gvari, qceva, kontaqti/kauzativi, gardamavloba, dinamikuroba-statikuroba... garkveulwilad faraven erTmaneTs; metic, araiSviaTad, SesaZlebelia maTi ganxilva erTmaneTis Se-madgenlebadac; mag., b. jorbenaZis azriT, kauzativi aris gvaris qvesaxeoba: ”gvaris kategoriis farglebSi unda gansxvavdes kauzaluri da arakauzaluri formebi” (jor-benaZe, 1995: 68).

vfiqrob, aralogikuria, erTsa da imave xmovan pre-fiqsTan ramdenime morfologiuri kategoriis dakavSire-bac; kerZod: sxvadasxva mecnieri a- xmovan prefiqss ukavSirebs gvaris, qcevis, kauzativis... kategoriebs. sinamdvileSi dasaxele-bul kategoriebs namdvilad ar aqvT sistemuri mijaW-vuloba“ a-xmovan prefiqsTan. niSandoblivia isic, rom erTi da igive i-xmovani prefiqsi samvalentian formaSi qcevis niSnad cxaddeba, erTvalentian formaSi ki - vnebiTis niSnad; sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc araerTi specilisti miuTiTebs, i- xmovani prefiqsi ufro ukuqceviTobas gamoxatavs 35 da sxv.. Sdr., aseve, b. jorbenaZis, m. maWavarianisa da sxva mecnierTa mixedviT, „a-, e- u- xmovani prefisebi konstruqciaSi iribi obieqtis povnierebaze mianiSneben (jorbenaZe, 1983: 225; maWavariani, 2007...).

33valentoba - zmnis formis (/yalibis) unari, daikavSiros erTi an erTze meti saxeli. 34 qcevis kategoriis sxvadasxvagvari gagebisa da samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. J. feiqriSvili 2018, gv. 273-283. 35 ix., mag., b. jorbenaZe 1983 gv. 225. i-s ukuqceviTobis kategoria pirvelad daukavSira h. Suxartma. amave i-s ukavSirdeba potencialisis gagebac; vrclad ix. r. Serozia, potencialisis kategoriisaTvis zanuri enis megrul dialeqtSi: saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. 101, #1, 1981. potencialisi SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc ukuqceviTobis kerZo SemTxveva da ara, rogorc calke morfologiuri kategoria.


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enis (sityvis, winadadebis...) struqturis aRwera swori meTodologiiT Tu xdeba, SeuZlebelia, erTi afiqsi ramdenime morfologiuri kategoriis niSnad gamovacxadoT. enobrivi faqtis gramatikuli analizisas, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT mocemuli enobrivi movlenis istoriuli dinamikis aRwera (diaqro-

niuli analizi) da analizi sinqroniul WrilSi. sinqro-

niul WrilSi enobrivi faqtis Sefasebisas uTuod gasaT-valiswinebelia mocemuli konkretuli enis sistemuri Taviseburebani 36 : enis Sinagani bunebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia iseTi logikuri wesebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic gasagebi iqneba enis swavlebisa Tu programi-

rebis (modelirebis) procesSi. qarTuli enis zmnis kvle-vis SemTxvevaSi ki, aseve, aucilebelia, zmnuri formebis ierarqiis gaTvaliswineba; kerZod, zmnis konkretuli

yalibis (formis) damoukidebel zmnad gamocxadeba

bevr gaugebrobas udebs saTaves; mag., ”akeTebs”, ”ikeTe-bs” da ”keTdeba” formebi ar unda warmovidginoT sam zmnad; samive forma erTi ”keTeba” zmnis saxesxvaobebi arian. amgvari midgomis SemTxvevaSi, zmnur xmovan pre-fiqsebs verc sityvamawarmebel afiqsebad gamovacxadebT

da ver polifunqciur morfemebad. yvela zmnuri xmo-vani prefiqsi erTi gramatikuli kategoriis niSnebad SeiZleba gaviazroT. amgvari interpetaciis safuZvels

qmnis xmovan prefiqsebs Soris damatebiTi distribu-ciis arseboba. mocemuli zmnuri leqsikuri erTeulis fuZidan (mag. keT- Ziridan) zmnuri xmovani prefiqsebi awarmoeben am zmnuri leqsikuri erTeulis sxvadasxva saxesxvaobas - pirveli donis yalibebs (a-keT-, i-keT-, u-keT-, keT-d- 37 romelTac gansxvavebuli sintaqsuri konstruqcia Seesa-bamebaT. pirveli donis yalibebs, Tavis mxriv, aqvT aseve formalurad gansxvavebuli variantebi, romlebic erTmane-Tisagan gansxvavdebian droiT, kiloTi, aspeqtiT... qarTu-li enis zmnis analizisas, pirveli rigis amocanaa zmnebis 36 arn. Ciqobavas, ak. SaniZis, b, jorbenaZis mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTuli enis gramatikul literaturaSi meTodologiuri problemebis Sesaxeb ix., d. meliqiSvili 2013, gv. 194-212. 37 analogiuri funqciisaa -d sufiqsic.


(zmnuri leqsikuri erTeulebis!) dajgufeba pirveli do-nis yalibebis warmoebis mixedviT. meore etapze ki unda moxdes yalibebis SigniT mwkrivTa warmoebis Tavisebure-bebis gaTvaliswineba. mesame etapze ki - mwkrivebis SigniT pirisa da ricxvis formebis warmoebis Taviseburebebis gamokveTa. mxolod aseTi midgomis SemTxvevaSi avici-lebT Tavidan e.w. mravalrocxovani gamonaklisebisa Tu

anomaliebis problemas38. qarTul enaSi sxvadasxva aTvlis sistemiT aris nakvlevi rogorc xmovanprefiqsiani yalibebi, aseve, mwkrivisa da piris formebi; formaTa dajgufebis kriteriumebic sxva-dasxvaa gamoyenebuli; amitomac, zmnis paradigmis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi dRemde urTierTgamomricxavi daskvnebi da, rac arsebiTia, mravalgamonaklisiani wesebi gvaqvs. qarTuli enis manqanuri modelirebis mizani dRes aucilebels xdis, veZeboT zmnuri formebis dajgufebis iseTi kriteriumebi, romlebic SesaZlebels gaxdis for-maTa sistematizacias e.w. anomaliebisa da gamonaklisebis gareSe. bunebrivia, kriteriumi unda iTvaliswinebdes

rogorc zmnuri formebis struqturas, aseve, funqcias. aseT kriteriums warmoadgens momcvelobiTi grmatikuli kategoria. vfiqrob, xmovani prefiqsebiT nawarmoebi zmnur yali-bebis momcveli kategoria aris qmedebis ragvaroba“ - zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebis saxe. zmnis qmedebis rag-varoba (/saxesxvaobebi) realizdeba zmnasTan dakavSirebul da zmnis formaSi asaxul pirT(eb)an mimarTebiT. ”qmedebis ragvaroba” rTuli gramatikuli (/morfo-

logiur-sintaqsuri) kategoria 39 . am gramatikuli kate-goriis farglebSi aRmniSvneli (zmnur Zirze darTuli xmovani prefiqsiT, zogjer zmnuri sufiqsiT/sufiqsebiTac nawarmoebi zmnuri yalibi) 40 gamoxatavs ”qmedebis ragva-robis” sxvadasxva variants; zmnasTan uSualod dakav- 38 zmnuri yalibebis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2012, gv. 200-212. 39Sdr., d. meliqiSvilis „diaTezis“ kategoria (d. meliqiSvili 2014). 40 xat-av-s tipis formaSi zmovani prefiqsi warmodgenilia nulovani alomorfiT; Sdr.: xat-av-s, a-xat-av-s, i-xat-av-s, e-xat-eb-a...


174

Sirebuli pirebi (aqtantebi) ki zmnasTan erTad qmnian sxvadasxva sintaqsur konstruqcias. piris gramatikuli kategoriis mqone enebSi, rogorc wesi, gramatikulad subieqturi piri amave dros aris realurad aqtiuri piri, logikuri subieqti, moqmedi piri; gramatikulad obieqturi piri ki - pasiuri piri. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mag., indoevropul enebSi gramatikuli subieqti amave dros aris logikuri (realuri) subieqti, gramatikuli obieqti ki - realuri (logikuri) obieqti. pirovani uRlebis mqone sxva

enaTagan gansxvavebiT, qarTul enis zmnaSi erTze meti

piri aisaxeba; kerZod, piris niSani SeiZleba erT-droulad gamouvlindes realur subieqtsac da realur obieqtsac; mag.: - is m-xat-av-s me: realur subieqts aRniSnavs -s, realur obieqts ki - m-. is m-i-yvar-s me: realur subieqts aRniSnavs - m-, realur obieqts ki - s 41. qarTuli enis udavo Taviseburebaa isic, rom zmnur formaSi SeiZleba aisaxos mxolod logikuri obieqti; mag., me g-xat-av Sen: zmnaSi aRniSnulia logikuri obieqti, logikuri subieqti ki - ara; Sdr.: pirveli da mesame piris kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi logikuri subieqti zmnaSi aisaxeba: me v-xat-av mas. samvalentian zmnur formaSi piris niSniT SeiZleba

aisaxos rogorc e. w. iribi obieqti (Sen me m-i-xat-av suraTs), aseve, e. w. pirdapiri obieqturi piric (Sen me m-xat-av; me Sen g-xat-av); Sesabamisad, qarTuli enis aRwerisas gamousadegaria terminebi: morfologiuri (/gramatikuli) subieqti, morfologiuri (/gramatikuli) obieqti, ramdenadac morfologiuri (/gramatikuli) subieqti SeiZleba iyos logikuri obieqtic. zmnaSi

41 realuri subieqtis (agens) da realuri obieqtis (patiens), morfologiuri subieqtisa (“aqtiuri enobriv asxvaSi”) da morfologiuri obieqtis (“pasiuri enobriv asxvaSi“) Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis ix. arn. Ciqobava, Sromebi, I, Tb., 2010 w. gv. 430-439. aqvea msjeloba e.w. sintaqsuri subieqt-obieqtis Sesaxeb. zmnasTan Sewyobili pirebis daxasiaTebisas CemTvis ZiriTad StrixebSi misaRebia arn. Ciqobavaseuli midgoma; Sdr., mag., pirebis daxasiaTebisas ”sintaqsuri subieqtis” nacvlad viyenebT ”logikur subieqts”. garkveulwilad gansxvavebuli midgomisaTvis ix. qvemoT.


asaxul pirebs calsaxad ver aRvwerT verc mxolod aqtiuroba/pasiurobis mixedviT. enis swavlebis miznis gaTvaliswinebiT, umjobesia, zmnasTan dakavSirebuli da, amave dros, zmnis formaSi asaxuli pirebi erTdroulad davaxasiaToT subieqtu-roba/obieqturobisa (aqtiuroba/pasiurobisa) da brunvebis mixedviT; kerZod, qarTulSi SeiZleba gamovyoT sami saxis subieqti da sami saxis obieqti42: subieqturi piris saxesxvaobebi:

ergativiani / moTxrobiTbrunviani (brunvacvalebadi)

subieqti (ES): mag., orvalentiani zmnuri yalibis awmyos forma Seiwyobs saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgom logikur subieqts. ES pirvel pirSi gamoixateba v- niSniT: - v-xat-av me saxls; - v-mef-ob me... martiv warsul droSi 43 orvalentiani yalibis subieqti moTxrobiT (ergatiul) brunvaSi gadadis: daxata kacma saxli. martiv warsul droSi moTxrobiT brunvaSi gadadis erTvalentiani fuZecvalebadi yalibis subieqtic: mef-ob-s - i-mef-eb-s - i-mef-a kacma... ergativiani subieqti SeiZleba gvqondes erTvalentian, orvalentian da samvalentian zmnur yalibTan. dativiani / micemiTbrunviani subieqti (DS): mag., orvalentiani zmnuri yalibi Seiwyobs micemiT brunvaSi mdgom logikur subieqts; DS pirvel pirSi gamoixateba m- niSniT: - m-i-yvar-s me samSoblo; - ar da-m-i-xat-av-s me es naxati... nominativiani / saxelobiTbrunviani subieqti (NS): mag., erTvalentiani zmnuri yalibi Seiwyobs saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgom subieqts; NS pirvel pirSi gamoixateba v- niSniT: - v-Zlier-d-eb-i me; ga-v-Zlier-d-i…me...

42 warmodgenil gamokvlevaSi Cveni msjeloba efuZneba mxolod Tanamedrove qarTuli samwignobro enis monacemebs. 43 igulisxeba usavrcobo mwkriviT gamoxatuli warsuli drois formebi.


176

Sdr., arn. Ciqobavas mier umoqmedo (pasiur - t.f.) subieqtis mqonedaa CaTvlili Semdegi erTvalentiani zmnuri yalibi: v-ar, v-zivar... v-i-tanj-eb-i, v-i-sp-ob-i... v-i-wv-i (Ciqobava, 2010: 428)... obieqturi piris saxesxvaobebi:

dativian-nominativiani obieqti (D/NO): mag., orva-lentiani da samvalentiani zmnuri yalibebis brun-vacvalebadi obieqti, romelzec uSualod gadadis subieqtis moqmedeba. pirveli da meore piris kombina-ciisas zmnaSi aisaxeba pasiuri meore piri: g-xat-av me Sen (kacs); da-g-xat-e me Sen (kaci). orvalentian yalibSi pirveli da meore pirebis kom-binaciisas Tu ES meore piria, zmnis formaSi D/NO ga-moixateba m- niSniT: Sen m-xat-av me. orvalentian yalibSi III da I (is me m-xat-av-s), III da II (is Sen g-xat-av-s), III da III (is mas xat-av-s) pirTa kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi zmnaSi aisaxeba orive piri; Sdr.: mesame pirSi myofi D/NO Tanamedrove qarTuli sam-wignobro enis zmnis formaSi piris niSniT ar aRiniSneba: me v-xat-av suraTs - me da-v-xat-e suraTi. samvalentiani yalibis SemTxvevaSi D/NO zmnaSi ar aisaxeba: m-i-xat-av-s is me saxls. dativiani / micemiTbrunviani obieqti (DO): mag., orvalentiani an samvalentiani zmnuri yalibis ES-is moq-medebis adresati - micemiT brunvaSi mdgomi brunva-ucvleli da realurad aqtiuri obieqti. DO pirvel pirSi gamoixateba m- niSniT, meore pirSi - g- niSniT: m-a-Sen-ebin-eb-s is me saxls; v-a-Senebin-eb me kacs saxls... DO realurad pasiuric SeiZleba iyos: m-e-far-eb-a is me; e-far-eb-a is xes.

nominativiani / saxelobiTbrunviani obieqti (NO) - sul saxelobiT brunvaSia: me miyvars mogzauroba; me Semiy-varda mogzauroba. erT zmnur formaSi erTdroulad SeiZleba aisaxos mxolod ori piri; Sesabamisad, qarTuli zmna SeiZleba iyos erTpiriani da orpiriani. zmnuri formis pirianoba unda ganisazRvros mwkrivis farglebSi gamovlenil piris


niSanTa raodenobiT (da ara - mxolod erTi romelime piriani formis mixedviT). Sdr.: qarTuli zmnuri forma SeiZleba iyos nul-valentiani, erTvalentiani, orvalentiani, samvalentiani (iSviaTad, oTxvalentianic ki: „miWmie...).

msjeloba ase SeiZleba SevajamoT:

pirveli donis zmnuri yalibebi 44 erTmaneTisagan gansxvav-debian: fuZis agebulebiT: xmovani prefiqsi+zmnuri Ziri/+mar-tivi/rTuli sufiqsi45; moqmedebis tipiT - „qmedebis ragvarobiT; valentobiT, pirTa raodenobiT da pirTa ragvarobiT. zmnis pirveli donis yalibTa paradigma sqematurad ase gamoiyureba: # პირველი დონის ყალიბი

აწმყოსა და წყვეტილში46

47

პირები და ქმედების რაგვარობა

1

მე გ-ხატ-ავ შენ /შენ მ-ხატ-ავ მე/

2

ES-ის მოქმედება უშუალოდ

გადადის D/NO -ზე; მოქმედების

შედეგის ადრესატი არ ჩანს მე და-ვ-ხატე ის /მან და-მ-ხატ-ა

მე

2

მე ვ-ი-ხატ-ავ მას

2

ES მოქმედება უშუალოდ გადადის

D/NO -ზე, მოქმედების შედეგის

ადრესატი კი არის ES მე და-ვ-ი-ხატ-ე ის

3 მე გ-ი-ხატ-ავ შენ მას /მ-ი-ხატ-ავ/

მე და-ვ-უ-ხატ-ე მას

3

ES მოქმედება უშუალოდ გადადის

D/NO -ზე,

მოქმედების შედეგის ადრესატი კი

არის DO მე და-გ-ი-ხატ-ე შენ

მან და-მ-ი-ხატ-ა მე

4.ა მე ვ-ი-ხატ-ებ-ი მე ვ-კეთ-დ-ებ-ი 1

NS მოქმედება არ გადადის - O-ზე: მე და-ვ-ი-ხატ-ე მე გა-ვ-კეთ-დ-ი

44 meore donis yalibad vTvliT mwkrivTa formebs; mesame donis yalibebad - pirisa da ricxvis formebs. 45 yalibebis rigSi Semova zepir qarTvelur qvesistemebSi arsebuli e.w. IV seriis formebi (maT Sesaxeb ix.: g. rogava 1953; r. Serozia 2004; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani 2005. 46 mwkrivnakli yalibis SemTxvevSi miTiTebulia mxolod erTi forma 47 valentoba


178

4.ბ მე ვ-მეფ-ობ48 მე ვ-საქმ-ობ 1 მოქმედება უკუქცევითია.

მე ვ-ი-მეფ-ე მე ვ-ი-ბრძოლ-ე

5 მე ვ-ე-ხატ-ებ-ი მას /ის მ-ე-ხატ-

ებ-ა/

2

NS მოქმედების ადრესატია DO

მე და-ვ-ე-ხატ-ე მას

მე (რომ) და-მ-ე-ხატ-ა

მე შემო-მ-ე-ხატ-ა

6 მე ვ-ა-ხატ-ვ-ინ-ებ მას სურათს

/ის მ-ა-ხატ-ვ-ინ-ებ-ს მე სურათს/

3

ES-ის ადრესატია D0; D0 აქტიურია;

მისი მოქმედება გადადის D/NO-ზე.

მე და-ვ-ა-ხატ-ვ-ინ-ე

მე და-გ-ა-ხატ-ვ-ინ-ე

7 მე ვ-ა-ხატ-ავ მას სურათს

/ის მ-ა-ხატ-ავ-ს მე სურათს/

3

ES-ის მოქმედება გადადის DO.

D/NO პასიურია.

მე და-გ-ა-ხატ-ე შენ ის

მე და-ვ-ა-ხატ-ე მას ის

შენ და-მ-ა-ხატ-ე მე ის

8 მე ვ-ხატ-ი-ვარ

ის არ ხატ-ი-ა

1 NS პასიურია; ზმნურ ყალიბს არც

ერთი სახის ობიექტი არ

უკავშირდება მე და-ვ-ხატულ-ვარ

ის არ დახატულა

9 აწმყო ------------------

2

DS–ის მოქმედება უშუალოდ

გადადის NO-ზე,

მოქმედების შედეგის ადრესატი კი

არ ჩანს

წყვეტილი:

მე (და)-მ-ი-ხატ-ავ-ს

/მე არ (და)-მ-ი-ხატ-ავ-ს

მას არ (და)-ვ-უ-ხატ-ი-ვარ მე

warmodgenili yvela yalibi SeiZleba ar hqondes yvela zmnur leqsikur erTeuls; garda amisa, sxva zmnur leqsikur erTeulebs SeiZleba gamoaCndeT sxva yalibebic. yalibebis warmoebis mixedviT qarTul enaSi arsebuli zmnuri leqsikuri erTeulebi ramdenime jgufad iyofa; mag., v-a-keT-eb tipis zmnebs erTvalentiani varianti ewar-moebaT -d- sufiqsiT: keT-d-eb-a; Sdr.: “v-xat-av” tipis zmnebisaTvis bunebrivi - i-xat-eb-a; Sdr., aseve: v-yvaro-ob, v-a-yvar-eb, m-i-yvar-s... paradigma da v-a-Sen-eb, v-a-Sen-eb+in-

48 kaci mef-ob-s, kaci i-mef-eb-s kacma i-mef-a: cnobilia, rom aq subieqtis brunvacvaleba formaTa istoriiTaa Sepirobebuli. CemTvis mniSvnelovania, sinqronul doneze moeZebnos axsna amgvar gamonaklisebs; kerZod, faqtia: nasaxelari zmnebis erTvalentiani yalibebis (vimefe, vibrZole...) subieqti namyoSi moTxrobiT brunvaSia.


eb: m-i-yvar-s yalibi gamoaCndeba mxolod guneba-ganwyobis gamomxatav zmnebs (zmnuri leqsikuri erTeulebis Sesaxeb saboloo msjelobas warmovadgenT sxvagan)49.

cxrilSi warmodgenil yalibebs fuZis (xmovani

prefiqsi+zmnuri Ziri+) ucvlelobis farglebSi moepo-

veba droiT, kiloTi, aspeqtiT da gzisobiT gan-sxvavebuli formobrivi saxesxvaobebi - mwkrivebi

50.

samecniero literturaSi mwkrivTa Sesaxeb dRemde ur-TierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebia; maT aRsaniSnavadac sxva-dasxva terminia gamoiyenebuli: dro, wevri, rigi, dro-kilo, mwkrivi, nakvTi... amJamad ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia terminebi: mwkrivi da nakvTi. termini ”mwkrivi” lite-raturaSi a. SaniZem daamkvidra, xolo ”nakvTi” - arn. Ciqobavam. sauRlebel erTeulad miCneul mwkrivs (nakvTs) isini sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven:

a. SaniZe mwkrivs gramatikul kategoriad miiCnevs, oRond, sxva kategoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, mwkrivs rTul morfologiur kategoriad Tvlis, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Seicavs ramdenime martiv kategorias; dros, kilos da sxv. igi iziarebs n. maris kvalifikaciebs da Tanamedrove qarTulSi gamoyofs 11 mwkrivs 51 . misive azriT,„”mwkrivis Sedgeniloba yovelTvis erTi da igive ar aris. aq varCev orgvar SemTxvevas. TiToeuli mwkrivis SigniT icvleba piri da ricxvi, zog enaSi sqesic (mag., arabul enaSic) an klasic; ucvlelia: dro, kilo, gzisoba, aqti, Tanam-devroba. mwkrivebi erTmaneTs Soris gansxvavdebian swored ucilobeli elementebis mixedviT; dro umetesad yvelaSia, magram sxvadasxva saxisaa: exlandeli, warsuli an momavali; kiloc yvelaSia, magram esec sxvadasxva saxisaa: TxrobiTi, kavSirebiTi, brZanebiTi. gzisoba, aqti da Tanamdevroba zog mwkrivSi moipoveba, zogSi - ara, magram Tu aris, is yvela cvalebad wevrs gasdevs /pirSi da ricxvSi/” (SaniZe, 1980: 215-217).

49 zmnuri leqsikuri erTeulebis dayofis cdisaTvis ix. s. adamia,„2015. 50 yalibTa Soris zogi mwkrivnaklia. 51 a. SaniZe, 1973, gv. 216. b. jorbenaZe 1984, gv. 17: "nakvTi aris zmnis funqcionirebis (enaSi zmnis arsebobisa da gamoyenebis) forma. nakvTs formobriv moepoveba Tavisi yalibi, fuZe da mawarmoebeli"... "uRvlileba zmnis morfologiaSi imave rigis movlenaa, rac saxelTa morfologiaSi bruneba".


180

Sdr.: mwkrivs grmatikul kategoriad ar Tvlian iseTi cnobili mecnierebi, rogorebic arian arnold Ciqobava da varlam Tofuria; mag., arn. Ciqobavas azriT, „nakvTi teqnikuri terminia da miuTiTebs uRvlilebis erTeulze am erTeulis funqciis aRuniSnavad. amitom nakvTi ver iqneba gramatikuli kategoria (”ufunqcio kategoria” ar aris kategoria!) iseve, rogorc gramatikul kategorias ar gulisxmoben terminebi ”bgera”, ”marcvali, xmovani, fuZe...” (Ciqobava, 1948: 8). arn. Ciqobavac 11 mwkrivs gamoyofs (Ciqobava, 1950: 062; Ciqobava, 1962).

v. Tofuria iziarebs arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazriss: rad-gan mwkrivs ar gaaCnia gramatikuli kategoriis arc fun-qcia da arc forma, xolo mwkrivis sawarmoebel niSnebad miCneuli sufiqsebi (a, e, o, i) drois, kilosa da jerobis mawarmoebeli afiqsebia, amitom mwkrivi ar SeiZ-leba miviCnioT kategoriad (Tofuria, 1956).

ar. Ciqobavas mosazrebis kritikuli analizi war-modgenilia naSromSi:“”Tanamedrove qarTuli enis mor-fologia /saliteraturo ena/” (2011: 323-355), sadac, daskvniT nawilSi ZiriTadad gaziarebulia a. SaniZis Tvalsazrisi; kerZod, g. gogolaSvili wers: ”funqciuri TvalsazrisiT mwkrivi rTuli monacemia; polisemantikuri monacemia. masSi erTdrouladaa warmodgenili zmnis sxvadasxva funqciuri kategoriebi (odenfunqciuri da formobriv-funqciuri): dro, kilo, aspeqti, gzisoba, aqti... erToblioba am funqciebisa (kombinaciebi am fun-qciebisa) qmnis mwkrivis semantikas... formobrivad gansxva-vebuli ori erTeuli sxvadasxva mwkrivis formaa, radganac isini funqciur sxvaobasac avlenen. funqciurad gansxvavebuli ori erTeuli ar CaiTvleba sxvadasxva mwkrivis formebad, Tu maT Soris araa formobrivi sxvaoba”. g. gogolaSvilisve ganmartebiT, "nakvTis fuZe aris is nawili zmnisa, romelsac CamoSorebuli aqvs zmniswini, pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi" (gogolaSvili, 1988: 97-98). nakvTis fuZis amgvari gageba gulisxmobs I seriis zmniswinian da uzmniswino formaTa erT nakvTad gaer-

Tianebas (II-III seriis formaTa msgavsad)52.

52 aqve (gv. 370-71) 8 mwkrivia dasaxelebuli: 1-li mwkrivi (awmyo-myofadi) - (zmniswini)-akeTebs; me-2 mwkrivi (uwyveteli-xolmeobiTi) - (zmniswini)-akeTebda; me-3 mwkrivi (I kavSirebiTi) - (zmniswini)-akeTebda; me-4 mwkrivi (wyvetili) - (zmniswini)-akeTa; me-5 mwkrivi (I kavSirebiTi) - (zmniswini)-akeTos; me-6


mwkrivis ”elementebis” (/komponentebis) gansxvavebul Ca-monaTvals iZleva avT. arabuli (1999), romelic zmnis-wins mwkrivis fuZeSi ganixilavs, aspeqts ki mwkrivis semantikur komponentad Tvlis. igi msjelobas ase iw-yebs: ”uRlebis - zmnuri fleqsiis rTuli sistemis - yo-veli wevri (yoveli mwkrivi) aris zmnis arsebobis, misi enobrivi funqcionirebis forma; mwkrivis semantika ki SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc zmnuri formis fun-qcionirebis Sinaarsi. mwkrivi gramatikuli formaa, rom-lis enobrivi warmodgena mniSvnelobis gareSe ar xdeba. formasa da mniSvnelobas Soris ganuyofeli erTobaa; ma-Ti dacalkeveba mxolod analizis (abstraqciis) doneze aris SesaZlebeli; mniSvnelobis warmodgena ki swored funqcionirebis procesSi xdeba... yoveli mwkrivis Ziri-Tadi mniSvneloba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes sami semantikuri kategoriis gamoyenebiT; maTi kombinacia gvaZlevs mwkrivs - rogorc funqciur erTeuls” 53 ... kerZod, ”kilo, dro da aspeqti (maTi qvesistemebiT) urTierTierarqiul mimarTebaSi srulyofilad axasiaTebs qarTuli zmnis mwkrivTa, rogorc formobriv-semantikur erTeulTa, sis-temas. am sistemis (paradigmis) yvela wevri damoukide-beli semantikuri niSniT warmodgeba. mwkrivis ZiriTad mniSvnelobaSi damoukidebeli semantikuri niSani misi enobrivi arsebobis ganmsazRvreli pirobaa. amitomac yoveli semantikuri niSnis cvla (formis cvlasTan erTad) uflebas gvaZlevs gamovyoT calke zmnuri erTeuli, damoukidebeli enobrivi odenoba”(iqve, gv. 409-411). aqve avT. arabuli formobrivad gamohyofs 16 mwkrivs, romelTac warmoadgens usaxelod, rigiTi nomrebiT da uZebnis Semdeg ”semantikur kategoriebs” (”diferencialur niSnebs”): 1. xatavs: TxrobiTi + awmyo. 2. xatavda: TxrobiTi + warsuli + uwyveteli. 3. xatavdes: kavSirebiTi + [awmyo] + usruli. 4. daxatavs: TxrobiTi + momavali. 5. daxatavda: kavSirebiTi + [warsuli] + sruli. 6. daxatavdes: kavSirebiTi + [momavali] + sruli. 7. xata: TxrobiTi + warsuli + usruli 8. daxata: TxrobiTi + warsuli + sruli

mwkrivi (I TurmeobiTi) - (zmniswini)-ukeTebia; me-7 mwkrivi (II TurmeobiTi) - (zmniswini)-ekeTebina; me-8 mwkrivi (III TurmeobiTi) - (zmniswini)-ekeTebinos. 53 „Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia 2011, gv. 385-294


182

9. xatos: kavSirebiTi + [awmyo/momavali] + usruli 10. daxatos: kavSirebiTi + [momavali] + sruli 11. uxatavs: TxrobiTi+warsuli+usruli+SedegobiTi 12. dauxatavs: TxrobiTi + warsuli + sruli +

SedegobiTi 13. exata: kavSirebiTi + warsuli + usruli +

SedegobiTi 14. daexata: kavSirebiTi + warsuli + sruli +

SedegobiTi 15. exatos: kavSirebiTi + warsuli + usruli +

SedegobiTi 16. daexatos: kavSirebiTi + warsuli + sruli +

SedegobiTi mwkrivis ”semantikur” komponentad aspeqtis Semotana

swori gadawyvetilebaa; aqve istoriuli samarTlianobi-saTvis aRvniSnav, rom qarTuli enis gramatikis saxel-mZRaneloSi zmnis sruli da usruli aspeqti anu "saxe" pirvelad gamoyo da zmniswiniani / uzmniswino zmnuri formebi ganasxvava dimitri yifianma.

avT. arabulis sqemaSi darRveulia„mwkrivis formaTa formobrivi homogenurobis principi: sruliad gansxva-vebuli agebuleba aqvs bolo eqvs mwkrivs. aseve ga-umarTlebelia bolo mwkrivebis oTx damoukidebel mwkri-vad gamoyofa maT semantikur komponentTa erTgvarovnobis fonze: Tu ori mwkrivis „semantikuri kona (Tu gramati-

kuli mniSvnelobani) erTia, aseT SemTxvevaSi gaumarTle-belia maTi gamocxadeba sxvadasxva mwkrivad. uraTanmim-devrulia msjeloba mwkrivTa„diferencialur niSnebzec: vfiqrob, yvela mwkrivi erTnari niSnebiT unda daxasi-aTdes; Sdr., mag., fonemaTa diferencialuri niSnebi: fonemaTa paradigmatuli sistemis wevrTa homogenurobis principidan gamomdinare, yvela Tanxmovani bgera xasi-

aTdeba erTi da imave diferencialuri niSniT: loka-luri rigiT, mJReroba-siyruiT, xSuloba-napralovnobiT da nazaluroba-aranazalurobiT. mwkrivTa SemTxvevaSic aqcenti unda gakeTdes mwkrivTa saerTo maxasiaTeblebze rogorc formobriv, aseve, Sinaarsobriv planSi; kerZod, gramatikuli kategoriis cnebidan gamomdinare, mwkrivTa rigSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT mxolod iseTi Tanabarzo-mieri formebi (aRmniSvneli), romelTac Tanabarzomieri


gramatikuli mniSvneloba (aRsaniSni) aqvT, anu mwkri-

vebad SegviZlia miviCnioT erTi fuZis (xmovani pre-fiqsi+zmnis Ziri/+sufiqsi/) mqone iseTi zmnuri formebi, romelTac aqvT saerTo gramatikuli Tu semantikuri

mniSvnelobebi (mag., dro, kilo, aspeqti, gzisoba), mag-ram formobrivad gansxvavdebian formamawarmoebeli

afiqs(eb)iTa da mocemuli gramatikuli mniSvnelobebis

konidan“ erT-erTi komponentis saxesxvaobiT mainc.

mwkrivis kategoriis Sesaxeb Cemeuli Tvalsazrisis sabo-

lo saxis Camoyalibebamde, kidev erTxel termin gramati-kuli kategoriis Sesaxeb: enas aqvs ori mxare: Sinaarsi da forma (Sdr.: aRsaniSni da aRmniSvneli); konkretul Sinaarss Seesabameba konkre-tuli forma; mag., konkretul cnebas Seesabameba konkre-tuli bgeraTmimdevroba - sityva-forma (cnebas:„wyali qarTul enaSi Seesabameba w-y-al-i sityva-forma). gramati-kul literaturaSi arsebobs e.w. morfologiuri da gra-matikuli kategoriebi; mag., ricxvi, sqesi, brunva... dro, kilo, aspeqti... enis SinaformaSi arsebuli es kategori-ebi enobriv struqturaSi (formaSi) aisaxebian afiqsiTa Tu struqturis TaviseburebiT; mag., qarTul enaSi for-mobrivad aisaxeba: piri, ricxvi... ar aisaxeba - sqesi; Sesabamisad, qarTul enaSi piri da ricxvi morfolo-giuri kategoriebia, sqesi ki - semantikuri54. msjeloba ase SeiZleba ganvazogadoT:

erTi rigis gramatikul cnebaTa da maT Sesabamis gramatikul formaTa myari Sesabamisobis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs gramatikuli (morfologiuri, sintaqsuri) kate-goria. erT enaSi arsebuli gramatikuli kategoria meore enaSi SeiZleba semantikuri kategoria iyos; Sesabamisad, enis lingvisturi aRwerisa Tu daxasiaTebisas, pirvel rigSi, arsebiTi yuradReba unda mieqces terminTa logi-kurobasa da meTodologiur Tanmimdevrulobas; kerZod, semantikuri da gramatikuli kategoriebis aRmniSvneli

54 arc erT qarTvelur qvesistemaSi formobrivad ar gamoixateba sqesi: qarTvelur qvesistemebSi sqesi semantikuri kategoriaa.


184

terminebi erT sibrtyeze ar unda davayenoT. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisi: enis mecnieruli Seswavla, Cvenis azriT, gulisxmobs rogorc struqturis, ise funqciis Seswavlas, magram SeuZlebeli xdeba struqtura (struqturuli katego-riebi) avweroT funqciis (funqcionalur kategoriaTa) mixedviT da - piruku. struqturuli cnebebi struq-turuli niSnebis mixedviT unda CamovayaliboT, funqci-

onaluric Sesabamisad - funqcionaluri niSnebis mixed-

viT. manZili ar gaizomeba wonis erTeulebSi (kilograme-biT)... enis aRwerisas CvenTvis saxelmZRvanelo princips warmoadgens homogenurobis principi, rogorc safuZve-li„meTodologiuri imanentizmisa: cneba unda Seicavdes niSnebs, romlebic imanenturia aRsaweri obieqtisaTvis, Seswavlili obieqtisaTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelia... erTi enis gramatika ver iqneba meore enis gramati-kis„Targmani...„erTi qalaqis gegmis mixedviT ver davaT-valierebT (ver gavecnobiT) meores 55 ... Cemi Semdgomi msjeloba swored homogenurobis principis dacvazea

orientirebuli. homogenurobis princips Tu davicavT, qarTul enaSi erTi zmnis aTasobiT formobrivi saxes-xvaoba sam ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba warmovadginoT: - formebi, romelTac saerTo aqvT leqsikuri mniS-

vneloba da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian an fuZis agebu-

lebiT (xmovani prefiqsi+zmnuri Ziri/+sufiqsi/), an adgi-lianobiT (pirTa raodenobis perspeqtiviT) da moqmedebis ragvarobiT (moqmedebis mimarTuleba, kauzativi...). erTi leqsikuri erTeulis farglebSi gansxvavebuli SeiZleba hqondeT yvela dasaxelebuli komponenti; aseve, gansxva-vebuli SeiZleba hqondeT: droc, kiloc, aspeqtic da gzisobac; aseve: piri, ricxvi. - formebi, romelTac saerTo aqvT ara mxolod leq-sikuri mniSvneloba, aramed: fuZis struqtura (xmovani prefiqsi+zmnuri Ziri), adgilianoba (pirTa raodenobis perspeqtiva da valentoba), moqmedebis ragvaroba (mimar-

Tuleba, kauzativi). es formebi struqturulad erTmane- 55 arn. Ciqobava, Sromebi, I, 2010, gv. 252 (arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi. Tb. “mecniereba” 1968).


Tisagan gansxvavdebian raime afiqsiT 56 , Sinaarsoblivad ki - sul mcire, an droiT, an kiloTi, an aspeqtiT an gzisobiT. gansxvavebuli SeiZleba hqondeT pirica da ricxvic. - formebi, romelTac saerTo aqvT ara mxolod fuZis struqtura (xmovani prefiqsi+zmnuri Ziri), adgilianoba (konstruqciis Seqmnis perspeqtiviT - valentoba), moqme-debis ragvaroba, aramed dro, kilo, aspeqti da

gzisoba57; - erTmaneTisagan ki gansxvavdebian mxolod

piriTa da ricxviT. maSasadame: pirveli jgufSi erTiandebian erTi leqsikuri mniS-vnelobis mqone gansxvavebuli agebulebis (/valentobis) mqone yalibebi; meore jgufSi - zmnuri leqsikuri erTeulis erTi yalibis iseTi formobrivi variantebi (mwkrivebi), rom-lebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian, sul mcire, an droiT, an kiloTi, an aspeqtiTa an - gzisobiT; mesame jgufi moicavs erTi mwkrivis farglebSi arsebul pirisa da ricxvis formebs58.

Cem mier gamoyofil yvela mwkrivis gramatikul formas aqvs erTnair „semantikur/gramatikul komponentTa (“diferencialur niSanTa“) gansxvavebuli kombinaciebi; kerZod, qarTul enaSi zmnis konkretul formasTan - mwkrivTan (da ara, romelime afiqsTan) - dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva „gramatikuli mniSvneloba: dro, kilo, aspeq-ti da gzisoba; swored am „martivi kategoriebis saxes-xvaobebi warmoadgenen mwkrivis, rogorc „rTuli katego-

riis, semantikur Tu gramatikul mniSvnelobebs. am safuZ-vliT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom dro, kilo, aspeqti da gzisoba morfologiuri kategoriebia. mwkrivis formebis gamoyofisa Tu daxasiaTebisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia am„oTxi elementis povniereba. mokled am „gramatikuli mniSvnelobebis“ Sesaxeb59:

56 gamonaklisi: vmefob - vimefeb tipis mimarTebaa. 57 TiToeuli am kategoriis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT. 58 t. futkaraZe 1998; t. futkaraZe 2006. gv. 88-96; t. futkaraZe, 2015, gv. 110-116. 59 araiSviaTad, mocemuli zmnuri yalibi drosTan erTad gamoxatavs kilosa da aspeqts, magram garkveuli kavSirebiTobiT


186

drois kategoria dro, rogorc semantikur-logikuri universaluri ka-

tegoria, samia: warsuli, awmyo da momavali. dro, rogorc morfologiuri (gramatikuli) kategoria, ro-gorc wesi, aris saubris procesisa da moqmedebis/mdgo-mareobis momentis mimarTebis asaxva zmnis konkretuli formiT; kerZod: a) konkretuli zmnuri formiT Cans, rom moqmedeba xdeboda saubris (/Tqmis) procesamde - warsuli dro; b) konkretuli zmnuri formiT Cans, rom moqmedeba mimdinareobs saubris (/Tqmis) procesSi - awmyo anu

axlandeli dro; g) konkretuli zmnuri formiT Cans, rom moqmedeba ganxorcieldeba saubris (/Tqmis) Semdeg - momavali dro; d) konkretuli zmnuri formiT Cans, rom moqmedeba SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo warsulSi, magram ar gan-xorcielebula - momavali warsulSi (rom gamekeTebina). e) konkretuli zmnuri formiT Cans, rom moqmedeba mudmivad mimdinareobs - zogadi dro (dedamiwa brunavs).

zog sxva enaSi formobrivad SeiZleba gamoixatos sam-

ze meti dro; kerZod: momavali warsulSi, zogadi dro, winarewarsuli da sxv.. zog enaSi dro morfologiuri kategoria saerTod ar aris.

qarTul enaSi zmnis konkretuli mwkrivis dro Se-iZleba Seicvalos konteqstis mixedviT an raime nawilakis darTviT. sxva enebis msgavsad, qarTulSic aris e.w. ud-roo zmnuri formebi - zmnuri yalibebi, romlebic zogad, maradiul dros gamoxataven; mag.: gveli srialebs, mze asxivebs, arwivi dafrinavs, kenguri daxtis... dros ganas-xvavebs zogi saxelic, kerZod, zmnuri Zirisgan nawarmoebi mimReobebi; Sdr.: gamSvenierebuli - gasamSvenierebeli; gazrdili - gasazrdeli... qarTulSi dro SeiZleba gamo-ixatos drois gamomxatavi saxelebis - zmnisarTebis (dRes, guSin, xval...) - daxmarebiTac.

spcialistebi amgvar yalibebsac (zmnur formasac) drois formebad moixsenieben (ix., mag., inglisuri enis droebi). qarTul gramatikaSi drosa da kilos erTdroulad gamomxatavi zmnuri yalibebis saxelad gamoiyeneba ak. SaniZis mier damkvidrebuli termini: "mwkrivi" da arn. Ciqobavas mier damkvidrebuli termini: "nakvTi".


rogorc wesi, qarTul enaSi drois gamoxatva dakav-Sirebulia konkretul yalibebTan - mwkrivebTan; mag.: vxat-av forma, rogorc wesi, axlandel dros gamoxatavs, magram konteqstSi: "xval moval da vxatav" wina zmnis gavleniT awmyos forma momavali drois gamoxatvasac iTavsebs. konteqstis mixedviT zog sxva formasac SeiZ-leba daudasturdes ori drois aRniSvna; am faqtis miuxedavad, udavoa rom qarTulSi drois gamoxatva mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli konkretul zmnur formebTan; konkretuli drois gamomxatavi zmnuri formis (mwkrivis) mawarmoebeli (da ara - drois gamomxatavi afiqsi) SeiZ-leba iyos:

zmniswini: v-xat-av - da-v-xat-av; v-a-mefeb - ga-v-a-mefeb; v-aTamaS-eb - a-v-TamaSeb...

xmovani prefiqsiT nawarmoebi sxva yalibi: v-mef-ob - v-i-mef-eb; v-TamaS-ob - v-i-TamaS-eb; v-mReri - v-i-mRereb; v-laRob - v-i-laR-eb (ga-v-i-laR-eb)...

mwkrivis niSani60 : v-xat-e - warsuli dro; v-xat-o -

momavali dro da sxv.61 Sdr., mag., ”vxatav” zmnis formebi awmyo droSi:

vxatav (mxatavs), davuxativar (damixatavs), vuxatav (mixatavs), vixatav, vaxatvineb (maxatvinebs), vexatvinebi

60 mwkrivis niSnis Sesaxeb ix. aseve, qvemoT. 61 calkeul mwkrivTa formebis mier drouli mniSvnelobis gadmocemis SesaZleblobis zogadi suraTi aseTia (mogvyavs l. geguCaZis mixedviT): awmyos mwkrivs SeiZleba hqondes axlandeli, momavali, an e.w.„zogadi awmyos“ mniSvneloba. namyo uwyveteli mxolod warsuli drois gamomxatvelia. awmyos

kavSirebiTi axlandel an momaval dros aRniSnavs. myofadis mwkrivi gadmogvcems momaval an axlandel dros. SeiZleba hqondes zogadi awmyos gagebac. myofadis xolmeobiTi warsuli drois gadmomcemi mwkrivia, magram konteqstis Sesabamisad SeuZlia SeiTavsos momavali drois mniSvnelobac. myofadis

kavSirebiTi mxolod momavali drois gagebiT gvxvdeba. wyvetilis mwkrivs unari aqvs gamoxatos rogorc warsuli, ise momavali dro. II kavSirebiTi momavalTan erTad iTavsebs axlandeli drois mniSvnelobasac. I TurmeobiTi SeiZleba Segvxvdes axlandeli, warsuli an momavali drois funqciiT. II TurmeobiTi ZiriTadad namyo dros gadmoscems, magram misi kavSirebiTi kilos funqciiT xmarebisas SefardebiT momavalsac gamoxatavs. III kavSirebiTi upiratesad warsul dros iTvaliswinebs, mas SeiZleba hqondes momavali drois gagebac (l. geguCaZe 2005).


188

(mexatvineba), vexatebi (mexateba), vixatebi, davxatulvar (Sedegi axlaa saxeze).

aspeqtisa da gzisobis kategoriebi

qarTuli enis gramatikaSi aspeqtis kategoria (sruli - usruli) pirvelad gamoyo dimitri yifianma.

a. SaniZem aspeqti warmoqmnis kategriad miiCnia da mwkrivis ”elementad” ar CaTvala; kerZod, igi wers: ”as-peqti Zvelad uRlebis kategoria iyo: is aucilebeli elementi iyo TviTeuli mwkrivisa I-sa da II seriaSi, magram axal sistemaze gadasvliT es kategoria gamovida uRlebidan da warmoqmnaSi daikava adgili, radganac am gziT man zmnis paralelur formebs (uzmniswinosa da zmniswinians) mwkrivebSi sxvadasxva gramatikuli mniSvne-loba misca: grixa - dagrixa, grixos - da-grixos, ugrexia - daugrexia da sxva... eWvi ar aris, rom dRevandeli aspeqti sazogadod warmoqmnis kategoriaa, magram ver vityviT, rom mas mTlad gawyvetili hqondes kavSiri uRlebasTan" (SaniZe, 1980: 270-276).

g. maWavarianis azriT (1974), Tanamedrove qarTulSi garCeulia: sruli, usruli, wyvetili, uwyveteli, erT-gzisi, mravalgzisi aspeqtebi62.

b. jorbenaZe gamoyofs aspeqtis sam qvesistemas: a) usruli - sruli, b) wyvetili - gangrZobiTi, g) erTgzisi - mravalgzisi (jorbenaZe, 1995: 74).

aspeqtis saxesxvaobebad marTlac SegveZlo migveCnia wyvetiloba/uwyveteloba Tu erTgzisoba/mravalgzisoba, magram mwkrivTa daxasiaTebisas romelime mwkrivs erTdro-ulad ori aspeqti aRmoaCndeba, rac gaarTulebs mwkrivis semantikis aRqmas: ar SeiZleba erT formas erTi kate-goriis erTdroulad ori semantikuri Tu gramatikuli maxasiaTebeli hqondes (mag.: sruli da gangrZobiTi); ami-tom vfiqrobT, umjobesia erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT aspeq-ti, gzisoba da mwkrivebi cal-calke davaxasiaToT aspeq-tisa (sruli/usruli) da gzisobis (erTgzisi/mravalgzisi) mixedviT. davZenT imasac, rom SesaZlebelia, garkveuli pirobiTobiT, mwkrivTa semantikis analizis gasaadvileb-lad, gavaigivoT, erTi mxriv, semantikuri mniSvnelobe-bi: ”erTgzisi“ da „wyvetili”, meore mxriv -”mravalgzi-si”, ”xolmeobiTi” da ”uwyveteli”.

62 aspeqtis Sesaxeb sxva samecniero naSromebis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia 2011, gv. 347-409.


SegviZlia vTqvaT: dros msgavsad, qarTulSi ama Tu im mwkrivis formas

axasiaTebs aspeqtisa da gzisobis romelime saxesxvaoba anu: aspeqtic da gzisobac morfologiurad gamoxatuli kategoriaa - gramatikuli kategoriaa; aspeqtic da gzi-sobac mwkrivis, rogorc rTuli kategoriis, Semadgenlebi arian. qarTul enaSi aspeqtis farglebSi zmnis ama Tu im formas (mwkrivis yalibs) SeuZlia aCvenos, rom zmniT gadmocemuli moqmedeba aris: - usruli: vxatav, vxate - sruli: davxatav, davxate

zmnis formas, aseve, SeuZlia asaxos: erTgzisi (wyve-tili) da mravalgzisi (xolmeobiTi, uwyveteli): - wyvetili: vxate, davxate - uwyvet., xolm.: vxatavdi, davxatavdi.

qarTulSi gvaqvs iseTi zmnebic, romelTa zog yalibs aspeqtis gamoxatva ar SeuZlia; mag.: m-i-yvar-s (magram: vayvareb - Sevayvarebs); v-bavSv-ob (magram: vabavSveb - gavabavSveb); cxar-ob-s (magram: cxar-d-eb-a - ga-cxar-d-eb-a); msgavsi formebia: m-Zul-s, m-Zin-av-s... a-nT-i-a (magram: a-nT-eb-s - da-a-nT-eb-s); a-ker-i-a (magram: a-ker-eb-s - da-a-ker-eb-s)... zog zmnas saerTod ar ewarmoeba iseTi yalibi, romelsac aspeqtis gamoxatva SeeZleba; aseTebia: zis, cdi-lobs... aseve, uaspeqto zmnuri formebia: qris - da-qris, frinavs - da-frinavs... da saiqeTo da saaqeTo orien-taciis gamomxatavi formebi: mi-frin-av-s - mo-frin-av-s; mi-d-i-s - mo-d-i-s; mo-rakrak-eb-s - mi-rakrak-eb-s...

kilos kategoria

qarTulSi zmnis yalibiT (formiT) gamoxatuli morfo-logiuri (ukeT: morfologiur-semantikuri) kategoriaa, aseve, kilo (SaniZe, 1980: 204-209). kilo asaxavs zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimarTebas realobasTan - sinamdvilesTan: moqmedeba realuria, namdvilia, Tu ire-aluria - savaraudoa, saTuoa, sasurvelia. semantikurad kilo bevrnairia: TxrobiTi, brZanebiTi, kavSirebiTi, nat-

vriTi, TxovniTi... qarTul enaSi kilo, rogorc morfo-logiuri kategoria origvaria: TxrobiTi (realuri) da kavSirebiTi (irealuri). kilo formalurad (morfo-

logiurad) gamoisaxeba Sesabamis mwkrivebSi, Tumca, araiS-viaTad, mxolod morfologiuri yalibi sakmarisi ar aris kilos gamosaxatavad: arsebiTia aseve, konteqsti da


190

sintaqsuri 63 konstrucia (papiZe, 1981). dros, aspeqtTan da gzisobasTan erTad kilo mwkrivis, rogorc rTuli kategoriis, Semadgenelia. Sdr., kilos semantikur katego-riad ganixilavs avtorTa erTi nawili64, meore nawili ki, a. SaniZis kvalad, gramatikul-semantikur kategoriad miCnevs. zogi specialistis azriT, ramdenadac kilouri Sinaarsi damokidebulia sintaqsur, leqsikur, intonaciur... meqa-nizmebze, kilo unda ganvixiloT rTul gramatikul-semantikur kategoriad65. vfiqrobT, qarTulSi zmnis ama Tu im mwkriviT sami kilo gadmoicema: TxrobiTi, kavSirebiTi (pirobiT-natvriTi) da brZanebiTi; Sdr.: TxrobiTi: vxatav; kavSirebiTi (/kavSirebiTi): /rom/ vxatavde; brZanebiTi: daxate! daxatos! semantikurad kiloTa raodenoba ufro metia; gvaqvs, aseve: (1) Txovna-mudaris gamomxatveli kilo: miSvele! (2) dalocvis gamomxatveli kilo: kargi kaci gaizarde! (3) gamamxnevebeli kilo: gamagrdi! (1981: 236-237). (4) natvriTi kilo; neta sicxe yofiliyo, mTis am wyaros

wyliT gavgrildebodiT; (5) SedegobiTi: gamikeTebia... yvela dasaxelebuli kilouri niuansi SeiZleba gavaer-

TianoT zemoT dasaxelebul sam kiloSi: pirveli sami - brZanebiT kiloSi; me-4 niuansi - kavSirebiTSi; me-5 ki - TxrobiTSi (Sdr.: gamikeTebia - ar gamikeTebia). TxrobiTi kilo gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zmnis formiT gadmocemuli moqmedeba warmodgenilia rogorc ueWveli, realuri faqti, romelic xdeba, moxda, an moxdeba: v-laR-ob, v-i-laR-eb, v-i-laR-e... kavSirebiTi (pirobiTi) kilo gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zmnis formiT gadmocemuli moqmedeba irealuria

63 swored sintaqsuri meqanizmis gaTvaliswinebiT daerqva erT-erT kilos: „kavSirebiTi kilo“. 64 Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia 2001, gv. 338 65 enciklopedia ”qarTuli ena”, 2008, gv. 273 (masala momzadebulia a. papiZis mier).


(pirobiTia): SeiZleba xdebodes axla, SeiZleba momxdari-

yo, an SeiZleba moxdes: v-laR-ob-d-e; v-i-laR-eb-d-e, v-i-laR-o... kavSirebiTi kilos gamoxatvisas zmnis formas, rogorc wesi, axlavs damxmare sityva (kavSiri, modaluri sityva, nawilaki): rom, neta, unda, SeiZleba, iqneb, egeb,

lamis... damxmare sityvis gareSe gamoyenebuli aseTi zmnu-

ri forma brZanebiTis gamosaxatavadac gamoiyeneba: gaake-Tos! gaakeTon! gafrindes; gavfrindeT! (1981: 236-237). brZanebiTi kilo gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zmnis formiT gadmocemuli moqmedeba warmodgenilia rogorc

aucileblad Sesasrulebeli: wavideT! wadi! wadiT! Wavi-des! wavidnen! brZanebiTi kilo orgvaria: warTqmiTi (wadi!) da ukuTqmiTi (ar waxvide!); ukuTqmiTs yovelTvis axlavs nawilaki, nacvalsaxeli an znisarTi: nu waxval! aRar waxval! arsad waxvide, nuRar waxval! nursad waxval!

mwkrivTa homogenuroba.

aspeqtis, gzisobis, droisa da kilos kategoriebis gan-xilvisas warmodgenili msjelobis Semdeg mwkrivis aseTi ganmarteba SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: mwkrivi aris zmnis kategoria, romelic moicavs erT

zmnur fuZeze (xmovani prefiqsi+zmnuri Ziri) orien-

tirebul Tanabarzomier formebs, romelTac saerTo

aqvT pirTa raodenoba, qmedebis ragvaroba da seman-

tikur komponentTa jgufi (dro, kilo, aspeqti, gzisoba), magram erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian am semantikur

komponentTa saxesxvaobebis kombinaciebiT; anu: mwkrivTa rigi SeiZleba Seqmnas mxolod erTi yalibisa da erTnairi valentobis mqone iseTma erTi agebulebis mqone formebma, romelTac msgavsi aqvT semantikur komponentTa kombinaciebic, magram erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian am semantikur komponentTagan erTi saxesxvaobiT mainc66; Sdr. 66 calke samsjeloa awmyosa da myofadis mwkrivebSi monacvle formebis sakiTxi: v-mefob - v-i-mefeb; "vmefob" tipis formebis


192

zmnuri formebi: v-xat-av (g-xat-av), v-xatav-d-i, v-xatav-d-e; da-v-xat-av, da-v-xatav-d-i, da-v-xatav-d-e; v-xat-e, v-xat-o, da-v-xat-e, da-v-xat-o67. xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom homogenurobis princips Tu ar davicavT, SeuZlebelia zmnuri paradigmis modelirebi-

saTvis aucilebeli algoriTmis ageba. sxvadasxva mwkriviT SeiZleba gamoixatos xuTi sxva-

dasxva dro: warsuli, momavali, warsulSi arSemdgari moqmedeba (momavali warsulSi), konkretul awmyo da zogadi awmyo (garkveuli kavSirebiTobiT momavali dro da momavali warsulSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT momaval droSi; aseve, SeiZleba gavaerTianoT konkretuli awmyo da zogadi awmyo). sxvadasxva mwkriviT SeiZleba gamoixatos orgvari aspeq-

ti: sruli da usruli; sxvadasxva mwkriviT SeiZleba gamoixatos orgvari gzi-

soba: erTgzisi (wyvetili) da mravalgzisi (xolmeobiTi); sxvadasxva mwkriviT SeiZleba gamoixatos sami kilo:

TxrobiTi (/SedegobiTi), kavSirebiTi (/pirobiTi, nat-

vriTi...) da brZanebiTi. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cemeuli mwkrivTa sistemis

formobrivi mxare da Sesabamisi semantikuri komponen-

tebis„kona ase gamoiyureba:

ganxilva SesaZlebelia damoukidebladac, rogorc mwkrivnakli formebisa /aseve, SeiZleba mivudgeT ricxvSi monacvleobis sakiTxsac: bavSvi zis - bavSvebi sxedan; foToli vardeba - foTlebi cviva/. 67 Sdr.: erTi mwkrivis SigniT pirisa da ricxvis niSnebiT gansxvavebuli formebi Sinarsobrivad erTmaneTisagan sxvaoben piris an ricxvis romelobiT.


# მწკრივი დრო კილო ასპექტი გზისობა

1 აწმყო +აწმყო

-მყოფ.

თხრობითი უსრული

ერთგზ.

ვ-ხატ-ავ

მ-ე-ხატ-ებ-ა

2 მყოფადი მყოფადი თხრობითი სრული

ერთგზ.

და-ვ-ხატ-ავ

და-მ-ე-ხატ-ებ-ა

3 ნამყო უსრული

ნამყო

თხრობითი

კავშირებ.

/რომ

მეხატა/

უსრული

ერთგზ.

ვ-ხატ-ე *მ-ე-ხატ-ა

/რომ მეხატა/

4 ნამყო სრული

ნამყო

თხრობ.


/რომ

დამეხატა/

სრული

ერთგზ. და-ვ-ხატ-ე

და-მ-ე-ხატ-ა

(რომ) და-მ-ე-ხატ-ა

5 ნამყო უსრული

პირობითი

მყოფადი


უსრული

ერთგზ.

ვ-ხატ-ო

მ-ე-ხატ-ო-ს

6 ნამყო სრული



წარ.


სრული

ერთგზ.

და-ვ-ხატ-ო

და-მ-ე-ხატ-ო-ს

(რომ)და-მ-ე-ხატ-ო-ს

7 უსრული

განგრძობითი

ნამყო

თხრობ.

უსრული

მრავალგზ.

/განგრძობ./ ვ-ხატ-ავ-დ-ი

მ-ე-ხატ-ებ-ოდ-ა

8 სრული


+ნამყო

-მყოფადი

თხრობითი


სრული


/განგრძობ./ და-ვ-ხატ-ავ-დ-ი

და-მ-ე-ხატ-ებ-ოდ-ა

9 უსრული



აწმყო



უსრული


/განგრძობ./

ვ-ხატ-ავ-დ-ე

მ-ე-ხატ-ებ-ოდ-ე-ს

10 სრული





სრული


/განგრძობ./

და-ვ-ხატ-ავ-დ-ე

და-მ-ე-ხატ-ებ-ოდ-ე-ს


194

mwkrivTa rigSi ar Segvaqvs n. maris mier gamoyofili ІІІ seriis mwkrivebi: І TurmeobiTi (gamikeTebia), II Tur-meobiTi (gamekeTebina), ІІІ TurmeobiTi (gamekeTebinos). mokled e.w. ІІІ seriis gamoyofis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb: 1. I TurmeobiTi agebulebiT gansxvavdeba sxva mwkrive-bisgan; darRveulia gramatikul formaTa homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis) principi. arsebiTia is faqtic, rom sxva mwkrivebSi sampiriani forma: vuxatav / davuxate... Tur-

meobiTSi aris orpiriani; mwkrivis ganmartebidan gamom-dinare, mwkrivis formebi pirianobis mixedviT ar unda sxvaobdes 68 . aqve aRvniSnavT imasac, rom vixatav, vxatav, vuxatav formebi e. w. pirvel TurmeobiTSi ar sxvaobs (damixatavs); Sd., aseve: vixatebi da vxativar: davxa-tulvar... am da sxva mizezebis gamo e.w. І TurmeobiTis formebs Cven ganvixilavT zmnuri yalibebis rigSi; kerZod, miviCnevT SedegobiTobis gamomxatvel yalibebad, romelsac naklu-lad, magram mainc TavianTi mwkrivebic moepovebaT: - erTpiriani v-iniani yalibi: davmalulvar, ar wavsulvar; Sdr., mwkrivis formebi: davmalul(v)iyav, damaluliyo...; - orpiriani v-iniani yalibi: movfarebivar, davxatvivar... - orpiriani m-aniani yalibi: damixatavs, damiweria.

2. orpiriani (rom) damexata miCneulia ІІ TurmeobiTad. ufro logikuria, es forma CaiTvalos ”mexateba” yalibis 68 aqve aRsaniSnavia samecniero literaturaSi adridanve SemCneuli -av da -am TemisniSnian zmnebSi formaTa damTxvevis Tavidan acilebis tendenciac: guSin me da-m-ixatav-s SenTvis (misTvis) suraTi, guSin Sen da-g-i-xatav-s CemTvis/misTvis suraTi - es samvalentiani, magram gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis (agensi pirveli piria, dro warsulia...) fuZe gamovlenilia ori piriT, magram ena cdilobs, am zmnuri fuZis SemTxvevaSic formaluradac ganasxvavos moqmedi pirveli pirisa da adresatis rolSi myofi pirveli piris gamomxatveli formebi (Sdr.: xval me is damixatavs suraTs; me Turme damixatia suraTi; Sdr.: ga-m-ikeTeb-s da ga-m-ikeTebi-a; ga-g-ikeTeb-s da gagikeTebia...); Tumca, pirveli da meore piris mimarTebis gamoxatvisas maT gansxvavebuli formebi aqvT: me Sen xval damixatav suraTs - me damixatavs suraTi; Sen dagixativar me; Sen me dagixatav suraTs - Sen dagixatavs suraTi; me damixatixar Sen...


awmyos mwkrivis namyo srulad, vidre ”vxatav” formis ІІІ seriis formad.“”rom”, ”neta”... modaluri elementebiT gansxvavebuli gramatikuli mocemulobebi paralelur formebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT: ”rom damexata” da ”damexata”... ”vimalebi” formis II TurmeobiTad miCneuli forma: ”dav-maluliyavi”,“logikuria, gaviazroT ”davmalulvar” for--mis namyo srulad. ”vemalebi”, ”vuSendebi” (vuTeTrdebi) orpiriani formebis meore TurmeobiTad miCneuli ”rom davmalodi” (rom avSenebodi) damoukidebeli yalibia, romelsac, aseve, gansxvavebuli agebulebis gamo ver ganvixilavT dasaxelebuli aTi mwkrivis rigSi; Sdr.: vemalebi − davemalebi − davemale... Sdr.: modaluri elementi wyvetilis sxva formebsac ucvlis semantikas: man me momca wigni (warsuli dro) - neta momca me es wigni (momavali dro); man me maCvena es suraTi (warsuli dro) - neta maCvena es suraTi (momavali dro)... rom modaluri elementi (kavSiri) mwkrivis semantikas sxva SemTxvevebSic cvlis: "davwerdi da wavidodi": warsuli dro, TxrobiTi kilo; Sdr.: "rame rom iyos, davwerdi": momavali dro, kavSirebiTi kilo. Sdr., aseve, ”davmalodi”: am formis ganxilva SesaZlebe-lia calke yalibadac da mwkrivTa rigis damatebadac (rogorc gansxvavebuli agebulebis mwkrivi). 3. e.w. ІІІ kavSirebiTis forma ”damexatos” logikuria ganixilebodes ”damexata” (namyo sruli) formis ІІ kavSi-rebiTad, xolo ”davmaluliyo” − ”davmaluliyavi” formis ІІ kavSirebiTad. meore da mesame punqtebis mixed-viT, iqmneba Semdegi suraTi: awmyo namyo sruli ІІ kavSirebiTi vxatav davxate davxato mexateba (rom) damexata damexatos vimalebi davimale davimalo davmalulvar davmaluliyavi davmaluliyo (Sdr.: var − viyavi − viyo) 4. e. w. ІІІ seriis mwkrivTa semantikuri komponentebi gansxvavdeba І da ІІ seriis mwkrivTa komponentebisagan;


196

kerZod, mesame seriaSi a. SaniZes Semoaqvs unaxaobis

(TurmeobiTebis) kategoria, sxvebs − SedegobiTobis semantika da sxv., arada, logikuria, yvela mwkrivi xasi-aTdebodes erTi rigis semantikuri komponentebiT, rom mwkrivTa daxasiaTebisas ar dairRves homogenurobis (erT-gvarovnebis) principi. Cven mier gamoyofili mwkrivebi warmoebis mixedviT sam jgufad iyofa: I jgufis mwkrivebi:

awmyo: v-xat-av, v-Tb-eb-i myofadi: da-v-xat-av, ga-v-Tb-eb-i II jgufis mwkrivebi (ak. SaniZiseuli uTemisniSno variantebi): namyo usruli: v-xat-e, *v-Tb-i namyo sruli: da-v-xat-e, ga-v-Tb-i namyo usruli pirobiTi: v-xat-o, *v-Tb-e namyo sruli pirobiTi: (rom) da-v-xat-o, (rom) ga-v-Tb-e

III jgufis (-d-/-od- sufiqsiT garTulebuli) mwkrivebi: usruli gangrZobiTi: v-xat-av-d-i, v-Tb-eb-od-i sruli gangrZobiTi: da-v-xat-av-d-i, ga-v-Tb-eb-od-i usruli gangrZobiTi pirobiTi: v-xat-av-d-e, v-Tb-eb-od-e sruli gangrZobiTi pirobiTi: da- v-xat-av-d-e, ga-v-Tb-eb-od-e pirveli jgufis mwkrivis formebi metwil SemTxvevaSi iwarmoeba zmnur fuZeze -eb-, -av-, -am-, i-... tipis sufiqsebis darTviT, romelTac ak. SaniZe uwodebs Temis niSnebs (v-xat-av) 69 . pirvel jgufSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes

69 ak. SaniZis azriT, Tema aris zmnis is nawili, romelic saerToa I an II seriis yvela mwkrivisaTvis. misive azriT, Temis niSani aqvs mxoldo pirveli seriis mwkrivebs. Sdr.: araiSviaTad, „Temis niSani“ fuZis nawili xdeba; ix., mag.: a-keT-eb-in-eb-s formaSi pirveli -eb- yalibis mawarmoebelia; garda amisa, meore seriis formebsac SeiZleba daudasturdes „Temis niSani“ (an misi fonetikuri varianti; mag., Tvlems - CaTvlima). vfiqrob, bundovania „Temis“ ganmartebac; Sesabamisad, ufro logikuri gvgonia, -eb-, -am-... tipis sufiqsebis mwkrivTa erTi jgufis fuZis mawarmoeblad miviCnioT.


martivi fuZis mqone zmnuri formebic, Sesabamisad, umjo-besad migvaCnia, e.w. Temis niSnebs mwkrivTa erTi jgufis fuZis mawarmoebeli vuwodoT, vidre -„Temis niSani. mwkrivTa pirveli jgufis fuZis mawarmoeblad SeiZleba mogvevlinos: -i-, -av-, -ev-, -am-, -em-, -eb-, -ob-, -of-. meore jgufis mwkrivebis fuZe aris martivi (da-v-xat-e). zogi zmnis fuZis xmovani SeiZleba Seicvalos; Sdr., e.w. fuZedrekadi zmnebis warmoeba: vdrek/vdrike. mesame jgufis mwkrivebSi zmnuri fuZe rTuldeba aramxolod -eb-, -av-, -am-, i-... tipis sufiqsebiT, aramed -d/-od- sufiqsiTac, romelsac mwkrivis formebSi uwyvet-lobis, gangrZobiTobis semantika Seaqvs: da-v-xat-av-d-i. mwkrivis fuZeTa warmoebis mixedviT, zmnur yalibTa ramdenime jgufi gamoiyofa:

a) orfuZiani zmnuri yalibebi, romelTa pirveli da meore jgufis mwkrivTa fuZe erTi da igivea - cvlilebas ar ganicdis, mesame ki iwarmoeba -d/-od- sufiqsiT mag., Sdr.:

ga-kveT-s ga-kveT-a ga-kveT-d-a da-xvet-s da-xvet-a da-xvet-d-a da-wer-s da-wer-a da-wer-d-a ga-tex-s ga-tex-a ga-tex-d-a

b) samfuZiani zmnuri yalibebi, romelTac pirveli jgufis mwkrivTa fuZeze erTvis sufiqsebi: -i, -av, -am, -eb, -ob (ufro aqtiurad), -em, -of (SedarebiT iSviaTad), meore jgufis mwkrivis fuZeebTan sufiqsi CamoscildebaT, mesame jgufis mwkrivebSi ki dasaxelebul sufiqss emateba -d-/-od- gangrZobiTobis gamomxatavi sufiqsi; mag.:

gaWr-i-s ga-Wr-a ga-Wr-i-d-a danam-av-s da-nam-a da-nam-av-d-a gaakeT-eb-s gaa-keT-a ga-a-keT-eb-d-a daab-am-s daa-b-a da-a-b-am-d-a gaap-ob-s gaa-p-o ga-a-pob-d-a dasc-em-s das-c-a da-s-cem-d-a Cay-of-s Ca-y-o Ca-yof-d-a g) xmovanmonacvle zmnuri yalibebi, romlebic I da II jgufis mwkrivebis fuZes ganasxvavebs fuZiseuli xmovniT: e - i; mag.: mokrefs mokrifa; Sdr.: mo-kref-d-a dagrexs dagrixa dafens dafina gaxvrets gaxvrita Sexvreps Sexvripa mowyvets mowyvita


198

amrigad, qarTul enaSi gvaqvs sami tipis (donis)

zmnuri formebi:

erTi zmnuri leqsikuri mniSvnelobis farglebSi arsebuli yalibebi, romlebic formobrivad erTma-neTisagan gansxvavdebian xmovani prefiqsebiT (sxva afiq-sebiTac) an/da valentobiT. sxvadasxva leqsikuri erTe-ulis farglebSi aseT yalibTa raodenoba meryeobs 7-dan 10-mde. yalibebi gansxvavdebian aramxolod for-miT, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac, kerZod,„qmedebis ragva-robiT (= qmedebis mimarTuleba, kauzativi...); Sesaba-misad, safuZveli gvaqvs vTqvaT, rom„ragvaroba aris gramatikuli kategoria, romlis farglebSic gvaqvs gansxvavebuli formobrivi yalibebi da am yalibebze orientirebuli qmedebis ragvarobis sxvadasxva saxes-xvaoba.

erTi yalibis farglebSi arsebuli mwkrivebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan formobrivad gansxvavdebian zmniswiniTa (da sxva afiqsebiTac), Sinaarsobrivad ki - droiT, kiloTi, aspeqtiT da gzisobiT. mwkrivi aris rTuli morfologiuri kategoria. qarTul enaSi gvaqvs sul 10 mwkrivi, romelTa farglebSi zmniswinTa vari-antebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamovlindes 50-ze meti forma.

erTi mwkrivis farglebSi piriTa da ricxviT gansxva-vebuli zmnuri formebi (orvalentiani zmnis Sem-TxvevaSi maqsimum 28 forma)70.

erTi yalibis farglebSi arsebuli mwkrivTa logikuri sistema ase gamoiyureba:

70 ganmartebebi inglisurenovani TargmanisaTvis:

1. ukve arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT "mwkrivi" ar iTargmneba - sxva enebzec terminis fuZed iqneba qarTuli varianti (Mstkrivi). 2. ragvaroba = qmedebis ragvaroba = qmedebis saxesxvaoba = qmedebis xasiaTi = qmedebs rogoroba iTargmneba rogorc "qualitativeness" (quality of action). 3. "yalibi" ar unda iTargmnos rogorc "forma" (Tumca, daaxloebiT iseTive Sinaarsia); Sdr., mwkrivic formaa, piriis formac formaa, anu sami donis monacemi aris formaa: - piris/ricxvis forma: me vwer, Sen wer, isini weren... - mwkrivis forma: me v-wer, me vwer-d-i, me davwere... - zmnuri yalibi: me v-wer, me v-i-wer, me v-u-wer...


o awmyo: v-xat-av, m-e-xat-eb-a; o myofadi: da-v-xat-av, da-m-e-xat-eb-a; o namyo usruli: v-xat-e, *m-e-xat-a/(rom) mexata; o namyo sruli: da-v-xat-e, da-m-e-xat-a/ (rom)da-m-e-xat-a; o namyo usruli pirobiTi: v-xat-o, m-e-xat-o-s; o namyo sruli pirobiTi: da-v-xat-o, da-m-e-xat-o-s/(rom)

da-m-e-xat-o-s; o usruli gangrZobiTi: v-xat-av-d-i, m-e-xat-eb-od-a; o sruli gangrZobiTi: da-v-xat-av-d-i, da-m-e-xat-eb-od-a; o usruli gangrZobiTi pirobiTi: v-xat-av-d-e, m-e-xat-eb-

od-e-s; o sruli gangrZobiTi pirobiTi: da-v-xat-av-d-e, da-m-e-

xat-eb-od-e-s.

damowmebuli literatura:

adamia, 2015: adamia, s.„orpirian da orvalentian zmnaTa sruli paradigma samwignobro enasa da qarTvelur dialeqtebSi, 2015; arabuli, 1999: arabuli, a. zmnis sauRlebel erTeulTa raodenobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi: enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, #1, 1999; geguCaZe, 2005: geguCaZe, l. mwkrivTa SesaZlo Sefardebebisa da droTa Tanamimdevrobis sakiTxebi rTul konstruqciebSi, Tb., 2005; Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia 2011:

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia (saliteraturo ena), g. gogolaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT; Tb., 2011; Tofuria, 1956: Tofuria, v. mwkrivis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi: Tbilisis universitetis samecniero sesia, 1956, 22-27 noemberi, muSaobis gegma da moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1956; kvaWaZe, 1981: kvaWaZe, l. qarTuli ena, nawili I, Tb., 1981; maWavariani, 1974: maWavariani, g. aspeqtis kategoria qarTvelur enebSi, qess, IV,1974; maWavariani, 2007: maWavariani, m. qcevis gramatikuli kategoriis semantika, Tb., 2007; meliqiSvili, 1994: meliqiSvili, d. qarTuli zmnis sistemuri morfosintaqsuri analizi, Tb., 1994; meliqiSvili, 1913: meliqiSvili, d. meTodologiuri problemebi qarTuli enis gramatikul literaturaSi da


200

maTi gadaWris gzebi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XVII, 2013; meliqiSvili, 2014: meliqiSvili, d. qarTuli zmnis sistemuri morfo-sintaqsuri analizi, Tb. 2014; papiZe, 1981: papiZe, a. III kavSirebiTi Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi" qsks, t. II, Tb., 1979; "II kavSirebiTis nakvTis funqciebi da gamoyeneba Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi" qsks, t. IV, Tb., 1981; rogava, 1953: rogava, g. dro-kiloTa meoTxe jgufis nakvTebi qarTvelur enebSi: ibe-riul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, Tb., 1953; suxiSvili, 1986: suxiSvili, m. gardamavali zmnebi qarTulSi, Tb. 1986; uTurgaiZe, 2002: uTurgaiZe, T. grama-tikuli kategoriebisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi, Tb., 2002; feiqriSvili, 2018: feiqriSvili, J. qarTuli enis mofologia, Tb., 2018, gv. 273-283;

futkaraZe, 1998: futkaraZe, t. zmnis formawarmoebis modelirebisaTvis (kompiuteruli modelebi) - enis konceptualuri da kompiuteruli modelebi, III, Tbilisi, 1998; "qarTuli ena"; futkaraZe, 2006: futkaraZe, t. "qarTuli zmnis logikuri paradigmis sakiTxisaTvis", akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis Sromebi (enaTmecnieruli seria), VIII (I), 2006. gv. 88-96; http://www.scribd.com/doc/26502926/Tariel-Putkaradze-Kartuli-Zmis-

Logikuri; futkaraZe, 2007: futkaraZe, t. "qarTveluri zmnis formaTwarmoebiTi SesaZleblobebi da logikuri paradigmis sakiTxi", kavkasiologTa I saerTaSoriso kongresis masalebi, Tb., 2007; Formative capabilities of the

Georgian (Kartvelian) verb and question of logical paradigm; 1st

international Congress of Caucasiologists’, 22-26 Oct., 2007; futkaraZe, 2012: futkaraZe, t. zmnur formaTa paradigmis manqanuri modelirebis problemebi - I, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XVI, quTaisi, 2012; futkaraZe, 2013: futkaraZe, t. "qarTul zmnur formaTa gandasebis meTodologiuri safuZvlebisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XVII, quTaisi, 2013, gv.303-308 /tomi eZRvneba loman-efendi qarcivaZis dabadebis 200 wlisTavs/; moxsenebad iyo wakiTxuli saerTaSoriso samecniero


simpoziumze: "quTaisuri saubrebi", XIII, quTaisi, 2013, 17-18 maisi (simpoziumis samuSao programa da masalebi); futkaraZe, 2015: futkaraZe, t. zmnuri yalibebi da maTi semantikuri komponentebi, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, tomi II, 2015; futkaraZe... 2005: futkaraZe, t. dadiani, e. na-/no- prefiqsian zmnur formaTa warmoebis zogierTi sakiTxi qarTvelur qvesistemebSi, qarTvelologiuri krebuli IV, Tbilisi, 2005; "qarTuli ena"; SaniZe, 1942: SaniZe, a. zmnaTa gardamavlobisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: mecn. akad. moambe, t. 3, #3, 1942;

SaniZe, 1973: SaniZe, a. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tb. 1973, meore gamocema, gv. 311, 376; SaniZe, 1980: SaniZe, a. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. III, Tb. 1980; Serozia, 1981: Serozia, r. potencialisis kategoriisaTvis zanuri enis megrul dialeqtSi: saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. 101, #1, 1981; Serozia, 2004: Serozia, r. no- prefiqsian TurmeobiTebTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxisaTvis megrulSi: qarTvelologiuri krebuli, Tb., 2004; Ciqobava, 1948: Ciqobava, arn. ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I, Tbilisi, 1948; Ciqobava, 1950: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeuli, t. I, Tb., 1950; Ciqobava, 1962: Ciqobava, arn. qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgufebis principisaTvis; ike XIII, Tb., 1962; Ciqobava, 1981: Ciqobava, arn. zmnis gardamavlobisa da gvaris kategoriis istoriuli urTierTobisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: weliwdeuli, 1981, #8; Ciqobava, 1986: Ciqobava, arn. martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968, meore gamocema (arn. Ciqobava, Sromebi, I, 2010); jorbenaZe, 1983: jorbenaZe, b. zmnis xmovanprfiqsuli warmoeba qarTulSi, Tb., 1983; jorbenaZe 1995: jorbenaZe, b. qarTuli enis morfologia, Tb., 1995.


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Tariel Putkaradze

Category of Georgian Verb Mtskrivi

1. There are three types of verb forms in the Georgian language:

1.1. Molds of one verbal lexical meaning that formally differ from

each other by vowel prefixes (as well as other affixes) or by valency. The

number of such forms within different lexical units varies from 7 to 10.

The molds differ not only in the form but also in the content, namely, "in

the manner of action" (=direction of action, the causative, etc.);

Consequently, there is a reason to notice that "qualitativeness"(quality

of action) is a grammatical category, within the framework of which

there are different molds and variables of behavior based on these molds.

1.2. Verb Mtskrivis within a single mold differ from each other by

means of verbal prefixes (and by other affixes), and in terms of time,

mood, aspect and frequency of action. Mtskrivi is a complex

morphological category. In the Georgian language we have a total of 10

Mtskrivis, with more than 50 formats depending on the verb prefix

options.

1.3. Different verbal forms of person and number within a single

Mtskrivi (maximum 28 forms in case of verbs with double valency). 1. The logical system of Mtskrivis within one mold looks like

this:

Present Mtskrivi: v-khat-av, m-e-khat-eb-a;

Imperfect ‘kholmeobiti’ Mtskrivi: v-khat-av-d-e, m-e-khat-

eb-od-e-s;

I Imperfect Mtskrivi expressing Possibility: v-khat-av-d-e, m-

e-khat-eb-od-e-s;

Future Mtskrivi: da-v-khat-av, da-m-e-khat-eb-a;

Perfect ‘kholmeobiti’ Mtskrivi: da-v-khat-av-d-I, da-m-e-

khat-eb-od-a;

I Perfect Mtskrivi expressing Possibility: da-v-khat-av-d-e,

da-m-e-khat-eb-od-e-s;

Imperfect Mtskrivi: v-khat-e, m-e-khat-a/(if only I painted);

II Imperfect Mtskrivi expressing Possibility: v-khat-o, m-e-

khat-o-s;

Perfect Tskvetili (interrupted) Mtskrivi: da-v-khat-e, da-m-e-

khat-a/(if only I had painted);

II Perfect Mtskrivi expressing Possibility:da-v-khat-o, da-m-

e-khat-o-s/if only I had painted

tariel futkarazedl.sangu.edu.ge/pdf/qapvols/qav_v7_19.pdf · romis: ptanamedrove qartuli ena (2011:...

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