taryarminwai memories

wm7mrif;a0

t rS wf w 7 p m pk rsm;

pmtkyftrnfwm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm;

pDpOfolatmif'if

apmifa&500

wefzdk;pdwf0ifpm;vdk� zwfcsifolrsm;xH arwWmjzifhay;wJh vufaqmif/ a&mif;&efr[kwf?

xkwfa0umv2009 -o*wfpf

rsufESmzHk; ESifh aemufausmzHk; yef;csD'DZdkif;oef;aX;armif

twGif; yef;csDum;rsm;xdefvif; (www.hteinlin.com)

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armifEdk;

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xkwfa0/ jzef@csd tGefvdkif;rdk;rc rmvfwDrD'D,m pme,fZif;tzGJ� (www.moemaka.com)

PO Box 320-207 San Francisco CA USA 94132-0207

pmrsufESm tjyiftqifudkOD;/ roEWm

yg0ifa&;om;=uolrsm;atmif'if/ a&$bkef;vl/ wm&mrif;a0/ rif;udkEdkif/ acvGef;/ udkòzd;/ rdk;v+difn/ ndrf;ndK/ yef'dk&m/ pef;pef;wif/

aEGql;vuFm/ xdkufolEdkif/ armiftdk;/ atmifa0;/ aebkef;vwf/ xifrif;rif;vwf/ cufrm/ bdk-unf/pdk;xufcdkif/ ar_idrf;/ rif;Zif/ jrifhpdk;/ yef;csD xdefvif;/ rif;vGif/ armifpGrf;&nf/ armif&pf

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1? tydkif; (1)usaemfeJ� uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta-umif; (odk�r[kwf)a&$bkef;vl (odk�r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0 12

2? tydkif; (2)a&$bkef;vl&J� 1988 ta&;awmfyHkumvrSma&;cJhwJh awmfvSefa&; uAsm 4 yk'f 27

(1) ausmif;zGifhcsdef 29(2) ausmif;om; tw�Ky`wWd 37(3) O'gef; 43(4) ar#mf 45

3? tydkif; (3)wm&mrif;a0&J� uAsm&Snf 3 yk'f 47

(1) acgif;avmif;oH pmwrf; 49(2) opPmw&m;twGuf rD;tdrfwvHk;ESifh 59(3) rD;awmuf &pforf 71

4? tydkif; (4)psmye rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkrsm; 82

5? tydkif; (5)wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& uAsmrsm; 95

(1) -u,faºuG owdk�om; (rif;udkEdkif) 97(2) wm&mrif;a0odk� tvGrf; (atmif'if) 98

pOf ta-umif;t&m pmrsufESm

(3) xm0& tdyfaysmfoGm;wJh-u,f (acvGef;) 100(4) vlrkdufrsm;ESifh cGJcGmjcif; (udkòzd;) 101(5) arSmfom;rD;v#H (rdk;v+difn) 103(6) vGrf;qGwf-u,f (ndrf;ndK) 104(7) wm&maºuGwJhn (yef'dk&m) 105(8) wm&mrif;a0 (pef;pef;wif) 106(9) xm0&vif;r,fh wm&modk� (aEGql;vuFm) 107(10) a&$bkef;vl (odk�r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0eJ� e,fpnf;rjcm; uAsmrsm; (xdkufolEdkif) 109(11) ta0;u yef;csDum; (armiftdk;) 110(12) vkvif-u,f (atmifa0;) 113

7? tydkif; (6)wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm; 115

(1) rdk;acgifwJhavmurSm tudk�udk,fpm; usaemfwdk� (aebkef;vwf) 117(2) usaemfrodaom wm&mrif;a0 (xifrif;rif;vwf) 119(3) E+wfqufjcif; (cufrm) 121(4) a&$bkef;vludk owd&jcif; (bdk-unf) 129(5) i&Jcef;u jcaoFh (pdk;xufcdkif) 133(6) -u,faºuGwyGifh æ (ar_idrf;) 137(7) udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD; (rif;Zif) 143(8) wm&mrif;a0 (odk�r[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwJhiSuf (jrifhpdk;) 153(9) yef;acwfu vrif;odk� vGrf;csif; (yef;csD xdefvif;) 161(10) nDav;rGef tvnfvmwkef;u (rif;vGif) 171(11) wm&mrif;a0 eJ� ol�arG;pm;tazta-umif; (armifpGrf;&nf) 179(12) 88 xJu wa,muf (armif&pf) 183

aus;Zl;rSwfwrf; 187

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wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm;8

rdk;rc pme,fZif;tzGJhu xkwfa0jzefhcsdonf/

a&$bkef;vl (wm&mrif;a0)(1966 = 2007)tw�KywWd tusOf;

trnf&if;rSm cspfnDnDjzpfonf? 1966 pufwifbm 13 &ufae@ &efukefòrd�wGif zcif(OD;ausmf&Sdef) rdcif a':vS=unf wdk@u arG;zGm;onf? armifESrrsm;tjzpf tudk cspfudkudk (atmif'if/U.S. Campaign for Burma, USA) ESifh nDr cifpENmrdk; wdk@ jzpfonf? 1986-87 wGif txu(2) &efuif;òrd�e,fu 10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrif+yD; 1988 wGif &efukefwUodkvfv_dife,fajrwGif t*Fvdyfpmt"du ESifh ynmoif=um;cJhonf?

1988 vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;wGif ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpf wufºuGpGmyg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh+yD; 1988'DZifbm - Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfwGif A[kdaumfrDwD0ifwa,muftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;a=umihf 1990 rS 1994 ckESpftxd tusOf;cscHchJ&+yD; 2005 ckESpf arvwGifvnf;rdom;pkESihftwl ,m,D txdef;odrf;cHchJ&onf?

ta&;tcif;umvtwGif; a&$bkef;vl trnfjzifh�ausmif;zGifhcsdef�uAsm&SnfrSm xif&Sm;onf?tvm;wl tjcm;xif&Sm;aom awmfvSefa&;uAsmrsm;a&;om;ol ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf od&Sd=uonf?

axmifrS vGwfajrmufvm+yD; �wm&mrif;a0� uavmiftrnfudkcH,l+yD; pma&;q&m uAsmq&mwOD;tjzpf pmayavmuwGif pwif&yfwnfcJh&m 1994 &ifckefoHr*~Zif;wGif �avpD;a=umif;xJrS vlrsm;�onf �if;. yxrOD;qkH; pmrljzpfonf?

1995 ckESpf �pmay*sme,f�r*~Zif;wGifazmfjycJhaom �tmvl;pm;olrsm;� 0w�Kwdkjzifh jzL;rdwfaqGrsm; pmayqk &&SdcJhonf? 0w�Kwdk/ 0w�K&Snf/ uAsmESihf aqmif;yg;rsm;pGma&;om;chJ+yD; �if;.tcsKd�aom 0w�Krsm;udk AD'D,dk±kyf&Sifrsm; ±dkuful;cJhonf? armifa,m ESifh pefwD,m*dk uavmifcGJwdk@jzifh pmaya0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf?

,if;wdk@teuf armifrsKd;rif;(&ifwGif;jzpf) ±dkuful;I a'G;/ eENmv_difwdk@ o±kyfaqmifxm;aom�aumif;uiftaºuG aumufwJhvuf�/ 'g±dkufwm vGifrif; ±dkuful;+yD; aewdk;/ td¹ENmausmfZif

atmif'if pDpOfonf? 9


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2007 =o*kwfv 5 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefonf? uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD; (uGm&Sif;) raemf[&D(pma&;q&mr) ESifh om; acwfae wdk@ usef&pfcJhonf?

wm&mrif;a0 a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh vHk;csif;pmtkyfrsm;udk vufvSrf;rDor# azmfjyvdkufygonf?

1? yef;acwfu vrif;2? ta&S�òrd@±dk;rS rdk;a&pufrsm;3? vli,fwa,muf&J�ausmufxGif;&mZ0if4? jym5? yef;vufz0g;rSm yg;tyfcGifhr&SdwJh aumifrav;6? usaemfESifh {'ifuacsonf7? usaemfESifh a=u;oGef;,Ofaus;r_8? usaemfESifh =u,fjrifvjrif avmu"H9? ewfysKdrtwGuf yef; ('DZifbm 2000)10? udk,fhvufeJ@ zrf;rdwJh e*g;aiG@wef; (atmufwdkbm 2002)11? rdk;acgifvdk@ wD;wJhAHkoH (Zlvdkif 2004)12? òydifjrif;wdk@&J� cGmoH (Zefe0g&D 2005) 'kwd,t}udrf13? usaemfwl;azmfcJhonfh ajrpdkifajrcJrsm; ta=umif; (pufwifbm 2005)14? a&$zdeyfrSm tpdrf;a&mif=uufajccwfeJ@aumifrav; (Zefe0g&D 2006) wwd,t}udrf15? aumif;uiftaºuG aumufwJhvuf (Zefe0g&D 2006)16? b,fbufvufxJrSm 0Sufxm;wJhyHkjyif (ZGef 2006)17? tmvm'if rodvdkufwJh rD;cGuf (Zlvdkif 2006)18? u|ef;awmfrS tjyef (=o*kwf 2006)19? 0uFygudk zGifhwJhaomh (pufwifbm 2006)20? jrif;pD;xGufaom tdyfrufrsm; (Edk0ifbm 2006)21? reufjzefcgrSm xm;cJhwJhrsufESm (Edk0ifbm 2006)22? igonfom yef;jzpfI aemufw}udrf jyefyGifhcGifh&cJhaomf ('DZifbm 2006) 'kwd,t}udrf23? usaemfESifh aqmif;&moD'\e (Zefe0g&D 2007)24? udk,fa&;udk,fwm yk&ydkuf (azazmf0g&D 2007)25? tvHrxlcJhaom vufrsm; (ar 2007)26? oifESifheHeufcif;udkom 0ifcGifhðyrnf (ZGef 200&) wwd,t}udrf27? ol@tdk;ykwfuav;udk usaemf jyefray;yg (Zlvdkif 2007)



tydkif; ( 1 )

usaemfeJ@ uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif; (odk@r[kwf)a&$bkef;vl (odk@r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0



(1)

usaemfhudkarG;+yD; 4 ESpfavmuft=umrSm araru usaemfhtwGuf nDi,fav;wa,mufxyfrHarG;zGm;ay;ygw,f? 1966 ckESpf/ pufwifbm v 13 &uf/ t*F gae@rSmyg? ol@udk arG;zGm;awmhivsifrv_yfygbl;/ av}uD;rdk;}uD; rusygbl;/ rdk;óud;awGvnf; rypfygbl;/ t&mcyfodrf;u yHkrSeftwdkif;ygyJ? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSm vluav;wa,muf wdk;wmuvGJvdk@aygh? jrefrmEdkifiHuawmhAdkvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpdk;r_atmufa&mufwm 4 ESpfausmfcJhyg+yD?

usaemfhrdbrsm;u tr0rf;uGJwa,muf&J�pum;udkem;a,mif+yD; usaemhfudk �cspfudkudk� vdk@trnfay;xm;wmrdk@ ol@udkvnf; vG,fvG,fululyJ �cspfnDnD� vdk@ trnfay;vdkuf=uygw,f?araru usaemhfudk �om;}uD;�vdk@ac:+yD; ol@udkawmh �om;i,fav;�vdk@ ac:ygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ ol@&J�tdrfemrnfu ti,fav; jzpfvmygw,f? oluvnf; pum;ajym&if ol@udk,fol�i,fi,f�vdk@okH;avh&Sdygw,f?

usaemfeJ� uAsma&;aom vlwa,mufta=umif; (odk�r[kwf)a&$bkef;vl (odk�r[kwf) wm&mrif;a0

atmif'if



aemuf 2 ESpft=um nDrti,fqkH;udkarG;awmh usaemfu 6 ESpfom;&Sd+yD; 0w�KpmtkyfawG pzwfaeyg+yD? pma&;q&m rdk;a0 &J� pHkaxmuf0w�KawGzwf+yD; tvGwfpHkaxmuf wifarmifaqGeJ@ ol@&J�vufaxmuf rdk;pENmwdk@udk oabmusaecsdefrdk@ nDrav;udk �cifpENmrdk;� vdk@ trnfay;vdkufEdkifygw,f? usaemfrsm;vufOD;r_r&cJh&ifjzifh nDrav;crsm �cspfrr� jzpfvmp&mta=umif;&Sdygw,f?

om;orD; 3 a,muf&Sd&if t}uD;qkH;eJ@ ti,fqkH;u rdbarw�mydk&+yD; tvwfu rdbarw�mcsKd�wJhw,fvdk@ajym=uwm =um;zl;/ awG@zl;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@rdom;pkrSmawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwfyg?tvwfjzpfwJh ol[m rdbESpfyg;pvkH;&J� tcspfqkH; eJ@ tvdkvdkuf tcH&qkH;yg? t}uD;qkH; usaemfeJ@ti,fqkH; nDrav;wdk@uawmh tqlcH&qkH;eJ@ rdom;pkwm0efawGudk trsm;qkH; r#a0,l&olawGjzpfcJhygw,f?

(2)

usaemfwdk@armifESr 3 a,mufpvkH; awmifOuUvmyòrd�e,f 9 &yfuGufu trSwf (10)tajccHynm rlvwef;ausmif;rSm oli,fwef;uae av;wef;txd ynmoif=um;cJh&ygw,f?usaemfu ig;wef;wESpfudk awmifOuUvmyòrd�e,f tajccHynm tv,fwef;ausmif; trSwf(3)rSmaecJh&+yD; 6 wef;uae 10 wef;txd &efuif; txu (2) pdef@rdkufu,frSm wufcJhygw,f?'ga=umifhvnf; usaemhf nDeJ@ nDryg &efuif; txu (2) ausmif;om;awG jzpfvmcJh=uygw,f?

a&$bkef;vl[m i,fi,fwkef;uawmh pmawmfwJh ausmif;om;wa,mufyg? twef;xJrSmxdyfqkH;rSm&Sd+yD; yxr/ 'kwd,/ wwd, qkawG pmar;yGJwdkif;rSm &cJhwmyg? wwef;+yD; wwef;rSefrSefatmifcJhayr,fh 10 wef;rSm wpfaeygawmhw,f? 10 wef;pmar;yGJudk av;}udrf/ ig;}udrfavmufajz&+yD; ESpf}udrfajz&wJh nDrav;xuf wESpfaemufus+yD; 1986-87 pmoifESpfusrSyJ10 wef;udk jrefrmpm*k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygw,f? 1988 rwfvta&;tcif;jzpfcsdefrSm usaemfu&efukefpufr_wuUodkvfrSm pufr_tif*sifeD,m aemufqkH;ESpf/ nDrav; u "mwkaA' t"du'kwd,ESpfeJ@ a&$bkef; u t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ yxrESpf/ &efukefwuUodkvf vd_ife,fajrrSmausmif;wufae=uwmyg?

tJ'Dvdk 10 wef;pmar;yGJ wzkef;zkef;us&wmeJ@ywfouf+yD; azaz u rSwfcsufcsygw,f?�uAsm a&;vdk@ æ� wJh/ 'gvnf; rSefEdkifygw,f? ol tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0rSmuwnf;uuAsmawG a&;aeyg+yD? a&;awmhvnf; jrefrmpm uAsm!Gef@aygif;usrf;}uD;awGudk taotcsmzwf¶_avhvm +yD;a&;wmyg? a&S;uAsm a&;[efrsm;udktwk,l+yD; av;csKd;awG/ a'G;csKd;awG/ tdkifcsif;awG/ &wkawG a&;Edkifygw,f? tJ'Dacwfu vlóudufrsm;wJh okH;a=umif; uAsmav;awG a&;ygw,f?tJ'Dacwfu ±kyf&Sifa=u;rHk wdk@/ *Dwya'om wdk@/ ,k0wD/ *Dw owif;pOfpwJh *sme,fawGrSmazmfjycH&ygw,f? pmrlc r&yg? pmapmifudk udk,fhydkufqHeJ@ udk,f 0,f&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;uol@uavmifemrnfu �rD;cdk;jzL� yg? 1982 rSm ol@&J� �rD;cdk;jzL� emrnfeJ@ yxrqkH; r*~Zif;uAsm�ppfjyef� r*~Zif;rSm yHkESdyfazmfjyygw,f? tJ'DuAsmuvnf; av;csKd;&Snf}uD;ygyJ?



jrefrmpmudk Edkifeif;u|rf;usifvGef;vdk@ twef;xJrSm ol@a&;om;wJh pmpDpmuHk;awG[m trSwftrsm;qkH;&+yD; q&m/ q&mrrsm;&J� todtrSwfðyjcif;/ csD;usL;jcif;cH&ygw,f? òrd�e,ftqifh/wdkif;tqifh pmpDpmukH;òydifyGJawGrSm ausmif;udk udk,fpm;ðyyg0if&+yD; qkawGvnf; &cJhygw,f? ol@&J�t"dutm;enf;csufuawmh odyHqdkif&m ¶lyaA'/ "mwkaA'/ ocsFm wdk@udk pdwfr0ifpm;wmygyJ?'ga=umifhvnf; 0dZ�m/ odyH bmompkHajz&wJh 10 wef;udk awmf¶HkeJ@ratmifwmyg? aemufydkif; 10wef;udk 0dZ�m owfowf/ odyH` owfowf/ cGJvdkufwJhtcgusrSyJ 0dZ�mwGJoufoufudk,l+yD;pdwfóudufjrefrmpm *k%fxl;eJ@ atmifygawmhw,f? t*FvdyfpmrSmvnf; *k%fxl;rSwfeD;yg;&vdk@&efukefwuUodkvfudk t*Fvdyfpm t"dueJ@ wufa&mufcGifh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1988 rwfvta&;tcif;upcJhwJh vlxkta&;awmfykH}uD;u ol@&J�ynma&;vrf;a=umif;udk tqkH;owfay;vdkufygw,f? b0wuUodkvfu ausmif;+yD;cJhayr,fh &efukefwuUodkvfuawmh ausmif;r+yD;cJhyg?

(3)

1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;[m jrefrmEdkifiHu oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolawG&J�b0awGudk t}uD;tus,f ¶dkufcwfajymif;vJapcJhygw,f? tJ'DxJrSm usaemfwdk@rdom;pkuav;vnf; ygcJhwmaygh? azazu EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;/ owif;pmq&ma[mif;}uD;jzpf+yD; om;orD; 3 a,mufpvkH;u wuUodkvfausmif;om;awG jzpfaewJhtcg ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_upcJhwJh EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;rSm usaemfwdk@rdom;pkwpkvkH; us&mae&muae wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uwmaygh?usaemfwdk@ nDtudkESpfa,mufpvkH; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif armifarmifausmfeJ@wGJzuf+yD;�Armjynf jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&; vli,fwyfOD;� (Burma Youth Liberation Front) udk &efukefwuUodkvf ZGefta&;tcif; wywf=umqENjyr_awGt+yD;rSm ajratmuf tzGJ@tpnf;wcktjzpfzGJ�pnf;wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD; e,fpyfa'otajcpdkuf awmfvSefa&;tzGJ�rsm;eJ@pwif qufoG,fcJh=uygw,f? armifarmifausmfuawmh ZGefvukefrSm xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyfudk v#Kd�0SufxGufcGmoGm;ygw,f? tJ'D aemuf =o*wfpf 8 &uf vlxktHkºuGr_}uD; ay:aygufvma&;twGuf usaemfwdk@tm;vkH;jrefrmEdkifiHweHwvsm; c&D;awGxGuf+yD; jynfolawG ausmif;om;awG=um;xJrSm v#Kd�0SufpGm pnf;¶kH;a&; qif;=u&ygw,f?

1988 'DZifbm/ Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfudk jyefvnfzGJ�pnf;=uwJhtcg usaemfu 'k-OuUÏ (2)jzpfvm+yD; a&$bkef;vl u A[dkaumfrDwD0if wa,mufjzpfvmcJhygw,f? 1989/ rwfv 23 &ufae@rSm OuUÏ rif;udkEdkif tzrf;cH&/ {+yD 23 &ufae@rSm usaemf tzrf;cH&+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmha&$bkef;vlwa,muf ol@&J� �ausmif;zGifhcsdef� uAsmeJ@xif&Sm;vm+yD; Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf&J�A[dktvkyftr_aqmif aumfrDwD0ifwa,mufvnf; jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'Daemuf ol tdEdN,e,fpyfbufudk xGufcGmoGm;+yD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyfzdk@ óud;pm;ygao;w,f? tqifrajyr_awGrsm;vGef;wmeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHxJ jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm+yD; 1990 azazmf0g&DrSm tzrf;cH&ygw,f? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;&J� ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf n�Of;yef;ESdyfpufcH&+yD;aemufppfcHk¶kH;u ol@udk tvkyf=urf;eJ@ axmif 5 ESpf csvdkufygawmhw,f?

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(4)

usaemfu tif;pdefaxmifxJrSm 1989 {+yDvuae 1990 arvtxd 13 v/ yk'fr 10 (u)eJ@ txdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; 1990 arv 23 &ufae@/ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfzdk@ 4 &uftvdkrSmrS tif;pdefaxmifwGif; ppfcHk¶kH;wif+yD; jypf'%fcscH&wmyg? 13 vvkH;vkH; rdom;pkeJ@ tquftoG,f r&cJhyg?jypf'%f 4 ESpfuscH&+yD;rS w&m;0if tusOf;om;jzpfvm+yDrdk@ ESpfywf wcg axmif0ifpm awG@cGifh&ygw,f? yxrqkH; axmif0ifpmrSmyJ azazeJ@ araruajymvdk@ a&$bkef;vlwa,muf axmif ig;ESpfus+yD; 5 aqmifrSm a&mufaew,fqdkwm od&ygw,f?

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(5)

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(6)

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nwnrSmawmh olu usaemhfudk ar;ygw,f?

�udkudk axmifuvGwf&if bmvkyfr,f pdwful;xm;ovJ�

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olu �i,fi,fawmh axmifuvGwf&if pmayavmuxJ ajcpkHypf0ifawmhr,f/ pma&;q&mwa,muftjzpf &yfwnfawmhr,f�

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(7)

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axmifydwf+yD; wef;ðzwf+yD;wJhtcsdefrSmawmh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGa&m/ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awGa&m/ usaemfwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muftem; 0dkif;tHka&muf&Sdvm=u+yD; usaemfwdk@udk aus;Zl;wifpum; ajym=uygw,f? trdef@¶kyfodrf;oGm;vdk@ tm;vkH; 0rf;omaysmf&$ifae=uayr,fh usaemfwdk@udk taqmifudkjyefydk@vdkuf+yDjzpfayr,fh usaemfuawmh pdwfxifhaeqJygyJ? axmifydkifu usaemfwdk@tay: wenf;enf;eJ@ taumuf=uHvdrfhOD;r,fvdk@ xifaeqJjzpfygw,f? usaemfxifwm rSefa=umif;odyfr=umcifrSmyJ odvdkuf&ygw,f?

aemufwywfavmuft=um ae@v,fbuf xrif;pm;+yD; taqmifc%ydwfcsdefrSm axmifrª;wa,mufeJ@ 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD; a&$bkef;vludk ypPnf;awGodrf;+yD;vdkufcJhzdk@ ac:xkwfoGm;ygw,f? a&$bkef;vnf; ol@ypPnf;av;awG uref;uwef;odrf;+yD; vdkufoGm;&ygw,f? taqmifudk jyefa&mufrvmawmhyg? naeapmif;avmufrSm usaemfwdk@=um;&wmu a&$bkef;vludk o&ufaxmifuae om,m0wDaxmifudk ajymif;vdkuf+yD wJh? axmifydkifu tusOf;OD;pD;Xme !$efcsKyfqDpmwifygowJh? �atmif'if� eJ@ �a&$bkef;vl� nDtudk ESpfa,mufudk waxmifxJrSm twlxm;&iftkyfcsKyf&cufwmrdk@ wa,mufa,mufudk ol@&J�o&ufaxmifuae tjcm; axmifwaxmifudkajymif;a&$�ay;zdk@ awmif;qdkygowJh? 'DvdkeJ@ usaemfwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf o&ufaxmifrSm twlae&wJhumv tqkH;owfcJh&ygawmhw,f?

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(8)

usaemfu 1993 *sLvdkifvrSm o&ufaxmifu vGwfygw,f? a&$bkef;vlu 1994 azazmf0g&DrSm om,m0wDaxmifu vGwfygw,f? ol rvGwfcifrSm usaemf om,m0wDaxmif udk okH;}udrfoGm;+yD; a&$bkef;vludk axmif0ifpmawG@cJhygw,f? om,m0wDaxmif&J� =urf;ñuwf &ufpufr_awGudk ol =uHh=uHhcH&ifqdkifcJhovdk ol@tifol@tm;eJ@ Edkifoavmufvnf; wkH@jyefawmfvSefcJhygao;w,f?

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(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/rS ul;,lonf)



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(wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& http://www.taryarminwaimemorial.blogspot.com/rS ul;,lonf)



tydkif; ( 4 )

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ol@aumif;owif;awGta0;uae =um;ae&ovdk

ol@qdk;owif;awGvnf;=um;vmcJh&?

ol@om;av;wa,muf&+yD;cgrStdrfaxmifa&;òyuGJ

om;uGJ r,m;uGJ t&ufpGJusaemhf ta0;u yefcsDum;av;ta&mifawG azsmhawmha=uuGJ

'DvdkeJ@jyefjyifa&;csdefr&vdkuf&SmwJh

usaemfh&J� ta0;u yef;csDum;ol@uif;bwfpfay:rSm a&;vdkufwJh

yvHk qdkwJh aemufqHk;uAsmav;[m2007 =o*wfpf 5 rSm

vl@avmuxJu aemufqHk;xGufcGmzdk@edrdwfyHkjy a&;vdkufava&mhovm;

usaemhf&J� ta0;u yef;csDum;a&? ?

(2009/ ZGef 15)



wm wm wm wm wm 0efauscJhwJh 88 cGyfa'gif;&m &m &m &m &m oufyef t=urf;rzuf awmfvSefa&;orm;rif;rif;rif;rif;rif; qdk;rif;npfudk ykefuefjcm;em;ola0 a0 a0 a0 a0 zl;vmr,fh yef;opfawG rsKd;aphcscJhavw,f? ?

(Zlvdkif 18/ 2009)

vkvif=u,f

atmifa0;



tydkif; ( 6 )

wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm;

rdk;acgifwJhavmurSm tudk@udk,fpm; usaemfwdk@ (aebkef;vwf)usaemf rodaom wm&mrif;a0 (xifrif;rif;vwf)

E_wfqufjcif; (cufrm)a&$bkef;vludk owd&jcif; (bdk=unf)

i&Jcef;u jcaoFh (pdk;xufcdkif)=u,faºuwyGifh æ (ar+idrf;)

udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD; (rif;Zif)wm&mrif;a0 (odk@r[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwJhiSuf (jrifhpdk;)

yef;acwfu vrif;odk@ vGrf;csif; (yef;csD xdefvif;)nDav;rGef tvnfvmwkef;u (rif;vGif)

wm&mrif;a0 eJ@ ol@arG;pm;tazta=umif; (armifpGrf;&nf)88 xJu wa,muf (armif&pf)



yef;acwfu vrif; æyef;csDq&mav;wa,muf/ aemuf olcspfwJhtEkynm/ olcspfwJhaumifrav; æ/ ol@&J�

tEkynmtay: ±l;oGyfr_ æ aemufqHk; tEkynm&J� tqHk;rJhwJhpGrf;yum; æ? xyfcg xyfcg zwfjzpfovdk zwfrdwJhtcgwdkif; usaemf rsuf&nf0J&w,f æ?

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rdk;acgifaewJhavmurSm tudk@udk,fpm; usaemfwdk@ æ æaebkef;vwf



"m;oGm;ay:rSmuwJh qyfuyf æyifv,fw0uf awmifwef;w0ufjzpfaewJh aumifav; æ{'if uacsonf ævli,fwa,muf&J� ausmufxGif;&mZ0if æòydifjrif;wdk&J� cGmoH æ

vGrf;w,f æ vGrf;w,f æ?vSyajyjypfwJh pum;vHk;twGJtqufawG&J� t&Sifocif ævli,fawG&J�pdwfxJudk xGif;azmuf0if=unhf pdwf0d mOfwckvHk;rSm tEkynmtwd+yD;wJhusaemfav;pm;tm;uscJh&wJh pma&;q&m æ

tudka& æ

tudkwl;azmfcJhwJh ajrpdkifajrcJawGudk zufwG,f&if; ætudka&;vdk@r+yD;cJhwJh ausmufxGif;&mZ0ifudk usaemfwdk@ qufxGif;r,f ærdk;acgifaewJhavmurSm tudk@udk,fpm; usaemfwdk@ AHkawG qufwD;r,fAsm æ? ?



ol@udk wm&mrif;a0tjzpfeJ@ rñuHbl;/ rawG@bl;vdkuf&yg/ ol@pmawGudkom zwfcGifh&if;ESD;cGifh&cJhygw,f? ol@udk odcJh &if;EêD;cJhwkef;u nDnD/ aemuf a&$bkef;vltjzpfeJ@om?

oleJ@usaemfwdk@wawG pwifwGJcJhwmu vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif;20 ausmf/ 88 ta&;tcif;}uD;jzpfcgp/ usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awG wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfeJ@ ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_awG vkyfaecsdef/oli,fcsif;vnf; jzpf/ nDrwydkif;vnf;jzpfwJh olwdk@(udkatmif'if/ a&$bkef;vl) nDru usaemfhudkawmifOuUvmybufu tdrf}uD;wtdrfudk ac:oGm;w,f? tJh'Dtdrfa&mufawmh tdrftay:xyfrSm udkatmif'ifudk vSJ+yD;tem;,laewm awG�&w,f? yifyef;+yD; aumif;aumif; rtdyf&ao;wJhyHkygyJ? udkatmif'ifeJ@ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG tenf;i,fajym+yD; udkatmif'ifu tckolvkyfaewJhta=umif;awG/ a&S�vkyfief;pOfawG &Sif;vif;ajymjycJhw,f? aemuf udkatmif'ifeJ@pum;ajym+yD;jyefr,ftvkyfrSm a&$bkef; a&mufvmw,f? 'geJ� a&$bkef;eJ@yg pum;qufajymjzpfcJhw,f? tJh'Daemufydkif;up+yD; oleJ@ tvkyftwlwl vkyfjzpfcJhwmygyJ?

ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh ol usaemfwdk@tdrfrSm vmaew,f/ ol&,f usaemf&,f tjcm;taygif;toif;awG aygif;+yD; jynfol@udk,f&HawmfwyfOD; ukd zJG@w,f? olu OuUÏ? yOPrEdkifiHawmfpmapmifukd xkwfa0cJhw,f? tJh'Duwnf;u ol[m tEkynmorm;ppfppfrSef; odomxif&Sm;cJhw,f? vufa&;vufom;utp pma&;jcif;twwfynm/ tdkif'D,myg xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &SdcJhw,f?ol usaemfwdk@tdrfrSmaecJhwJhwav#mufvkH; ol@udk pmzwfaewm&,f/ pma&;aewm&,fyJ tawG@& rsm;w,f? usaemfwdk@oli,fcsif;nDtwGuf oDcsif;wyk'fvnf; a&;ay;cJhzl;w,f? wcgwavusaemfwdk@ wcGufwzvm; aomuf=uw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ol aumif;aumif; raomufwwfao;?

usaemf rodaom wm&mrif;a0xifrif;rif;vwf



odyfóudufyHkvnf;r&? rSwfrSwf&& 1988 &J�c&pfprwf tóudn æ udkatmif'if&,f ol&,fusaemf&,f enf;enf;yg;yg;aomuf&if; pum;ajymjzpf=uw,f? aomuf&if;eJ@aygufuGJvm+yD;udkatmif'ifudk a0zefajymqdkaewJh ol@&J�yHkudk jrifa,mifrSwfrdaeygao;w,f?

Auoudk jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wJhtcsdefrSm ola&m usaemfyg yg0ifcJhw,f? ol[m EdkifiHa&;udkvnf; wpdkufrwfrwfvkyfcJhw,f? ol@acgif;xJrêmwcsdefvHk; tJh'DudpPyJ&SdaecJhygvdrfhr,f? aemufykdif;rSm tm;vHk;vkdvkd tzrf;cH&w,f/ olvnf; ygoGm;cJhw,f? trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if axmif0ifpmawmh a=umufvk@d oGm;rawG@jzpfcJhyg? axmifxJu ol@owif;awGawmh =um;aecJh&w,f? 1991rSm usaemfvnf; jrefrmjynfu xGufcJhw,f? ol o&ufaxmifa&mufoGm;wm/ axmifxJrSmyHkpHrxdkifEkdifbl; jiif;wmawG =um;ae&w,f? 1995 avmufjzpfr,fxifw,f? udkatmif'ifqDuol wm&mrif;a0 emrnfeJ@ pmtkyfxkwfr,fhta=umif; =um;&w,f? aemuf ol@pmtkyfawGaecsif;ncsif;yJ ausmf=um;vmw,f? usaemfvnf; vufvSrf;rDoavmuf &SmzwfcJhygw,f?ol@pmtkyfawGxJrSm ol@&J� e*kdyifudkyHkpHudk jrif&w,f? ol t&ufaomufaewm =um;&w,f/aemuf oltdrfaxmifðywJhta=umif;/ acwfaeav; arG;wJhta=umif; od&w,f? zkef;awGbmawGawmh rac: jzpfawmh/ olom aooGm;a&m ol@udk wm&mrif;a0tjzpfeJ@ usaemfpum;rajymjzpfcJh?tquftoG,f rvkyfjzpfcJhyg?

usaemfodwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif cspfnDnD/ awmfvSefa&;orm; a&$bkef;vl/ ol[mwm&mrif;a0 rjzpfcifuwnf;u tEkynmorm;ppfppf jzpfcJhwmawmh usaemf &J&J}uD;ajym&Jygw,f? (oleJ@ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwfa&;csifwm ajymcsifwmav;awG&Sdao;ayr,fh pmodyf&SnfrSmpdk;wJhtwGuf ra&;jzpfawmhyg)? awmfvSefa&;orm; a&$bkef;vl ukd vGrf;w,f? tEkynmorm;wm&mrif;a0 ukd ESarsmaerdygw,f? ?



wu,fawmh olESifhusru pmwapmifaywzGJ@ a&;&avmufatmif r&if;ESD;cJhyg? 'gayr,fholESifhywfoufaom trSwf&p&mav;awG usrrSm &SdaecJhonf?

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olESifhywfouf+yD; yxrqkH;rSwfrdaewmu ol. �tmvl;pm;olrsm;� 0w�Kwdkuav; jzpfonf? 0w�Kudkzwf+yD;+yD;csif; tJh'Dvdka&;wwfcsifvdkufwm[k pOf;pm;cJhzl;wm owd&onf?aemufawmh tJh'D0w�Kwdkav;u jzL;rdwfaqGrsm; pm=unfhtoif;rSay;aom 0w�Kwdkqk &onf?xdkqkay;yGJwGif usr &SdaecJh.? qk&0w�Kwdka&;oltaeESifh aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym&ef ol pifay:wufvmcJhonf? ¶dk;pif;aom 0wfpm;qif,ifyHk/ wnf+idrfaomrsufESmESifh �usaemf a&$bkef;vlyg�qdkaompum;jzifh pwif rdwfqufonf? ajzmifhajzmifhpif;pif; qHyifawGu ol@ezl;ay: 0Jusaeonf? olu r&,frðyH;aomfvnf; rwnfwif;aomrsufESmjzif@ pum;udk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf ajymoGm;onf? bma=umifhrSef;odayr,fh =unf=unfvifvif rsufESmay;jzifh �usaemf a&$zkef;vlyg�[k E_wfqufpum;udk pwifvdkufwm usr awmfawmf oabmusoGm;onf? ESpfvdkzG,faumif;aom vli,fuav;tjzpf cifrifrdoGm;onf?

tJh'DyGJrSm udkZm*emu olESifhusrudk rdwfqufay;cJhonf? odk@aomf oluvnf; cyfat;at;aewwfol usruvnf; vlr_a&;nHhzsif;olqdkawmh ðyH;jyE_wfquf todtrSwfðycJh=u±Hktjyifpum;a0qm rajymjzpfcJh=uyg? (tcktcsdefrSmawmh usr. vlr_a&;nHhzsif;r_udk twwfEdkifqHk;óud;pm;jyifaeygonf?)

E_wfqufjcif;cufrm



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tJh'Dvdk pum;wkH@qdkif;wwfjcif;. rESpfòrd�zG,ftusKd;udk r=umcifrSmyJ usr odcJh&onf?ol@ oli,fcsif;awGu usr oli,fcsif;awGyJqdkawmh ol@pmawGzwfae&csdefESifh wòydifwnf;vdkvdkrSmyif ol@ta=umif;awGvnf; =um;ae&onf? tJh'Doli,fcsif;rsm;xJrS wa,mufjyefajymjyaomusrESifhywfoufonfh ol@cHpm;csufudk=um;&awmh usr awmfawmfpdwfraumif;jzpf&ovdk E_wfpv#mp enf;jcif; tm;enf;csufudk jyifzdk@vdk+yDqdkwmvnf; rSwfrSwfrSwf&& owdrlrdcJhonf?

�cufrmu usaemfhudk v_dufvd_ufvSJvSJ Welcome rvkyfovdkyJAs æ�

tJonfvdk ol ajymcJhowJh? usr wu,fyJ pdwfraumif;yg? olESifhusr vlcsif;reD;pyf=uayr,fh olESifhywfoufaom usr &ifxJu trSwfxifxif&Sdr_/ wefzkd;wckowfrSwfI tav;teufxm;r_udk usrudk,fwdkif todqkH; r[kwfvm;? olpma&;ovdk usr ra&;Ekdifwm/ olavhvmtm;xkwfovdk usr ravhvm tm;rxkwfEkdifwm usrudk,f usrodonfav?

ol@pum;a=umifh pdwfraumif;jzpfrdaom usru w&ufrSm OD;+idrf;at;tdrfESifh pum;0dkif;zGJ@rdpOf ol@ta=umif; pum;pyfrd=uonf? ol@óud;pm;tm;xkwfr_awGta=umif;ajym&if; usru±kwfw&uf rSwfcsufay;rdonf?

�udka&$bkef;u Sensitive jzpfw,faemf�

ol@udkcspfaom OD;+idrf;at;u b,fvdk t"dym,faumuf,lonf rod? �tdk æ tJ'Dvdk r[kwfygbl;� [k csufjcif;jiif;onf?

�Sensitive jzpfw,fqdkwm ol xdcdkufcHpm;vG,fwmudk ajymcsifwmyg�usru tJ'Dvdkxyf&Sif;jyawmhrS OD;+idrf;at;u �at; æ 'gqdk [kwfw,f�[k oabmwl

awmhonf? wu,fawmh olrSr[kwfyg? usrwdk@vdk tEkynmESifh wenf;wzHk ywfoufaerdolrsm;tm;vkH;u cHEdkif&nf&Sdonfhae&mwGif tHhrcef; cHEdkif&nf&Sd=uoavmuf pdwfxdcdkufvG,f=ujyefawmhvnf; omrefvlawG ðyH;csifp&maumif;avmufatmif El;nHhae=ujyefa&mav?

Ð Ð Ð



aemufydkif;rSmawmh usrtay:&SdcJhaom ol@xifjrifcsufawG ajymif;oGm;yHk&onf? o&zlr*~Zif;wdkuf&Sd&m 32 vrf;xdyfu vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm/ bm;vrf;xJu udkxGef;&D vufzuf&nfqdkifrSm usrwdk@xdkifjzpfv#if olu &,f&,farmarm yl;aygif;yg0ifvmonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifhola&m usryg em;axmiform;oufoufyrmyif?

1996 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvqef;xJu w&ufrSm usr vufxyfawmh r*FvmqGrf;au|;yGJudk oluokwfu&uf a&mufvmonf? r*FvmqGrf;au|;yJGrSmau|;aom 'efaygufxrif;udkyif rpm;bJoGm;awmhrnf jyif.? uokwfu&ufEdkifvGef;aom ol@[efa=umifh usr pdwfraumif;wmukdjrifawmh usr ycHk;udk cyfzGzGykwfum usr oabmusaom =unf=unfvifviftðyH;jzifh ol ajymcJhonf?

�usaemf vmcsifvGef;vdk@ a&mufatmifvmwm æ? usaemfhtudk puFmylu jyefvmrSmrdk@av,mOfuGif; oGm;óud&r,f? awmf=um av,mOfqdkufESifhae&if tudk apmifhae&vdrfhr,f?'ga=umifhyg? aemufawmh at;at;aq;aq; pm;wmaygh æ�

tJ'Dae@u ol usrwdk@udk 0uf0H±kyf}uD;w±kyf r*FvmvufzGJ@cJhonf? usrwdk@r*FvmaqmifrSm olwa,mufwnf; t±kyfvufzGJ@cJhwmrdk@ rSwfrSwf&& &SdcJh=uonf?

wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif usr trsKd;om;.tru olESifhtwl q,fwef;rSm usL&SiftwlwufzuftvGef&if;ESD;aom oli,fcsif;awG jzpfcJh=uowJh? usr a,mif;ru pum;pyfrdwdkif; ol t*FvdyfpmrSm awmfa=umif;/ oli,fcsif;awGudk az;rulnDwwfonfhta=umif; &$ef;&$ef;a0atmif ajymjywwfonf? azazmf0g&DvxJu w&ufrSm olwdk@oli,fcsif;awGpk+yD; usKdufuUpHuGif;xJujynfaxmifpkyGJudk oGm;=uowJh? narSmifcgeD;rSm tdrfjyefvm=u+yD; tdrfa&mufcgeD;rS usr a,mif;ru jycef;awGxJrSm xD; usefcJhwm owd&cJhonf? 0efxrf;om;orD;rdk@ ac|wm pnf;urf;&Sd&ola,mif;ru xD;rygbJtdrfjyefv#if rdcifqlrSmpdk;+yD; vrf;cJG+yD;prSmyJ ol@tdrfudk vdkufoGm;cJhowJh?olESifhawG@um tusKd;ta=umif;ajymjyawmh tdrfa&mufcgp xdkifyifrxdkif&ao;aomolu usra,mif;raemuf apG@ueJvdkufoGm;+yD; usKdufuUqHuGif;qD aemufwacguf xyfoGm;cJh=uonf wJh?n}uD;rif;}uD; usKdufuUqHuGif;xJu jycef;aygif;rsm;pGmrSm wcef;0if wcef;xGuf xD;aysmuf t&SmxGufcJh=uowJh?

tJ'DZmwfvrf;udk a,mif;rxHrS usr q,fcgxufrenf; =um;cJhzl;onf? Zmwfvrf;qHk;wdkif; a,mif;rjzpfolu pnfpnfvGifvGif&,farmum �tJ'Daumifav; odyfcifzdk@aumif;w,f�[k ajymzdk@udkvnf; b,fawmhrS rarhcJhyg?

olu usrudk wcgar;cJhzl;onf?

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�trav; æ odygw,f? n}uD;rif;}uD; xD; t&SmxGuf=uwJh Zmwfvrf;awGav�

olu xHk;pHtwdkif; =unf=unfvifvif &,favonf? ol tJ'Dvdk&,farmawmh bma=umifhrSef;rod �usaemf æ a&$bkef;vl yg� [k ol@udk,fol pwifrdwfqufcJhonfh qkay;yGJrSm ol@udkpwifjrifawG@cJh+yD; ESpfvdkpGm cifrifcJhrdwmudk jyeftrSwf&oGm;onf?

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2007 ckESpf =o*kwfvtwGif;rS w&ufwGif usrudk vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; zkef;ac:=uonf?usrtdrfwGif zkef;r&Sdwma=umifh zkef;ac:ay;&ol tdrfeD;csif;tr}uD;uyif 'Dae@ zkef;awGvmvScsnfvm;[k ar;&Smonf? xdkzkef;tm;vHk;u ol aoqHk;a=umif; vSrf;umtoday;=uaomjynfwGif;jynfyrS zkef;rsm;jzpfonf? jynfyrSrdwfaqG oli,fcsif;rsm;u �ol@tdrfrSm ol@tazeJ@tar ESpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f oGm;=unfhvdkufygtHk;� [k wdkufwGef;=uovdk jynfwGif;rSrdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u �ol@tdrfudk oGm;=u&atmif� [k csdef;qdk=uonf?

ol@tdrfrSm avmu"Hudk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf &ifqdkifaeaom ol@ rdb ESpfyg;udk awG@&onf?tdrfeH&Hrsm;ESifhtjynfh pmtkyfawGukd awG@&onf? ol@udkcspfcif=uaom ol@rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;awGESifh olpmayudk tav;xm;=uaom r*~Zif;*sme,frsm;rS owif;axmufawGtjyif ol@ESifha&m ol@rdom;pkESifhyg rdwfaqGoli,fcsif; r[kwfaom/ ar;cGef;csnf;oufoufar;zdk@ a&mufvm=uolrsm;udkvnf; awG@&onf? olpma&;aeus pm;yGJay:wGifwifxm;onfh ol@qJvfzkef;av;uvnf; r=umc% w*Grf*Grf jrnf&Smonf? &yfeD;&yfa0;rS ol@rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;. zkef;jzifhar;oH/ ol@aemufqHk;c&D;twGuf wm0efcGJa0,lae=uaom ol@rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;rsm;xHrSqufoG,foHrsm;jzpfonf?

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ol@udkoò* õ[frnfhae@wGif &efukefòrd�wGif;&Sdpk&yf avxefukef;odk@ usrwdk@ cyfapmapma&mufaecJhonf? avxefukef; vufzuf&nfqdkifuav;twGif;&Sd cHkykuav;rsm;wGif ol@udk cifrifav;pm;aom EdkifiHa&;ESifh pmaytodkif;t0dkif;rSvlrsm;ESifh jynfhESufaeojzifh 33 vrf;udkjzwfumAdkvfcsKyfvrf;ray:wGif &yfapmifhae=uaom [D;Edk;um;rsm;ay:wGif usrwdk@ae&m,lxm;=u onf?um;awGay:rSmvnf; vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; a&mufae+yD? um;ay:wGif eD;pyf&m tkyfpkvdkufpum;0dkif;zGJ@ae=uwm ol@ta=umif;awGjzpfonf? usrwdk@ pum;0dkif;rSmawmh rESif;a0+idrf;u olrESifh wm&mrif;a0 ywfoufeD;pyfcJhyHkawGudk xHk;pHtwdkif; ajc[efvuf[efESifh rmefygyg ajymaeavonf? usruvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; ai;armem;axmif+yD; &,fp&m&Sd &,fvdkuf/ 0rf;enf;p&m&Sdrsuf&nf0Jvdkuf&SdaecJhonf?

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jzpfoGm;onf? xl;jcm;aomtajctaerdk@ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmawG wuUpDorm;awGu &yf=unfha0zef&if; vltkyfu ydk}uD;rm;oGm;onf?

usrESifh rESif;a0+idrf; wa,mufrsufESm wa,muf=unfh&if; um;vrf;rudk jzwful;vdkufonf? wuUpDum; wpD;ay:wuf+yD; �a&a0; udk æ�[kajymawmh um;orm;u �av;axmif�[kwHk;wdwd jyefajzonf? usrwdk@ESpfa,mufuvnf; �oGm;r,f�[k cyfjywfjywfyif jyefajzvdkufonf? ol.aemufqHk;c&D;udk a&mufroGm;&aomtjzpfrsKd; usrwdk@ tjzpfrcHEdkifyg? aemufusrSa&mufoGm;wmrsKd;yif rjzpfcsifyg? 0l;ueJxGufvmaom um;av;.aemufrSmawmh a'gojzifh±kwf±kwfoJoJjzpfaeaom vltkyf}uD; usefcJhavonf?

usrwdk@a&a0;okomefudka&mufawmh ol@±kyfuvyfudkyif rxkwf&ao;? ±kyfuvyfxm;&ma&cJwdkuft0wGif EdkifiHa&;/ pmayESifh tEkynmtodkif;t0dkif;rSvlawG ±kwfpk±kwfpkjzpfaeonf?ukdZm*em/ OD;+idrf;at;tdrf/ armifrsKd; (a=umifESpfaumif)/ ausmfol/ roef;jrifhatmif +yD;awmhol@ZeD;onf raemf[&D ESifh olwdk@. cspfpzG,f om;av; acwfae?

usrwdk@ apma&mufaeoltcsif;csif; E_wfquf{nfhcH=uonf? wzGJzGJa&mufvm=uolrsm;tm;óudqdkoifholudk óudqdk/ ae&mcsay;oifholudk ae&mcsxm;ay;&if; i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh aºuGvGifh&&Smaom ol@twGuf ESajrmwo=uonf? wcsdefu wavSwnf;pD;cJh=uayr,fh ,cktcsdefrSmawmhvlr_a&;udpPwckck&SdrS awG@qHk=u&avaom oli,fcsif;/ &Jabmf&JbufawG ol@psmyeudk ta=umif;ðy+yD; qHkqnf;=u&avaomtcg qHkqnf;&r_twGuf 0rf;om=u&ayr,fh qHkqnf;&aomta=umif;t&mtwGuf &ifem 0rf;enf;=u&avonf?

ol@rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;awG ol@±kyfuvyfudk wGef;+yD;xGufvm=ucsdefrSmawmh olu yef;yGifhrsm;tv,fwGif +idrfoufpGmtem;,l&if; vdkufygvmavonf? usrwdk@wawG ol@udk wdwfqdwfpGm E_wfquf=uonf?

E_wfqufaeoltm;vHk;u a=uuGJpGmwdwfqdwfaeayr,fh tm;vHk;&ifxJwGif ol@udk us,favmifpGmE_wfqufpum;awG ajymae=urnfqdkwm usr odonf?

�om;av;a& æ om;trSm;awGðycJhwm&Sd&if arar cGifhv$wfw,f æ odvm;? pdwfajzmifhajzmifhom oGm;aemf æ? aemufb0us&if vlaumif;av;tjzpfjyefvm+yD; touf&Snf&Snfaeaemfom;av; æ�

toufrJhaeaom om;rsufESmudk wnfhwnfhpdkuf=unfhum rsuf&nfrusbJ ouf&Sdvlwa,mufudk ajymaeonfhtvm; avoHrSefrSefESifhajymaeonfh [email protected] usrudkawmh rsuf&nf ydk;ydk;aygufaygufusvmapygonf?

Ð Ð Ð



usrwdk@ ol@udk tav;ðycJh=uonf? E_wfqufuAsmawG/ E_wfqufpum;awG ajymcJh=uonf?ol@twGuf *k%f,lcJh=uonf? ol@twGuf a=uuGJcJh=uonf? ol@twGuf ESarsmwocJh=uonf?rD;cdk;acgif;wdkifrS v$ifhysHxGufvmaom ol@. aemufqHk; ±kyfcE<m"mwfwptjzpf rSwf,l&rnfh rD;cdk;aiG@rD;cdk;r#ifawGudk=unfh+yD; qkwfqdkif;aom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh usrwdk@ tdrfjyefcJh=uonf? um;ay: ætjyefvrf;rSm rðyH;wHk@wHk@ ol@±kyfv$mu usrrsufaphxJ a0h0Jaeovdkvdk/ ol@toHudkvnf;=um;a,mifaeovdkvdk?

�cufrmu usaemfhudk v_dufvd_ufvSJvSJ róudqdkbl;vdk@ usaemfxifcJhayr,fh 0rf;yef;wenf;awmh vdkufydk@cJhom;As æ�

olom usrudk pum;ajymcGifh&SdOD;rnfqdkv#if rðyH;wHk@wHk@rsufESmjzifh TuJhodk@ aemufovdkvdktwnfvdkvdk ajymavrvm;[k pOf;pm;cJhrdygonf? ?



wm&mrif;a0 qHk;oGm;wm 2 ESpfawmif&Sd+yD? ol@ta=umif;trSwfw& pmtkyfav;xkwfcsifw,f wJh? wckcka&;ay;ygqdk+yD; pmtkyfxkwfzdk@pDpOfaewJh rdwfaqGawGu awmif;cHvmygw,f?wu,fawmh usaemfodcJhwmu wm&mrif;a0taeeJ@ r[kwfygbl;? a&$bkef;vltaeeJ@/ oydwfarSmufausmif;om;wa,muftaeeJ@ oleJ@ u|rf;0ifcJhwmyg?

oleJ@usaemfeJ@ podwmu 1988 ckESpfta&;awmfyHktwGif;u r[kwfyg? olvnf; ol@e,fajr/ ol@tzJG@tpnf;eJ@ vkyfaewmqdkawmh vlcsif;rqHkjzpfygbl;? vlyHkpHu t&yfykyk/ tom;uvwfvwf/ =unfhvdkuf&if rxHkwufaw;eJ@ayhg? oleJ@ vlcsif;pqHkjzpfwmuawmh 1989 ckESpfrSmrSpod/ pwJGjzpfwmyg? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@ ESpfa,muf[m pOf;pm;yHkcsif; odyfrwl=uovdk/ 0goemcsif;vnf;wl=uwm r[kwfyg? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@ESpfa,muf=um;rSm wlwmuawmh 'Drdkua&pDvdkcsifw,f/ trSefw&m;udk cspfjrwfEdk;w,f/ vlom;awGudk tusKd;ðycsifw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ usaemfwdk@ESpfa,muf twltdyf/ twlpm;/ twlykef;ckd=u&if; wa,mufeJ@ wa,muf ydkem;vnfvm=u/wa,mufta=umif;wa,muf ydkodvm=uygw,f?

a&$bkef;vl udk owd&jcif;

bdkjunf



tJ'DtcsdefawGuwnf;u usaemfodwmu ol uAsm a&;aumif;w,fqdkwmudk odw,f?wae@ae@rSm atmifjrifwJh uAsmq&m 'grSr[kwf pma&;q&mjzpfEdkifw,fqdkwmudk usaemfodaew,f?

yef;uav;rsm; yGifhawmhrnfzl;wH0ifhvdk@csDaejcnfrSma&$&nfavmif;igwdk@ tcsKyfausmif; æ æ

txufyguAsmav;uawmh usaemfwdk@ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzJG@csKyfrSxkwfa0cJhwJh or*~owif;pmxJu uAsmav;wyk'fyg? usaemfwdk@u oifykef;}uD;vdk@ trnfay;xm;w,f? 'Dacgif;pOfudk t=uHay;+yD; a&;wmuvnf; aemifwcsdefrSm wm&mrif;a0 jzpfvmr,fh a&$bkef;vlygyJ? tcsdefumvuawmh 1989 ckESpfuyg? tJ'Dtcsdefu usaemfwdk@&J� or*~owif;pmudkzwfcJhwJh y&dwfowftóuduf uAsmuav;ygyJ?

tvm;wl uAsmawG trsm;}uD;vnf; ol a&;cJhygao;w,f?

aemufxyf tJ'Dacwf tJ'DtcsdefeJ@ udkufnDwJh uAsmwyk'fuawmh �ausmif;zGifhcsdef� uAsmav;yg? tcsdefuvnf; ppftkyfpku ausmif;awGjyefzGifhawmhr,fqdk+yD; avoHypfaecsdef? usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;xktwGif;rSmvnf; ausmif;wufr,f/ rwufbl; jiif;ckefae=ucsdefaygh? tJ'DtcsdefrSm olu ausmif;wufr,f/ rwufbl;qdkwJh ol@&J�oabmxm;udk �ausmif;zGifhcsdef� qdkwJhuAsm&Snf}uD;eJ@ xif[yfapcJhw,f? tJ'DuAsm&Snfu ausmif;om;awGudk towfcHcJh&wJh jrifuGif;awGudk arhaysmufroGm;atmif jc,frlef;xm;wmyg? tJ'D uAsm&Snf}uD;[m tckcsdeftxd 88rsKd;qufawG=um;xJrSm pJGusef&pfaewJh uAsmwyk'fyg?

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ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;=um;ck æ aoG;yifv,f}uD;jcm;aeyg+yD æ�ausmif;zGifh+yD� qkdwJh tm%m&SifawG[maoG;yifv,f}uD;udk ausmfeif;xHk;wHwm;}uD;udk ausmcif;ay;w,fwcsKd@awGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f ætJ'DxJu wcsKd�[m æ�ta=umif;a=umif;a=umihfyg�vdk@pdwfraumif;pGmajym&if;xHk;wHwm;udk av#mufeif;ausmif;cef;wGif; 0wW&m;t&xdkif



igwdk@ æ em;vnfcGifhv$wfEdkifygw,f æwcsKd�uawmh æ�*k%fwk*k%fòydif� aumif;a=umif;ajym&if;xHk;eH@oif;wJh yef;cif;udkjzwf æ&nf;pm;xm;zdk@ ausmif;jyefwufvdrfhr,f ætJ'Dvdk æ vlpm;awGudkawmhigwdk@u æ cGifhv$wfonfhwdkifatmif&mZ0ifu cGifhrv$wfoa&G�olwdk@[m æ ordkif;rSm æ�opPmazmuf�rsm;om jzpfw,f æ?

tJ'DvdkeJ@ pmoifcef;udkausmcdkif; wdkufyJGquf0if&if; 1989 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;avmufrSm oltzrf;qD;cHvdkuf&w,f? tJ'Daemuf axmif 4 ESpfusoGm;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh ol[m pdwf"mwfrusbl;? axmifxJudk a&mufaeayr,fhvnf; uAsmawG qufa&;aew,f? tusOf;axmif[mol@twGuf axmifvdk@ rcHpm;&bl; xifw,f? a&;vdkufwJh uAsmawG[mvnf; renf;ygyJ? tJ'DxJu xif&Sm;+yD; tjcm;axmifawGqDudk ysH�ESH�vmwmu �vGwfvyfa&; ewforD;� wJh?

'DvdkeJ@ usaemf yxrt}udrf axmifuvGwfvm+yD; 1993 ckESpftukefydkif;avmufrSm xifw,f? ol jyefvGwfvmw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfwdk@ jyefawG@jzpf=uw,f?

1988 ckESpfrSm olu t*Fvdyfpmar*sm yxrESpf ausmif;om;wa,mufyg? tJ'Dawmhusaemfu ar;w,f? �rif; ausmif;jyefwufrvm;�ayghvdk@? 'gayr,fh olu acgif;cg+yD; tajzay;w,f? �'gqdk rif;bmqufvkyfrSmvJ�ar;awmh �ig æ pma&;r,f�vdk@ wHk;wdwd jyefajzw,f?�rif; pmaypdppfa&;uae vGwfatmifa&;Edkifyghrvm;�vdk@ xyfar;awmh �óud;pm;&rSmayghuGm�vdk@ jyefajzygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ oleJ@usaemfrawG@jzpfbJ wvavmuf=umoGm;w,f? +yD;awmh jyefawG@wJhtcsdefrSm ol axmifuxGuf+yD; yxrqHk;jyefa&;wJh uAsmav;wyk'fudk usaemfhudk jyw,f?usaemfvnf; acgif;pOfrrSwfrdawmhyg? 'gayr,fh a'gooHenf;enf;rsm;aew,fqdkwmudkawmhowdðyrdw,f? a'gooH enf;enf;av#mhzdk@awmh t=uHay;jzpfw,f? wzufuvnf; udk,fhbmomodaeonfu tcsdefu ol@udk ukpm;ay;vdrfhr,f?

aemufawmh ol@uAsmawG r*~Zif;awGrSm ygvmwmudk awG@&w,f? t&rf;*k%f,lcJh&wmaygh? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh axmifxGufawG[m axmifuxGufvm+yD;&if oHk;pm;vdk@&wJh aumifawGr[kwfygbl;vdk@ xifjrifae=uwJhywf0ef;usifudk tEdkif,lEdkifcJhvdk@yg?

'gayr,fh usaemfu ol@uAsmawGudk zwfcGifhrsm;rsm; r&EdkifcJhygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmhusaemfu axmifjyefusoGm;vdk@yg? 'gayr,fh axmifeH&Hudkausmfjzwf+yD; wm&mrif;a0 a&;cJhwJhuAsmawG/ 0wWKawG a&mufvmcJhygw,f? �tmvl;pm;=uolrsm;/ yef;acwfu vrif;�wJh?



tJ'DvdkeJ@ usaemfaxmifuae jyefxGufvmawmh oleJ@ ol@trsKd;orD; (raemf[&D) wdk@usaemfhtdrfudkvm+yD; ol@tdrfudkvdkufcJhzdk@ ac:=uw,f? usaemfvnf;vdkufoGm;+yD; oleJ@pum;awGtrsm;}uD; ajymjzpf=uw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfowdxm;rdwmu ol t&ufawmfawmfaomufjzpfae+yD? rdwfaqGwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@udk t&ufav#mhaomufzdk@ t=uHðyygao;w,f? tJ'Dae@[m oleJ@usaemf aemufqHk;awG@cJhjcif;ygyJ? rSwfrSwf&& 1998 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &ufae@?

aojcif;w&m;udk vlwdkif;u vGefqefEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;qdkwm odygw,f? 'gayr,fh tckvdkrsKd;i,fi,f&G,f&G,frSm aoqHk;oGm;r,fvdk@awmh rxifcJhrdygbl;? 'g[m tEkynmavmutwGufqHk;±H_;rl/ wdkif;jynftwGuf qHk;±H_;rlyg? tckawmhvnf; aºuGvGifhapmvdkufwm æ? ?



1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJtóudumvrSm waygif;aEGeJ@twl ausmif;om;rsm;/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ ygwD0if/ ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;/ tif;pdefaxmif&J�wdkuftoD;oD;rSm a&muf&SdaecsdefrSm ol (a&$bkef;vl) eJ@ usaemfqHkcJhw,f? usaemfu 5 wdkuf 15 cef;rSm ae&+yD; udkatmif'ifu19 cef;rSm/ a&$bkef;vlu tcef; 22 rSmae&ygw,f? oleJ@twl udkxufrdk;(usqHk; - atbDtufpf'Dtufzf - pDtD;pD)/ udkausmfwifh ('v teft,fvf'D tzGJ@0if) wdk@twl wcef;xJae&ygw,f?

usaemfwdk@ 5 wdkufrSm tcef;aygif; 22 cef; &Sdw,f? tcef; 1 rSm *sifrD (88 rsKd;quf)/tcef; 6 rSm ppfudkEdkif (c) pdk;odrf; tp&SdwJh emrnf}uD; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG &Sd=uw,f?ruo twGif;a&;rSL; aZmfrsKd;atmifeJ@ 'k OuUÏ atmifrsKd;wifhu tcef; 18 rSmyg/ vl&$ifawmft±dkif; eJ@ 88 rsKd;quf udkjrat;wdk@u tcef; 16 rSmyg? 5 wdkufrSm usaemfeJ@ usaemfhnDt&if;atmifrsKd;odef; nDtudkt&if; ESpfa,mufae=uovdk/ udkatmif'ifeJ@ a&$bkef;vl nDtudkt&if;ESpfa,mufvnf;&Sdae=uwJh 5 wdkuf&J� xl;jcm;wJhumvwckayhg?

tJ'Dumvu ol[m uAsmawGa&;aecsdefyg? a&csKd;qif;csdefav; 15 rdepfrSm a&tajy;tv$m;ajy;csKd;+yD;&if ol@tcef;&Sd&modk@ usaemfoGm;um ol&GwfwJhol@uAsmawGudk usaemf em;axmifwwfwm yHkrSeftvkyfwckvdk jzpfcJhygw,f? ol@&J� arSmfqefwJhtawG;tac:awGudk usaemfwdk@em;axmif=u&if; aemifwcsdef (tem*wfrSm) emrnf}uD; pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfvmvdrfhr,fqdkwm b,folrS rcef@rSef;cJh=uygbl;?

i&Jcef; u jcaoFhpdk;xufcdkif

(tif;pdef eSifh awmifil axmifxGuf)



1990 arva&G;aumufyGJt+yD; NLD wm0efcH OD;=unfarmifxHodk@ axmifxJu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGu oabmxm;wifjycsufudk v#Kd�0SufpGm ay;ydk@cJh=uw,f? tJ'D v_yf&Sm;r_rSmvnf;a&$bkef;vlwdk@nDtudkESpfa,muf &J0HhpGmyg0ifcJh=uwm rarhEdkifwJhordkif;rSwfwdkifwckyg?

tJ'Daemufydkif;umvawGrSmvnf; axmifxJrSm EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJawG ydkrdkjyif;xefvmw,f?ppftpdk;&u tm%mrv$J&ifqdkwJhacgif;pOfatmufrSm oabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sd=uwJhtwGuf 2 wdkufrSm&SdwJh vl@abmifopfygwDOuUÏ udkatmifaZ,s eJ@ óud;orm;rsm;[m 1990 pufwifbm26&uf reufrSm tusOf;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ tm%mv$Jajymif;a&; awmif;qdkcsuf 2 csufeJ@ qENjyyGJpwifvkyfcsdef 2 wdkufbufu aºuG;a=umfoHawG=um;vm&+yD; odyfr=umcif trsKd;orD;taqmifbufu ausmif;om;or*~oDcsif; oDqdkoHawG =um;vm&w,f? r=umcif usaemfwdk@ 5 wdkufvnf;qENjyyGJxJ yg0ifcJhw,f?

ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ygap? 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHk atmif&rnf æ pwJh aºuG;a=umfoHawGudk udkatmif'ifu a&S�uwdkifay;+yD; usaemfwdk@u aemufu vdkufqdkcJh=uw,f? r=umcifaxmiftm%m&SifawGbufu axmifAl;0bufuae ydkrdkus,favmifwJh oDcsif;oHrsm; wdk;csJ�zGifhxm;+yD; axmifwGif;qlyloHudk axmiftjyifbufu r=um;&atmifvkyf+yD; axmifwGif;qENjyyGJudk pwifòzdcGJcJh=uw,f?

axmif0g'gawG eHygwfwkwfawGeJ@ wdkuf0if;xJ0ifvm+yD; tcef;wHcg;awGzGifhum qENjyolawGudk tcef;xJu qGJxkwf/ 0if±kdufvkyf=uw,f? ae@v,f2 em&DavmufrSm tcef;xJu vlawGudk yHkpHxdkifcdkif;w,f? +yD;wmeJ@ tusOf;OD;pD;Xme 'k-!$efrª;csKyf aoewfcg;=um;xdk;+yD; 5 wdkufudka&mufvmw,f?

wcef;0ifwcef;xGufoGm;&if; ol@cg;rSm&SdwJh aoewfudkykwfjy&if; �tjyifrSm 'geJ@tkyfcsKyfwm/ 'Drdkua&pDawmhr&bl; æ 'gyJ&r,f� qdk+yD; vrf;av#muf&if; ol@abmif;bDudk c|wfjyygao;w,f? a&$bkef;vlwdk@aewJh tcef; 22 a&S�udka&mufawmh (tm%m&Sif vufwdkifwkwf) 'k!$efcsKyfu a&$bkef;udk �rif;owWd&dSvm;vdk@� ar;awmh �&Sdw,f� vdk@ ajzvdkufw,f?

�aºuG;a=umfoHatmfao;vm;� vdk@ xyfar;awmh �atmfw,f� vdk@ olu jyefajymw,f?�rif;eJ@igeJ@ csrvm;�vdk@ 'k!$efcsKyfuar;awmh ol@udk apmfum;wJhtoHyJvdk@ a&$bkef;u rcHr&yfEdkifjzpf+yD; �csr,fuGm æ � vdk@ &J&J0Hh0Hh jyefajymvdkufw,f?

tJ'Daemuf tm%m&Sif vufyg;apawG xyfa&mufvm+yD; tcef; 22 u 3 a,mufvHk;udktjyifqGJxkwf+yD; yHkpHxdkifcdkif;w,f? ppfzdeyfawGeJ@ uefw,f? ajcaxmufawG vufawGudk wufeif;=uw,f? a&$bkef;&J�rsufESmudk 'k!$efcsKyfudk,fwdkif ppfzdeyfeJ@uefwm ol�rsufvHk;xJ aoG;ajcOoGm;wJhtxd cHpm;cJh&w,f?

Ð Ð Ð



udka&$bkef;a& æ cifAsm;eJ� w'*Fc% axmifxJ ñuHqHkcJh& æ? cifAsm;&J� tm%m&SifudkawmfvSefwJh &J&ifhwJhpdwf"mwfudk awG�chJ& æ? cifAsm;&J�pdwf"mwf[m ppftm%m&SifawG&J�vufyg;apawGudk wu,f wkefv_yfapcJhw,f? ausmif;om;rsKd;qufawGudk &J&ifhwJhpdwfawG tarGay;EdkifcJhw,fqdkwm usaemfudk,fwdkif awG@cJh&ovdk æ cifAsm;&J� tcef; 22 xJ jyefa&mufawmhvnf; �ig.OD;acgif;wGif aoG;csif;csif;wdk@ eD&Jaevifhupm; igum; OD;r!$wf�vdk@ aºuG;a=umfchJao;w,f r[kwfvm;?

tck cifAsm;uG,fvGefwJh 2 ESpfjynfhrSm wm&mrif;a0 (a&$bkef;vl) trSwfw& cifAsm;&J�tif;pdefaxmifwGif;u qENjyyGJordkif;udk rSwfwdkifwcktjzpf ur�nf;xdk;vdkufygw,fAsm æ? ?

(2009 Zlvdkif 14)



usrwdk@aumif;uifrSm vif;vufawmufyaeqJ=u,fawG tcsdefrwefbJ aºuG aºuGuscJh&wm æ rsm;vS+yD? armifacsmEG,fuawmh aºuGwmudku yGifhjcif;yJ æ wJh æ? [kwfrSm =u,ftaºuGawG wzswfzswfawmufyaeqJ&Sdwmudk usrwdk@ jrifae&wmyJav æ?

'gayr,fh quf+yD; tvif; topf topfawG arG;zGm;awmufywmrsKd;awmh r[kwfawmh+yD? olwdk@&J� avmifu|rf;awmufyzl;cJhwJh tvif;a[mif;awGom æ waiG�aiG� æ? tJ'Dtcg raºuGcJhbl;qdk&if æ olwdk@&J�tvif;opfawGudk avmuu pm;oHk;cGifh&OD;rSmvdk@awmh ESarsmwojzpf&wmawGawmh cHpm;&wmayghav? ododomom rSwfrSwf&& =u,faºuGawG æ òrd�r+idrf; æ azmfa0;æ rZPsdrvd_if; udkarmifarmif æ zdk;csKd æ pdk;vGifvGif æ 'dk;vHk; æ t,fvfjzL æ xl;tdrfoif æarmifacsmEG,f æ v$rf;rdk; æ wm&mrif;a0 æ olwdk@[m topfzefwD;&Sif =u,fyGifhawGcsnf; æ?ckawmh ylylaEG;vufv$wfcJh&wJh =u,fwyGifh wm&mrif;a0awmifrS aºuGcJhwm æ 2 ESpf&SdcJh+yD æ?

Ð Ð Ð

=u,faºuwyGifh æ æarjidrf;



ol@ta=umif; wckcka&;zdk@pOf;pm;awmh usrtwGuf tcufawG@&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh pOf;pm;=unfhawmh tJ'DtcufuyJ a&;p&maumif;aecJhawmhwm?

&efukefwuUodkvfavmu tusOf;av;xJrSm ausmif;olb0a&m q&mrb0yg aygif;&ifESpf tpdwfausmf usifvnfcJhwJh usru usrxuf wESpfavmufyJi,fwJh wm&mrif;a0eJ@ wcgrSrqHkbl;cJhyg? &efukefwuUodkvf(vd_ife,fajrrSm q&mr jzpfawmhvnf; usru ausmif;wGif; uAsmpmtkyfawGrSm 0if0ifa&;wwfwJh q&mrrdk@ ausmif;om;avmueJ@ awmfawmf eD;pyfwmyg?rqDrqdkif pufr_wuUodkvfwdk@ aq;wuUodkvfwdk@u ausmif;om;awGxkwfwJh uAsmpmtkyfxJrSmawmif uAsma&;zl;wmyg? 'ga=umifh wm&mrif;a0&J�tudk}uD; RIT u �'w��eJ@awmif uAsmpmtkyfwtkyfxJrSm qHkzl;ygao;w,f? tJ'Dtcg ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u ol@ae&meJ@olemrnf&SdaecJhwJh a&$bkef;vl (wm&mrif;a0) eJ@ wcgom;rS rqHkcJhzl;wm æ rodu|rf; r&if;ESD;cJhzl;wm[m usrtwGufawmh trSwfw&ygyJ? (+yD;awmh ol@oli,fcsif;qdkolawGuvnf; usreJ@odu|rf;cifrifolawGyg)?

aemufawmh 1994 avmufrSm wm&mrif;a0qdkwJhemrnfeJ@ 0w�KwdkawGudk usr p+yD;owdxm;rdvmygw,f? usrpdwfxif æ [efopf r*~Zif;rSmyg? aemufawmh o&zl? Modernvdk@ vlawGowfrSwfwJh ol@0w�KawGudk pum;vHk;toHk;tE_ef;topf æ a&;[eftopfeJ@ tawG;tac:opfawGa=umifh usr rSwfrSwf&&&Sdwmyg? aemufawmh vHk;csif;0w�Kopf a=umfjimwmrSm0wWKacgif;pOfup usrudk pdwf0ifpm;atmifqGJaqmifcJhwm rSwfrdygw,f? �yef;acwfu vrif; æ� wJh?�acwf�qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk �yef;�qdkwmeJ@ wGJoHk;wm[m wu,fhudk topfyg? t"duuawmhpum;vHk;awG&J� uAsmqefr_ æ? pxGufwJh vHk;csif;xJrSmudkyJ �tcef;xJrSm waiG@aiG@ wdwfqdwfvmonf æ�qdkwmrsKd; / �vrf;av;u woGifoGifpD;aeonf æ� �jrLaºuGusoHawGudk em;xJrSmwzGm;zGm; =um;ae&w,f æ�qdkwmrsKd;/ t"dy`m,fydkay:vGifapwJh æ topf æ? pum;vHk;avmfvDr_rygwJh topf æ? tJ'D yxrqHk; vHk;csif;0w�K[m vli,fawG=um;xJrSm pDpDnHnHjrnfoGm;cJhw,f? yef;acwf&J� vrif;[m pmayacwfwacwfrSm wm&mrif;a0udk =u,fwyGifhvwpif; jzpfoGm;apcJhygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvf awmifilaqmifa&S�u awmifydEMJyifawGatmufu uifwD;xdkifcHkawGrSm at;wdat;puf æ rðyH;r&,feJ@ vmxdkifzl;wJh ±kyfoef@oef@ vli,fav;udktcsif;csif; vufwdk@jy+yD; �tJ'g æ wm&mrif;a0�vdk@ pdwf0ifwpm;=unfholawG&SdvmwJhtcsdefæ usr ol@udk aoaocsmcsmjrifzl;csdefrSmawmh olu wm&mrif;a0&,f vdk@ udk,fydkiftvif;eJ@[kef;[kef;awmufaecJh+yD? ol@atmifjrifr_u jrefrmpmay yifv,fjyifxJrSmawmh vd_if;vHk;}uD;wvHk;vdk w0kef;0kef;±dkufcwfvmwm jiif;r&? wm&mrif;a0acwf&,fvkd@ &SdcJh+yD?

aemufawmh &efukef pmaytodkif;t0dkif;usOf;usOf;av;xJ æ usrrSm oli,fcsif; rdwfaqGawGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ avxefukef; xdkif æ? ol@udkawmh avxefukef;rSmxdkifaewm wcgrSrawG@zl;ygbl;? avxefukef;a&S�ujzwfav#muf+yD; wcsKd�udkE_wfqufvnf; olu usefwJholawGudk vSnfhywf=unfhavhr&Sdawmh oleJ@ usru wcgrS rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf ðyH;jy&wmrsKd;awmif r&SdcJhwm æ/usrtwGufawmh tJ'gu qef;ygw,f? bmvdk@qdk usru odyf rdwfaqGaygwmudk;? ol r_efukyf



ukyf cyfwnfwnfaewwfawmh trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if tifrwef rdwfaqGjzpfvG,fwJh usrawmifol@udk E_wfqufzdk@ wGef@cJhygw,f? usru eDukd&Jwdk@ æ rif;cdkufpdk;pefwdk@eJ@ armifESrt&if;awGvdk&,farm ajymifaemufaewwfayr,fh udka&$bkef;eJ@awmh wcgrS rsufESmcsif;rqdkifcJhzl;ygbl;? 'gayr,fhol@tEkynmeJ@ pmayt,ltq aqmif;yg;awGudkawmh usr rjywfzwfqJ æ? b0xJ vufyrf;usaewJh touf 30 ausmf rdef;rwa,muftaeeJ@ ol@&J�wcsKd�vHk;csif;0w�KawGudk &ifrckefwwfawmhayr,fh ol@tEkynmudkawmh todtrSwfrðybJ raeEdkifygbl;? ol@&J� tifwmAsL;wckxJrSmæ jzpfEdkif&if ckcsdefrSm udk,fhudk,fudk aveJ@r_wf+yD; +id�rf;ypfcsifw,fvdk@ajymwmav;udkawmifoabmusvGef;vdk@ iSm;ajymjzpfwwfygao;w,f? wu,fyJ taiG@av;vdk aysmufysufoGm;rSmb,favmufaumif;vdkufovJaygh? aemufawmh usru òrd@jytodkuft0dkif;uaexGufajy;+yD;e,fòrd�av;wòrd�rSm awm&dyfcdk? tJ'DumvawG pma&;wmawGawmif cyfusJusJ æ? wm&mrif;a0uawmh w&Sdef&Sdef awmufyqJ æ? aemufawmh oleJ@twl vSywJh emrnfav;wck ,SOfwGJ æ?raemf[&D æ wJh? ewforD;av;wyg;&J� emrnf? tJ'D emrnfav;u vd_ifwuUodkvf&J� aemufqHk;tcsdefawGrSmuwnf;u usrodcJh&wJh uAsmewforD;av;aygh æ? tJ'DemrnfESpfck&J� tEkynmawGvnf; ,SOfwGJ zl;yGifhawmufywJh umvwck? 'g[m =u,fESpfpif; tòydifxGef;vif;wJh aumif;uifwck? aemufawmh =u,fESpfpif;&J�tvif;awG pkpnf; æ aewpif; topfxGef;vif;owJh?

�acwfae� æ?

Ð Ð Ð

udk,fwdkif 'Dvdkavmu"Hudk &ifqdkifcJhzl;wmrdk@ �wm&mrif;a0�vdk@ awG;vdkuf&if æ �acwfae�qdkwmu yJhwifxyf+yD; vdkufvmw,f? aewpif;vdk xGef;yr,fh acwfwacwfrSm =u,fwpif;vdkat;jrwJh tvif;ay;r,fh taz qdkwmu wu,fawmh pdwftiftm;wck æ?

tJvdkeJ@ ðAef;qdk æ umv,E W,m;}uD;u wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkuf vnfywf æ? bmrSef;rSrodvdkuf&cif æ 2007 qdkwm}uD;u usrqD jrefjref}uD;a&mufvmw,fvdk@ cHpm;&qJ æ? 19ESpfjynfh 8 av;vHk;ta&;awmfyHktwGuf txdrf;trSwfpmawG a&;r,fjyifqJ æ? 8 av;vHk;&J�aoG;aomuf&Jabmfwa,mufjzpfwJh wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh =u,fwyGifh aºuG+yDwJh? vGefcJhwJh 19ESpf&J� 8 av;vHk;rSm aºuGcJhwJh=u,fawGta=umif; a&;zdk@jyifaewJhusr vwfwavm aºuGoGm;&wJh 8 av;vHk;&J�=u,fwyGifhvnf;jzpfwJh ol@aºuGjcif;udkom t&ifa&;vdkuf&awmhw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u usr bavmhrSma&;jzpfcJhwJh 0rf;enf;pmav;rSm usr&J� ESarsmwor_udk ckvdka&; jzpfcJhygw,f?

jrefrmjynf&J� &opmayavmuxJ v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfoGm;wJh tcsdefwcsdefudk wm&mrif;a0u zefwD;EkdifcJhygw,f? vli,fawG&J� cHpm;csufawG &ifckefoHawG aygufuGJr_awG tm;vHk;udk oluudk,fpm;ðyEdkifcJhw,f? wenf;tm;jzifhawmh acwfudktrDudk,fpm;ðyEdkifwJh tEkynmawG todawGol ay;EdkifcJhw,f? ol@pmawGu vli,fawG vlvwfawGudk trsm;qHk; v$rf;rdk;cJhw,f? jrefrmjynf&opmay a&pD;a=umif;xJrSm tEkynmtaeeJ@ tm;aumif;ovdk aps;uGuft&yg tm;aumif;



xdyfwef;a&mufEdkifw,fqdkwm tvGefenf;yg;wmyg? tEkynm tm;aumif;ayr,fh aps;uGufrSmratmifjrifolawG æ? aps;uGuft& atmifjrifayr,fh tEkynmrSm wef;r0ifolawGom rsm;wm?wm&mrif;a0uawmh 0w�Kwdk æ vHk;csif;0w�K æ +yD;awmh uAsm? ae&mwdkif;rSm AdkvfpGJEdkifcJhol?ol@uAsmawG tawG;awGudk a&$bkef;vl qdkwJh uAsma&;olb0uwnf;u oabmuscJhwmyg?

olu tifwmAsL; ajzwmrSmawmif tEkynmeJ@ tawG;tac:ygol?acwftay: wm0efausol? tJ'Dtjyif EdkifiHa&;rSmvnf; wm0efausol?bmtwGufeJ@rS tm%m&SifawGudk 'l;raxmufcJhol?ck ol@owif;udk=um;awmh ol tifwmAsL;wckrSmajymzl;wJh pum;wckudk owd&oGm;ygw,f?tJ'DrSm olajymcJhwm æudk,fhudk,fudk aveJ@r_wf+yD; +id�rf;vdkufcsifw,f æ wJh?

wm&mrif;a0 (a&$bkef;vl)touf (40) ESpf5/ 8/ 07 (we*FaEGae@) ae@v,f 12;40 wGif uG,fvGeff?

ckawmh ²² ol ajymcJhovdk +idrf;cJh+yDaygh?'g[m acwfopfpmayavmurSmvnf; qDrD;wwdkif +idrf;oGm;wmygyJ?

wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif ætrSwf&p&m =o*kwfvrSm atmufarhzG,f rSwfwdkifwwdkif wdk;jyefaygh?

'Dae&mrSm xl;tdrfoif trSwfw&taeeJ@ uAsmq&m apma0 a&;cJhzl;wmav; owd&w,f?

�aorif;u taumif;óudufvGef;vdk@ tvGrf;udk &GufukefzGifhxm;&w,f æ � wJh?

ar+idrf;(=o*kwf 6/ 07)

Ð Ð Ð

wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif Armjynf&J� =o*kwfvrSm 88 aoG;pGef;ae@awG &SdcJhw,f? xl;tdrfoifeJ@q&mrif;ok0%f &ufqifh qHk;cJhw,f? aemufawmh wm&mrif;a0 æ? usruawmh apmaºuGoGm;=uwJh=u,fawG&J� awmufyEdkifao;wJh tvif;awGudkyJ ESarsmwo vGrf;qGwfwmyg? +yD;awmhtJ'D=u,fawGu &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tm;&SdwJhtvif;a&mifeJ@ vif;ywJh=u,fawG æ? wcgwcgawmhtJ'D=u,fawGu olwdk@udkolwdk@ ac|csypfae=uwmyJvdk@vnf; cHpm;rdygw,f? bma=umifh tJvdk



awGjzpfae=u&wmvJvdk@ ta=umif;&if;udkqef;ppfrdwJhtcg pdwfxJ wqpfqpf emusifudkufcJ&ygw,f? 'Dawmhvnf; wm&mrif;a0&J� psmyeae@ =o*kwf 7 &ufae@ (wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif 8av;vHk;tóudae@)rSm usr bavmhrSmyJ aemufxyf 0rf;enf;pmwydk'f a&;jzpfcJhygw,f?

wu,fawmh t*F gae@qdkwm ol@&J�arG;ae@?'gayr,fh ol@rdbawGcrsm olwdk@ om;uav;udk arG;xkwfcJh&wJhae@rsKd;rSmyJolwdk@ arG;cJh&wJh tJ'D om;av;&J� ±kyfcE<mudk ed*Hk;csKyfay;&awmhr,f?'gayr,fh æ tJ'Dom;av;[mavmu}uD;xJuae vltaeeJ@om aysmufuG,foGm;ayr,fhemrnfeJ@ ordkif;a=umif;wckawmh usef&pfEdkifcJholrdk@rdbawGtzdk@awmh emusifa=uuGJ&ayr,fh *k%f,lp&mvdk@ qdk&rSmyg?æ ESarsmp&m aumif;vSygw,f?odyfawmfwJh pma&;q&mwa,muf æodyfarSmfatmifwJh uAsmorm;wa,muf æodyfc|efwJh pmayorm;wa,muf æusrwdk@ qHk;±_H;&jyef+yD?wu,fawmh olvkyfcsifwmawGolvkyfEdkifpGrf;wmawG trsm;}uD; usefaeOD;rSm?usrwdk@ wm&mrif;a0 udk qHk;±_H;&wm[mpmaytEkynmavmu}uD;wckvHk;&J� qHk;±H_;r_wckvnf; jzpfygw,f?

tJ'D 0rf;enf;pm 2 ESpfjynfhcJhyg+yD?'gayr,fh æ usrwdk@&J� ESarsmwor_ qHk;±H_;r_awGuawmh vwfqwfqJ æ? +yD;awmh æ

acwfaeav;twGufvnf; wm&mrif;a0 qdkwJh =u,fwyGifh vif;vufcJhwJh aumif;uifuawmufyqJ æ? ?

(15 Zlvdkif/ 2009)



(tydkif; 1)

trsm;tusKd; aqmif&GufcGifh&jcif;onf b0ukd t"dy`m,f jynfh0&ifhusufaponf[k xifygonf? cspfjrwfEkd;jcif;/ tepfemcHjcif;/ wm0ef,lwwfjcif;/ apmifhxdef;wwfjcif;/ onf;cHem;vnfjcif;/ av;pm;jcif;/ cGifhv$wfjcif; pwJh t&nftaoG; aumif;wkd@onf trsm;eJ@qufpyfrS trsm;eJ@qkdifwJh tvkyfukdvkyfrSom jznfhqnf;cGifh&onfh tavhtxrsm; jzpfygonf? trsm;aumif;usKd;aqmif=unfhzl;rSom cHpm;csufeJ@vl/ &nfrSef;csufeJ@vl pwJh vlxJu vlawGukdomru ,kH=unfcsufeJ@vlqkdwJh vlpm;rsKd;ukdyg &if;ESD;av;pm;cGifh&wwfwm jzpfygonf?

ukda&$bkef;ESifh wavSwnf;pD;cJh&jcif;ukd jyefpOf;pm;rdwkdif; 'DvkdtawG;rsKd;awG ykdckdifrmvmwwfygonf?

udka&$bkef;vl ESifh wavSwnf;pD;rif;Zif



(tykdif; 2)

�'DuAsmu rif;wkd@twGuf a&;xm;wm? a[mh'DrSm æ�

ajymajymqkdqkdeJ@yJ ukda&$bkef;u tjzLtpdrf; 2 a&miftzkH;eJ@csKyfxm;wJh pmtkyfyg;av;awGukdtxyfvkduf usaemfhvufxJ xnfhay;onf?

�ausmif;zGifhcsdef� æ wJh?

1989 ckESpf ZGefvxJrSm[k rSwfrdaeygonf? usaemfu 15 ESpf0ef;usif txufwef;ausmif;om;? t-u-o vkd@twkdaumuf vlodrsm;wJh tajccHynmausmif;om;or*~ukdvkyfazmfukdifzufawGeJ@twl &efukefwkdif;rSmzGJ@pnf;+yD;vkd@ wjynfvkH;tESH@ zGJ@pnf;Ekdifzkd@ óud;pm;ae=uwJhtcsdef? Auo (ArmEkdifiH vkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf)rSmvnf; t-u-oukd,fpm;vS,ftjzpfeJ@ usaemfu wm0ef,l&onf?

1988 ckESpf aESmif;ykdif;vawGxJupvkd@ Auotpnf;ta0;awGrSmyJ ukda&$bkef;eJ@ qkHjzpfcJhonf? ukda&$bkef;oGifjyifu cyfydefydef/ rsufESm 0kdif;0kdif;? ab;cGJqHyif ajzmifhpif;pif;u ol@nmbufrsufvkH;ukd r=umc% zkH;zkH;oGm;wwfonf? rsufvkH;awGu cyfndK�ndK�ESifh taqG;&dyfoef;aewwfovkd *spfuefuefeJ@ rr_wwfwJht=unfhukdvnf; ol@rsufvkH;rSm awG@&onf? 'gayr,fh ukda&$bkef;&,f&ifawmh ododomomyJ rsufvkH;eJ@ p&,fwwfonf? +yD;rS uGrf;aoG;eJ@eD&JaewwfwJh E_wfcrf;ukdaxmifhrS pauG;+yD; ðyH;&,f &,favh&Sdonf? ukda&$bkef;u pykd@&SyfeJ@ &Syftusôvufwkd cyfEGrf;EGrf;ukdyJoyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfwwfonf? tJh'Dumvu acwfpm;aeovkd ykqkd;ukd cyfwkdwkdr0wfbJ cyf&Snf&SnfeJ@ ykHusus 0wfonf?

usaemf tygt0if txufwef;ausmif;om; ta&;awmfykHorm;awGuawmh ukda&$bkef;eJ@tzGJ@uswm rsm;onf? pum;ukd wkd;wkd;eJ@ cyfjznf;jznf;ajymwwfwJh ukda&$bkef;u usaemfwkd@ukdtcsdefay;onf? 88/ 89 umvwav#muf usaemfeJ@ vufyGef;wwD; taersm;olawGukdtrSwfw&ajym&&if ukday: (ukdrif;ukdEkdif)/ ukd*sifrDESifh ukda&$bkef;wkd@ukdom owd&wwfonf?usef Auo acgif;aqmifawGu ol@tvkyfeJ@ol±_yfaewm rsm;onf? ukdrkd;oD;ZGefu vl@abmifopfygwD c&D;pOfawG/ tpnf;a0;awGeJ@ rtm;vyfwwf? auusK(ukdukd}uD;)eJ@u tpnf;ta0;tjyifcsdefqkdvkd@ ol ykef;a&SmifaewwfwJh uefawmfav;tdrfoGm;rSom awG@&wwfonf? qHyif*kyfw0ufaxmuft&SnfeJ@ ukdatmif'ifuawmh cyfwnfwnfaewm rsm;onf? ukdndKxGef; uawmh ol@tpktzGJ@av;eJ@ ol? 'DtxJrSmyJ ukda&$bkef;ukdawmh awmfvSefa&;eJ@ tEkynmwGJaeolrkd@ usaemfwkd@acwf&J� ukdA[def;yJ jzpfavrvm;vkd@ av;pm;rdonf?

ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf a&$*kHwkdifu zqyvjcH/ ajcmufxyf}uD;eJ@ vSnf;wef; Auotpnf;ta0;awGrSm qkHjzpf=uonf? Auov_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm tvkyfcGJa0 wm0ef,lcJh=uonf?



vufzuf&nfqkdifrSm 'l;csif;cwf/ wawmifcsif;wkdufxkdif+yD; pum;awG trsm;}uD; ajymjzpf=uonf?ppftpkd;&u ausmif;awGjyefzGifhr,fvkd@ a=unmawmhvnf; usaemfwkd@ acgif;csif;qkdif jzpf=uonf?

�ausmif;om;awGeJ@ ausmif;awmf}uD;t=um;ck aoG;yifv,f}uD; jcm;aeyg+yD�ausmif;zGifh+yD� qkdwJh tm%m&SifawG[maoG;yifv,f}uD;ukd ausmfeif;xkH;wHwm;}uD;ukd ausmcif;ay;w,f?wcsKd�awGu ausmif;wufvm=uvdrfhr,f�

�ausmif;zGifhcsdef� uAsmxJu tykd'fwykd'f?

1989 arv tv,fykdif; rE Wav;rSm ausmif;om;nDvmcH vkyfonf? usaemfeJ@ tuovkyfazmfukdifzufwcsKd� oGm;wufcJhonf? t"du aqG;aEG;&wJhudpPwcku ppftpkd;&u ausmif;jyefzGifhwmukd ausmif;om;or*~awGtaeeJ@ oydwf arSmufoifh/ rarSmufoifh jzpfonf? usaemfu ausmif;zGifhwmukd oydwfrarSmufoifh/ ausmif;om; ausmif;wuf+yD; ausmif;xJrSmyJausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG qufvkyfoifhonf[k ,lqonf? ausmif;zGifhwmukd oydwfarSmuf&ifausmif;om;trsm;pk vkdufygEkdifrSmr[kwfvkd@ ausmif;om;or*~[m ausmif;om;eJ@ uif;uGmoGm;vdrfhrnf[k aqG;aEG;onf? 'g[m tuo twGif;rSm trsm;oabmwl qkH;jzwfxm;wJhrlvnf; jzpfonf? rE Wav; rpkd;&drfausmif;wkdufrSmvkyfwJh nDvmcH tóudtpnf;ta0;awGrSmnvkH;ayguf jiif;ckefcJh=u&onf? jiif;&if;eJ@yJ =urf;jyifay:rSm tdyfaysmfoGm;cJhwmukd rSwfrdaeonf?

'Dvkd ausmif;wufa&;/ rwufa&; aqG;aEG;jiif;ckefaewJhumvawGrSm ukda&$bkef;u ol@&J��ausmif;zGifhcsdef� uAsmpmtkyfawGukd usaemfhvufxJ vmxnfhwmjzpfonf? pmtkyftzkH;ukdtpdrf;a&mifeJ@ ykHESdyfxm;ukdu tjzLtpdrf;0wf txufwef; ausmif;om;av;awG&J� pGef@v$wfr_ukd *k%fðycsifvkd@ vkd@ ukda&$bkef;u &Sif;jyonf? uAsm&J� tEkynmcGeftm;uvnf; }uD;rm;vSonf?tuo tpnf;a0;awG/ tcrf;tem;awGeJ@ qENjyyGJawGrSmygrusef ukda&$bkef;&J� ausmif;zGifhcsdefuAsmxJu tykd'fawGukd &Gwf=uonf? &Gwfola&m/ emolyg rsuf&nf0J a=uuGJ&onf? tm;jyefarG;zkd@ vufcsif;qkyfukdif rmefwif; jzpf=uonf?

'gayr,fh ol@uAsm&J�rufaqhcsfu jyif;xefonf? atmifyGJeJ@om ausmif;awmfqD jyefoGm;a&; jzpfonf? ppftpkd;&zGifhwJh ausmif;ukd jyefrwufa&;qkdwJhoabmbuf ,drf;onf? usaemfwkd@tuoawG tm;vkH; bmvkyf&rSef; rod? tuo&J�rleJ@ qef@usifaewJh 'DuAsmpmtkyfukd tuoòrd�e,feJ@ ausmif;udk,fpm;vS,fawG tm;vkH;qD jzef@ay;&rvm;/ rjzef@bJxm;&rvm; ±kwfw&ufrqkH;jzwfEkdif? aemufqkH;awmh tuo acgif;aqmifwcsKd�eJ@wkdifyif+yD; pmtkyfukd jzef@ay;zkd@ usaemfqkH;jzwfcJhonf? t,ltqpGJ jyif;xefvSwJh EkdifiHa&; aoG;Ekom;Ekt&G,frSm t,ltqrwlwJhuAsm&Snfwyk'fukd jzef@ay;zkd@qkH;jzwfcJhwmukd thH=oaerdonf? 'g[m ukda&$bkef;&J�tEkynma=umifh



vm;/ ukda&$bkef;qkdwJh yk*~dKvfa&;oHa,mZOfa=umifhvm;/ ESpfckpvkH;a=umifhvm;/ bma=umifhvJtckcsdefxd ra0cGJwwf?

�ausmif;om;eJ@ ausmif;wae@awmh aygif;&rSmyJigwdk@awG aoG;yifv,fukd jzwful;+yD;ausmif;}uD;qD ta&mufoGm;=ur,f�'DuAsmykd'fav;ukdawmh 'Dae@xd pGJaerdonf?

(tykdif; 3)

1989 ckESpf Zlvkdifva&mufawmh usaemf pwdrf;a&Smif&onf? 1990 rSm ukda&$bkef; tzrf;cH&wJh owif;=um;&onf? aemuf ukda&$bkef;eJ@ ukdatmif'if nDtpfukd ESpfa,mufpvkH;ukd o&ufaxmifajymif;vkdufwm =um;&onf? ouf0if;atmif/ pkd;rkd;/ eef;EG,f/ zkd;nD pwJh usaemfh vkyfazmfukdifzufawGu ukda&$bkef;wkd@tdrf t0iftxGuf &Sdonf? owif;ar;onf/ pGrf;or# ukd,ftm;E_wftm;wkd@jzifh ulnDonf? rdbawG pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;wm/ ukda&$bkef;wkd@ nDtpfukd ukdaxmif0ifpm ta0;}uD;vkdufawG@&wJh tazeJ@ tar&J� 'kuQawGukd =um;&onf?

1992/ 1993/ 1994 ckESpfawG[m EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG a&csdeftedrfhqkH;vkd@ qkd&rnfxifonf?pD;yGm;a&;tay: tm±kHpkdufr_awG ykdrsm;vmonf? typf&yf +idrf;tzGJ@wcsKd�u ukr`%DawG axmifonf? aiGrnf;awG aiGjzLjzpfvmonf? avòydifyGJ/ rm&oGefòydifyGJ/ pawhcsf±d_;/ avxD;ckefolckefeJ@aysmfaysmfarmfarmf òrd�jyvlwef;pm;w&yf ay:vma&mhovm;vkd@ awG;rdonf? 'Drkdua&pDa&;vkyfvkd@usqkH;cJhol/ tepfemcHae&olawGukd vlawGu arhrsm;arhae+yDvm;[k usaemf cHpm;rdonf? pmawGukd oJoJrJrJ zwfjzpfonf? a'ghpwkd ,ufpuD;/ uyfzum/ url;/ eDa&S;pwJh ewWd0g'qefqef/ jzpfwnfr_t"du tawG;tac:qefqefawGu usaemfwkd@ukd v$rf;rkd;aewJhumv jzpfonf?

wcgawmh ouf0if;atmifu aq;ayghvdyf zifpDcH pm&Guftykdif;tpawGrSm vufa&;ao;ao;eJ@a&;xm;wJh uAsmykd'fwcsKd�ukd usaemfhqD ,lvmjyonf?

�'g æ ukda&$bkef; axmifxJuae a&;ay;vkdufwm�

rSifa&mif cyfrSdefrdSef uAsmtykdif;tpawGukd tm;pkdufzwf=unfh&onf?�a=umufrufzG,f&m vlawG&J�r[mbkwf aA'ifrSmrSiguvnf; �t"dywdbGm;� jzpfcsifcJhwmukd;?

tdrftjyef nrsm;pGmrSm æ



b,folrS rajymcsifwJh pum;awG ayG�ykdufukd,fhukd,fukd,f �vlrkduf� vkd@ jyefac:cJh&w,f?�

�xdyfxm;a& æuacsonfwkd@&J� aw;awGeJ@+idrf;at;aysmf&$if xm0pOf csrf;ajr�apom; æaumif;aom rkd;aomufcsdefYvnf;+idrfoufwnf=unfap æig æ qkawmif;ay;aer,f æyef;cl;&if;oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ ae&if; æpum;ajym&if; æoDcsif;av;awGqkd&if; ærif; æ ighukd arhoGm;rSmyg æ?�

usaemfwkd@ cHpm;ae&wJh typfy,fcH cHpm;r_rsKd;ukd tusOf;axmifwGif;u ukda&$bkef;vnf;cHpm;&[efwlonf?

wcgwavusawmhvnf; trsm;tusKd;aqmifolawG&J@b0[m opfjrpfawGeJ@ wlrsm; wlovm;vdk@ awG;=unfhzl;onf? opfyifwyif &Sifoef}uD;xGm;+yD; tukdif;tvuf tcuf tyGifhtoD;awG a0jzmzkd@/ aea&mifjcnf&Sd&mukd wkd;jr�ifhaEG;axG;apzkd@/ opfjrpfawG[m [kd;teuf±d_if;qkH;/tarSmifrJqkH;xJukd xkd;azmufcJG ykef;v#Kd; ukwfwG,fay;xm;&onf? tJh'Dumvu ukda&$bkef;&J�,kH=unfcsuftjrpfawG oefrmtm;aumif;vSygonf?

(tykdif; 4)

95/ 96 ckESpfawG[musaemfhb0&J� tcuftcJqkH;umvawGyg/ukda&$bkef;u �wm&mrif;a0� &,fvkd@ p atmifjrifaecsdefusaemfwkd@eJ@ ausmcsif;uyf�pdwf"mwfruseJ@ nDav;a& æ� vkd@tm;ay;cJhwm tjrJtrSwf&rdygw,f?'*kHòrd@opf&J� arSmifarSmifrJrJ/ rkd;xJ a&xJnDtpfukdawG jzwfoef;cJh&ykHyg�

ukda&$bkef; qkH;+yD qkdawmh 'Dpmwkdav;ukd aumufjcpfrdonf?1994 ckESpf ukda&$bkef; axmifu jyefvGwfvmwJhtcsdefrSm usaemfwkd@ tuo awGu Auo



wm0efawGukd tifjynfhtm;jynfh wm0efquf,lae=ucsdefjzpfonf? ukda&$bkef;u wm&mrif;a0uavmiftrnfeJ@ tEkynmavmuukd ajcvSrf;usJusJeJ@ jyef0ifonf? usaemfodoavmuf'Duavmifemrnfu ukdatmif'ifh&J� uavmifemrnfwck jzpfonf? ukda&$bkef;u nDav;rGeftrnfeJ@ pmtenf;i,fa&;+yD;rS ukdatmif'ifqDu uavmifemrnfukd qufcH,ljcif; jzpfonf?ukdatmif'ifuawmh axmifujyefvGwfwmawmif ppftpkd;&&J� taESmifht,SuftrsKd;rsKd;ukd ñuH&+yD; jynfwGif;rSm vkyfukdifpm;aomuf r&avmufatmifjzpfcJhonf? aemufawmh ukdatmif'ifpifumylxGuf+yD; tvkyfvkyfonf[k =um;&onf?

1994 ckESpfrSm usaemf wdrf;a&Smifae&mukd ykHrSef0ifxGufaewJh ausmif;om;wcsKd� tzrf;cH&onf? usaemfvnf; ajratmuf EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd c%t&Sdefav#mhum pma&;wJhtvkyfukdtvSnfhay;jzpfonf? wm&m+idrf;csrf; uavmiftrnfjzifh 1994 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvxkwf &eH@opfr*~Zif;rSm aqmif;yg;wyk'f p a&;jzpfonf? 'Dhaemuf pmay*sme,f/ tawG;tjrif pwJhr*~Zif;awGrSmyg EkdifiHa&;'\eqkdif&m aqmif;yg;awG a&;onf? t"duuawmh tJh'Dumvu acwfpm;aewJh �pdwfaumif;&SdwJh tm%m&Sifpepf� tawG;tac:eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; vGwfvyfcGifhomay;+yD; EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhukd xdef;csKyfxm;oifhonfqkdwJh tm&Swefzkd; t,ltqawGukd ±laxmifhaygif;pkH a0zefa&;om;cJhwmjzpfonf?

usaemf wm&m+idrf;csrf; uavmiftrnfeJ pmawGa&;ae+yDqkdwmukdodawmh ukdatmif'ifu�'Daumifa&;wm [kwf&ifawmh aumif;wmaygh�vkd@omqkda=umif; ukdatmif'ifeJ@qkHcJhwJh ouf0if;atmifu usaemfhukd jyefajymjyonf? usaemfu odyf b0ifrus? udk,fav;pm;cJhwJh acgif;aqmifawGqDu 'DhxufykdwJh todtrSwfðyr_rsKd;ukd usaemf ar#mfvifhcJh[efwlonf? 'gayr,fh ukda&$bkef;odawmh 0rf;omonf[k qkdonf? ouf0if;atmifuwqifh usaemfeJ@awG@zkd@ pDpOfckdif;onf? 'DvkdeJ@yJ'*kHòrd�opfu tdrfwtdrfrSm usaemfwkd@ yxrqkH;t}udrf jyefawG@jzpf=uonf? ±kyfenf;enf;&ifhoGm;wmuvGJvkd@ ukda&$bkef;u odyfrajymif;vJ? t&ifuvkdyJ [uf[ufyufyuf &Sdonf? E_wfcrf;axmifhukd pauG;+yD; ðyH;&,fwwfwmuvnf; t&ifvkdyif? �a[ha&mif (aumif) rif; pGyfpGyf rvkyfeJ@OD;� vkd@ t&ifuvkdyJ usaemfhukd owday;wkef;yif?

usaemf wdrf;a&Smifae&wJh tajctaeawGeJ@ Auovkyfief;awGta=umif; ar;onf? tJh'Dumvu AuotrnfeJ@ v_yf&Sm;aewJh t"du tpktzGJ� ESpfck &Sdonf? usaemf tygt0if tuovla[mif;awGqufcHwJh AuoeJ@ tjcm;wpku Auo pnf;±kH;a&;aumfrwD trnfcHonf?ukda&$bkef; tygt0if tjyifrSm&Sdonfh Auo vla[mif;tawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh usaemfeJ@ vl&if;jzpfwma&m/ EkdifiHa&;t,ltq eD;pyfwmawGa&ma=umifh usaemfhukd yhHykd;ulnD=uonf? ukda&$bkef;u axmifwGif;ñuHcJh&wmawGukd jyefajymjyonf? tJh'Dumvu wcsKd�u ukdatmif'ifeJ@ ukda&$bkef;wkd@ axmifwGif;wkdufyGJawGukd a&Smifonf/ a=umufonf[k pGyfpGJwm usaemfwkd@ =um;&zl;onf?ukda&$bkef;u axmifwGif;umv olwkd@nDtpfukdawG wkdufyGJ0ifoifhwkdif; jywfjywfom;om; wkdufyGJ0ifcJhykHeJ@ uGefjrLepf tpGJoefolawGeJ@ t,ltq rwkdufqkdifcJhwJhtwGuf tckvkd oGm;ykwfavvGifhpGyfpGJcHcJh&ykHawGudk &Sif;jyonf? ukda&$bkef;&Sif;jyaeykHu cyfat;at;? ol@ukd,fol ckcHumuG,faeykH



wpufr#rayguf? vdyfjymoef@vGef;wmvm;/ ol@rsufvkH;awGrSm awG@&wwfonf@ *±krpkdufbl;qkdwJhoabmxm;rsKd;vm; usaemfu t"dy`m,f&Smaerdonf?

EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif; uGefjrLepftpGJoefwJhwcsKd@a=umifh rvkdtyfbJ tm;ukef tifukefawG jzpf&wm/ pdwf0rf;uGJ rnDr!Gwfjzpf&wmawGvnf; rsm;vSonf? wu,fawmh ukda&$bkef;taza&m/ usaemfhtazyg vuf0JEkdifiHa&;eJ@ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ tokdif;t0ef;xJu jzpfonf?tazholi,fcsif;awG/ tJh'D tepfemcHwJh vuf0Jorm;awG&J�vufay:rSmyJ usaemfwkd@ }uD;jyif;cJh=uwmjzpfonf? usaemfwkd@tjrifrSmawmh olwkd@[m wu,f wkdif;cspfjynfcspf yk*~KdvfawGyJjzpfonf?olwkd@ukd av;pm;=unfndKonf/ wefzkd;vnf;xm;onf? usaemf uavmifemrnf,lwmukduq&m'*kefwm&mukd jrwfEkd;vGef;vkd@ wm&m+idrf;csrf;vkd@ ,lcJhonf? ukdatmif'ifeJ@ ukda&$bkef;wkd@vnf; xkd@twlyif? pmzwfESHpyfolwkdif; q&mwm&m&J� orkdif;tpOftvmeJ@ &yfwnfcsufukd od=uonfcsnf;om?

'gayr,fh usaemfeJ@ ukda&$bkef;t=um;rSm wlnDwmwck&Sdonf? tJh'gu trSDtckduif;csifwm/ vGwfvyfcsifwmyJ jzpfonf? t*Fvdyfpum;rSm Independent jzpfw,f qkdwm&Sdonf? usaemfodyf,kH=unfonf? b,fEkdifiHa&; avmif;&dyfrS rrdcsif/ ygwDvkdif; vrf;pOfwckckatmufrSm Ekd@oufcHrpkd@csifwmyJ jzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;q&marG; wynfharG; tpOftvmukd r,kH=unfawmh? ukd,f,kHwmukd,fvkyfrnf? ausmif;om;or*~qkdwm vGwfvyf&rnf? ukd,frSm;&if ukd,fwm0ef,lrnf? usaemhfaqmif;yg;awGrSm vGwfvyfwJh vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; Civil Society &J� ta&;ygykHukd tJh'Dwkef;uwnf;up a&;om;zl;cJhonf? Civil Society t,ltqukd a[*,f Hegel upvkd@ usaemf rdwfqufay;cJhonf? tawG;tjrif pmapmifrSm[k xifonf? ukda&$bkef;u v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ axmufcHonf?

tJh'D yxqkH;awG@wJhae@rSmyJ usaemfpmawGa&;wJhta=umif; ajymjzpf=uonf? ukda&$bkef;u0Dbm Max Weber pmawGzwfjzpfovm;vkd@ usaemfhukdar;wm rSwfrdaeonf? +yD;awmh &oqkdif&m aqmif;yg;awGa&;zkd@ wkdufwGef;onf? 'geJ@yJ �ay:OD;ouf/ c±kda&S;ESifh &owefzkd;rsm;� qkdwJhaqmif;yg;ukd [efopfr*~Zif;rSm usaemfa&;jzpfcJhonf? ay:OD;ouf&J� tEkynmtjrifukd tDwvDawG;ac:&Sif c±kda&S; Benedetto Croce &J� &oaA'oabmw&m;eJ@ qufpyfa&;cJhjcif; jzpfonf?'Daqmif;yg; yg+yD;aemuf [efopfr*~Zif;u �tawG;[efopf�qkdwJhu¾ zGifhay;onf? usaemfwyk'fvm;yJ xyfa&;jzpfonf? aemuf ra&;jzpfawmh?

ukda&$bkef;eJ@awmh r=umc% awG@jzpfonf? usaemfykef;aewJhae&mtxd olu vkdufvmawG@wwfonf? wcgwavawmhvnf; ol@ '*kHtdrfem;u vufzuf&nfqkdifrSmxkdif+yD; pum;awGtr#ifrjywf ajymjzpfonf? wcgwavawmh t&ufcGufcsif;wkduf+yD; rsuf&nfawG wGifwGifuscJh=uzl;onf? pum;awGuawmh qufajymjrJ? �tmvl;pm;olrsm;�vnf; ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJ@ usaemfwkd@ qufoG,faqG;aEG;r_awG ta=umif;vnf; ygonf? [efwifwef SamuelHuntington eJ@ ZifAk'<bmomta=umif;vnf; ygonf? armifa,m&J��òydifjrif;wkd@&J� cGmoH�vnf;ygonf? Auo/ ruo eJ@ atmufArmjynf AuoawG ta=umif;vnf; ygonf? *gpD,m



rm;uGwfpf Garcia Marquez eJ@ rDvefuGef'&m Milan Kundera vnf;ygonf? trsKd;om;nDvmcHvnf;ygonf? aemufqkH;awmh tJh'Dwkef;u olóudufaeonfh ,Ofaus;r_wuUokdvfu aumifrav;ta=umif;eJ@yJ tqkH;owfoGm;wwfwm rsm;onf? pmtkyftiSm;qkdif zGifhxm;wJh tJh'Daumifrav;ta=umif; ðyH;+zD;+zD;eJ@ ajymaewwfonf?

wcgwavawmh usaemfu ukda&$bkef;ukd �p�onf?�vufzuf&nfqkdifxkdifvkduf/ òrd�xJxGuf r*~Zif;wkdufawGoGm;vkduf/ wcgwav usaemfwkd@

eJ@ t&uf0kdif;zGJ@vkduf/ aumifrav; jyefvmwJhvrf;rSm apmifhaevkdufeJ@ ukda&$bkef; pmzwfcsdefa&m&Sd&J�vm;�

tJ'DtcgrsKd;us&ifawmh ukda&$bkef;qDu pum;jyefr&? cyfwnfwnfeJ@ rodcsifa,mifaqmifaewwfonf? aemufusawmh ol@ukd yg&rD&Sifwa,muftjzpf usaemfykdjrifvmrdonf? ol@bmomol tEkynmrSm arSmfatmif+yD;olyif jzpfonf?

wcgwavusawmhvnf; ukda&$bkef;ukd=unf@&wm wckck v#Kd�0Sufxm;olwa,mufvkdusaemf cHpm;&onf? 'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@ tay:rSmawmh tjrJaEG;axG;onfom? w&ufawmhusaemfwkd@eJ@twl xrif;pm;/ waeukefeD;yg;twlae+yD; nbuf t&ufaomuf&if; usaemfeJ@ouf0if;atmif *pfwmwD;wmukd cyfawGawGeJ@ em;axmifaeonf? '*kHòrd�opftdrf&J� opfom;jyLwif;aygufuae tqD;twm;r&Sd jzmqif;vif;usaewJh va&mifomom/ yk&pfawG wpDpDjrnfaewJhnrSm usaemfhykckH;ukdukdif+yD; �pdwf"mwfruseJ@ nDav;a&�vkd@ ukda&$bkef;u tm;ay;cJhonf?

(tykdif; 5)

1995/ 1996 ckESpfawGtwGif; Auov_yf&Sm;r_ukd ,l*sDac: ajratmuftoGifomruajray:v_yf&Sm;r_wcsKd@tjzpf pm=unfhwkdufzGifhwm/ pmaya[majymyGJawGukd pDpOfwm/ wuUokdvftwGif; uAsmpmtkyfeJ@ pmapmifawGxkwfwm vkyfcJh=uonf? �pkpnf;r_�/ �&mpkopfjrpfusOf;�pwJh pmtkyfawGu oufaojzpfcJhonf? tJh'DumvrSmyJ ukda&$bkef;u aq;wuUokdvf ausmif;om;armf'ef pma&;q&m vli,fwa,mufeJ@qufoG,fzkd@ wkdufwGef;onf? usaemfwkd@ oD;jcm; csdef;qkdawG@jzpfonf? ajratmufEkdifiHa&;udpPawGtjyif ynma&;e,fy,frSm vGwfvyfwJh Civil Soci-ety oif;zGJ@v_yf&Sm;r_awGvkyfa&; aqG;aEG;jzpf=uonf? tvGwfpmoifwef;awGeJ@ oif±kd;ðypka&;awGtwGuf b,folu b,fwm0ef,lrnf/ b,fq&morm;awGukd xyfcsOf;uyf=urnf pojzifhajymjzpf qkdjzpf=uonf?

1996 ESpfv,favmufa&mufawmh rE Wav;eJ@ &efukefu Auov_yf&Sm;olwcsKd@ tzrf;cH&onf? aq;ausmif;om; armf'ef pma&;q&mav;&J�tdrfukdvnf; axmufvSrf;a&;u 0if&Smonf?olu tdrfrSm r&Sd/ aemufrS &Jpcef;ukdoGm;+yD; tzrf;cHum axmufvSrf;a&;eJ@ awG@onf[k qkdonf?tjcm; zrf;qD;cH&wJh ausmif;om;trsm;pk&J�tajymt&awmh axmufvSrf;a&; ppfaq;a&;umvtwGif; xkdq&mav;&J�xGufcsufonf ajzmifhcsufozG,f tukefazmfonf[k qkdonf? usaemfwkd@



twGuf txdemcJhaomfvnf; ausmif;om; v_yf&Sm;r_t&Sdefuawmh rao? ausmif;awGqufzGifhaewmeJ@ a':pk&J� pae/ we*FaEG w&m;yGJawGu EkdifiHa&;todukd Ekd;=um;aponf? &efukefwuUokdvf/'*kHwuUokdvfupvkd@ e,fòrd�ausmif;awGtxd tcsdwftqufrdaeonf? txufwef;ausmif;om;awG=um;rSmvnf; pma0/ pmjzef@v_yf&Sm;r_awG awG@&onf? tpktzGJ@tm;vkH; ukd,fenf;udk,fh[efeJ@v_yf&Sm;=u/ tcsif;csif; qufpyfv_yf&Sm;=uonfhtwGuf aemufqkH; awmh 1996 'DZifbmausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ ay:vmcJhonfrSm txift&Sm;yif?

tJh'Dumv0ef;usifwkef;u ukda&$bkef;eJ@jyefawG@awmh aq;ausmif;om; armf'efq&mav;ta=umif; pum;pyfrd=uonf? ukda&$bkef;u odyfpdwfqkd;[ef rjy? pmayorm;csif; ukd,fcsif;pmvkd@yJvm;/ 'grsKd;awGjzpfwwfw,fqkdwm owdxm;aewwfolrkd@vm; rajymwwf? 'gayr,fhEkdifiHa&;rSm ukd,fhtxGm ukd,fodzkd@/ rEkdifwJhudpPrvkyfzkd@ vkdwJhta=umif;ukdawmh oHa0*ozG,foifcef;pmxkwf ajymjyaeonf?

'Dhaemufykdif;awmh usaemfwkd@ xyfrawG@jzpf? vkyfazmfukdifzufawGuwqifh owif;ar;wm/qufoG,fwmawmh &Sdaeonf? usaemfvnf; vkHðcHa&;t& ykd+yD; usyfoxufusyfvmonf? a&$�&a&Smif& ykdrsm;/ ykdcufvmonf? usaemf/ ouf0if;atmifeJ@ vkyfazmfukdifzufwcsKd� &efukefuaetypftcwf&yf wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@wzGJ@&J�a'oqD a&$�ajymif;wdrf;a&Smifzkd@qkH;jzwfawmh ukda&$bkef;ukd ta=umif;=um;onf? ukda&$bkef;u *±kpkdufzkd@rSmonf? +yD;awmh ol r*Fvmaqmifawmhrnfhta=umif; ðyH;+zD;+zD;eJ@ajymjyonf[k qkdonf? ,Ofaus;r_wuUokdvfu aumifrav;awmh [kwf[ef rwl? ukda&$bkef;u wm&mrif;a0 tjzpfeJ@ atmifjrifoxuf atmifjrifae+yD?

(tykdif; 6)

usaemf xkdif;a&muf+yD; ESpftenf;i,f=umawmh ukdatmif'ifeJ@ jyefqkHonf? tvGef aysmfzkd@aumif;onf? pum;awG trsm;}uD; ajym/ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG ar;jref;/ wcsKd@w0uf odxm;wmawGu jyefqkHajymvkduf em;axmifvkdufrS ±kyfykHum;csyfwck jzpfvmonf? ouf0if;atmifjynfwGif;jyef0if+yD; tzrf;cH&onfhta=umif;eJ@ ukda&$bkef;ta=umif;awGvnf; ajymjzpfonf?rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&; vkH;yrf;ae&vkd@ umvwcktwGif; EkdifiHa&;wm0efawG vpf[if;cJhwmukdusaemfwkd@&J�acgif;aqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ pdwfraumif;wJh t&dyfta,mifukd ukdatmif'ifrsufESmrSm awG@&onf? usaemfwkd@tay:vnf; ykd tm;ukd;vmonf? 'gayr,fh ol@pdwftcef@ roifh&ifawmh t&ifwkef;uvkd rsufESmxm;wnfwnfeJ@ qlwkef;yif?

aemufykdif; usaemf 0g&Sifwef'DpDajymif;+yD; a&'D,kdtvkyfvkyfjzpfawmh ukdatmif'ifeJ@twlwtdrfwnf; tcef;azmftjzpfaeonf? 4 ESpfeD;yg; =umcJhonf? usaemfwkd@ pum;qkHwkdif;ukda&$bkef;ta=umif;u r=umr=um ygjrJ? 2004 ckESpftwGif; ukday:/ auusKeJ@ 88 rsKd;qufawGaxmifujyefvGwf+yD; v_yf&Sm;r_awGjyefvkyfvmawmhvnf; olwkd@eJ@ pum;pjrnfajymjzpf&ifukda&$bkef;ta=umif; wcgwav ygvmjrJ? usaemfwkd@tm;vkH; ol@ukd cspfonf? ol@yg&rDukd tvGef



av;pm;wefzkd;xm;onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ ol@qDu 'Dhxufykd+yD; ar#mfvifhaewmawG&Sdonf?

1988 ckESpfupvkd@ wavSwnf;pD;cJhwJh or*~nDtpfukdawG wcsKd� ysHoef;qJ/ wcsKd� avSmifcsKdifhxJ/ ouf0if;atmifwa,mufawmh tqkH;pGefxd ay;qyfoGm;cJhonf? tJh'DumvawGwkef;uusaemfhukd,f usaemfvnf; tm;r&/ ukda&$bkef;ukdvnf; tm;r&? aemufqkH;awmh acwfqkd;}uD;ukdyJ jrnfwGefawmufwD;aerdonf?

(tykdif; 7)

�rif;Zifa& æ�vkd@ Ed_;oH=um;awmh tdyf&may:u ±kwfw&uf xxkdifrdonf? =o*kwfv&J�nu eufoxufeuf arSmifvkd@ aumif;qJ?

�rif;Zifa&/ a&$bkef; qkH;+yD æ�

ukdatmif'ifh&J�toHukd=um;awmh pdwfxJ jymrGef;oGm;onf? ukdatmif'ifu ukdol& (Zm*em)ajymwJh ukda&$bkef;&J� aq;±kHay: aemufqkH;tajctaeta=umif;ukd wkef,ifpGm &Sif;jyonf?a,musfm;om;qkdvkd@ ukdatmif'ifrSmu oleJ@ ukda&$bkef; nDtpfukdESpfa,mufwnf;&Sdonf?nDtpfukdvnf; [kwfonf/ pmayrdwfaqGvnf; rSefonf/ awmfvSefa&; &Jabmf&Jbufvnf;jzpfcJh=uonf? udkatmif'ifukdyJ tm;ay;&rvm;/ ukd,fhukd,fukd,fyJ jyeftm;ay;&rvm; bmukdOD;pm;ay;&rSef;awmif usaemf rodwwfawmh? 'geJ@ &efukefu tazeJ@ tar aeaumif;vm;/rD'D,mawGukd ta=umif;=um;+yD;+yDvm;pwJh vufawG@udpPawGukdyJ ar;aerdonf? ukda&$bkef;uawmh oGm;ESifhcJh+yD?

1988 ckESpf ta&;awmfykHwkef;u jynfolawGu ar#mfvifhtm;ukd;pdwfeJ@urf;cJhwJh xrif;xkyfukd oydwfpcef;rSm opPmqkd pm;cJhzl;ygonf? �trsm;jynfol&J� ar#mfvifhcsuf awmifhwcsufawGukdjznfhpGrf;ay;Ekdif&ygvkd.� wcgu 'Dta=umif;ukd ukda&$bkef;eJ@ pum;pyf ajymjzpfcJhzl;onf?xrif;xkyftaºuG;awG rsm;vSonf? xrif;xkyfaºuG;awGrauscif taºuGapmolawGu apmESifhcJh+yD? usefolawGuawmh opPmjynfhatmif c&D;quff&tkH;rnf? oGm;ESifhOD;awmh ukda&$bkef;?

aumif;&m ok*wdvm;ygap? ?

July 16, 2009



a&$bkef;vlta=umif;pOf;pm;rdawmh ajymcsifwmawGjzpfvmw,f? 2007 a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;jzpfawmh ausmif;om;vli,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm; axmifxJ a&mufukef=uw,f?axmifxJrSm tcsdefawGukefw,f? axmifxJrSm bmrSvkyfvdk@r&bl;qdkwJh t,ltqawGudk omrefoabmavmuf a&;=u ajym=uwmrsKd;awG=um;&awmh ajymcsifpdwfawG ydkjzpfvmw,f? erlemjyp&mpOf;pm;&if a&$bkef;vlu ausmif;om;vli,fawGtwGuf pHerlemaumif;wckyJ? aemufvlawG ppftm%m&SifatmufrSm jynfolawGbufu&yfwnf&if; axmifxJa&mufoGm;cJh&ifawmif bmawGvkyfvdk@&w,fqdkwm ajymcsifvmw,f?

a&$bkef;vl axmifxJa&mufawmh toufu 20 0ef;usif&Sdr,f cef@rSef;w,f? pmayeJ@ywfoufwJh tawG@tñuH/ EdkifiHa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh tawG@tñuHawGuvnf; wyHkwyifeJ@qdkawmhaxmifxJrSm ajymp&mpum;vnf;&Sdw,f? toufui,fao;awmh oif,lcsifpdwf&Sd&if avhvmvdkpdwf&Sd&if axmifxJrSm oif,lp&mavhvmp&m wyHkwyif}uD;ygyJ? rlv"mwfcHuvnf; xufjrufwJh pdwf"mwfeJ@ ZGJaumif;aumif; acgif;rmrmqdkawmh olvdkor#udk ,l±HkygyJ? a&$bkef;u 1990rSm tif;pdefaxmif (5)wdkufuae taqmifudk a&mufw,f? tif;pdef&J�pufwifbmta&;tcif;vdk@ axmifwGif;todrsm;wJh axmifwdkufyGJrSm ±dkufESufcH&+yD; taqmifudk ydk@cHvdkuf&wmyg/

wm&mrif;a0 (odk@r[kwf) jrm;xufjrifhatmif ysHwJhiSuf

jrifhpdk; (o7ufaxmif? 1991-2005)



(axmifwGif;wdkufyGJawGta=umif;ajymr,fqdk&if 14 ESpfpmavmufqdkawmh tawmfrsm;r,fhoabm&Sdygw,f? tckawmh a&$bkef;ta=umif;ajym&if wdkufyGJeJ@qufpyfaewJhta=umif;awGudkyg ajym&ifaumif;r,fqdkawmh pmvnf;&SnfoGm;rSmpdk;w,f? aemufñuH&ifawmh ordkif;rSwfwdkifawGeJ@ axmifwGif;aexdkifr_ av;pm;p&maumif;wJholawGta=umif; ajymcsifygao;w,f)

a&$bkef;vleJ@awG�awmh olpmawGa&;cJhw,fqdkwJhta=umif; ajymw,f? &SJ'dk;pma&;q&mvdk@vnf; ajymw,f? b,fpma&;q&mtwGuf ola&;wJhpmawGudk b,fpmtkyfwdkufu 0,fw,f?b,favmufyJ&w,fqdkwmvnf; ajymw,f? (ol@tazu EdkifiHa&;orm; owif;axmufa[mif;}uD;qdkawmh 0ifaiGr&Sdoavmuf? tudkvkyfoluvnf; ol�ausmif;pm&dwfol &Smwufae&wJhtcsdef? nDrav;uvnf; i,fao;awmh/ wcgwav ol pma&;+yD; rqdkpavmuf aiGav;&vm&ifol@tazaomufcsifvsufeJ� raomuf&&SmwJh &rft&ufudk wul;wu0,fvm+yD;ay;wJhtcg ol�tazu tm;&0rf;omjzpfwwfa=umif;udk ajymjywwfw,f? oluawmh t&ufudk vHk;0raomufwwfolyg)? wcgwavvnf; uAsmawGa&;+yD; r*~Zif;wdkufawGydk@awmh wyk'fp ESpfyk'fpazmfjycH&zl;w,f? 'gayr,fh uAsma&;vdk@&wJh m%fylaZmfcqdkwm tJ'Dacwfu rqdkpavmufyg?

'DvdkeJ@ 1988 a&mufawmh nDtudkESpfa,mufpvHk; rdom;pkta&;udkvspfvsL±_+yD; EdkifiHa&;xJ ajcpHkjypf0if=uw,f? ESpfa,mufpvHk;axmifuswm aocsmwmaygh? axmifajymif;cH&awmhvnf; twlwl? nDrav;u zdeyfaumfuyfwJh tvkyfvkyf+yD; rdbvnf; &Smau|;? tudkawGaxmif0ifpmtwGufvnf; pDpOfaygh? (axmifxJrSm vrf;av#muf&if; opfyifpdkuf&if;/ a&qGJ&if;wa,mufrdom;pkta=umif; wa,muf ajymwwf=u? pmemwwf=u? tm;ay;avh&Sdwwf=uw,fav)/ a&$bkef;u tcsdef&&if r*~ifq&mawmf}uD;qDoGm;+yD; r[m,me&J� Zif Ak'<bmomta=umif; ar;avh&Sdw,f? (q&mawmf}uD;u Ak'<bmomeJ@ywfouf&if usrf;}uD;ayguf? bmompum; &SpfrsKd;avmufu|rf;usif+yD; t&m&mrSmtawmf ESH�pyfw,f)? q&mawmf}uD;a[mwJh Zifta=umif;awGrSm pOf;pm;p&mawGtjynfhaygh? (wm&mrif;a0jzpfvmawmh tJ'Du tcsufwcsKd�jyefa&;wm awG�&w,f? txl;ojzifh r*~Zif;0w�KwdkawGrSmaygh)

a&$bkef;eJ�ywfoufvdk@ usaemf rjzpfrae tH=owJhtcsufuawmh axmifxJrSm uAsmpyfwJhenf;pepfygyJ? uAsmpyfoltrsm;pku uAsmwdkav;awGqdk&if E_wfeJ@wwGwfwGwf &Gwf+yD;pyfw,f(av;ig;q,fa=umif;aygh)? wcsKd�uawmh oHrHwvif;=urf;jyifrSm xHk;ausmufcJeJ@ a&;vdkufzsufvdkufeJ@ pyf=uw,f? odyf+yD; pGef@pm;vGef;wwfwJh ('grSr[kwf ydkifwJholawGavmufom) pm&Gufay:rSm cJwHeJ@a&;+yD; pyfwwf=uw,f?

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(Zlvdkif 17/ 2009)



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usaemfwdk@ tJonftcsdefrSm jyefpOf;pm;rdvdkufwmu igwdk@wawG ae&ma'otoD;oD;rSmb,favmufyJ a0;uGmaeae/ uGJuGmaeae igwdk@wawG[m wavSwnf;pD; wc&D;wnf; oGm;ae=uwJh &JabmfrdwfaqGawGygvm; qdkwmygyJ? 88 rsKd;qufawGxJrSm axmifxGufawG/ olykefawG/0&rf;ajy;awGtjyif uAsmq&m/ pma&;q&m/ ±kyf&Sif'g±kdufwm/ aps;onf/ 0efxrf;/ vkyfief;&SifeJ@b0rsKd;pkH tzkHzkHeJ@ b,fvdkyJ ±kyfzsufvdk@ zkH;uG,fxm;ygap? igwdk@wawG[m 88 awGygvm; qdkwJhtodvdyfjym[m ydkvdk@ cdkifrmoGm;ygawmhw,f?

2007 =o*kwfv 5 &ufrSm a&$bkef;vl (wm&mrif;a0) uG,fvGefw,f?

88 rsKd;quf ausmif;om;vli,frsm; wpkwa0;wnf; &yfwnf=u+yD; olwdk@&J� &Jabmf&J�aemufqkH;c&D;udk ydk@aqmifE_wfquf=uw,f? &yfeD; &yfa0;u 88 cGyfa'gif;awG[m olwdk@odwJha&$bkef;vl/ olwdk@cifwJh wm&mrif;a0udk olwdk@&J� &Jabmf 88 xJu wa,muftjzpfeJ@ 0rf;enf;jcif;txdrf;trSwfðy=uw,f? tJonfrSm usaemf jyefvnfcHpm;vdk@&wmu 88 ta&;awmfykH}uD;rSmtcsif;csif; vufwGJnD!Gwf &J0HhpGef@pm; pdwful;,OfcJh=uzl;wJh &Jabmf&Jbuf qdkwJh pdwful;vdyfjymjzpfygw,f? +yD;awmh 88 u a&$bkef;vl wjzpfvJ uAsmq&m wm&mrif;a0 trnfeJ@ vufqifhurf;vdkufwJh ol@tEkynmtvif;a&mifatmufrSm ol&J� cspfcifol vli,fy&dowfawGudkvnf;usaemfwdk@&J� &ifckefoHcsif;wlwJh nDtudk armifESrawGvdkrsKd; &SmazGawG@&Sdvdkufygw,f?

olu aemufqkH; uAsmwyk'frSm a&;cJhw,f? ol&J� txky`wWdudk zGifh=unfhw,f wJh? a&xJudkcJusovdk/ a&xJu ig; ckefwufvmovdkrsKd; wJh? �yvkH� wJh? usaemfhtaeeJ@ ol@udk tJovdkrsKd;rjrifyg? 88 xJu wa,muf æ +yD;awmh a&$bkef;vl twGuf æ usaemfwdk@awGrSm vufqifhurf;wJh*,ufawGeJ@ usef&pfcJhw,fvdk@ ,kHygw,f? bma=umifhqdkawmh 88 xJu wa,mufrdk@vdk@yg?

usaemfuawmh 88 xJu wa,mufudk ay;vdkufp&m uAsmwyk'fyJ &Sdygw,f?

2008 u a&;cJhwJh uAsmyg?

Ð Ð Ð



88 opfyif

-o*kwf 8/ 2008

tJonfwkef;uolwdk@rSm ay;p&mqdkvdk@toufyJ &Sdw,f?

olwdk@rSm pGef@p&mcýmyJ &Sdw,f?

tJ'gudktukefvkH; ðr�yfESHvdk@tJ'Du ta&;awmfykHrSmolwdk@udk,f olwdk@ajcpkHypf csDwufcJh=u?

olwdk@ aoG;awGolwdk@ toufawGeJ@olwdk@ pdkufcJhwJh opfyiftJ'Du &SifoefvmwJh æ88 ta&;awmfykH opfyif?

igwdk@ æoifwdk@ t&dyfatmufrSmoifwdk@ ajc&if;rSmigwdk@ tav;ðyvdkufygw,f? ?

(Zlvdkif 20/ 2009)



aus;Zl; rSwfwrf;

wm&mrif;a0 uG,fvGefjcif; 2 ESpfjynfh trSwfw&tjzpf 'Dpmtkyfuav;udk pDpOfxkwfa0vdkufygw,f? 2007 =o*wfpf 5/ ol uG,fvGefcsdefuwnf;u pDpOfzdk@qü&SdcJhayr,fh ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh wm0efrauscJhyg? ckawmh xkwfa0jzpfyg+yD?

wm&mrif;a0 udk cspfwJhvlawG&Sd=uovdk rkef;wJhvlawGvnf; &Sd=urSmyg? ol@udk owd&ae=uwJhvlawG&Sdovdk arhaysmufxm;csifwJhvlawGvnf; &Sd=urSmyg? ol[m vltm;vkH;twGufwm0efausEdkifcJholr[kwfwm aocsmygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@a=umifh emusifcJh&olawGawmh odwfrsm;rsm; &Sdr,frxifyg? ol[m ol@udk rkef;wJhvlawGudkawmif emusifatmif wkH@jyef&ufolr[kwfyg? ol@udk cspfwJhvlawGtwGuf 'Dpmtkyfuav;[m tvGrf;ajyp&m jzpfygvdrfhr,f? ol@a=umifhemusifcHpm;cJholawGtwGufvnf; 'Dpmtkyfuav;[m rsufajzvuFmjzpfygap vdk@ qkawmif;ygw,f?

oHa,mZOf}uD;rm;pGmeJ@ trSwfw& uAsm pmpkrsm; yg0ifa&;om;=uoltm;vkH;udk aus;Zl;txl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymyg&ap? wcsKd�u ol@udk a&$bkef;vltaeeJ� odu|rf;cJh=u+yD; wcsKd�uawmhol@udk wm&mrif;a0 tjzpf &if;ESD;cJh=u/ ol@uAsmrsm;/ 0�Krsm;udk ESpfoufcJh=uolawGyg? wcsKd�uawmh ol@udk a&$bkef;vl taeeJ@a&m/ wm&mrif;a0 tjzpfeJ@yg b0ESpfckpvkH;eJ@ ywfoufcJh=uolawGyg? olwdk@&J� yg0ifa&;om;r_a=umifhom 'Dpmtkyfuav; touf0ifvmwmyg? tcsdefwdkwdktwGif;rSm wufokwf±dkuf pDpOf&wmrdk@ tcsKd�&if;ESD;olrsm;xH pmrl rawmif;EdkifcJhwJhtwGufawmif;yefyg&ap?

rsufESmzkH; 'DZdkif;a&;qGJay;wJh yef;csDq&m udkoef;aX;armifudkvnf; aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f?pmtkyftwGif;rSm ol@yef;csDum;awG okH;zdk@cGifhðywJh xdefxdef (yef;csD xdefvif;) udkvnf; aus;Zl;wifyg&ap? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufatmif zGJ@pnf;jyifqifay;wJh udkarmif&pf/ udkOD;/ ro�m eJ@ rdk;rctzGJ@om;rsm;udkvnf; rarhravsmh rSwfwrf;wif&ygw,f? wm&mrif;a0&J� uAsmawG/ pmrlawGudkpepfwus pkpnf;xm;wJh pdk;nDnD (acvGef;) udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygw,f? pmrlawGudkpmvkH;aygif;/ owfykHppfay;wJh rar+idrf; udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wif&rSmyg? aemufqkH;rSa&mufvmwJhpmrlwcsKd� (q&m armifpGrf;&nf/ armif&pf/ yef;csD xdefvif; eJ@ 'D aus;Zl; rSwfwrf;) udk pmvkH;aygif;/owfykH ppfcsdefr&cJhyg? udkrkwfokef/ udkarmifEdk;/ udkbdkbdkxGef;wdk@. yef;csDum;rsm; ESifh acvGef;/rdk;v_difn/ udkòz; wdk@&J@ uAsmrsm;twGufvnf; cGifhðycsuf rawmif;EdkifcJhyg?

wm&mrif;a0&J� aemufqkH;tcsdefawGrSm teD;uyfapmifha&SmufcJh+yD; psmye tpDtpOf vSyatmif 0dkif;0ef;cJh=uwJh oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vkH;udkvnf; txl;yJ aus;Zl;wif vGrf;qGwfrdygw,f?tawmfrsm;rsm;[m rw&m;ojzifh tusOf;cscHae=u&wmrdk@ olwdk@tusOf;axmifrsm;u tjrefqkH;jyefvGwf=uygap vdk@vnf; qkawmif;ygw,f?

uAsma&;zdk@vljzpfvmwmrdk@ wrvGefrSmvnf; ol uAsmawG qufa&;aerSmygyJ? wrvGefrSmqufa&;aer,fh ol@&J�uAsmawGudk usaemfwdk@ zwfcGifhr&Sdawmhyg? tESpf 40 aecJhwJhb0rSmol csefxm;&pfcJhwJhuAsmawGeJ@yJ ol@udk vGrf;qGwfae&ygawmhr,f? a&$bkef;vl (ac: ) wm&mrif;a0wrvGefrSm +idrf;csrf;ygap? ?

arWmjzifh æ

atmif'ifjo8wfpf 5?2009

rdk;rc pme,fZif;tzGJhu xkwfa0 jzefhcsdonf/


�yvHk�

a&xJudk cJusoGm;wmvnf; jzpfEdkifw,f æ

a&xJu ig; ckefwufvmwmvnf; jzpfEdkifw,f?

wae@rSm igh t�K`Wdudk ig zGifh=unfhvdkufw,f æ

b,fvdkjzpfoGm;ovJ rodbl;?

�yvHk�wm&mrif;a0

1? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = wifrdk;eJ� 12 v&moD cHpm;r+rsm;/ toHoGif;tifwmAsL; pkpnf;r+rsm;/ 2004

2? rdk;rc a&'D,dk = 2004 ckESpf tywfpOf tpDtpOfrsm; toHzdkifaygif;csKyf/ 2005

3? Zm*em = oD;av;oD;eJ� aq;a&mifpkHt_idrfh = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2006

4? rdk;rc rD'D,m = vpOfowif;v$mrsm; 2006 aygif;csKyf = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007

5? Zm*em = 1990 o}uFef oHcsyfrsm; = pD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007

6? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH "mwfykHrSwfwrf;rsm; = yD'Dtufzf pD'D/ 2007

7? 2007 oHCmhoydwf ta&;awmfykH trSwfw& aw;oDcsif;/ uAsm rSwfwrf;rsm; = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2007

8? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 1 v jynfh/ zvfrD;tdrfodk� tvGrf;pm pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2007

9? uAsmq&m}uD; OD;wifrdk; uG,fvGefjcif; 6 v jynfh/ pmayaqG;aEG;yGJ txdrf;trSwf = pmtkyf/ 2007

10? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a-u;rkH OD;aomif; (atmifAv) uG,fvGefjcif;/ trSwfw& pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008

11? oD;av;oD;eJ� aq;a&mifpkH t_idrfh/ uefawmf}uD; ar#mfpifu|ef;yGJ 2007 = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008

12? rdk;rc rD'D,m = a':atmifqef;pk-unf 63 ESpfajrmufarG;ae�yGJ a':rmrmat; *k%fðytpDtpOf = 'DAD'D ±kyfoHacG/ 2008

13? rdk;rc rD'D,m = [Hom0wD OD;0if;wif ESifh pme,fZif;aqmif;yg;rsm; = pmtkyf/ 2008

14? rdk;rc rD'D,m = rmrmat; azmif;a';&Sif;&efyHkaiG = oDcsif;pD'D = 2008

(trsKd;om;a&;oDcsif;opfrsm; ESifh EdkifiHawmfoDcsif; jyefvnfxkwfazmfr+)

,ck

15? rdk;rc rD'D,m = wm&mrif;a0 trSwfw& pmpkrsm; = pmtkyf/ 2009

qufoG,f&ef = rdk;rc a&'D,dk eJ� rD'D,m/ pmwkdufaowWmtrSwf 320=207

qefz&efppPudkòrd�/ u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;/ ,ltufpfat/ 94132=0207/

tifwmeufvdyfpm = rdk;rc a'ghuGef;

rdk;rcrD'D,m u xkwfa0cJhonfh pmtkyfeSifh rSwfwrf;rsm; pm7if;

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