technical training sections - spartancontrols.com/media/resources/phase dynamics/g... · lcd...
TRANSCRIPT
1Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Technical Training Sections
General Product Information/Knowledge Section– Electronics Features & Specifications– Mounting Considerations– Electrical Connections– Electronics System & Boards
Low Range Analyzer System– Fundamental System Issues– Sampling Issues– Low Range Calibration
Full Range Analyzers– System Issues– Installation & Standard Salinity Calibration– Factory Calibration
2Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - Features
Microprocessor Controlled - NEC V25 -16 Bit CMOS Processor
No Battery Backup Required - 2K EEPROM Writes at Power Down
Lightning Protection - 9 MOV'S on the Input Power Line
Fused Inputs/Outputs - Analog I/O Fuses + MOV's, Heater Fuse,Main Line Fuse
Built In Self Test - Self Checks EEPROM, RAM, EPROM & InterfaceEvery 15 Minutes
3Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Features (Continued 1)
System Error Relay - Alert Operator of Error Status, Over Range,System Memory Error, Card Failure, etc.
Alarm Point Relay - For a User Set Process Variable Limit - AlarmAbove or Below a Preset Limit, Variable Time Input to PreventToggling
Optional CSA, Factory Mutual, Cenelec, CE Approval.
Explosion Proof Enclosures Used In Class 1, Groups C & DHazardous Locations
Analog Output - 0-20 mA or 4-20 mA, User Selectable, 12 bitResolution
4Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Features (Continued 2)
Net Flow Operation - Input From a Flow Meter is Multiplied by theProcess Variable Percentage– Display Total Volume of the Product in the Stream– This feature is Enabled by the Customer; Input 4-20 mA, Pulsed
Magnetic Pickup or a Voltage Pulse– Temperature Averaging Option Available
Analog Input - Provides a Port for Flow Input or other VariableProcess Parameters– Can Also Be Used for Stream Select
5Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Features (Continued 3)
Digital Communications– One RS-422/485 Port– Full-Duplex RS-422 Serial Communications– Half-Duplex RS-485 Multi drop (Optional)– Up to 4000 feet in length, 9600 Baud, 8 bit– Gives full Digital Setting of Parameters and Data Collection
Modbus RTU RS-485 Protocol OptionalHART Protocol Optional
6Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - Specifications
Power Requirements– 120 VAC (+15/-25%), 60 Hz (50 Hz optional); 25 watts typical, 60
watts max– 230 VAC (+15/-25%) 50/60 Hz; 25 watts typical, 60 watts max– 24 VDC (Optional), (18-36 VDC); 0.75 A, 1.8 A max
Ambient ELECTRONICS Operating Temperature– 30 F to 130 F– Extended Ambient Operating Temperature -40 to 130 F with
Heater Kit 120/230 VAC models only (Optional) Storage Temperature ; -50 to 160 F
7Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Specifications (Continued)
Available Enclosures– Explosion Proof Enclosure; Class I, Groups C & D; 59.0 lbs. 17.4"H x 14.0"W x 9.6"D– NEMA 4, 8, and 9; Fiberglass Enclosure NEMA 4X;
16.6 lbs. 16.3"H x 12.0"W x 8.0"DSystem Cable; 13 conductor plus 3 twisted pairs; 22 AWG– Approximately 1/2 inch in diameter– 20 feet standard, 150 feet maximum– Military Connector on Oscillator End
8Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - Electrical Considerations
Conduit - 1” Fitting on the Measurement Section with 3/4" Adapter
– 3/4" on Main Electronics Housing
– Maximum of 150 feet from Measurement Section to Electronics
– System Cable Must Be Pulled from Measurement Section End
Grounding Issues
– Un-interruptible Safety Earth Ground Must Be Implemented. This is the“Earth” Terminal on the Voltage Input Board.
– Green Ground Wire (Supplied with Unit) from Electronics toMeasurement Section Must Be Installed.
Voltages and Brown Out Conditions
– Voltages Need to Be Within Limits Stated
– Brown Out Conditions will Reduce EEPROM Life
9Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - Mounting Considerations
Avoid Prevailing Winds in Freezing Conditions
– Customer can Heat Trace Electronics and Measurement Section
– Heater Kit Available on Some Models
Avoid Direct Sunlight
– Use a Sun Shield in Ambient Temperatures Above 100 F.
LCD Display Issues
– Mount Electronics at Viewing Height
– Viewing Angle is Adjustable Within Reasonable Limits
– Display Has Adjustable Back Lighting
10Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - Electrical Connections
Power Input & Earth GroundSystem Cable & System GroundAnalog Output - 1000 ohms Max. (600 ohms for 24 VDC)Pulse Flow Meter InputCurrent Flow Meter Input -Optionally Used for Well SelectAlarm Point Relay - Delay Time and Set Point from MenuSystem Error Relay - System Fault Checked every 15 Minutes1 Digital Communication Port - ASCII Format Standard
12Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
AC FuseHeater Fuse
Power Supply BoardMicroprocessor Board
Frequency BoardAnalog Output Analog Input
EEProm Near Edge& Eprom (White Label)
Dip SwitchOn
MicroprocessorBoard
Main Electronics Layout
Geeen Ground WireScrew Location
14Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - System Operation
Power Input Conversion– 28, 15, 5 VDC– DC Operation uses an Optional Inverter
Oscillator Heater– 24-32 VDC Unregulated– Must be Available for Oscillator to Turn On
Power Supply Protection– Over Voltage Protection– Fuses on Heater Circuit and Output Circuits
Power Supply Control Signals– Power On Self Test– Microprocessor Reset
15Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - System Operation(Continued)
Trigger Timer to Start Measuring FrequencyUpdate DisplayRead Switches for any Input from OperatorWait for Timer Interrupt– Read Frequency, Temperature, and Reflected Power– Calculate new water-cut– Update Analog Output
Check Alarm PointUpdate Net Oil Counters (If Option Turned On)Built In Self Test– Checks System Automatically Every 15 Minutes– Closes Error Relay if Problem is Found
16Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - Board Descriptions
Power Input Board– Power input terminals– Power input fuse– Nine MOVs suppress transients– Transformer connector
Transformer Motherboard– Transformer connector– Daughter board connectors– Signal terminals– Bridges and filter capacitors– Power indicators
Motherboard (Continued)
– Heater fuse
– Analog I/O fuses
– Analog I/O MOVs
– Alarm Point relay
– System Error relay
Power Supply Board
– +5V and +15V regulators
– Over voltage protection
– Power Good signal
– Power Down signal
17Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Board Descriptions (Continued 1)
Microprocessor Board- NEC V25 - 16-bit, single chip, CMOS– Software compatible with 8086/8088– Twenty-four parallel I/O lines– Two serial interfaces– Programmable interrupt controller– Clock generator– Two timers– Time base counter– 64K EPROM for program - 32K SRAM for data– 2K EEPROM for calibration, configuration, and permanent data
storage– Mode control switches
18Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Board Descriptions (Continued 2)
Frequency Board– Six 16-bit programmable counter/timers– Stable crystal oscillator for time interval– Flow Meter magnetic pulse amplifier– RS-422/485 drivers and receivers & Switches
Analog Input Board– - 5V power supply & power indicator LED– 16-bit A/D for temperature IC transducer or RTD– 4-channel 8-bit A/D for reflected power, incident power,
ground sense, and current loop receiver– Precision voltage reference
19Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Board Descriptions (Continued 3)
Analog Output Board– Isolated +12V and +24V power supply– 12-bit D/A for current loop transmitter– 4-channel 8-bit D/A for oscillator control signals– Precision voltage reference– Isolated +12V power indicator LED
Display Board– LCD module with 8-bit parallel interface– LCD contrast control (Adjustable Potentiometer)– LCD back lighting control (Adjustable Potentiometer)– Control switch interface– Spare fuse set
20Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Electronics Unit - User Interface
Mode Controlled by 2 Dip Switches on Processor BoardNormal - OFF-OFF– Displays Water-Cut, Temperature, Emulsion Phase, Salinity– Common Menu Items
Supervisor - OFF-ON– Sets up User-defined mode
User-defined - ON-OFF– Displays Water-Cut, Temperature, Emulsion Phase, Salinity– Subset of Normal Menu Items - Down to One Menu Only
Technician - ON-ON– Displays Frequency and Reflected Power– Common and Advanced Menu Items
21Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Mode of Operation Switch 1 Location Switch 2 Location
Normal right right
Supervisor right left
User-defined left right
Technician left left
MicroprocessorBoard
Switch 1Switch 2
Dip Switch for Mode Setting
22Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
User Interface (Continued)
Menu Driven - 4 External Pushbuttons– MENU Scrolls Menu Items for Operational Mode– SELECT Moves Cursor to Next Digit– VALUE Increments Digit Above Cursor & Changes Sign– ENTER Stores Changed Value
LCD Display– 4 Line by 20 Alpha/Numeric Character– Displays Water Cut, Temperature, Error Messages
23Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Menu Driven Software
etc.
"20mA = ?%"
"4mA = ?%"
"Alarm Point"
"Cal Factor"
"Normal Menu"
etc..
Enable/Disable"4-20mA Setting"
Enable/DisableAlarm Point
Enable/DisableCal Factor
"Supervisor's Menu"
Many AdditionalMenu Items
All "Normal Menu"Items
"Technician Menu"
Only Menu Items"Enabled"Under the
Supervisor's Menu
"User Menu"
MaIn Menu"HOME"
24Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Measurement SectionMaterials of Construction
Pipe Body– Standard 316L Stainless Steel– Hastelloy, 2205 Duplex and Others Available as Options
Insulators/Seal Plugs– PEEK Material Standard– Viton Standard O-Rings– Optional Ceramic & O-Rings (Good to 150 C)– Optional Fully Brazed & Welded Ceramic (to 350 C)
Temperature Sensor– 316L Stainless Steel RTD
25Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Analyzer Section
26Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Analyzer Specifications
0-4%, 0-10%, 0-20% Water Cut Ranges Available.– Accuracy +/-0.04% (0.2% for 0-20% Range)– Reproducibility +/-0.02% (0.1% for 0-20% Range)– Resolution 0.01% (0.1% for 0-20% Unit)
1", 2", 3", and 4" Plus Insertion Available
Multiple Stream Selection (Optional)
– Provides Offset Selection for Multiple Products in the SamePipeline
Remote Stream Selection using 4-20 mA Input (Optional)
Standard Temperature Range is 60 F to 160 F.
27Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Analyzer Software
Low Water-Cut Software - Calibration Implementation– Take Frequency, Reflected Power & Temperature– Select Appropriate Adjacent Temperature Curves– Calculate Water-Cut at Fluid Temperature– Water-cut = K3 * F^3 + K2 * F^2 + K1 * F + K0 + Cal Factor
• Where: F = Frequency + Index• K0, K1, K2 & K3 are the Polynomial Coefficients• Cal Factor is the Offset Entered by the Operator
28Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Analyzer Software (Continued)
If Reflected Power is Less Than:– Vthreshold = P1 x F + P0:– Water-Cut Exceeds the Calculated Value
• Error 20 Is Displayed• Water-Cut Displayed is the Maximum Limit of Range
If Calculated Water-Cut is Less than 0.0% Then:– 0.00% Water-Cut is Displayed– Error 11, 12 or 13 Shown on the Display
29Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Normal Mode
Cal Factor (+/-100%)Alarm Point (0% to Maximum Water Cut Allowed)Time Delay [0 sec default] Prevents Chatter of RelayZero Counters (if Flow input enabled)Alternate Display or Normal Mode Display– Used to Troubleshoot– Water-Cut, Frequency, Ref Power, Temperature
Flow Input– [Disabled]– Pulse Input– 0-20 mA Input– 4-20 mA Input
30Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Normal Mode (Continued 1)
Flow OPTIONS (Continued)– Unit of Volume - US Barrel, Gallon, Liter, M3
– Pulses per unit volume or maximum flow rate– Volumes Displayed
• Oil and Water• Oil and Total Fluids• Water and Total Fluids
– Flow Rate Time Unit– Rates Only Available Via ModBus
31Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Normal Mode (Continued 2)
Temp Adjust [0.0 F]– Used to Correct RTD– Do not Change to Equal Another Standard
Analog Output - 4-20 mA is Default– 0 - 20 mA Selectable– 4 mA (or 0 mA) Equals ? [0.00% default]– 20 mA Equals ?
32Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Supervisor Mode
Sets up User-defined mode menu from Normal menu items User-defined Mode Subset of Normal menu items Example:– CAL FACTOR ENABLE/DISABLE– ALARM POINT ENABLE/DISABLE– ZERO COUNTERSENABLE/DISABLE– ETC.
Used ONLY for Definition of the USER DEFINED MODE
33Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Technician Mode
All Normal Menu Items PLUS The Following
– Reference Current [4 mA (or 0 mA)]
– Modify K-constants - Polynomial Coefficients
• Temperature Curve
– K3, K2, K1, K0
– P0 & P1 Power Threshold Values for Overrange
– Index [0.000 MHz]
– Reset Factory Coefficients
– Comm 0 [Disabled] Factory RS-422/485 Port
– Comm 1 [Disabled] User RS-422/485 Port
34Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Analyzer Sample Error Messages
Error Cause Action Needed
Frequency Error #1 Frequency is Out of Range Record Frequency and Consult Factory
Temp Comp Error #4 Temperature is out of Range Check for defective temperature Probe. Check TemAdjust value in Menu
EPROM Error #8 Incorrect EEPROM checksum Reset Factory Defaultsreplace microprocessor board
Cal Factor Error #11 Calculated Water Cut is Negative Cal Factor Too Small, Increase Factor
Cal Factor Error #12 W/C<0 and Cal Factor<0 Make Cal Factor greater than Zero
Overrange Error #19 Calculated W/C Greater 4% (10%) Check Cal Factor, Verify Actual Water Content
Overrange Error #20 Reflected Power < ThresholdWater Cut Higher than Maximum Lower P0, Verify Actual Water Cut
35Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Using Net Oil Capability
Menu Provides for: Gallons, Liters, US Barrels, M3
– Input Can Be Selected From :
• Voltage Source Pulses - from Magnetic Pickup Coil level and upto 15VDC - Not a Frequency Input
• Current Source 0-20 mA or 4-20 mA - Must Be Last On the Line Ifin Series With Other Flow Meters
Set Pulses/barrel (Meter Factor)
– Enter more than One Pulse Per Barrel/Liter/Gallon (Should be 100'sor 1000's/Barrel/Liter/Gallon)
If Pulse Input is less than 5 Pulses/Second:
– Error 18 is Displayed - Will Clear Error Automatically
– Count Will be Updated When 5 Pulses is Finally Received
36Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Calibration of a Low Range Analyzer
Calibration Issues
– Sample Point
• Should be Close to the Phase Dynamics Display
• Check Sampling Issues
Method of Comparison
– Is it Compatible with the Measurement?
• Centrifuge 0.28% Reproducibility
• Karl Fisher Titration 0.1% Reproducibility
• Distillation 0.11% Reproducibility
– Changes in Density Affect Accuracy
37Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Calibration (Continued)
Check for a Display Other Than 0.00% Water Cut
– If Display is 0.00%, Place a Positive Cal Factor Into the Phase Dynamicsto Obtain a Reading
– For Discussion Say +0. 20% Was Entered for Cal Factor
Pull Sample and Note Water Cut Display
Analyze Sample and Determine Difference From Reading
– Say PDI Was 0.1% Water Cut and Karl Fischer Was 0.05%
Titration 0.05%
Phase Dynamics 0.10%
Subtract - 0.05%
Cal Factor + 0.20%
Add + 0.15% = New Cal Factor
38Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Low Range Insertion Analyzer Installation
39Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Analyzer Section
40Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Analyzer Specifications
0-100% Water-Cut Range
– Both Water And Oil Emulsion Phases
– Oil Phase Accuracy +/- 0.5%, Reproducibility - Resolution 0.1%
– Water Phase Accuracy +/- 1%, Reproducibility 0.5%- Resolution 0.1%
– Salinity Ranges - Individual Ranges Can Be Requested
• 0.1% to 2.0% Salt
• 0.5% to 8.0% Salt (Standard) 2.0% to 15% Salt
• 15.0% to 28% Salt
Temperature Ranges - Request at Time of Order
– 60 to 160 F– 60 to 220 F (Optional)– 100 to 400 F (Optional)– 100 to 600 F (Optional)
41Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Analyzer Operation
Water or Oil Continuous Emulsions
– Oil Oscillator Reflected Power and Frequency Are Used toIdentify the Emulsion Phase
– The Appropriate Oscillator Frequency is Selected to CalculateWater Cut
– Oil Oscillator is Made Less Sensitive in Order to Cover theLarge Span of the Oil Emulsion Phase
– The Water Oscillator has Enhanced Sensitivity Required due tothe Water Phase Fluid Conductivity
– Emulsion Phase is Verified at Each Measurement
42Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Analyzer Normal Menu
Stream [01 to 50]– Selects Well Values
Salinity– Direct Entry of Salt Value
Water Adjust [0.0%]– Adds to Water Phase Value
Oil Adjust [0.0%]– Adds to Oil Phase Value
Alarm Point [100.0%]Time Delay [0 sec]Salinity Calibration– Standard Salinity Calibration
is the Only Valid Option
Salinity Calibration (continued)– Operator Takes Sample of
Water Phase Liquids andEnters Water Cut To ObtainSalinity
– Further Discussion LaterZero Counters– if Flow Input is Enabled Resets
CountersAlternate Display– Allows Switch to VIEW
Technician Mode Values forFrequency & Reflected PowerWithout Entering ElectronicsEnclosure
43Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Analyzer Normal Menu(Continued)
Flow Input– Disabled– Pulse Input– 0-20 mA Input– 4-20 mA Input– Unit of Volume
• bbl, M3, Liters, Gallons– Pulses per unit volume– Volumes Displayed
• Oil & Water• Oil & Total• Water & Total
Temp Adjust– Do not Adjust To Meet
Another TemperatureStandard
– May be Used to Temporarilyhelp in Solving RTD Problem
Analog Output– 4-20 mA or, 0-20 mA– 4 mA (or 0 mA) Equals ?%– 20 mA Equals ?%
Returns to HOME Menu
44Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Software Technician Mode
ALL NORMAL MENU ITEMS PLUS:
Water Index [0.000 MHz]
– Offset to Water-Cut in the Water Phase - Should Always be ZERO
Reference Current [4 mA (or 0 mA)] Used to Verify Correct Output
WaterLo - Lower Water Phase Frequency for Power Calculation
WaterHi - High Water Phase Frequency for Power Calculation
Oil_Lo - Lower Freq. Range to Check Power for Phase
Oil_Hi - Upper Frequency Range to Check Power for Phase
45Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Software Technician Mode(Continued 2)
Oil_P1 - Power Slope Coefficient to Determine Phase
Oil_P0 - Power Intercept Coefficient to Determine Phase
Oil Index [0.000 MHz] - Frequency Offset for Oil Oscillator
– Should Normally be 0.000 MHz
Reset Stream Values - Reset all Operator Set Values to Default
Reset Factory Coefficients - Reset all Coefficients to Factory
View O- constants - View Oil Phase Coefficients
– Temperature Curve - Select Which Temperature to View
• O3 - Frequency Cubic Coefficient
• O2 - Frequency Squared Coefficient
• O1 - Frequency Linear Coefficient
• O0 - Intercept
46Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Software Technician Mode(Continued 3)
View W- constants - Water Phase Polynomial Viewing– Salinity Curve - Select Which Salt to View
• Temperature Curve - Select Which Temperature to View– W3 - Frequency Cubic Coefficient– W2 - Frequency Squared Coefficient– W1 - Frequency Linear Coefficient– W0 - Intercept
Comm 0 - Communications Port “0”– This is ONLY for Factory Use
• If Accidentally “Enabled” System will Lock Up– EPROM Must be Removed, System Powered Up/Down– Reinstall EPROM, Power Up, Reset Factory to Recover
47Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Software Technician Mode(Continued 4)
Comm 1 - Communications Port “1”– In RS422/RS485 Systems This is Available for Customer Use
• ASCII Code as in Manual• Driver Must be Written By Customer to Use• Enable Port Baud Rates of 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600• Echo is Normally Disabled• Termination is CR for Carriage Return or CR/LF for an
added Line Feed after the CR– If Modbus This is Port for Customer Use
48Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Cut Analyzer Calibration
Factory Calibration Starts With Salt Water of Various Salinities then InjectingOil into the Pressurized Fluids
– A Family of Salinity Curves for Various Temperatures are Generated forWater-Cuts from 50% - 100%
– Polynomials are Fit to the Generated Data
The Oil Curve is Generated by Injecting Salt Water Into Oil
Polynomials are Fit to the Oil Curve
Power Level and Frequency Range Thresholds for Oil and Water Phases areSelected
Parameters Are Stored Into the Analyzer's Serial Number EPROM
Operation With The Actual Electronics & EPROM are Used to Verify theSystem Before Shipping a Unit
49Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Error Messages
Error Cause Action Needed
Frequency Error #1 Frequency is Out of Range Record Frequency and Consult Factory
Temp Comp Error #4 Temperature is out of Range Check for defective temperature Probe. Check TemAdjust value in Menu
EPROM Error #8 Incorrect EEPROM checksum Reset Factory Defaults – replace microprocessorboard
Underrange Error #11 Calculated Water Cut is Negative Verify Correct Values for Oil_Index and Oil Adjust
No Flow Error #18 Zero Flow Rate if no flow no action is requiredCheck wiring
Low Temp Error #26 Temperature out of Range Check RTD and Consult Factory
Phase Error #28 Liquids Not FlowingWater/Oil Separating Out
Unit Cannot Determine Emulsion PhaseCheck for Low Flow Rate & Resolve
50Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Oil Oscillator Phase Logic
010
2030
405060
7080
90100
98.0 103.0 108.0 113.0 118.0 123.0 128.0 133.0 138.0
Oil Oscillator Frequency (MHz)
Wat
er C
ut (%
)
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
2.7
Ref
lect
ed P
ower
(Vol
ts)
Oil Emulsion (% Water)
Water Emulsion 11%, 1.5% & 0.1% Salt (% Water )
Oil Emulsion (Vref)
Water Emulsion (Vref)
51Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Oil Oscillator Power Logic
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
96.0 106.0 116.0 126.0 136.0
Oil Oscillator Frequency (MHz)
Ref
lect
ed P
ower
"V
ref"
(vol
ts)
Oil Phase Power
Water Emulsions0.1%, 1.5% & 11% Salt
Threshold P1* Freq + P0
52Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Insertion Installation
53Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Analyzer Measurement Issues
Obtain a Good Sample– Oil Continuous Emulsions - Follow Write Up on Low Range Analyzer– Water Continuous Emulsions - A Real Challenge Due to Emulsions
Separating Much EasierWater Cut Changes Rapidly at Higher Water Cuts– Make Certain That Phase Dynamics Display Can be Seen When Pulling
A Sample– Try to Pull A Sample When The Analyzer is Showing A Steady Water Cut
ONLY Water Continuous Emulsions Require the Correct Salinity Entry to BeAccurate
54Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Full Range Measurement Issues Continued
Analyzer Should Not be The Highest or Lowest Point in the Piping– Would Collect Gas or Water– Low Flow Rates Would Slug Water or Oil
Analyzer Should be In the Same Plane and Lateral to the Rest ofthe Piping– What Goes in Will Come Out– No Hold Up of Gas, Oil or Water
Static Mixer in Front of Analyzer will Aid in Obtaining aHomogeneous Mix and Extraction of a Sample
55Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Salinity Issues
Analyzers Calibrated As:
– Percent by Weight Salts
• Independent of Temperature
• Laboratory Gives Total Dissolved Solids (or Salts) TDS asa Parameter
– Weight Percent Can Be Entered or Determined by Unit
Actual Calibration is to Compensate for Electrical Conductivity
– Temperature Dependent
– RF/Microwave (AC) Conductivity is Not the Same as DC
– Use NaCl (Table Salt) as Standard
– Other Salts Specie have Different Conductivity
56Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Standard Salinity Calibration
Standard Salt Calibration Back Calculates The Salt from the AverageFrequency During The Sampling Period– Provides Best Salinity for Most Accurate Water Cut– Calculated Value Should Be Within 10% of a Laboratory or
Refractometer Value for Salt - Usually Calculated Value is LessEXAMPLE of Procedure - Go To Salinity Calibration Menu:– Operator Begins Sample and Presses ENTER– Operator End Sample and Presses ENTER– Operator Determines Water Cut and Enters Value
57Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Salinity Calibration (Continued)
PDI Unit Calculates Equivalent Salt from Average FrequencyDuring Sample and the Entered Water Cut– Operator can Accept or Reject Salt Value
If Liquids Switch to Oil Continuous - Unit Displays Error andReturns “Home”A Salt Calibration Cannot Be Performed When Liquids are OilPhase - Enter an Approximate Salt value Instead
58Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Standard Salinity Calibration
5% Salt 0.3 % Salt3% Salt
1% SaltCalculated Salinity = 2%
Average Frequency During Sample
Water CutDuring Sample
59Copyright Phase Dynamics, Inc. 2003
Use Of Offsets
Oil Adjust Used in Oil Continuous Phase for Correction of theDensity of the Oil– A Change of 0.01 gm/cc Changes W/C by 0.3%– A Change of 1 Deg API Gravity Changes W/C by 0.16 %
Water Adjust - Included to be “Global” - Should = 0.00%– It is NOT Used as a "Fudge Factor"– Water Adjust is Never Used to Correct for W/C's– If W/C is not Correct in the Water Phase, The Salinity is Not Correct– In Certain Circumstances - Water Adjust has Been Used to Correct for
Gas Effects - Not Recommended!