techno economic and market analysis of from syngas to ... · feedstock processing capacity 2,000...

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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technoeconomic and Market Analysis of Pathways from Syngas to Fuels and Chemicals Michael Talmadge, Abhijit Dutta & Richard Bain IEA Bioenergy, Task 33 / IEA IETS Workshop on System and Integration Aspects of Biomassbased Gasification – Gothenburg, Sweden November 20, 2013

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Page 1: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Techno‐economic and Market Analysis of Pathways from Syngas to Fuels and Chemicals

Michael Talmadge, Abhijit Dutta & Richard Bain

IEA Bioenergy, Task 33 / IEA IETS Workshop on System and Integration Aspects of Biomass‐based Gasification – Gothenburg, Sweden

November 20, 2013

Page 2: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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Objective

Assess the economics of producing fuels and chemicals from 

biomass‐derived synthesis gas.  

• Process economics based on literature (consistent TEA assumptions)

• Perform more rigorous TEA on promising pathways

o Biochemical conversion of syngas to ethanol and higher alcohols

o Ethanol and higher alcohols to infrastructure‐compatible hydrocarbons

• Simple product market analyses

What can we do with syngas? 

Page 3: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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• Simplified TEA model• Inputs from literature sources

o Feedstock rate and properties (heating value)o Product yieldso Operating costs (variable & fixed)o Capital costs

• Common scaling assumptions o Capital scaling exponentso Economies of scale for fixed operating costs

• Operating and financing assumptions for nth plant and pioneer plant

• Minimum Product Selling Priceliterature values  average, standard deviation & 90% confidence intervals

Analysis Approach

Page 4: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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nth Plant AssumptionsParameter Value

Basis year for analysis 2011

Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD 

Feedstock cost (woody biomass) $75 / Dry Ton (€21.60 / MWh)

Debt / equity for plant financing 60% / 40%

Internal rate of return (after‐tax) for equity financing 10%

Annual interest rate and term for debt financing 8% / 10 years

Total income tax rate 35%

Plant life 30 years

Plant depreciation schedule 7‐year IRS MACRSMACRS = Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System

Reliability of operations / on‐stream factor 0.90Site development costs 4% of ISBL Installed CapitalWorking capital 5% of Fixed Capital InvestmentIndirect costs for capital project 60% of Total Direct CostsCapital equipment capacity scaling exponent  0.70

Page 5: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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Parameter Value

Basis year for analysis 2011

Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / Day 

Feedstock cost (woody biomass) $75 / Dry Ton (€21.60 / MWh)

Debt / equity for plant financing 60% / 40%

Internal rate of return (after‐tax) for equity financing 10%

Annual interest rate and term for debt financing 8% / 10 years

Total income tax rate 35%

Plant life 30 years

Plant depreciation schedule 7‐year IRS MACRSMACRS = Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System

Reliability of operations / on‐stream factor 0.90Site development costs 4% of ISBL Installed CapitalWorking capital 5% of Fixed Capital InvestmentIndirect costs for capital project 60% of Total Direct CostsCapital equipment capacity scaling exponent  0.70

nth Plant Assumptions

Page 6: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

• Internal Rate of Return (IRR):  10% – 25%• Capital Costs: Pioneer Plant Escalation    210% of nth Plant Estimates (Merrow et al, Rand, 1981) 

• Reliability of Operations / On‐Stream Factor:Initial value of 0.5 (Merrow et al, Rand, 1981) 

Increasing to 0.9 per experience curve (Heinen, SRI Consulting, 2001)

Pioneer Plant Assumptions

On‐Stream

 Factor

Year of Plant Operation

~

Page 7: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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Fuel Pathways Explored

Ethanol & C3+ Alcohols

Hydrocarbons (FT Gasoline, Diesel, Jet, Lubricants)

Synthetic Natural Gas

Dimethyl Ether (DME)

Syngas

Gasoline(MTG)

Triptyls Olefins(MTO)

Ethanol

Methanol

Syngas Fermentation Butanol

2,3‐Butanediol

Page 8: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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Chemical Pathways Explored

Hydrocarbons (FT Lubes, Waxes)

Acetic Anhydride

Propylene(MTO)

FormaldehydeEthylene(MTO)

Hydrogen

Ethyl Acetate

Formic Acid

Methyl Formate

Ethylene Glycol

Acetic Acid

Acetic Acid

Syngas Fermentation

PHA(Polyhydroxyalkanoates)

Syngas

Methyl‐Amines

Methanol

Urea

Ammonia

DME Aldehydes (Oxosynthesis)

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Major Pathway Categories Explored• Synthetic Natural Gas via Methanation of Syngas

• Ethanolo Catalytic Mixed Alcohol Synthesis

o Syngas Fermentation *

• Hydrocarbonso Fischer‐Tropsch

o Methanol to Naphtha Hydrocarbons

o Ethanol & Higher Alcohols to Hydrocarbons *

• Hydrogen via Steam Reforming, WGS & Purification

• Methanol via Catalytic Methanol Synthesis

* Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous TEA.

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Synthetic Natural Gas• Methanation of Syngas

Page 11: Techno economic and Market Analysis of from Syngas to ... · Feedstock processing capacity 2,000 Dry Tonnes / SD ... Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Europe Pricing History (EIA)US Pricing History (EIA)

Synthetic Natural Gas20

11 $ / M

Scf

Historical Pricing Data Source:  U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Process Sources Min. Selling Price Range ($ / MScf)Syngas to SNG via methanation

McKeough & Kurkela, 2007Mozaffarian et al, 2004van der Drift et al, 2005

nth Plant 16.52 – 19.13Pioneer 10% IRR 27.07 – 29.52Pioneer 25% IRR 47.50 – 53.97

Pioneer 10% IRR   $28 / MScf  

nth Plant   $18 /MScf   €83 / MWh

€133 / MWh

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• Techno‐economic Analysis

• Market Analysis

05

10152025303540

Market Price (5‐Yr) nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP

Synthetic Natural Gas

2011

 $ / M

Scf

17.62 ± 2.23 

5.50

U.S. EuropeAverage Product Yield Scf / Ton 11,440 11,440Consumption (EIA, 2012)  Scf / Year 25.5T 19.0T10% of Natural Gas Market  Scf / Year 2.55T 1.90TEquivalent Biomass Consumption MMTon / Year 223 165

Equivalent Biorefineries (2,000 Tonne / Day) 310 230

28.29 ± 2.05 

50.80 ± 5.30 

IRR = 10%     25%

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

14.80

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Ethanol• Catalytic Mixed Alcohol Synthesis

• Syngas Fermentation *

* Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous TEA.

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Europe Pricing History (EIA)US Pricing History (EIA)

Ethanol via Mixed Alcohol Synthesis

Historical Pricing Data Source:  U.S. Energy Information Administration. 

Process Sources Min. Selling Price Range ($ / Gal GE)Syngas to ethanol via catalytic mixed alcohol synthesis

Dutta et al, 2011Dutta & Phillips, 2009Dutta et al, 2010He & Zhang, 2011Villanueva Perales et al, 2011

nth Plant 2.87 – 4.83Pioneer 10% IRR 5.34 – 9.08Pioneer 25% IRR 10.66 – 18.15

2011

 $ / Gallon GE

Pioneer 10% IRR   $7.60 / GGE

nth Plant   $4.20 / GGE €165 / MWh

€302 / MWh

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Europe Pricing History (EIA)US Pricing History (EIA)

Ethanol via Syngas Fermentation

Historical Pricing Data Source:  U.S. Energy Information Administration.

Process Sources Min. Selling Price Range ($ / Gal GE)Ethanol via syngasfermentation

Putsche,1999 van Kasteren & Verbene, 2005 Piccolo & Bezzo, 2007 

nth Plant 3.67 – 5.08Pioneer 10% IRR 5.77 – 8.50Pioneer 25% IRR 8.92 – 16.12

2011

 $ / Gallon GE

Pioneer 10% IRR   $6.80 / GGE

nth Plant   $4.30 / GGE €172 / MWh

€269 / MWh

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Ethanol via Syngas Fermentation

NREL TEA Model

• Design Report NREL/TP‐5100‐51400 utilized as basis through clean compressed syngas from biomass.

• Yield structures based on publications from LanzaTech & INEOS Bio.• Capital costs for fermenters, seed train and cell recovery developed by 

Harris Group Inc.

Ethanol

C3+ Alcohols

Acetic Acid

Power

Syngas Cleanup

BiomassGasification

Feed Handling & Preparation

Flue Gas

Woody Biomass

Syngas Fermentation

Seed Train

Product Recovery

Heat Integration, Power Generation & Other Utilities

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nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSPnth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Market Price (4‐Yr) Price Projection (4‐Yr) nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP

• Techno‐economic Analysis

• Market Analysis

Ethanol20

11 $ / Gallon GE

Mixed Alcohols(Literature)

Syngas Fermentation (Literature)

Syngas Fermentation(NREL TEA)

2.72

6.77 ± 1.69 

3.06IRR = 10% 25% IRR = 10% 25%IRR = 10% 25%

4.16 ± 1.06 

4.32 ± 0.83 

14.91 ± 3.88 

7.59 ± 1.96 

11.95 ± 3.70 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

U.S. EuropeAverage Product Yield Gallons / Ton 85 85Consumption (EIA, 2013)  Gallons / Year 13.0B 10.0T50% of Fuel Ethanol Market Gallons / Year 6.5B 5.0TEquivalent Biomass Consumption MMTon / Year 76 60

Equivalent Biorefineries (2,000 Tonne / Day) 100 80

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Hydrocarbons• Fischer‐Tropsch

• Methanol to Naphtha Hydrocarbons

• Ethanol & Higher Alcohols to Hydrocarbons *

* Pathways explored by NREL through Aspen modeling and rigorous TEA.

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2000  2002  2004  2006  2008  2010  2012  2014 

Europe Pricing History (EIA)US Pricing History (EIA)

Fischer‐Tropsch Hydrocarbons

Historical Pricing Data Source:  U.S. Energy Information Administration. 

Process Sources Min. Selling Price Range ($ / Gal GE)Hydrocarbons via Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis

Hamelinck et al, 2003Larson et al, 2009McKeough & Kurkela, 2007SRI PEP Yearbook, 2009Udengaard, 2011Byrne, 2011Freeman, 2011 

nth Plant 2.52 – 4.19

Pioneer 10% IRR 4.50 – 7.00

Pioneer 25% IRR 9.04 – 12.80

2011

 $ / Gallon GE

Pioneer 10% IRR   $5.30 / GGE 

nth Plant   $3.10 / GGE €122 / MWh

€211 / MWh

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Europe Historical Pricing (EIA)

US Pricing History (EIA)

Methanol to Hydrocarbons

Historical Pricing Data Source:  U.S. Energy Information Administration. 

Process Sources Min. Selling Price Range ($ / Gal GE)Hydrocarbons via methanol synthesisand methanol conversion

Phillips et al, 2011Hindman, 2010SRI PEP Report 191A, 1999Udengaard, 2011Jones & Zhu, 2009 Ahn et al, 2009

nth Plant 2.61 – 3.84

Pioneer 10% IRR 4.42 – 6.12

Pioneer 25% IRR 8.22 – 10.79

2011

 $ / Gallon GE

Pioneer 10% IRR   $5.20 / GGE

nth Plant   $3.20 / GGE €128 / MWh

€205 / MWh

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Ethanol & Higher Alcohols to HydrocarbonsNREL TEA Model

• Ethanol (and higher alcohol) intermediates for hydrocarbon fuel production.• Eliminates constraints of renewable ethanol blend limits.• Technology development taking place in academia, national labs and industry. 

Co‐Product(s)Syngas Cleanup

BiomassGasification

Feed Handling & Preparation

Flue Gas

Woody Biomass

Alcohol Synthesis

Heat Integration, Power Generation & Other Utilities

Alcohol to Hydrocarbon Conversion

Hydrogen Plant Naphtha

Mid‐Distillates

Mixed C4Mixed C3Light Ends

Hydrocarbon Product Recovery

Natural Gas

Ethanol (and C3+ Alcohol)Intermediates

Alcohol Separation

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nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSPnth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Market Price (4‐Yr) Price Projection (4‐Yr) nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP

• Techno‐economic Analysis

• Market Analysis

Hydrocarbon Fuels20

11 $ / Gallon GE

2.72

5.16 ± 1.02 

3.06 3.09 ± 0.96 

3.24 ± 0.81 

10.10 ± 2.43

5.33 ± 1.45 

9.18 ± 1.65 

Fischer‐Tropsch(Literature)

MeOH to Hydrocarbons(Literature)

EtOH to Hydrocarbons(NREL TEA)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

U.S. EuropeAverage Product Yield Gallons / Ton 65 65Consumption (EIA, 2013)  Gallons / Year 220B 160B10% of Hydrocarbon Fuels Market Gallons / Year 22B 16BEquivalent Biomass Consumption MMTon / Year 338 242

Equivalent Biorefineries (2,000 Tonne / Day) 440 310

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Hydrogen• Steam reforming, water‐gas shift & purification

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02468

1012141618

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Europe Pricing History (IHS)

US Pricing History (IHS)

Hydrogen

Historical Pricing Data Source:   SRI / IHS CEH Marketing Research Reports.   Projected values based on ratios to EIA natural gas projections.

Process Sources Min. Selling Price Range ($ / MScf)Syngas to H2 via steam reforming,water‐gas shift & purification

Spath et al, 2005McKeough & Kurkela, 2003Williams et al, 1995Hamelinck & Faaij, 2001

nth Plant 5.33 – 8.84

Pioneer 10% IRR 9.87 – 14.82

Pioneer 25% IRR 19.80 – 27.60

2011

 $ / M

Scf

Pioneer 10% IRR  $11.80 / MScf

nth Plant  $6.70 / MScf  €106 / MWh

€188 / MWh

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• Techno‐economic Analysis

• Market Analysis

02468

1012141618

Market Price (5‐Yr) nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP

Hydrogen

2011

 $ / M

Scf

6.67 ± 2.486.50 (EU) 5.95 (US)

11.84 ± 3.50 

22.95 ± 5.50 

IRR = 10%     25%

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

U.S. EuropeAverage Product Yield SCF / Ton 37,500 37,500Consumption (EIA, 2013)  SCF / Year 4.1T 3.2T10% of HydrogenMarket SCF / Year 0.41T 0.32TEquivalent Biomass Consumption MMTon / Year 11 8.5

Equivalent Biorefineries (2,000 Tonne / Day) 14 11

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Methanol• Catalytic Methanol Synthesis

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0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Europe Pricing History (IHS)US Pricing History (IHS)

Methanol

Historical Pricing Data Source:  IHS CEH Marketing Research Report, 2013.

US ContractUS Spot

Process Sources Min. Selling Price Range ($ / Gal)Syngas to methanol via catalytic synthesis

Tarud & Phillips, 2011 McKeough & Kurkela, 2007 SRI PEP Yearbook, 2009Williams et al, 1995Hamelinck & Faaij, 2001

nth Plant 0.96 – 1.32

Pioneer 10% IRR 1.54 – 2.03

Pioneer 25% IRR 2.82 – 3.71

2011

 $ / Gallon Pioneer 10% IRR   $1.83 / Gal

$3.72 / GGE

nth Plant   $1.15 / Gal$2.33 / GGE

€93 / MWh

€147 / MWh

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• Techno‐economic Analysis

• Market Analysis

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Market Price (5‐Yr) nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP

Methanol as Chemical Intermediate

2011

 $ / M

Scf

1.15 ± 0.261.15

1.83 ± 0.37 

3.24 ± 0.60 

IRR = 10%     25%

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

U.S. EuropeAverage Product Yield Gallons / Ton 170 170Consumption (IHS)  Gallons / Year 1.9B 2.2B10% of Methanol Market Gallons / Year 0.19B 0.22BEquivalent Biomass Consumption MMTon / Year 1.1 1.3

Equivalent Biorefineries (2,000 Tonne / Day) 1.4 1.6

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• Techno‐economic Analysis

• Market Analysis

Methanol as Fuel Intermediate

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Market Price (5‐Yr) nth‐Plant MSP Pioneer Plant MSP

2011

 $ / M

Scf

1.15 ± 0.261.15

1.83 ± 0.37 

3.24 ± 0.60 

IRR = 10%     25%

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

U.S. EuropeAverage Product Yield Gallons / Ton 65 65Consumption (EIA, 2013)  Gallons / Year 220B 160B10% of Hydrocarbon Fuels Market Gallons / Year 22B 16BEquivalent Biomass Consumption MMTon / Year 338 242

Equivalent Biorefineries (2,000 Tonne / Day) 440 310

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Conclusions• Hydrocarbon, ethanol and methanol economics can be competitive for nth‐plant.

• Pioneer plant economics are challenged overall.

• Market capacities do not constrain bio‐product pathways in major hydrocarbon fuel markets (natural gas, petroleum fuels).

• With fixed ethanol blend limit, cellulosic pathways and grain‐derived product will compete for limited market.  

• Market capacities for methanol‐derived chemicals are constraining.

• Syngas fermentation is potentially competitive, depending on CO / H2 conversion to product(s).

• Methanol and ethanol are attractive intermediates for production of infrastructure‐compatible hydrocarbons.

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Future Work

• Apply simplified TEA and market analysis on emerging pathways to identify economic feasibility in early stages of development.

• Explore opportunities to improve Pioneer Plant economicso Biomass co‐feeding opportunities (NG‐Biomass to Liquids)

o Utilizing inexpensive feedstocks

o High‐value co‐products

o RIN credits

• Evaluate infrastructure hurdle for methanol economy

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Acknowledgements

• Abhijit Dutta and Richard Bain (co‐authors)

• Matt Worley and Ben Fierman of Harris Group Inc, Atlanta, Georgia. 

• Bioenergy Technology Office (BETO) of the United States Department of Energy

• NREL Biorefinery Analysis and Thermochemical Platform Teams

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References

For a complete list of references utilized in this analysis, please contact Mike Talmadge ([email protected] / 303‐275‐4632)