technology assessment of china's new passenger car fleet and
TRANSCRIPT
Hui He, Jun Tu!国际清洁交通委员会 何卉、涂军
January 2013!
Technology assessment of China’s new passenger car fleet and international comparisons 中国2010年新乘用车节油技术应用情况分析及国际比较
Background 背景
§ To support China to develop mid-to-long term fuel consumption standards for passenger cars.!
§ Regulatory history!– China has been regulating new light-
duty vehicle fuel economy since 2005. !
– Current standards (phase 3) phased in last year.!
– Auto industry development plan 2012-2020 sets 5L/100km target.!
§ ICCT’s role: based on experience from our US and EU technology and cost work, we’d like to introduce a similar methodology to China to evaluate technologies and costs to meet the future targets.!
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§ 对中国中长期轻型车油耗标准制订提供技术支持
§ 中国油耗标准回顾
– 从2005年起制订并实施了三个阶段标准
– 现行标准（第三阶段）去年开始实施
§ 节能与新能源汽车产业规划2012-2020制订了第四阶段初步目标：5升／百公里
§ ICCT过去几年致力于欧盟达标成本曲线的研究，相似的方法框架和模型可用于中国。基准技术水平研究是第一步。
Questions answered in this study本研究探讨了以下问题
§ What is the technology status of the entire Chinese passenger car fleet, each major market segment, and each major manufacturer?!
§ How does the Chinese fleet compare to the US and EU fleets on vehicle characteristics and technologies?!
§ Whether there is technological gap between Chinese OEMs and joint venture automakers?!
!
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§ 中国整体乘用车队、各细分市场和各主要企业的车队特征和技术应用情况
§ 中国乘用车与欧、美乘用车车队特征和技术水平对比
§ 国产车中，自主品牌和合资品牌乘用车是否存在和存在多大技术差异
Data and methodology 数据与方法
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PC Fleet 乘用车 Import Fleet 进口车
Domestic 国产车
Parameters! 参数 Domestic
Fleet 国产全体
Mini 微型
Small 小型
Lower medium 中小型
Medium 中型
Large 大型
SUV Minivan 微客
Engine size (cc)! 发动机排量 (cc) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Curb weight (kg)! 整备质量 (kg) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Wheel base (mm)! 轴距 (mm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% Front track width (mm)! 前轮距 (mm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 98% Rear track width (mm)! 后轮距 (mm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 98% Power (HP)! 功率 (HP) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% 100% HP (rpm)! 功率转速 (rpm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% Torque (N.m)! 扭矩 (N.m) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 100% Torque (rpm)! 扭距转速 (rpm) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 100% 99% Max speed (km/h)! 最高车速 (km/h) 99% 97% 99% 100% 100% 100% 99% 100% 98% 98% Accel speed 0-100km/h! 0-100公里／时加速时间 34% 84% 32% 16% 27% 41% 59% 70% 26% 0% Compression ratio! 气缸压缩比 94% 99% 93% 84% 99% 98% 84% 96% 77% 100% Drive train! 传动系统 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel type! 燃油类型 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Transmission type! 变速器类型 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% No. of gears! 变速器档位数 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Engine type! 发动机类型 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve configuration! 气门结构 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% No. of cylinders! 汽缸数 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve per cylinder! 每汽缸气门数 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel supply! 供油方式 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Air intake! 进气方式 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve timing! 气门正时 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Valve lift! 气门升程 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel consumption (urban)! 油耗 (市区) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Fuel consumption (extraurban) ! 油耗 (郊区) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Fuel consumption (combined)! 油耗 (综合) 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Emissions standard! 排放标准 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Technologies analyzed in this paper 主要节油技术一览及本研究涵盖的技术种类
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Technologies技术类别
Potential CO2 reduction!
CO2 减排潜力
Analyzed in this report!本研究涵盖!
! ! ! ! Powertrain!传动系统
! ! !
Engine!发动机技术
!
Low friction lubrication 低阻润滑油 0.5% Engine friction reduction 降低发动机阻力 2-4% Variable valve timing (and lift)可变气门正时和升程 4-6% x Cylinder deactivation 停缸 5-6% Turbocharging 涡轮增压 2-5% x Turbo, gasoline direct injection 增压汽油直喷 8-15% x Cooled EGR, turbo, GDI 冷却废气循环＋增压汽油直喷 20-25% Compression ignition diesel 柴油压燃 15-25% Digital valve actuation 数字气门驱动 5-10%
Transmission!变速器技术
!
Early torque converter lock-up液力变矩器提早锁止 0.5% Optimized shifting 变档优化 2-6% 6+ speed 6档以变速器 2-8% x Continuously variable无极变速 8-11% x Dual-clutch, automated manual双离合、手自一体变速器 9-13% x
! ! !Vehicle !整车（车体!! ! !
Aerodynamics 空气动力优化设计 2-5% Tire rolling resistance 低滚动阻力轮胎 2-4% Accessories (steering, air cond., alternator) 附件能效优化 1-4% Lower refrigerant emissions (low-leak, low-GWP) 低温室效应值的空调制冷剂 2-10% Mass-reduction!减重
Advanced material components 先进材料 1-5% Integrated vehicle design 整合设计 5-10%
Hybrid systems Stop-start mild hybrid弱混合动力 6-8%
x (with limited data)
Full hybrid electric system强混合动力 30-35%
*Source of technology potential: EPA NPRM减排潜力数值来源: 联邦环保署2025年轻型车标准草案
Comparison of fleet characteristics and technology adoption rates by region
中、美、欧盟轻型车车辆参数和技术采用率比较
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Parameters! 参数 EU PC Fleet
欧盟乘用车
EU Gasoline PC Fleet
欧盟汽油乘用车
US LDV Fleet
美国轻型车
US PC Fleet
美国乘用车
Chinese PC Fleet 中国乘用车
Specifications! 基本参数
Engine size (L)! 发动机排量 (L) 1.6! 1.4! 3.1! 2.6! 1.7!Curb weight (kg)! 整备质量 (kg) 1,322! 1,172! 1,815! 1,611! 1,280!Footprint (m2)! 脚印面积 (m2) 3.9! 3.75! 4.51! 4.22! 3.79!Power (kW)! 功率(kW) 84! 77! 174C! 156C! 86!Max speed (km/h)! 最高时速 (km/h) 185! 178! 223! 218! 170!Power-to-weight ratio (W/kg)! 功率整备质量比 (W/kg) 62! 63! 96! 97! 65!Engine specific power (kW/L)! 发动机升功率 (kW/L) 51! 52! 57! 60! 51!
Fuel Consumption and CO2 ! 油耗 ! ! ! ! !Urban FC (L/100km)e! 市区油耗 (L/100km) 7.4! 8.1! 9.8! 8.6! 10.4!Extraurban FC (L/100km)e! 郊区油耗 (L/100km) 4.9! 5.1! 6.4! 5.6! 6.3!Combined FC (L/100km)e! 综合油耗 (L/100km) 5.8! 6.2! 8.3! 7.3! 7.8!Combined NEDC FC (L/100km)!
折算成NEDC工况的综合油耗 (L/100km)
5.8! 6.2! 9.4! 8.1! 7.8!
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Parameters! 参数 EU PC Fleet!欧盟乘用车
EU Gasoline PC Fleet!欧盟汽油乘用车
US LDV Fleet!
美国轻型车
US PC Fleet!
美国乘用车
Chinese PC Fleet!中国乘用车
Fuel Type! 燃油种类 CNG/LPG/flex-fuel! CNG/LPG/灵活燃料 3%! -! -! -! 0%!Diesel! 柴油 51%! -! 1%! 1%! 1%!Gasoline! 汽油 44%! 100%! 96%! 94%! 99%!Hybrid! 汽油／电混合动力 1%! -! 4%! 5%! <0.1%!
Transmission type! 变速器类型 ! ! ! ! !Automatic! 自动 9%! 14%! 84%! 80%! 34%!CVT! 无极变速CVT 2%! 1%! 11%! 14%! 5%!DCT! 双离合变速DCT 3%! -! 1%d! 2%d! 1%!Manual! 手动 86%! 83%! 4%! 5%! 60%!
Number of Gears! 变速器档数 ! ! ! ! !<=4! <=4 1%! 2%! 25%! 29%! 12%!5! 5 59%! 51%! 24%! 21%! 66%!>=6 ! >=6 38%! 17%! 41%! 36%! 17%!
Fuel Supply! 供油方式 ! ! ! ! !Carburetor! 化油器 -! -! 0%! 0%! <1%!Diesel injection! 柴油喷射 -! -! 1%! 1%! <1%!GDI! 汽油缸内直喷 14%! 32%! 8%! 8%! 6%!MPI! 多点喷射 -! -! 77%! 80%! 82%!SPI! 单点喷射 -! -! 0%! 0%! 11%!Sequential injection! 顺序燃油喷射 -! -! 14%! 11%! 0%!
Air Intake! 进气方式 ! ! ! ! !Naturally aspirated! 自然吸气 41%! 80%! -! -! 93%!Turbo/supercharger! 涡轮增压或机械增压 59%! 16%! 4%! 4%! 7%!
Variable Valve Timing !可变气门正时 -! -! 84%! 91%! 44%!Variable Valve Lift ! 气门升程 ! ! 17％ ! 18％ ! 6％ !
Continuous! 连续可变气门升程 -! -! 2%! 2%! 1%!Discrete! 非连续可变气门升程 -! -! 15%! 16%! 5%!
Market size of each segment, breakdown by manufacturer type
各细分市场份额、及各细分市场内合资品牌和自主品牌销量比例
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Chinese independent!自主企业
Joint venture !合资企业
Mini!6%!
Small!15%!
Lower Medium!32%!Medium!
10%!
Large!4%!
SUV!10%!
Mini Van!16%!
others!6%!
Outer ring legend 外环图例
小型 微型
中小型
中型
大型
微客
其他
Market segments and representative models源数据对各主要细分市场定义及代表车型
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Mini!微型
Small!小型
Lower !Medium!中小型
Medium!中型
Large!大型
SUV Minivan!微客
hatchback ≤3.75 m, RMB 40,000 ~
60,000!长度不超过3.75米的两厢车，价位一般在4万元左右，个别达到6万元
Hatchbacks ≤ 4.1 m, sedans ≤4.3 m,
RMB 40,000 ~60,000!
长度不超过4.1米的两厢车或长度不超过4.3米的三厢车，价位一般在4万元（人民币）左右，个别达到6万元
Hatchbacks 4.1 ~4.5 m, sedans
4.3 ~4.6 m, RMB 80,000 ~ 130,000!长度介于4.1米到4.5米之间的两厢车或4.3-4.6米的三厢车，价位一般在8到13万元之间
usually a sedan, 4.6 ~5 m, RMB
100,000 ~180,000!一般是4.6-5米长的三厢车，价位一般在10到18万元之
间 !
usually a sedan, l≥ 5.0 m, ≥RMB
220,000!长度超过5米的三厢车，价位在22万以上， 多在30
万以上
compact SUV, 5 seats, 2.0 L, SUV
often with separate chassis, ≥2.2L often 7
seats!发动机排量在2升左右，可乘坐5人的紧凑型SUV和发动机排量在2.2升以上，可乘坐7人、有独立底盘的SUV
small bus based on Japanese Kei-car platform, engine
around 1.0 L!基于日本Kei-
car（轻自动车）平台，发动机排量在1升左右的小巴士
Chery QQ3!FAW Xialia!Chang’an Benben!Chevrolet Spark!Changhe Beidouxing!Geely Panda!Suzuki Auto!
BYD F3, F0!Honda City!Chevrolet Sail, Lova!VW Polo!Ford Fiesta!Geely Kingkong!Geely Free Cruiser!Suzuki Swift!FAW Weizhi!
Hyundai Elantra!Buick Excelle!VW Lavida, Jetta, Bora, Santana!Cherolet Cruze!Ford Focus!Toyota Corolla!Nissan Tiida!Skoda Octavia!Kida Forte!Honda Civic!Chang’an Alsvin!
Honda Accord!Toyota Camry!Nissan Bluebird, Teana!Mazda 6!VW Passat, Magotan!Chevrolet Epica!BYD F6!Ford Mondeo!
Audi A6!Buick LaCrosse, Regal!BMW 5 Series!Toyota Crown, Reiz!
Honda CR-V!Toyota RAV4, Highlander!Kia Sportage!Great Wall Haval!Hawtai Santa Fe!Zotye 500B!VW Tiguan!Chery Tiggo3!Hyundai Tucson!
Wuling Zhiguang!Wuling Xingwang!Chang’an Start!Chang’an Start II!Chang’an Starlight!Hafei Minyi!Hafei Zhongyi!Dongfeng Yu’an Xiaokang!
Average values of vehicle features by segment各细分市场车辆基本参数均值
10
! Parameters!
参数 Mini! Small! Lower
medium! Medium! Large! SUV! Minivan!
微型 轿车
小型 轿车
中小型轿车
中型 轿车
大型 轿车
SUV 微型 客车
Market share (%)! 市场份额(%) 6%! 15%! 32%! 10%! 4%! 10%! 16%!
Price (USD)! 价格 (USD) 6789! 11573! 17199! 28977! 51061! 28285! 5401!
Engine size (L)! 发动机排量 (L) 1.1! 1.4! 1.6! 2! 2.4! 2.1! 1.1!
Curb weight (kg)! 整备质量(kg) 918! 1080! 1258! 1464! 1684! 1567! 998!
Footprint (m2)! 脚印面积 (m2) 3.1! 3.6! 3.9! 4.2! 4.6! 4! 3!
Horsepower (kW)! 马力 (kW) 50! 71! 84! 112! 141! 110! 45!
Max speed (km/h)! 最大设计时速 (km/h) 142! 169! 181! 198! 218! 171! 110!
Power/weight (W/kg)! 功率整备质量比 (W/kg) 55! 66! 67! 77! 83! 70! 45!
Specific power (kW/L)! 升功率 (kW/L) 45! 51! 53! 56! 59! 52! 41!Fuel consumption !(L/100km)! 油耗 (L/100km) 6.4! 6.7! 7.4! 8.5! 9! 9! 7.6!
Technology adoption by segment各细分市场节油技术采用率
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Parameters! 参数 Mini! Small! Lower
Medium!Medium! Large! SUV! Minivan!
微型 小型 中小型 中型 大型 SUV 微客
Engine! 发动机技术 Diesel! 柴油车比例 0%! 0%! 0%! 0%! 1%! 6%! 0%!
Hybrid*!混合动力比例* 0%! 0%! 0%! 1%! 0%! 0%! 0%!GDI!汽油缸内直喷 0%! 0%! 4%! 16%! 33%! 8%! 0%!
Turbo charger! 涡轮增压 0%! 0%! 5%! 16%! 14%! 14%! 0%!Supercharger! 机械增压 0%! 0%! 0%! 0%! 1%! 0%! 0%!
VVT!可变气门正时 7%! 13%! 53%! 89%! 99%! 63%! 0%!Transmission! 变速器技术
Automatic! 自动 17%! 24%! 39%! 53%! 76%! 40%! 0%!CVT!无极变速 CVT 0%! 2%! 4%! 13%! 13%! 7%! 0%!
DCT! 双离合变速
DCT 0%! 0%! 1%! 1%! 0%! 2%! 0%!6 + Gears! 6档及以上 0%! 3%! 21%! 22%! 87%! 22%! 0%!
* Hybrid vehicle data in our raw database is not complete and this may affect values here.!
Comparisons between Chinese and EU segments欧盟汽油乘用车与中国乘用车细分市场比较
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EU-27, 2010!Segment! Mini! Small! Lower medium! Medium! Upper medium! Off-road! Car-derived vans!Market share! 11%! 29%! 32%! 11%! 3%! 9%! 2%!
Typical model! Peugeot 107! Toyota Yaris!Volkswagen
Golf! Toyota Avensis!BMW 5er
series! BMW X3! Renault Kangoo!Diesel share! 7%! 35%! 59%! 78%! 81%! 76%! 77%!Version by fuel type!
Gasoline!
Diesel!
Gasoline! Diesel!
Gasoline! Diesel!
Gasoline! Diesel!Gasoline!
Diesel! Gasoline!
Diesel! Gasoline! Diesel!
Number of cylinder! 3.6! 3.8! 3.9! 3.9! 4.0! 4.0! 4.3! 4.1! 5.2! 5.0! 4.2! 4.4! 4.0! 4.0!Displacement [L]! 1.1! 1.2! 1.3! 1.4! 1.5! 1.7! 2.0! 2.0! 2.7! 2.5! 1.9! 2.2! 1.5! 1.6!Power [kW]! 51! 51! 63! 61! 87! 83! 128! 109! 177! 144! 111! 123! 68! 67!AT share ! 12%! 12%! 9%! 3%! 14%! 12%! 36%! 21%! 74%! 61%! 24%! 37%! 4%! 4%!Curb weight [kg]! 904! 975! 1105! 1173! 1312! 1405! 1514! 1565! 1708! 1764! 1450! 1772! 1402! 1428!CO2 [NEDC g/km] ! 118! 111! 136! 113! 156! 132! 178! 148! 200! 163! 182! 182! 178! 144!
China, 2010!Segment! Mini! Small! Lower medium!Medium! Large! SUV! Minivan!Market share! 6%! 15%! 32%! 10%! 4%! 10%! 16%!Typical model! Chery QQ3! BYD F3! HyundaiElantra!Honda Accord! Audi A6! Honda CR-V! Wuling Zhiguang!Diesel share! 0%! 0%! 0%! 0%! 1%! 6%! 0%!Number of cylinder! 3.5! 3.9! 4.0! 4.1! 5.0! 4.1! 4.0!Displacement [L]! 1.1! 1.4! 1.6! 2.0! 2.4! 2.1! 1.1!Power [kW]! 50! 71! 84! 112! 141! 110! 45!AT share ! 17%! 26%! 44%! 67%! 89%! 50%! 0%!Curb weight [kg]! 918! 1080! 1258! 1464! 1684! 1567! 998!CO2 [NEDC g/km] ! 150! 157! 173! 199! 211! 211! 178!
Market share of top 18 manufacturers 本研究涵盖的销量最大的18家国内乘用车企业
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Chang'an, 8.3%!
Shanghai-GM, 8.3%!
SAIC-GM-Wuling, 8.0%!
Shanghai-VW, 7.6%!
Bejing-Hyndai, 5.3%!
Dongfeng-Nissan, 5.3%!
FAW-VW, 5.3%!Chery,
4.2%!
Guangqi-Honda, 4.0%!
BYD, 3.6%!Chang'an-Ford, 3.0%!
Tianjin-FAW-Toyota, 2.9%!
Geely, 2.9%!
Dongfeng-Citroën-Peugeot, 2.8%!
Dongfeng-Yueda-Kia , 2.5%!
Great Wall, 2.2%!
FAW Car, 2.1%!
Tianjin-FAW-Xiali, 1.9%!
Others, 20.0%!
Most Chinese independent cars are small, but fuel efficiency is not necessarily better 大多数自主车型比合资企业的小，但能效不一定
都比合资企业的好!
14
Chang'an
Shanghai-GM SAIC-GM-Wuling
Shanghai-VW
Beijing-Hyundai Dongfeng-Nissan
FAW-VW
Chery
Guangqi-Honda
BYD
Chang`an-Ford
Tianjin-FAW-Toyota
Geely
Dongfeng-Citroën-Peugeot
Dongfeng-Yueda-Kia
Great Wall
FAW-Car
Tianjin- FAW-Xiali
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5
Co
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ined
Fue
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Footprint (m2)
Fleet%average:%%7.7%L/100km%%
Fleet%average:%3.8%m2%
Phase%3%target:%%6.9%L/100km%%
Brown&bubbles:&Chinese&independent&automakers&Blue&bubbles:&joint&venture&automakers&
Engine efficiency technology adoption 各主要企业发动机技术使用情况
15
Fuel%Supply Air%Intake
Valve%Timing Valve%Lift
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
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FAWLVW%
Gua
ngqiLHon
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Chan
g'an
LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
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gLCitroë
nL
Don
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aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
GDI% MulWLpoint%injecWon% SingleLpoint%injecWon%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
gfen
gLNissan%
FAWLVW%
Gua
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Chan
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LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
gfen
gLCitroë
nL
Don
gfen
gLYued
aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
Turbo/super%charger% Naturally%aspirated%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
gfen
gLNissan%
FAWLVW%
Gua
ngqiLHon
da%
Chan
g'an
LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
gfen
gLCitroë
nL
Don
gfen
gLYued
aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
Inlet%&%outlet,%conWnuous% Inlet%only,%conWnuous% Not%applicable%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
0%%
10%%
20%%
30%%
40%%
50%%
60%%
70%%
80%%
90%%
100%%
Chan
g'an
%
Chery%
BYD%
Geely%
Great%W
all%
Tian
jinLFAW
LXiali%
Shan
ghaiLGM%
Shan
ghaiLGMLW
uling%
Shan
ghaiLVW%
BeijingLHyund
ai%
Don
gfen
gLNissan%
FAWLVW%
Gua
ngqiLHon
da%
Chan
g'an
LFord%
Tian
jinLFAW
LToyota%
Don
gfen
gLCitroë
nL
Don
gfen
gLYued
aLKia%%
FAW%Car%
ConWnuous% Discrete% Not%applicable%
<LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJoint%venturesLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL>%<LLLLIndependent%brandLLLL>%
Transmission technology adoption 各主要企业变速器技术使用情况
16
Transmission)Type Number)of)Gears
0%)
10%)
20%)
30%)
40%)
50%)
60%)
70%)
80%)
90%)
100%)
Chang'an)
Chery)
BYD)
Geely)
Great)Wall)
TianjinHFAWHXiali)
ShanghaiHGM)
ShanghaiHGMHW
uling)
ShanghaiHVW)
BeijingHHyundai)
DongfengHNissan)
FAWHVW)
GuangqiHHonda)
Chang'anHFord)
TianjinHFAWHToyota)
DongfengHCitroënHPeugeot)
DongfengHYuedaHKia))
FAW)Car)
CVT) Dual)clutch) AutomaVc) Manual)
<HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHJoint)venturesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>)<HHHHIndependent)brandHHHH>)
0%)
10%)
20%)
30%)
40%)
50%)
60%)
70%)
80%)
90%)
100%)
Chang'an)
Chery)
BYD)
Geely)
Great)Wall)
TianjinHFAWHXiali)
ShanghaiHGM)
ShanghaiHGMHW
uling)
ShanghaiHVW)
BeijingHHyundai)
DongfengHNissan)
FAWHVW)
GuangqiHHonda)
Chang'anHFord)
TianjinHFAWHToyota)
DongfengHCitroënHPeugeot)
DongfengHYuedaHKia))
FAW)Car)
Variable) 6+) 5) 4)
<HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHJoint)venturesHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>)<HHHHIndependent)brandHHHH>)
Case analysis: Chinese brand vs. EU and US brands with similar product mix
案例分析: 自主品牌和欧、美合资品牌技术应用比较
17
Geely Chevrolet VW
68.11
66.81
66.11
651
661
671
681
691
701
Power1to
1weight1ra;
o1(w
/kg)1
11211
12051
12771
10001
10501
11001
11501
12001
12501
13001
Kerb1W
eight1(kg)1
1.51
1.51
1.61
11
1.21
1.41
1.61
1.81
21Engine
1size1(L)1
50.31
53.71 54.11
501
511
521
531
541
551
Engine
1spe
cific1pow
er1(kW/L)1
3.61
3.81 3.81
31
3.21
3.41
3.61
3.81
41
Footprint1(m2)1
12%1
0%1
0%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
CVT1adop
;on1(%
)1
0%1
30%1
39%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
6+1gears1ado
p;on
1(%)1
0%1
0%1
33%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
GDI1ado
p;on
1(%)1
0%1
0%1
33%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
Turbo/supe
rcharger1ado
p;on
1(%)1
0%1
45%1
33%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
VVT1adop
;on1(%
)1
7.31
71
7.21
5.01
5.51
6.01
6.51
7.01
7.51
8.01
Fuel1con
sump;
on1(L/100km
)1
0%1
0%1
6%1
0%1
10%1
20%1
30%1
40%1
50%1
DCT
1ado
p;on
1(%)1
Major findings 主要结论
§ The overall Chinese fleet is lagged in many key efficiency technologies behind Europe and US.!
§ Technology application rates vary by segment. Smaller car segments (dominated by domestic makers) are more lagged.!
§ Mini vans are extremely inefficient and lagged in all key technologies.!
§ Most Chinese automakers are not as advanced as joint venture companies in technology adoption.!
18
§ 中国在各个主要车辆节油技术上，如可变气门正时、汽油缸内直喷、涡轮增压与机械增压等，都显著落后于欧盟或美国，甚至同时落后于两者。不过中国对某些技术的应用正在迎头赶上。
§ 中国乘用车各细分市场的技术利用水平有所不同。总体来说，国产自主品牌占主导地位的小型车市场比以合资企业为主的中、大型车市场在几乎所有的节油技术上都要落后。
§ 微型客车（面包车）虽然体型小，能效却很差，油耗与一般的中小型轿车差不多，先进技术采用率最低。
§ 中国自主品牌企业在应用节油技术方面与合资企业相比还存在明显的差距。
19
http://www.theicct.org/new-passenger-car-fleet-china-2010!
