tecniche di raccomandazione automatica per la sottomissione di articoli scientifici
DESCRIPTION
Tesi di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Informatica ITA: Tecniche di raccomandazione automatica per la sottomissione di articoli scientifici ENG: Automatic recommendation techniques for submission of scientific papersTRANSCRIPT
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❯♥✐✈❡%&✐'( ❞❡❣❧✐ ❙'✉❞✐ ❞✐ ❚%✐❡&'❡
❉✐♣❛$%✐♠❡♥%♦ ❞✐ ■♥❣❡❣♥❡$✐❛ ❡ ❆$❝❤✐%❡%%✉$❛
❈♦"#♦ ❞✐ ▲❛✉"❡❛ ▼❛❣✐#,"❛❧❡ ✐♥ ■♥❣❡❣♥❡"✐❛ ■♥❢♦"♠❛,✐❝❛
❚❡#✐ ❞✐ ❧❛✉"❡❛ ✐♥ ❘❡,✐ ❞✐ ❈❛❧❝♦❧❛,♦"✐ ■■
❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ '❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡
❛✉-♦♠❛-✐❝❛ ♣❡' ❧❛ 0♦--♦♠✐00✐♦♥❡
❞✐ ❛'-✐❝♦❧✐ 0❝✐❡♥-✐✜❝✐
▲❆❯❘❊❆◆❉❖ ❘❊▲❆❚❖❘❊
●✐✉❧✐♦ %✐❝❝✐♥✐♥ ♣)♦❢✳ ❆❧❜❡)/♦ ❇❛)/♦❧✐
❈❖❘❘❊▲❆❚❖❘❊
♣)♦❢✳ ❊)✐❝ ▼❡❞✈❡/
❞♦//✳ ❆♥❞)❡❛ ❉❡ ▲♦)❡♥③♦
❆♥♥♦ ❆❝❝❛❞❡♠✐❝♦ ✷✵✶✷✴✷✵✶✸
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❆✐ ♠✐❡✐ ❣❡♥✐&♦(✐
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■♥❞✐❝❡
✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ✶
✷ ❙#❛#♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛$#❡ ✸
✸ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✺
✸✳✶ #$❡♣❛$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛.❛/❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✸✳✷ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛$✲❚$❡♥❦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✸✳✷✳✶ ▲❡❛$♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✷✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✸✳✸ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲/.❡♣/✲▲❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✸✳✶ ▲❡❛$♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✸✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✹ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉/.❡$✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✹✳✶ ▲❡❛$♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✹✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✹ ❱❛❧✉#❛③✐♦♥❡ 8♣❡$✐♠❡♥#❛❧❡ ✶✾
✹✳✶ ■❧ ❞❛.❛/❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✶✳✶ #$❡❧✐❡✈♦ ❞❡✐ ❞❛.✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✶✳✶✳✶ ▲❡ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✶✳✶✳✷ ▲❡ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹✳✶✳✷ ❊❧❛❜♦$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ❞❛.✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳✶✳✸ ❉✐♠❡♥/✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡//✐✈❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❛.❛/❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✷ #❛$❛♠❡.$✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈❛❧✉.❛③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✷✳✶ #$♦❝❡❞✉$❛ ❞✐ ✈❛❧✉.❛③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✷✳✷ ▼❡.$✐❝❤❡ ❞✬✐♥.❡$❡//❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✷✳✸ ❇❛/❡❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✸ ❱❛❧✉.❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❈❛✈♥❛$✲❚$❡♥❦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✸✳✶ #$❡/.❛③✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✹ ❱❛❧✉.❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❚✇♦✲/.❡♣/✲▲❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✈
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■◆❉■❈❊ ✈✐
✹✳✹✳✶ %&❡()❛③✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✺ ❱❛❧✉)❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉()❡&✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✺✳✶ %&❡()❛③✐♦♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹✳✻ ❙✐♥)❡(✐ ❞❡✐ &✐(✉❧)❛)✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'✐♦♥✐ ✸✼
❆ ❈♦♥❝❡--✐ ♠❛-❡♠❛-✐❝✐ ✸✾
❆✳✶ ❈❛)❡❣♦&✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ )❡()♦ ❝♦♥ ♥✲❣&❛♠♠✐ (❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❈❛✈♥❛&✲
❚&❡♥❦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
❆✳✷ ▲❛)❡♥) ❉✐&✐❝❤❧❡) ❆❧❧♦❝❛)✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
❆✳✸ ❈❧✉()❡&✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
❆✳✸✳✶ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡))❡ ✐♥❞❡① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
❇ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ '♦❢-✇❛6❡ ✉-✐❧✐③③❛-❡ ✹✺
❇✳✶ ❊(❡♠♣✐ ❞✐ ❝♦❞✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
❘✐♥❣6❛③✐❛♠❡♥-✐ ✺✶
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❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡✐ ❝♦❞✐❝✐
❇✳✶ #$❡✲♣$♦❝❡**✐♥❣ *✉❧ ❞❛2❛*❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
❇✳✷ ▲✐*2❛ ❞❡✐ ♣❛$❛♠❡2$✐ ❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡$ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝2✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ✹✼
❇✳✸ ❋✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡$ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐2❡♠ ♠♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✈✐✐
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❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✜❣✉*❡
✸✳✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❞❡❧ ♠❡+♦❞♦ ❞✐ ❈❛✈♥❛1 ❡ ❚1❡♥❦❧❡✳ ◆❡❧ ♥♦5+1♦ ❝❛5♦
❧❡ ❝❛+❡❣♦1✐❡ ❛55✉♠♦♥♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♥♥♦+❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡1❡♥③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸✳✷ ❊5❡♠♣✐♦ ❞✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐5+❛♥③❛ +1❛ ❞✉❡ ♣1♦✜❧✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲
❣1❛♠♠✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✸✳✸ ❊5❡♠♣✐♦ 5❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛+♦ ❞❡❧ ♣❛1+✐③✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦ ✐♥ ❝❧✉5+❡1 ❞❡❣❧✐
❛1+✐❝♦❧✐ ✐♥ ✉♥♦ 5♣❛③✐♦ ❞❡✐ +♦♣✐❝ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥5✐♦♥❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✐①
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❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ '❛❜❡❧❧❡
✸✳✶ #$❡✲♣$♦❝❡**✐♥❣ *✉ ✉♥ ❛$0✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❛0❛*❡0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✸✳✷ ■ ✷✹ *✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ 9 *✉❞❞✐✈✐*♦ ✐❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉0❡$
❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ▼❆❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸✳✸ ❉❡0❡$♠✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♠❛✐♥ 0♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❛ ❝♦♥ ✷✵✵
❛$0✐❝♦❧✐✳ ■❧ *✉♦ ♠❛✐♥ 0♦♣✐❝ 9 ✐❧ ✏✾✑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸✳✹ ❱❡00♦$❡ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐ *✉❜0♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❛ ❝♦♥ ✷✵✵ ❛$✲
0✐❝♦❧✐✳ ❖❣♥✐ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥0❡ ❞✐
~tv 9 ❞❛0❛ ❞❛
★ ❛"#✐❝♦❧✐
200 ✳ ❙✐ ♥♦0❛
✐♥♦❧0$❡ ❝❤❡ ✐❧ *✉❜0♦♣✐❝ 9 ✐❧ ✏✶✺✑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✺ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡00❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♣❡$ 8 ≤ k❝
≤ 50✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❡ ♣❡$ ♥✉♠❡$♦ ❞✐ *✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛**♦❝✐❛0✐ ♥❡❧ ❞❛0❛*❡0✳ ✷✼
✹✳✷ ■♥❞✐❝✐ ❞❡✐ 24 *✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❧ ❞❛0❛*❡0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✸ #$♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣$❛♠♠✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❛ ✽✸✽✳ ▲❛ ❝♦❧♦♥♥❛ ❞✐
*✐♥✐*0$❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❧❛ ♣♦*✐③✐♦♥❡ ♦❝❝✉♣❛0❛ ❞❛✐ *✐♥❣♦❧✐ ♥✲❣$❛♠♠✐
♥❡❧ ♣$♦✜❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✹ ❆❝❝✉$❛❝② ❞❡❧ ♠❡0♦❞♦ ❈❛✈♥❛$✲❚$❡♥❦❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✺ ✻ ♣❛$♦❧❡ ♣✐R ❢$❡S✉❡♥0✐ ♣❡$ ♦❣♥✐ 0♦♣✐❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹✳✻ ❆❝❝✉$❛❝② ❞❡❧ ♠❡0♦❞♦ ❚✇♦✲*0❡♣*✲▲❉❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✼ #$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐0U *✉✐ 0♦♣✐❝ ♣❡$ ✸ ❛$0✐❝♦❧✐ ❝❛*✉❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❞❛0❛*❡0✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✽ ❆❝❝✉$❛❝② ❞❡❧ ♠❡0♦❞♦ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉*0❡$✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹✳✾ ❆❝❝✉$❛❝② ❞❡❧❧❡ 0$❡ 0❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ✐♥ $❡❧❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❜❛*❡❧✐♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
❆✳✶ ♥✲❣$❛♠♠✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣❛$♦❧❛ ✏❚❊❙❚❖✑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
①✐
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❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ 1■♥$)♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡
❯♥ ❛#♣❡&&♦ ♣(✐♠❛(✐♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ (✐❝❡(❝❛ #❝✐❡♥&✐✜❝❛ / ❧❛ ❞✐##❡♠✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ (✐#✉❧✲
&❛&✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ (✐❝❡(❝❛✳ ◗✉❡#&❛ ❛&&✐✈✐&6 ❝♦♥#✐#&❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ #✉ (✐✈✐#&❡
♦ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ❞❡❧ #❡&&♦(❡✱ ❝❤❡ ❛✈✈✐❡♥❡ ❞♦♣♦ ❝❤❡ ✐❧ ❧❛✈♦(♦ ❞❡❧ (✐❝❡(❝❛&♦(❡ /
#&❛&♦ ✈❛❧✉&❛&♦ ♣♦#✐&✐✈❛♠❡♥&❡ ❞❛ ❛❧&(✐ #❝✐❡♥③✐❛&✐ ❡#♣❡(&✐✳
◗✉❡#&❛ &❡#✐ / (✐✈♦❧&❛ ♣(♦♣(✐♦ ❛ ;✉❡#&♦ ❛#♣❡&&♦ ❢♦♥❞❛♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛&✲
&✐✈✐&6 #❝✐❡♥&✐✜❝❛✿ ❧❛ #❝❡❧&❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ❛ ❝✉✐ ♣(❡#❡♥&❛(❡ ✉♥ ❧❛✈♦(♦ ❞✐
(✐❝❡(❝❛✳ ■❧ #✉♦ ♦❜✐❡&&✐✈♦ / ❢♦(♥✐(❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ #&(✉♠❡♥&✐ ❛✉&♦♠❛&✐❝✐ ♣❡( #❡❧❡③✐♦✲
♥❛(❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ♣✐@ ❛❞❛&&❡ ♣(❡##♦ ❝✉✐ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛(❡ ❧✬❛(&✐❝♦❧♦ &(❛&&♦ ❞❛❧
♣(♦♣(✐♦ ❧❛✈♦(♦✳ ◗✉❡#&♦ ❝♦♠♣✐&♦ / #&❛&♦ ❞❡✜♥✐&♦ ❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✳
▲❛ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛✉&♦♠❛&✐❝❛ / ♠♦&✐✈❛&❛ ❞❛ ❞✐✈❡(#✐ ❢❛&&♦(✐✳ ■♥✲
♥❛♥③✐&✉&&♦✱ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ #❝✐❡♥&✐✜❝❤❡ #♦♥♦ ❡#&(❡♠❛♠❡♥&❡ ♥✉♠❡(♦#❡✳ ❆❞
❡#❡♠♣✐♦✱ #❡ #✐ ❢❛ (✐❢❡(✐♠❡♥&♦ ❛❧❧❡ #♦❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ❈♦♠♣✉&❡( ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❞❡❧
❞❛&❛#❡& ❞✐ ▼✐❝(♦#♦❢& ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❙❡❛(❝❤
✶
❝♦♥ ❜✉♦♥❛ ✈❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ❡ ❛&&✐✈❡
♥❡❣❧✐ ✉❧&✐♠✐ ❝✐♥;✉❡ ❛♥♥✐✱ ❡##❡ #♦♥♦ ❝✐(❝❛ ✷✶✵✵✳ ■♥ #❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❧✉♦❣♦✱ ✉♥♦
#❝✐❡♥③✐❛&♦ ♣♦&(❡❜❜❡ ❛✈❡( ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥♦#❝❡♥③❛ #♦❧♦ ♠❛(❣✐♥❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥✲
③❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♥✉♦✈♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞✐ #&✉❞✐ ♦♣♣✉(❡ ❛✈❡(❡ ❧❛ &❡♥❞❡♥③❛ ❛ ♣(❡#❡♥&❛(❡ ✐
♣(♦♣(✐ ❧❛✈♦(✐ #❡♠♣(❡ ❛❣❧✐ #&❡##✐ ❝♦♥❣(❡##✐✖♥♦&✐ ♣❡( ❡#♣❡(✐❡♥③❛ ♣❡(#♦♥❛❧❡
♦ ♣❡( ♣❛##❛♣❛(♦❧❛✳ ■♥♦❧&(❡✱ ♣❡( ❢❛( ❝♦♥♦#❝❡(❡ ❡ ❛♣♣(❡③③❛(❡ ✉♥ ❧❛✈♦(♦ ❞✐
(✐❝❡(❝❛ ❡✱ ❞❛ ✉♥ ♣✉♥&♦ ❞✐ ✈✐#&❛ ♣✐@ ♣(❛❣♠❛&✐❝♦✱ ♣❡( ♦&&❡♥❡(❡ ❝✐&❛③✐♦♥✐✱
/ ✐♥❞✐#♣❡♥#❛❜✐❧❡ ❝❤❡ ✈❡♥❣❛ ✈❛❧✉&❛&♦ ❞❛ ❡#♣❡(&✐ ❞❡❧ #❡&&♦(❡ ❡ ;✉✐♥❞✐ ❝❤❡
(✐❝❡✈❛ (❡✈✐❡✇ ❞✐ ;✉❛❧✐&6 ❡ ❜❡♥ ♣♦♥❞❡(❛&❡✳ K❡(❝✐L / ✐♠♣♦(&❛♥&❡ ♣(❡#❡♥&❛(❡
✐❧ ❧❛✈♦(♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ ✐❧ #❡&&♦(❡ ❞✐ ✐♥&❡(❡##❡ #✐❛ &(❛&&❛&♦ #♣❡##♦ ❡ ❞❛
♠♦❧&✐ ❧❛✈♦(✐✿ ❝✐L ❣❛(❛♥&✐#❝❡ ❛♥❝❤❡ ✐❧ ❝♦♥❢(♦♥&♦ &(❛ ✐ ❧❛✈♦(✐ ❡ ❧♦ #❝❛♠❜✐♦
❞✐ ❝♦♥♦#❝❡♥③❡ &(❛ (✐❝❡(❝❛&♦(✐✳ ◆❡ ❝♦♥#❡❣✉❡ ❧✬✐♠♣♦(&❛♥③❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ #❝❡❧&❛ ❞✐
❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ❝❤❡ &(❛&&✐♥♦ ❛(❣♦♠❡♥&✐ ❝♦((✐#♣♦♥❞❡♥&✐ ❛ ;✉❡❧❧✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛(&✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❛
♣(❡#❡♥&❛(❡✳
✶
❤!!♣✿✴✴❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝✳,❡-❡❛,❝❤✳♠✐❝,♦-♦❢!✳❝♦♠✴
✶
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✶✳ ■♥$%♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ✷
❆♣♣❛$❡ &✉✐♥❞✐ ❡✈✐❞❡♥,❡ ❧❛ ❣$❛♥❞❡ ✉,✐❧✐,/ ❞✐ ✉♥ 0✐0,❡♠❛ ❛✉,♦♠❛,✐❝♦ ❝❤❡
❛✐✉,✐ ✐❧ $✐❝❡$❝❛,♦$❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ 0❝❡❧,❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❡ ♣✐7 ❛♣♣$♦♣$✐❛,❡✳
■❧ $✐0✉❧,❛,♦ ❞✐ &✉❡0,♦ ❡❧❛❜♦$❛,♦ ; 0,❛,♦ ❞✉♥&✉❡✿ ✭✐✮ ❧♦ 0✈✐❧✉♣♣♦ ❞✐
,$❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❜❛0❛,❡ 0✉ 0,$✉♠❡♥,✐ ♠❛,❡♠❛,✐❝✐ ❡ 0,❛✲
,✐0,✐❝✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❧✐♥❣✉✐0,✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉,❛③✐♦♥❛❧❡✱ ✉,✐❧✐③③❛,✐ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♥♥♦✈❛,✐✈♦ 0✐❛
♥❡❧ ❝♦♥,❡0,♦ 0✐❛ ♥❡❧❧❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐,/❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❧❛ ✈❛❧✉,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣$❡0,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡
,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❡ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❜❛0❡❧✐♥❡ ♣❡$ ✐ $✐0✉❧,❛,✐✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡,,❡$❧❡
❛ ❞✐0♣♦0✐③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡$ 0✈✐❧✉♣♣✐ ❢✉,✉$✐✳
●❧✐ ♦❜✐❡,,✐✈✐ ,❛,,✐❝✐ ❞✐ &✉❡0,♦ ❧❛✈♦$♦ ❞✐ ,❡0✐ 0♦♥♦ 0,❛,✐✿
✶✮ ✐♥♣✉, ❞❡❧ 0✐0,❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦0,♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦$♠❛③✐♦♥✐ 0❡♠♣❧✐❝✐✖0♦❧❛♠❡♥,❡ ,✐,♦✲
❧♦✱ ❛❜0,$❛❝, ❡ ❦❡②✇♦$❞ ❞❡❧❧✬❛$,✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❛ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛$❡❀
✷✮ ❝$❡❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❞❛,❛0❡, ♣❡$ ❧❛ ✈❛❧✉,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ 0✈✐❧✉♣♣❛,❡❀
✸✮ ❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❜❛0❡❧✐♥❡ ♣❡$ ❧❡ ♣$❡0,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡❀
✹✮ ✈❛❧✉,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣$❡0,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❛,,$❛✈❡$0♦ ✉♥❛ ♠✐0✉$❛ ❝❤❡
❝♦♥0❡♥,❛ ✐❧ ❧♦$♦ ❝♦♥❢$♦♥,♦✳
❆❧ ♠♦♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡❧ ♣$❡0❡♥,❡ ❧❛✈♦$♦✱ ♥♦♥ ❡0✐0,❡ ✐♥
❧❡,,❡$❛,✉$❛ ❛❧❝✉♥❛ $✐❝❡$❝❛ ❝❤❡ ❛✛$♦♥,✐ &✉❡0,♦ 0♣❡❝✐✜❝♦ ❝♦♠♣✐,♦ ❞✐ $❛❝❝♦✲
♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ❛❞ ❡❝❝❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧♦ 0,✉❞✐♦ ❡✛❡,,✉❛,♦ ❞❛ ▲✉♦♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❬✶✵❪✳
❊00♦ ❢❛ ✉0♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♠❡,♦❞♦ ❜❛0❛,♦ 0✉❧❧❛ ❝♦♥♦0❝❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ❛✉,♦$✐ ❡ ❝♦✲❛✉,♦$✐
♣❡$ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛$❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❛ ❛❧❧✬❛$,✐❝♦❧♦ 0♦,,♦♠❡00♦❀ ❛ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥③❛ ❞✐
&✉❡0,❛ ,❡0✐✱ ♥♦♥ ✉,✐❧✐③③❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ ❧✐♥❣✉✐0,✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉,❛③✐♦♥❛❧❡ ♣❡$ ❡❧❛✲
❜♦$❛$❡ ❣❧✐ ❛$,✐❝♦❧✐ ❡ ♥♦♥ ❝♦♥❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❧✬❛♣♣$♦❝❝✐♦ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥♣✉, ❝♦♠♣♦0,♦ ❞❛
,✐,♦❧♦✱ ❛❜0,$❛❝, ❡ ❦❡②✇♦$❞✳ ❆ ♠❛❣❣✐♦$ $❛❣✐♦♥❡✱ ✐♥ ❧❡,,❡$❛,✉$❛ ♠❛♥❝❛♥♦
❝♦♠♣❧❡,❛♠❡♥,❡ ✉♥❛ ❜❛0❡❧✐♥❡ ❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ✐♥❞✐❝✐ ❞✐ ♣$❡0,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ ♣❡$♠❡,,❛♥♦
❞✐ 0,❛❜✐❧✐$❡ ❧❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐,/ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ 0♦❧✉③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ▲✬❛0♣❡,,♦ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛$❡
❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦$♦ 0✈♦❧,♦ ♣❡$ &✉❡0,❛ ,❡0✐ ; 0,❛,♦ ♣$♦♣$✐♦ $✐✉0❝✐$❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐$❡ ✉♥❛
❜❛0❡❧✐♥❡ ♣❡$ ✐ $✐0✉❧,❛,✐ ❡ ,$♦✈❛$❡ ✉♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣$❡0,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡✳
◗✉❡0,❛ ,❡0✐ ♣$❡0❡♥,❛ ❧❛ 0❡❣✉❡♥,❡ 0✉❞❞✐✈✐0✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧✐✳
■❧ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧♦ ✷ ✐♥,$♦❞✉❝❡ ❛❧❝✉♥✐ ❧❛✈♦$✐ ❝❤❡ ,$❛,,❛♥♦ ✐❧ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ $❛❝✲
❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ $✐❣✉❛$❞❛♥,✐ 0✐❛ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛,✐❝❤❡ ❞✐✈❡$0❡ 0✐❛ 0✐♠✐❧✐ ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐,♦
0♣❡❝✐✜❝♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❡❧❛❜♦$❛,♦✳
■❧ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧♦ ✸ ❞❡✜♥✐0❝❡ ❢♦$♠❛❧♠❡♥,❡ ❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡
❛✉,♦♠❛,✐❝❛ 0✈✐❧✉♣♣❛,❡✳
■❧ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧♦ ✹ ❞❡0❝$✐✈❡ ❧❛ ♣$♦❝❡❞✉$❛ ❞✐ ✈❛❧✉,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❡ ✐
$✐0✉❧,❛,✐ ♦,,❡♥✉,✐✳
■♥✜♥❡✱ ✐❧ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧♦ ✺ $✐✉♥✐0❝❡ ✐ $✐0✉❧,❛,✐ ❡ ,$❛❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉0✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧ ❧❛✈♦$♦
❞✐ ,❡0✐✳
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❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ 2❙$❛$♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛+$❡
▲❛ "❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ + ✉♥ ♣"♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♠♣✐❛♠❡♥0❡ 10✉❞✐❛0♦ ✐♥ ❛♠❜✐0♦ ❛❝❝❛✲
❞❡♠✐❝♦ ❡❞ ❛♠♣✐❛♠❡♥0❡ ✉0✐❧✐③③❛0♦ ✐♥ ♠♦❧0✐ ❞❡✐ 1❡"✈✐③✐ ❲❡❜ ♣✐5 ❞✐✛✉1✐✳❊11♦
1✐ ♣♦♥❡ ♦❣♥✐ ✈♦❧0❛ ❝❤❡ ✉♥ ❣"❛♥❞❡ ♥✉♠❡"♦ ❞✐ ✉0❡♥0✐ ❢"✉✐1❝❡ ❞❡✐ ❝♦♥0❡♥✉0✐
❞✐ ✉♥ ❞❛0❛❜❛1❡ ♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ "❛❝❝♦❧0❛ ❞✐ ❞❛0✐✿ ♦❣♥✐ ✉0❡♥0❡ ✈♦""❡❜❜❡ ❣❧✐ ✈❡✲
♥✐11❡"♦ ♣"❡1❡♥0❛0✐ ❛✉0♦♠❛0✐❝❛♠❡♥0❡✱ ❝♦♥ ♠❛❣❣✐♦" ♣"✐♦"✐0> ❡❞ ✐♥ ❡✈✐❞❡♥③❛
?✉❡✐ ❝♦♥0❡♥✉0✐ ❝❤❡ ❡❣❧✐ "✐0✐❡♥❡ ♣✐5 ✉0✐❧✐✳ @❛"❛❧❧❡❧❛♠❡♥0❡✱ ✐❧ ❣❡10♦"❡ ❞❡❧❧❛
"❛❝❝♦❧0❛ ❞✐ ❞❛0✐ ♣✉A ✈♦❧❡" ♦✛"✐"❡ ❛❣❧✐ ✉0❡♥0✐ ✉♥ 1❡"✈✐③✐♦ ❜❛1❛0♦ 1✉❧❧❡ ❧♦✲
"♦ ♣"❡❢❡"❡♥③❡ ♣❡"1♦♥❛❧✐ ♦✱ ❛❧❧♦ 10❡11♦ 0❡♠♣♦✱ ♠❛11✐♠✐③③❛"❡ ✉♥ ❣✉❛❞❛❣♥♦
♣"♦♣♦♥❡♥❞♦ "✐1✉❧0❛0✐ 1♣♦♥1♦"✐③③❛0✐ ♦ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝✐0> ♠✐"❛0❡ ❛✐ ❧♦"♦ ✐♥0❡"❡11✐✳
❙❡ ✐❧ 1✐10❡♠❛ ♥♦♥ "✐❝❡✈❡ ❞✐"❡00❛♠❡♥0❡ ❞❛❧❧✬✉0❡♥0❡ ❧❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ "✐❣✉❛"❞♦ ✐
❝♦♥0❡♥✉0✐ ♣"❡❢❡"✐0✐✱ ❡11♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♥❡❝❡11❛"✐❛♠❡♥0❡ 1✈✐❧✉♣♣❛"❡ ✉♥ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛✉0♦✲
♠❛0✐❝♦ ♦ 1❡♠✐✲❛✉0♦♠❛0✐❝♦✱ ♣❡" ❡10"❛""❡ ?✉❡10❛ ✐♥❢♦"♠❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛❧❧❡ ❛③✐♦♥✐
❞❡❧❧✬✉0❡♥0❡ ♦ ❞❛✐ ❝♦♥0❡♥✉0✐ ❞✐ ❝✉✐ ❧✉✐ ❤❛ ❢"✉✐0♦ ♣✐5 ❞✐ ❢"❡?✉❡♥0❡✳
❙❡ ♣"❡1❝✐♥❞✐❛♠♦ ❞❛❧❧❛ 1♣❡❝✐✜❝✐0> ❞❡❧❧❛ "❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡✲
"❡♥③❡ ❛❣❧✐ ❛"0✐❝♦❧✐ 1❝✐❡♥0✐✜❝✐✱ 1✐ ♣✉A 0"♦✈❛"❡ ✉♥❛ ♠♦❧0✐0✉❞✐♥❡ ❞✐ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛✲
③✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❞✐ "✐❝❡"❝❤❡ "✐❣✉❛"❞❛♥0✐ ❛❞ ❡1❡♠♣✐♦ ✐❧ 1✉❣❣❡"✐♠❡♥0♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♥0❡♥✉0✐
♣❡"1♦♥❛❧✐③③❛0✐ 1✉❧ ❲❡❜✳
❨♦✉0✉❜❡ ❛❞ ❡1❡♠♣✐♦ ✉0✐❧✐③③❛ ❝♦10❛♥0❡♠❡♥0❡ ✐ ❞❛0✐ ❞✐ ✈✐1✉❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡
❞❡✐ ✈✐❞❡♦ ♣❡" "❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛"❡ ❛❣❧✐ ✉0❡♥0✐ "❡❣✐10"❛0✐ ❛❧0"✐ ❝♦♥0❡♥✉0✐ 1✐♠✐✲
❧✐ ❛ ?✉❡❧❧✐ ❣✐> ❢"✉✐0✐✱ ♦♣♣✉"❡ ❝❤❡ 0"❛00❛♥♦ ❣❧✐ 10❡11✐ ❛"❣♦♠❡♥0✐ ✭0♦♣✐❝✮✖
❉❛✈✐❞1♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❬✺❪✳ ❯♥❛ ✈♦❧0❛ 1❝❡❧0♦ ✉♥ ✈✐❞❡♦✱ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❣❡♥❡"❛0❛ ✉♥❛ ❧✐10❛
❞✐ ✈✐❞❡♦ 1✉❣❣❡"✐0✐ ❝❤❡ 1♦♥♦ 10❛0✐ 1❝❡❧0✐ ❡ ♦"❞✐♥❛0✐ 1❡❝♦♥❞♦ ✐♥❞✐❝✐ ❞✐ ♣"✐♦"✐0>
♠♦❧0♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡11✐✿ 1✐ 0✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♥0♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✐♥❢♦"♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ♥❡✐ ✢✉11✐ ✈✐❞❡♦✱ ❞❡❧❧❛
1♦♠✐❣❧✐❛♥③❛ 0"❛ ✐ ♠❡0❛❞❛0✐ ✕0✐0♦❧♦✱ ❞❡1❝"✐③✐♦♥❡✱ 0❛❣1 1❡ ♣"❡1❡♥0✐✕✱ ❞❡❧❧❛
✏"❡❧❛0❡❞♥❡11✑ ♦ "❛♣♣♦"0♦ ❞✐ ✈✐❝✐♥❛♥③❛ 0"❛ ✐ ❞✉❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ✭❝❤❡ ❝♦♥1✐❞❡"❛ ❛♥✲
❝❤❡ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡"♦ ❞✐ ✈✐1✉❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❡♥0"❛♠❜✐ ✐ ✈✐❞❡♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ 10❡11❛ 1❡11✐♦♥❡
❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦♣♦❧❛"✐0> ❣❧♦❜❛❧❡ ❞❡✐ ❞✉❡ ✈✐❞❡♦✮✱ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡1♣❧✐❝✐0❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✉0❡♥0❡
1✉❧ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❢"✉✐0♦✳ ❱❡♥❣♦♥♦ ♣♦✐ ❣❡♥❡"❛0✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ✐♥1✐❡♠✐ ❞✐ ✈✐❞❡♦ 1✉❣❣❡"✐0✐✱ ✐
✸
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✷✳ ❙#❛#♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛*#❡ ✹
!✉❛❧✐ &♦♥♦ ♣*♦❣*❡&&✐✈❛♠❡♥/❡ ❡&♣❛♥&✐ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♣*❡&❡♥/❛*❡ &✐❛ *✐&✉❧/❛/✐
&✐♠✐❧✐ ❛❧ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❞✐ ♣❛*/❡♥③❛✱ &✐❛ *✐&✉❧/❛/✐ ♥✉♦✈✐ ❡ ❞✬✐♥/❡*❡&&❡ ♣❡* ❧✬✉/❡♥/❡✳
▲✬♦❜✐❡//✐✈♦ 7 &♦❞❞✐&❢❛*❡ ❧✬✐♥/❡*❡&&❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✉/❡♥/❡✱ ♦✛*❡♥❞♦❣❧✐ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦✲
♥✐ ♣❡*&♦♥❛❧✐③③❛/❡ ❞✐ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❞✐ ❛❧/❛ !✉❛❧✐/< ❡ ❛//✐♥❡♥/✐ ❝♦❧ /♦♣✐❝ &♦//❡&♦ ❛❧
&✉♦ ✐♥/❡*❡&&❡✳
●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ❇✐♥❣ ❡❞ ❛❧/*✐ ♠♦/♦*✐ ❞✐ *✐❝❡*❝❛ ♦✛*♦♥♦ ❝♦♠❡ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐
✐ *✐&✉❧/❛/✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ *✐❝❡*❝❤❡✱ ♦✈✈❡*♦ ✐ ❧✐♥❦ ❛✐ &✐/✐ ❲❡❜ ✭❑❛/♦♥❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❬✽❪✮✳
❆❧❝✉♥✐ &✐/✐ ♣♦&&♦♥♦ ❡&&❡*❡ &♣♦♥&♦*✐③③❛/✐✱ ❝✐♦7 *✐❝❡✈♦♥♦ ✉♥❛ ✈✐&✐❜✐❧✐/< ♠❛❣✲
❣✐♦*❡ ❞❡✐ *✐&✉❧/❛/✐ ♥♦*♠❛❧✐ ❡ ✉♥ ♣♦&✐③✐♦♥❛♠❡♥/♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❧✐&/❛ ❞❡✐ *✐&✉❧/❛/✐ ❝❤❡
✈✐❡♥❡ ❛❝!✉✐&/❛/♦ ❞❛✐ ❧♦*♦ ❣❡&/♦*✐ &❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❧❡ *❡❣♦❧❡ ❞❡❝✐&❡ ❞❛✐ ♠♦/♦*✐ ❞✐
*✐❝❡*❝❛✳ ❉✐✈❡♥/❛ !✉✐♥❞✐ ✐♥❞✐&♣❡♥&❛❜✐❧❡ *✐✉&❝✐*❡ ❛ ♣*❡&❡♥/❛*❡ ❛❧❧✬✉/❡♥/❡ ✐
♠✐❣❧✐♦*✐ *✐&✉❧/❛/✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ *✐❝❡*❝❛ ✭❞❡❝✐&✐ ✐♥ ❜❛&❡ ❛ *❡❣♦❧❡ &✐♥/❛//✐❝❤❡✴&❡♠❛♥✲
/✐❝❤❡✴❞✐ ♣♦♣♦❧❛*✐/<✮ ✉♥✐/✐ ❛✐ *✐&✉❧/❛/✐ &♣♦♥&♦*✐③③❛/✐✱ ♠❛&&✐♠✐③③❛♥❞♦ &✐❛ ✐❧
❣*❛❞✐♠❡♥/♦ ❞❡❧❧✬✉/❡♥/❡ &✐❛ ✐❧ ❣✉❛❞❛❣♥♦ ❞❡❧ ♠♦/♦*❡ ❞✐ *✐❝❡*❝❛ ❣❡♥❡*❛/♦ ❞❛❧❧❡
&♣♦♥&♦*✐③③❛③✐♦♥✐✳
❚♦*♥❛♥❞♦ ❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐/♦ &♣❡❝✐✜❝♦ ❞✐ !✉❡&/♦ ❧❛✈♦*♦ ❞✐ /❡&✐✱ ✐♥✈❡❝❡✱ ❧❛ ❧❡/✲
/❡*❛/✉*❛ ♣*❡&❡♥/❛ ❜❡♥ ♣♦❝❤❡ *✐❝❡*❝❤❡ *✐❣✉❛*❞❛♥/✐ ❧❛ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐
❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❡ ♦ *✐✈✐&/❡ ❛❞ ❛*/✐❝♦❧✐✳
◗✉❡❧❧❛ ♣✐Q ❛//✐♥❡♥/❡ ❛❧ ♣*❡&❡♥/❡ ❡❧❛❜♦*❛/♦ 7 ▲✉♦♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❬✶✵❪✳ ❊&&❛
❛✛*♦♥/❛ ❧♦ &/❡&&♦ ♣*♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ &❢*✉//❛♥❞♦ ♣❡*S ❧❛ ❝♦♥♦&❝❡♥③❛ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛✉/♦*✐
❞❡❣❧✐ ❛*/✐❝♦❧✐ ♥❡❧ ❞❛/❛&❡/ ♣❡* ❞❡/❡*♠✐♥❛*❡ ❧❡ ❧♦*♦ *❡/✐ ❞✐ ❝♦✲❛✉/♦*✐❀ ❞✐ ❝♦♥✲
&❡❣✉❡♥③❛ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛/❡ ❧❡ ❢*❡!✉❡♥③❡ ❝♦♥ ❝✉✐ ♦❣♥✐ ❛✉/♦*❡ ❡ ❝♦✲❛✉/♦*❡
♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛ ✐♥ ❝✐❛&❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❛ ❡ ✐♥✜♥❡ &✐ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❛ ❝♦♥
❢*❡!✉❡♥③❛ /♦/❛❧❡ ♠❛❣❣✐♦*❡✳ ■❧ ❞✐❢❡//♦ ❞✐ /❛❧❡ ❛♣♣*♦❝❝✐♦ *✐&✐❡❞❡ ♥❡❧ ❢❛//♦
❝❤❡ ❣❧✐ ❛✉/♦*✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛*/✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❛ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛*❡ ♣♦/*❡❜❜❡*♦ ❡&&❡*❡ ❛❧ ♣*✐♠♦
❛*/✐❝♦❧♦ ♦ ❛✈❡* ❝❛♠❜✐❛/♦ ✐ ♣*♦♣*✐ ❝❛♠♣✐ ❞✐ &/✉❞✐❀ ❞✐ ❝♦♥&❡❣✉❡♥③❛ ❧❡ ✐♥✲
❢♦*♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ♦//❡♥✉/❡ ❞❛❧❧❛ ❧♦*♦ ❝♦♥♦&❝❡♥③❛ &❛*❡❜❜❡*♦ ❞❡✜❝✐/❛*✐❡ ♦ ❡**❛/❡
❡ ❞❛*❡❜❜❡*♦ ❧✉♦❣♦ ❛❞ ✉♥❛ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐❢❡//♦&❛✳ ▲❛ ❜❛&❡❧✐♥❡ !✉✐ 7
*❛♣♣*❡&❡♥/❛/❛ ❞❛❧❧❛ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❛*/✐❝♦❧✐ &✉❧❧❛ ❜❛&❡ ❞❡❧ ❧♦*♦ ❝♦♥✲
/❡♥✉/♦ ✉/✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ❝❧❛&&✐✜❝❛/♦*❡ ❦◆◆ ✭❦✲♥❡❛*❡&/ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦*✮✳ ■❧ ❞❛/❛&❡/
♣*❡♣❛*❛/♦ ♣❡* ❧❡ ✈❛❧✉/❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦♥&✐&/❡ ❞✐ ✾✻✵ ❛*/✐❝♦❧✐ ❛♣♣❛*/❡♥❡♥/✐ ❛ ✶✻
❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❆❈▼
✶
❡ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛/✐ /*❛ ✐❧ ✷✵✵✽ ❡ ✐❧ ✷✵✶✵✳
■❧ ♣*❡&❡♥/❡ ❧❛✈♦*♦ ❞✐ /❡&✐ *❛♣♣*❡&❡♥/❛ !✉✐♥❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♥♦✈✐/< ♣❡* !✉❛♥/♦
*✐❣✉❛*❞❛ ❧❡ /❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✿ ✭✐✮ ❜❛&❛ ✐❧ ♣*♦♣*✐♦ ❛♣♣*♦❝❝✐♦
&✉❧❧✬❛♥❛❧✐&✐ ❞✐ ♣♦❝❤❡ ✐♥❢♦*♠❛③✐♦♥✐ /❡&/✉❛❧✐ /*❛//❡ ❞❛❣❧✐ ❛*/✐❝♦❧✐ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛✲
/✐ ✭/✐/♦❧♦✱ ❛❜&/*❛❝/ ❡ ❦❡②✇♦*❞✮ ❡❞ ❡&❡❣✉❡ ❧❛ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦
♠❡/♦❞✐ ♠❛/❡♠❛/✐❝✐ ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉✐&/✐❝✐❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❢❛ ✉&♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❞❛/❛&❡/ ♠♦❧/♦ ♣✐Q ❣*❛♥❞❡
❞✐ !✉❡❧❧♦ ✈✐&/♦ ✐♥ ❬✶✵❪ ✭❞✉❡ ♦*❞✐♥✐ ❞✐ ❣*❛♥❞❡③③❛ ✐♥ ♣✐Q ♣❡* !✉❛♥/♦ *✐❣✉❛*✲
❞❛ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡*♦ ❞✐ ❛*/✐❝♦❧✐✱ ✉♥♦ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ ♣❡* !✉❛♥/♦ ❝♦♥❝❡*♥❡ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡*♦ ❞✐
❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❡✮✳
✶
❆!!♦❝✐❛&✐♦♥ ❢♦) ❈♦♠♣✉&✐♥❣ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡)②✿ ❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛❝♠✳♦+❣✴
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❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ 3❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ -❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡
▲✬♦❜✐❡&&✐✈♦ ❞✐ )✈✐❧✉♣♣❛.❡ ✉♥ )✐)&❡♠❛ ♣❡. ❧❛ .❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡✲
.❡♥③❡✱ )✉❧❧❛ ❜❛)❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❝❤❡ ✐♥❢♦.♠❛③✐♦♥✐ &❡)&✉❛❧✐ ❡)&.❛&&❡ ❞❛❧❧✬❛.&✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❛
♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛.❡✱ ❤❛ ♣♦.&❛&♦ 7✉❡)&♦ ❧❛✈♦.♦ ❞✐ &❡)✐ ❛ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③③❛.)✐ )✉ &.❡ ❞✐✈❡.)❡
&❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❝❤❡ )♦♥♦ )&❛&❡ )✈✐❧✉♣♣❛&❡ ❡ .❛✣♥❛&❡ ❞✉.❛♥&❡ &✉&&♦ ✐❧ ♣❡.✐♦❞♦ ❞✐
❧❛✈♦.♦✳ ❈✐; < ♠♦&✐✈❛&♦ ❞❛❧ ❢❛&&♦ ❝❤❡ ❧❛ ♥♦✈✐&= ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✐&♦ ♣.♦♣♦)&♦ ❝✐
❤❛ ♠❡))♦ ❞✐ ❢.♦♥&❡ ❛❧ ♣.♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♠❛♥❝❛♥③❛ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❜❛)❡❧✐♥❡ ♣❡. ❧❛
✈❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ .✐)✉❧&❛&✐✳ ■♥ ❛❧&.✐ &❡.♠✐♥✐ ♥♦♥ ❡)✐)&❡✈❛♥♦ ❛♥❝♦.❛ ♣✐❡&.❡ ❞✐
♣❛.❛❣♦♥❡✱ ♥@ ✐♥ &❡.♠✐♥✐ ❞✐ &❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ♣❡. ❣❡♥❡.❛.❡ ❧❡ .❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ♥@
♣❡. 7✉❛♥&♦ .✐❣✉❛.❞❛ ❧❡ ✈❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ )&❡))❡✳
❆ 7✉❡)&♦ )❝♦♣♦ )♦♥♦ )&❛&❡ )&✉❞✐❛&❡ ❞✐✈❡.)❡ ♣.♦❝❡❞✉.❡ ♠❛&❡♠❛&✐❝❤❡ ❞✐
❝❛&❡❣♦.✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ &❡)&♦ ❡ ❞✐ ❡)&.❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛ ❡))♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛.❣♦♠❡♥&✐ ♣.✐♥❝✐♣❛✲
❧✐❀ ❛❧❧❛ ✜♥❡ ♥❡ )♦♥♦ )&❛&❡ )❝❡❧&❡ &.❡ ❝❤❡ .✐)♣♦♥❞❡))❡.♦ ❛❧❧❛ ♥♦)&.❛ .✐❝❤✐❡)&❛
❞✐ ❝❛.❛&&❡.✐③③❛.❡ ✉♥ ❛.&✐❝♦❧♦ ♣❛.&❡♥❞♦ ❞❛❧❧❛ )❡♠♣❧✐❝❡ ❝♦♥❝❛&❡♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐
&✐&♦❧♦✱ ❛)❜)&.❛❝& ❡ ❦❡②✇♦.❞✳ ▲❡ )&❡))❡ ♣.♦❝❡❞✉.❡ ✭❝❛&❡❣♦.✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ♥✲
❣.❛♠♠✐ )❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❈❛✈♥❛. ❡ ❚.❡♥❦❧❡✱ ▲❛&❡♥& ❉✐.✐❝❤❧❡& ❆❧❧♦❝❛&✐♦♥✱ ❝❧✉)&❡.✐♥❣
❦✲♠❡❛♥)✮ )♦♥♦ )&❛&❡ ❛❞❛&&❛&❡ ❛❧ ❜✐)♦❣♥♦ ❛ ❝❛✉)❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ )♣❡❝✐✜❝✐&= ❞❡❧ ♥♦✲
)&.♦ ♦❜✐❡&&✐✈♦✱ ♦♣♣✉.❡ )♦♥♦ )&❛&❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛&❡ ♣❡. )❢.✉&&❛.❡ ❧❡ ♣♦&❡♥③✐❛❧✐&=
❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❧&.❛ ♣.♦❝❡❞✉.❛✳
▲❡ &❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ )♦♥♦ ❛❝❝♦♠✉♥❛&❡ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❢❛)❡ ✐♥✐③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ❛❞❞❡)&.❛♠❡♥&♦
❞❡❧ )✐)&❡♠❛✱ ♦ ❧❡❛#♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛)❡✱ ❧❛ 7✉❛❧❡ ❝♦)&✐&✉✐)❝❡ ❧❛ ♣.❡♣❛.❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧❧❛
)✉❝❝❡))✐✈❛ ❢❛)❡ ❞✐ .❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✈❡.❛ ❡ ♣.♦♣.✐❛ ✭#❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛)❡✮✳
❚✉&&❡ ❡ &.❡ ❧❡ &❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ♣♦))♦♥♦ ❡))❡.❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛&❡ ❛❧❧❡ ❞✐✈❡.)❡ ❜.❛♥❝❤❡
❞❡❧❧❛ )❝✐❡♥③❛ ❝♦♠❡ ❛ 7✉❛❧✉♥7✉❡ ❛❧&.❛ ♠❛&❡.✐❛ ❞✐ )&✉❞✐❀ ♥♦♥ ❝♦♥&❡♥❣♦♥♦
❧✐♠✐&❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❝❛.❛&&❡.❡ ♠❛&❡♠❛&✐❝♦ ♥@ ♣.♦❝❡❞✉.❛❧❡✱ ✐♥ 7✉❛♥&♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛♥♦
❡)❝❧✉)✐✈❛♠❡♥&❡ ❧❡ ♣❛.♦❧❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛.&✐❝♦❧✐✳ K❡. ♠♦&✐✈✐ ❞✐ ❞❛&✐ ❞✐)♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐✱
♣❡.;✱ )✐ < ❞♦✈✉&♦ ❧✐♠✐&❛.❡ ✐❧ ❞❛&❛)❡& ❛❞ ❛.&✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ✏❈♦♠♣✉&❡.
❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✑✳ ■♥❢❛&&✐✱ ❝♦♠❡ < )&❛&♦ ❣✐= ❛♥&✐❝✐♣❛&♦✱ ✐❧ ❞❛&❛)❡& < )&❛&♦ ♣.❡❧❡✈❛&♦
❞❛ ▼✐❝.♦)♦❢& ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❙❡❛.❝❤ ✭▼❆❙✮❀ ❡))♦ ♣❡.; ♥♦♥ ♠❡&&❡ ❛ ❞✐)♣♦)✐③✐♦♥❡
✺
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✸✳ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ )❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✻
✭❛❧♠❡♥♦ ❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥(♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ *(❡*✉,❛ ❞✐ .✉❡*(❛ (❡*✐✮ ✐ ❞❛(✐ ,❡❧❛(✐✈✐ ❛❣❧✐ ❛❧(,✐
❉♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❈✐5 ❤❛ ❛✈✉(♦ ✐♠♣♦,(❛♥(✐ ,✐♣❡,❝✉**✐♦♥✐ *✉ ❞✉❡ *❝❡❧(❡ ❝❤❡ *♦♥♦
*(❛(❡ ❢❛((❡ ♥❡❧ ♣,♦*✐❡❣✉♦ ❞✐ .✉❡*(❛ (❡*✐✱ ♣✐; ♣,❡❝✐*❛♠❡♥(❡ ♥❡❧❧❡ *❡③✐♦♥✐ ✸✳✸
❡ ✹✳✷✳
◗✉❡*(♦ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ ♣,❡*❡♥(❛ ❧❛ ♣,❡♣❛,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛(❛*❡( ❞❡✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✐ ❡
❧❡ (,❡ (❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ ,❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ *✈✐❧✉♣♣❛(❡✳
✸✳✶ #$❡♣❛$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛.❛/❡.
A,✐♠❛ ❞✐ ♣♦(❡, ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛,❡ ❧❡ (,❡ ❞✐✈❡,*❡ (❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ ,❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ B ♥❡✲
❝❡**❛,✐♦ ♣,❡✲♣,♦❝❡**❛,❡ ♦❣♥✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❛(❛*❡( ✉*❛(♦ ♣❡, ❧❛ ❧❡❛,♥✐♥❣
♣❤❛*❡ ❡ ♣❡, ❧❛ ,❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛*❡✳
❉❡✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(✐ ❞❡❧ ❞❛(❛*❡( *✐ (✐❡♥❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♥*✐❞❡,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❡*❝❧✉*✐✈❛♠❡♥(❡ ❧❛
*(,✐♥❣❛ ❝❤❡ B ❝♦♥❝❛$❡♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ $✐$♦❧♦✱ ❛❜,$-❛❝$ ❡ ❦❡②✇♦-❞✳ ❚❛❧❡ *(,✐♥❣❛✱
♥❡❧❧❛ (❡,♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉(✐❧✐③③❛(❛ ✐♥ .✉❡*(❛ (❡*✐✱ ❞❡✜♥✐*❝❡ ✉♥ ❛-$✐❝♦❧♦✳
▲❡ *✉❝❝❡**✐✈❡ ♦♣❡,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣,❡✲♣,♦❝❡**✐♥❣ *✉❣❧✐ ❛,(✐❝♦❧✐ *♦♥♦✿
• ❝♦♥✈❡,(✐,❡ ✐♥ ♠✐♥✉*❝♦❧♦❀
• ,✐♠✉♦✈❡,❡ (✉((❡ ❧❡ ❝✐❢,❡❀
• ,✐♠✉♦✈❡,❡ ❧❛ ♣✉♥(❡❣❣✐❛(✉,❛❀
• ,✐♠✉♦✈❡,❡ ❣❧✐ *♣❛③✐ ✐♥✐③✐❛❧✐✱ ✜♥❛❧✐ ❡ .✉❡❧❧✐ ✐♥ *♦✈,❛♥♥✉♠❡,♦❀
• ,✐♠✉♦✈❡,❡ (✉((❡ ❧❡ ♣❛,♦❧❡ ❞✐ ❧✉♥❣❤❡③③❛ ✐♥❢❡,✐♦,❡ ❛✐ ✸ ❝❛,❛((❡,✐❀
• ,✐♠✉♦✈❡,❡ ❧❡ *(♦♣ ✇♦,❞*
✶
✐♥❣❧❡*✐ ✭❞❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥(♦ ❝❤❡ ✐❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥(♦
❝♦♥*✐*(❡ ✐♥ ✉♥❛ *(,✐♥❣❛ ❞✐ ♣❛,♦❧❡ ✐♥❣❧❡*✐✮❀
• ❡*❡❣✉✐,❡ ✉♥♦ *(❡♠♠✐♥❣
✷
❞❡❧❧❡ ♣❛,♦❧❡✳
❆❞ ❡*❡♠♣✐♦✱ ✉♥♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛,(✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❞❛(❛*❡( ❞❡*❝,✐((♦ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ ✹✳✶ *✐
♣,❡*❡♥(❛✱ ♣,✐♠❛ ❡ ❞♦♣♦ ❧❡ ♦♣❡,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣,❡✲♣,♦❝❡**✐♥❣✱ ❝♦♠❡ ,✐♣♦,(❛(♦ ✐♥
(❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✶✳
❙✐ (,❛((❛ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ (❡❝♥✐❝❛ *(❛♥❞❛,❞✱ ✉*❛(❛ ✐♥ ♠♦❧(❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ▼❛✲
❝❤✐♥❡ ▲❡❛,♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥❢❛((✐ B ✐♥❞✐*♣❡♥*❛❜✐❧❡ ♣❡, ,✐❞✉,,❡ ❧❡ ❞✐♠❡♥*✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧
✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛,✐♦ *✉ ❝✉✐ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛(❡ ❧❡ (❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ ,❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✿ *✐
✶
▲❡ "#♦♣ ✇♦'❞" "♦♥♦ ♣❛'♦❧❡ ❝♦♠✉♥❡♠❡♥#❡ '✐♠♦""❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❢❛"❡ ❞✐ ♣'❡✲♣'♦❝❡""✐♥❣ ♦ ❞✐
♣♦"#✲♣'♦❝❡""✐♥❣ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❣✐♦ ♥❛#✉'❛❧❡✳ ◆♦♥ ❝♦"#✐#✉✐"❝♦♥♦ ✉♥ ✐♥"✐❡♠❡ ♣'❡"#❛❜✐❧✐#♦✱
♠❛ ❣❡♥❡'❛❧♠❡♥#❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞♦♥♦ ❛'#✐❝♦❧✐ ❡ ♣❛'♦❧❡ ❢'❡7✉❡♥#✐ ❝♦♥ ♣♦❝♦ ✈❛❧♦'❡ "❡♠❛♥#✐❝♦ ♥❡❧❧❛
❧✐♥❣✉❛ ❝♦♥"✐❞❡'❛#❛✳ ❆❞ ❡"❡♠♣✐♦✱ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛ ✐♥❣❧❡"❡ ❛❧❝✉♥❡ "#♦♣ ✇♦'❞" ♣♦""♦♥♦ ❡""❡'❡
❤❡✱ ✐$✱ ❛ ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤✱ ♦♥ ❡ ❝♦": ✈✐❛✳
✷
▲♦ "#❡♠♠✐♥❣ ; ✐❧ ♣'♦❝❡""♦ ❞✐ '✐❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❢♦'♠❛ ✢❡""❛ ✭♦##❡♥✉#❛ #'❛♠✐#❡
❝♦♥✐✉❣❛③✐♦♥❡ ♦ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡✮ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♣❛'♦❧❛ ❛❧❧❛ "✉❛ ❢♦'♠❛ '❛❞✐❝❡✱ ❞❡##❛ #❡♠❛✳
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✼ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛(✲❚(❡♥❦❧❡
!✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ♣!❡✲♣!♦❝❡,,✐♥❣ ❆ ❋❧♦✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❢♦! ❏♦✐♥5 ❆❝5✐♦♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐5✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
■❞❡♥5✐5② ▼❛✐♥5❡♥❛♥❝❡ ❲❡ ♣!♦♣♦,❡ ❛ ❢!❛♠❡✇♦!❦
5❤❛5 ♣❡!❢♦!♠, ❛❝5✐♦♥ !❡❝♦❣♥✐5✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥5✐5②
♠❛✐♥5❡♥❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠✉❧5✐♣❧❡ 5❛!❣❡5, ,✐♠✉❧5❛♥❡♦✉,❧②✳
■♥,5❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✜!,5 ❡,5❛❜❧✐,❤✐♥❣ 5!❛❝❦, ✉,✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛♣✲
♣❡❛!❛♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ 5❤❡♥ ♣❡!❢♦!♠✐♥❣ ❛❝5✐♦♥ !❡❝♦✲
❣♥✐5✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥,5!✉❝5 ❛ ♥❡5✇♦!❦ ✢♦✇✲❜❛,❡❞ ♠♦✲
❞❡❧ 5❤❛5 ❧✐♥❦, ❞❡5❡❝5❡❞ ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❜♦①❡, ❛❝!♦,, ✈✐✲
❞❡♦ ❢!❛♠❡, ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥❢❡!!✐♥❣ ❛❝5✐✈✐5✐❡,✱ 5❤✉, ✐♥5❡✲
❣!❛5✐♥❣ ✐❞❡♥5✐5② ♠❛✐♥5❡♥❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝5✐♦♥ !❡❝♦❣♥✐✲
5✐♦♥✳ ■♥❢❡!❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♦✉! ♠♦❞❡❧ !❡❞✉❝❡, 5♦ ❛ ⑤❆❝5✐♦♥
❘❡❝♦❣♥✐5✐♦♥⑤❏♦✐♥5 ❆❝5✐♦♥⑤◆❡5✇♦!❦ ❋❧♦✇
❉♦♣♦ ✐❧ ♣!❡✲♣!♦❝❡,,✐♥❣ ✢♦✇ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❥♦✐♥5 ❛❝5✐♦♥ !❡❝♦❣♥✐5 ✐❞❡♥5 ♠❛✐♥5❡♥
♣!♦♣♦, ❢!❛♠❡✇♦!❦ ♣❡!❢♦!♠ ❛❝5✐♦♥ !❡❝♦❣♥✐5 ✐❞❡♥5
♠❛✐♥5❡♥ ♠✉❧5✐♣❧ 5❛!❣❡5 ,✐♠✉❧5❛♥ ✐♥,5❡❛❞ ❡,5❛✲
❜❧✐,❤ 5!❛❝❦ ✉,❡ ❛♣♣❡❛! ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣❡!❢♦!♠ ❛❝5✐♦♥ !❡✲
❝♦❣♥✐5 ❝♦♥,5!✉❝5 ♥❡5✇♦!❦ ✢♦✇❜❛, ♠♦❞❡❧ ❧✐♥❦ ❞❡✲
5❡❝5 ❜♦✉♥❞ ❜♦① ✈✐❞❡♦ ❢!❛♠❡ ✐♥❢❡! ❛❝5✐✈ ✐♥5❡❣! ✐❞❡♥5
♠❛✐♥5❡♥ ❛❝5✐♦♥ !❡❝♦❣♥✐5 ✐♥❢❡! ♠♦❞❡❧ !❡❞✉❝ ❛❝5✐♦♥
!❡❝♦❣♥✐5 ❥♦✐♥5 ❛❝5✐♦♥ ♥❡5✇♦!❦ ✢♦✇
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✶✿ ,(❡✲♣(♦❝❡//✐♥❣ /✉ ✉♥ ❛(2✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❛2❛/❡2✳
✈❡❞❡ ❝❤✐❛(❛♠❡♥+❡ ❝♦♠❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥✐✉❣❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ✈❡(❜♦✱ ♦♣♣✉(❡ ❧❛ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❛③✐♦✲
♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♥♦♠❡✱ ❛❣❣❡++✐✈♦ ♦ ♣(♦♥♦♠❡✱ ♦♣♣✉(❡ ❧❛ 5❝(✐++✉(❛ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♣❛(♦❧❛ ✐♥
♠✐♥✉5❝♦❧♦ ♦ ✐♥ ♠❛✐✉5❝♦❧♦✱ ❣❡♥❡(✐♥♦ 5❡6✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ❝❛(❛++❡(✐ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥+✐ ❝❤❡ ✐❧
❝❛❧❝♦❧❛+♦(❡ +(❛++❛ ❝♦♠❡ 5❡ ❢♦55❡(♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥+✐ ❞✐✈❡(5✐✖❞❛ ❝✉✐ ♣❛(♦❧❡ ❞✐✈❡(5❡
❡ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛(✐♦ ♣✐: ❣(❛♥❞❡✳
❙✐ ❝♦♥5✐❞❡(✐ ❛❞ ❡5❡♠♣✐♦ ✐❧ ✈❡(❜♦ ❣❡♥❡#❛#❡✿ ❝♦♥✐✉❣❛+♦ ❛❧ ♣(❡5❡♥+❡ ✐♥❞✐✲
❝❛+✐✈♦ ❞> ❧✉♦❣♦ ❛ ❜❡♥ 5❡✐ ❞❡5✐♥❡♥③❡ ✭❣❡♥❡#♦✱ ❣❡♥❡#✐✱ ❣❡♥❡#❛✱ ❣❡♥❡#✐❛♠♦✱
❣❡♥❡#❛(❡✱ ❣❡♥❡#❛♥♦✮ ❝❤❡ ❤❛♥♥♦ 5❡6✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ❝❛(❛++❡(✐ ❞✐✈❡(5❡❀ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛+♦
✐♥ ●❡♥❡#❛#❡ ❡ ●❊◆❊❘❆❘❊ ❝♦5+✐+✉✐5❝❡ ❛❧+(❡ ❞✉❡ 5❡6✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥+✐✳
C❡( (✐❞✉((❡ ❧❡ ❞✐♠❡♥5✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛(✐♦ ❞✉♥6✉❡ 5✐ ✈✉♦❧❡ ✏❛❣❣✐✉5+❛(❡✑
6✉❡5+❡ ✢❡55✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛ ❡ 6✉❡5+❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❤❡ ❛❧❧❛ 5❝(✐++✉(❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣❛(♦❧❡
✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♥♦♥ ❛✈❡(❡ 5+(✐♥❣❤❡ ❞✐✈❡(5❡ ❝❤❡ (❛♣♣(❡5❡♥+✐♥♦ ❧♦ 5+❡55♦ 5✐❣♥✐✲
✜❝❛+♦✳ ■♥ ♣❛(+✐❝♦❧❛( ♠♦❞♦✱ ❧❡ ♦♣❡(❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ 5+❡♠♠✐♥❣ ❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥✈❡(5✐♦♥❡ ✐♥
♠✐♥✉5❝♦❧♦ ❛❞❡♠♣✐♦♥♦ ❛ 6✉❡5+♦ ❝♦♠♣✐+♦✳
❆❧❧❛ ✜♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣(❡✲♣(♦❝❡55✐♥❣ 5✐ ❤❛ ✉♥ ❞❛+❛5❡+ ❞✐ ❛(+✐❝♦❧✐✱ (✐❢❡(✐+♦ ♥❡❧❧❡
♣(♦55✐♠❡ 5❡③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♥♦+❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✐♥5✐❡♠❡ A✳
✸✳✷ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛+✲❚+❡♥❦❧❡
◗✉❡5+❛ +❡❝♥✐❝❛ 5✐ ❜❛5❛ 5✉❧❧❛ ❝❛+❡❣♦(✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ♥✲❣(❛♠♠✐ 5❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❈❛✲
✈♥❛( ❡ ❚(❡♥❦❧❡✱ 5♣✐❡❣❛+❛ ♥❡❧ ❞❡++❛❣❧✐♦ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✳✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐5❝❡ ❝♦❧
+❡(♠✐♥❡ ♣#♦✜❧♦ ❧❛ ❧✐5+❛ ❞❡✐ ✸✵✵ ♥✲❣(❛♠♠✐ ♣✐: ❢(❡6✉❡♥+✐ ✐♥ ✉♥ +❡5+♦✳ ❙✐
❛55✉♠❡ ❝❤❡ ❝✐❛❝✉♥❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ N ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛+❛5❡+✱ ❝❤✐❛♠❛+❛ ✈❡♥✉❡ v ∈
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✸✳ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ )❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✽
V = {v1, . . . , vN}✱ "✐❛ ❝❛&❛''❡&✐③③❛'❛ ❞❛ ✉♥♦ "♣❡❝✐✜❝♦ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❡ ❝❤❡ "✐❛
♣♦""✐❜✐❧❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛&❡ 3✉❡"'♦ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❣❧✐ ❛&'✐❝♦❧✐ ♣&❡❝❡❞❡♥'❡♠❡♥'❡ ♣✉❜❜❧✐✲
❝❛'✐ ♣&❡""♦ 3✉❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛✳ ◗✉✐♥❞✐ "✐ ♣♦""♦♥♦ &❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛&❡ ❧❡ n ≤ N❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡ ✐ ❝✉✐ ♣&♦✜❧✐ "♦♥♦ ✐ ♣✐: ✈✐❝✐♥✐ ❛❧ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛&'✐❝♦❧♦ "♦''♦♣♦"'♦
❛❧ "✐"'❡♠❛✳
▲❛ "'&✉''✉&❛ ❞✐ ❜❛"❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ '❡❝♥✐❝❛ "✈✐❧✉♣♣❛'❛ "❡❣✉❡ ♣❛""♦ ♣❛""♦ ✐❧ ♠❡✲
'♦❞♦ ❞✐ ❈❛✈♥❛&✲❚&❡♥❦❧❡ ❡❞ A ✈✐"✉❛❧✐③③❛❜✐❧❡ ♥❡❧ ❞✐❛❣&❛♠♠❛ ❛ ❜❧♦❝❝❤✐ ✸✳✶
✭♦''❡♥✉'♦ ❞❛ ❈❛✈♥❛& ❡ ❚&❡♥❦❧❡ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❬✹❪✮✳
❋✐❣✉$❛ ✸✳✶✿ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❞❡❧ ♠❡0♦❞♦ ❞✐ ❈❛✈♥❛) ❡ ❚)❡♥❦❧❡✳ ◆❡❧ ♥♦50)♦ ❝❛5♦ ❧❡
❝❛0❡❣♦)✐❡ ❛55✉♠♦♥♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♥♥♦0❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡)❡♥③❡✳
✸✳✷✳✶ ▲❡❛'♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛-❡
◆❡❧❧❛ ❧❡❛&♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛"❡✱ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❝♦"'&✉✐'♦ ✉♥ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣&❛♠♠✐ ♣❡& ♦❣♥✐
❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ v ∈ V ✱ ❝♦♠❡ "❡❣✉❡✿
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✾ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛(✲❚(❡♥❦❧❡
✶✮ ♣❡% ♦❣♥✐ ❛%+✐❝♦❧♦ a ❛♣♣❛%+❡♥❡♥+❡ ❛❧❧✬✐♥/✐❡♠❡ Av ❞✐ +✉++✐ ❣❧✐ ❛%+✐❝♦❧✐
♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛+✐ ✐♥ v✱ /✐ ❡/+%❛❣❣♦♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♥+❛♥♦ ❣❧✐ ♥✲❣%❛♠♠✐ /❡❝♦♥❞♦ 6✉❛♥+♦
❞❡/❝%✐++♦ ♥❡❧❧✬❛♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡++❛ /♦♣%❛❀
✷✮ /✐ /♦♠♠❛♥♦ +✉++✐ ✐ ❝♦♥+❡❣❣✐ ❡✛❡++✉❛+✐ /✉ +✉++✐ ❣❧✐ ❛%+✐❝♦❧✐ a ∈ Av ❡ /✐
♦%❞✐♥❛♥♦ ❣❧✐ ♥✲❣%❛♠♠✐ ✐♥ ♦%❞✐♥❡ ❞❡❝%❡/❝❡♥+❡ ❞✐ ❢%❡6✉❡♥③❛❀
✸✮ /✐ ♣%❡♥❞♦♥♦ ✐ ♣%✐♠✐ n♥❣
= 300 ♥✲❣%❛♠♠✐ ❝❤❡ ✈❛♥♥♦ ❛ ❝♦/+✐+✉✐%❡ ✐❧
♣%♦✜❧♦ pv ❞✐ v✖/✐ /❝❡❣❧✐❡ n♥❣
= 300 ♣❡%❝❤A B ✐❧ ✈❛❧♦%❡ ♣%♦♣♦/+♦ ✐♥ ❬✹❪✳
✸✳✷✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡
◆❡❧❧❛ %❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡ ❧❛ ♣%♦❝❡❞✉%❛ ❛❞♦++❛+❛ B ❧❛ /❡❣✉❡♥+❡✿
✶✳ /✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ✐❧ ♣%♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣%❛♠♠✐ pa ❞❡❧ ♥✉♦✈♦ ❛%+✐❝♦❧♦ a ♥❡❧ ♠♦❞♦
❞❡/❝%✐++♦ /♦♣%❛❀ pa 6✉✐♥❞✐ B ❧❛ ❧✐/+❛ ♦%❞✐♥❛+❛ ❞❡❣❧✐ n♥❣
♥✲❣%❛♠♠✐ ♣✐I
❢%❡6✉❡♥+✐ ✐♥ a✳
✷✳ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛+❛ ❧❛ ❞✐/+❛♥③❛ d +%❛ pa ❡ ✐❧ ♣%♦✜❧♦ ❞✐ ❝✐❛/❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❛pv ♥❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ /❡❣✉❡♥+❡✿
✐✮ ✐♥✐③✐❛❧♠❡♥+❡ d = 0❀
✐✐✮ ♣❡% ♦❣♥✐ ♥✲❣%❛♠♠❛ ✐♥ pv✱ /✐ ✐♥❝%❡♠❡♥+❛ d ❞✐ ✉♥❛ 6✉❛♥+✐+J ♣❛%✐
❛ |iv − ia| ❞❡++❛ ✏♦✉+ ♦❢ ♣❧❛❝❡✑✱ ❞♦✈❡ iv ❡ ia /♦♥♦ ❧❡ ♣♦/✐③✐♦♥✐
❞❡❧❧✬♥✲❣%❛♠♠❛ /❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛+♦ ✐♥ pv ❡ ✐♥ pa %✐/♣❡++✐✈❛♠❡♥+❡❀
✐✐✐✮ /❡ ✉♥ ♥✲❣%❛♠♠❛ ♥♦♥ B ♣%❡/❡♥+❡ ✐♥ pa✱ /✐ ✐♥❝%❡♠❡♥+❛ d ❞✐ n♥❣
✳
✭❙✐ ✈❡❞❛ ❛❞ ❡/❡♠♣✐♦ ❧❛ ✜❣✉%❛ ✸✳✷✱ +%❛++❛ /❡♠♣%❡ ❞❛ ❬✹❪✮✳
❋✐❣✉$❛ ✸✳✷✿ ❊-❡♠♣✐♦ ❞✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐-2❛♥③❛ 2(❛ ❞✉❡ ♣(♦✜❧✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣(❛♠♠✐✳
✸✳ /✐ ♣%♦❝❡❞❡ ❛❧❧❛ %❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐/+❛♥③❛
♠✐♥♦%❡✳
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✸✳ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ )❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✶✵
✸✳✸ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲+,❡♣+✲▲❉❆
◗✉❡%&❛ &❡❝♥✐❝❛ %✐ ❜❛%❛ %✉❧ ❝♦♥❝❡&&♦ ❞✐ ▲❛&❡♥& ❉✐1❝❤❧❡& ❆❧❧♦❝❛&✐♦♥ ✭▲❉❆✮✱
❞❡%❝1✐&&❛ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✳✷✱ ❝❤❡ ❢❛ ✉%♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡&&♦ ❞✐ ♦♣✐❝ ✭✏❛'❣♦♠❡♥ ♦ ♦
❡♠❛ '❛ ❛ ♦ ✐♥ ✉♥ ❡- ♦✱ ❞✐-❝♦'-♦✱ ❝♦♥✈❡'-❛③✐♦♥❡✑
✸
✮✳ ▲❉❆ &1❛&&❛ ✐ &♦♣✐❝
❝♦♠❡ ❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= %✉ ✉♥ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛1✐♦✖✐♥%✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ &✉&&❡ ❧❡
❞✐✈❡1%❡ ♣❛1♦❧❡ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❣♦♥♦ ✉♥♦ ♦ ♣✐A &❡%&✐✳ ◆❡❧❧❛ ❢❛&&✐%♣❡❝✐❡ %✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛
▲❉❆ ♣❡1 ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛1❡✱ ❛ ♣❛1&✐1❡ ❞❛✐ &❡%&✐ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❞❛&❛%❡&✿ ✭✐✮ ✐ &♦♣✐❝❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❧❡
❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= %✉✐ &♦♣✐❝ ♣❡1 ♦❣♥✐ &❡%&♦✳
▲❉❆ E %&❛&❛ ✉&✐❧✐③③❛&❛ ✐♥ ❞✉❡ ❞✐✈❡1%✐ ♠♦❞✐ ♦♣❡1❛&✐✈✐❀ ✐♥ ❡♥&1❛♠❜✐ ✐
♠♦❞✐ ▲❉❆ E ✈✐%&❛ ❝♦♠❡ ✉♥❛ %❝❛&♦❧❛ ♥❡1❛ ❝❤❡ 1✐❝❡✈❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ✐♥♣✉& ❡ ❣❡♥❡1❛
❞❡❣❧✐ ♦✉&♣✉&✿
❛✮ ❝♦❧❧❡❝ ✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡✿ ♠♦❞❛❧✐&= ✏❞✐ ❛❞❞❡%&1❛♠❡♥&♦✑ ❝❤❡ ❡%&1❛❡ ❞❛✐ &❡%&✐ ❞❡❧
❞❛&❛%❡& ✐ &♦♣✐❝ ❡ ❧❡ ❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= %✉✐ &♦♣✐❝✳ ▲❉❆ 1✐❝❡✈❡
✐♥ ✐♥♣✉& ✉♥ ✐♥%✐❡♠❡ A = {a1, a2, . . . } ❞✐ ❛1&✐❝♦❧✐ ❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦1❡ ♥✉♠❡1✐❝♦
✐♥&❡1♦ ♣❡1 ✐❧ ♣❛1❛♠❡&1♦ k ✕✐❧ ♥✉♠❡1♦ ♣1❡❞❡✜♥✐&♦ ❞✐ &♦♣✐❝✕ ❡ 1❡%&✐&✉✐%❝❡
✐♥ ♦✉&♣✉&✿
✐✮ ♣❡1 ♦❣♥✐ &♦♣✐❝✱ ❧❡ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= ♣❡1 ♦❣♥✐ ♣❛1♦❧❛ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛1✐♦ ✭❞❛✲
&♦ ❞❛ &✉&&❡ ❧❡ ♣❛1♦❧❡ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❣♦♥♦ ❣❧✐ ❛1&✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A✮✱ ❝✐♦E ✉♥
✈❡&&♦1❡ ~wj = (wj,1, wj,2, . . . ) ❞♦✈❡ wj,i E ❧❛ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= ❝❤❡ ❤❛
❧❛ i✲❡%✐♠❛ ♣❛1♦❧❛ ❞✐ ❛♣♣❛1✐1❡ ✐♥ ✉♥ &❡%&♦ ❝❤❡ ♣1❡%❡♥&❛ ✐❧ j✲❡%✐♠♦
&♦♣✐❝❀
✐✐✮ ♣❡1 ♦❣♥✐ &❡%&♦ aj ∈ A✱ ❧❛ %✉❛ ❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= %✉✐ &♦♣✐❝✱
❝✐♦E ✉♥ ✈❡&&♦1❡
~tj = (tj,1, . . . , tj,k) ❞♦✈❡ tj,i E ❧❛ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= ❝❤❡ ✐❧
j✲❡%✐♠♦ &❡%&♦ ♣1❡%❡♥&✐ ❧✬i✲❡%✐♠♦ &♦♣✐❝✳
❜✮ ✐ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡✿ ♠♦❞❛❧✐&= ✏❛&&✐✈❛✑ ❝❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❡ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛&❡ ✐♥
❝♦❧❧❡❝&✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ♣❡1 ❡%&1❛11❡ ✐ &♦♣✐❝ ❡ ❧❡ ❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= %✉✐
&♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♥✉♦✈♦ &❡%&♦✳ ▲❉❆ 1✐❝❡✈❡ ✐♥ ✐♥♣✉& ✉♥ %✐♥❣♦❧♦ ❛1&✐❝♦❧♦ a ❡ ✐
✈❡&&♦1✐ ~w1, . . . , ~wk ❡ 1❡%&✐&✉✐%❝❡ ✐♥ ♦✉&♣✉& ✐❧ ✈❡&&♦1❡
~t ❝❤❡ 1❛♣♣1❡%❡♥&❛
❧❛ ❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= %✉✐ &♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ a✳
■❧ ♣1♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣1✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❛✛1♦♥&❛&♦ ♥❡❧❧♦ %✈✐❧✉♣♣♦ ❞✐ N✉❡%&❛ &❡❝♥✐❝❛ E
%&❛&♦ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡%%✐&= %✐ ❛%%❡❣♥❛1❡ ❛ ❝✐❛%❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡1❡♥③❛ ✉♥ N✉❛❧❝❤❡ ✈❛❧♦1❡
♥✉♠❡1✐❝♦✱ ✐❧ N✉❛❧❡ ❝♦♥%❡♥&❛ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢1♦♥&❛1❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❣❧✐ ❛1&✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❛ 1❛❝❝♦♠❛♥✲
❞❛1❡✳ ■♥❢❛&&✐ ❧❡ ✐♥❢♦1♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛&❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝&✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ %✐ 1✐❢❡1✐%❝♦♥♦
❛✐ %✐♥❣♦❧✐ ❛1&✐❝♦❧✐ ✭❧❡ ❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= %✉✐ &♦♣✐❝✮ ♦ ❛❧ ❧♦1♦ ✐♥✲
%✐❡♠❡ ✭❧❡ ♣1♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&= ♣❡1 ♦❣♥✐ ♣❛1♦❧❛ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛1✐♦✱ ♣❡1 ❝✐❛%❝✉♥ &♦♣✐❝✮✱
♠❛ ♥✐❡♥&❡ E ❞❡&&♦ 1✐❣✉❛1❞♦ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡1❡♥③❡✳ ❙✐ E ❞✉♥N✉❡ ♣❡♥%❛&♦ ❞✐ ❝❛1❛&✲
&❡1✐③③❛1❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡1❡♥③❡ ❛ ♣❛1&✐1❡ ❞❛❧❧❡ ❞✐%&1✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡✐ &♦♣✐❝ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛1&✐❝♦❧✐
✸
❙✐ ✈❡❞❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❖①❢♦.❢❞ ❉✐❝1✐♦♥❛.✐❡2 ✭✐♥ ✐♥❣❧❡2❡✮✿ ❤!!♣✿✴✴♦①❢♦(❞❞✐❝!✐♦♥❛(✐❡/✳
❝♦♠✴❞❡✜♥✐!✐♦♥✴❡♥❣❧✐/❤✴!♦♣✐❝❄6❂!♦♣✐❝
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✶✶ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲)*❡♣)✲▲❉❆
❝❤❡ ❛♣♣❛&'❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❧♦&♦❀ ♣❡& ❢❛&❡ ❝✐/ 0✐ 1 ✐❞❡❛'♦ ✉♥ 0✐0'❡♠❛ 0✉ ❞✉❡ ❧✐✈❡❧❧✐
✭♦ 0'❡♣0✱ ❞❛ ❝✉✐ ✐❧ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ '❡❝♥✐❝❛✮✿ ✭✐✮ 0✐ ❛00❡❣♥❛ ✉♥ ♠❛✐♥ '♦♣✐❝ ❛
❝✐❛0❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ❡ 0✐ ♣❛&'✐③✐♦♥❛ ❧✬✐♥0✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ❜❛0❡ ❛❞
❡00✐❀ ✭✐✐✮ ✐♥ ♦❣♥✐ ♣❛&'✐③✐♦♥❡✱ 0✐ ❛00❡❣♥❛ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ✉♥ 0✉❜'♦♣✐❝✳ ■
❞❡''❛❣❧✐ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥'❛③✐♦♥❡ 0♦♥♦ ❞❡0❝&✐''✐ ♥❡❧❧❛ 0❡③✐♦♥❡ ✸✳✸✳✶✳
■❧ ♣&✐♠♦ ❧✐✈❡❧❧♦ ♥❛0❝❡ ❞❛❧❧✬✐❞❡❛ ❞✐ ♠❡''❡&❡ ✐♥ ❧✉❝❡ ✐ '&❛''✐ ❝❤❡ ♣♦00❛♥♦
&✐❝♦♥❞✉&&❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ❛❞ ✉♥ ✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❈♦♠♣✉'❡& ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✖
❝❤❡ ❞✉♥C✉❡ 1 ✐❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞✐ 0'✉❞✐ ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡✳ ▲✬✐♥'✉✐③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧❧❛
❜❛0❡ ❞✐ '❛❧❡ 0❝❡❧'❛ 1 0❡♠♣❧✐❝❡✿ ♣♦✐❝❤1 ▲❉❆ ❝♦0'&✉✐0❝❡ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥'❡
✐ '♦♣✐❝ ❛ ♣❛&'✐&❡ ❞❛❧❧❡ ❢&❡C✉❡♥③❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣❛&♦❧❡ ♥❡✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥'✐✱ ❡ ❞❛'❛ ❧❛
❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ '♦♣✐❝ ✈✐0'❛ 0♦♣&❛✱ 0✐ 1 ❞❡❝✐0♦ ❞✐ ❢❛& ❝♦♠❜❛❝✐❛&❡ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡
❞✐ '♦♣✐❝ ❝♦♥ C✉❡❧❧❛ ❞✐ 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ■♥❢❛''✐ ✉♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥'♦ ❛♣♣❛&'❡♥❡♥'❡
❛❞ ✉♥ 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥'✐❡♥❡ ❛❧❝✉♥❡ ♣❛&♦❧❡ 0♣❡❝✐✜❝❤❡ ♣❡& ❡00♦✱ ♠❡♥'&❡ ♥♦♥
❝♦♥'✐❡♥❡ ♣❛&♦❧❡✱ ♦ ❧❡ ♣&♦♣♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❢&❡C✉❡♥③❛ ♠♦❧'♦ ❜❛00❛✱ ❝❛&❛''❡&✐0'✐❝❤❡ ❞✐
✉♥ ❛❧'&♦ 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❉✐ ❝♦♥0❡❣✉❡♥③❛ ❧❛ 0✉❞❞✐✈✐0✐♦♥❡ 0✉❧❧❛ ❜❛0❡ ❞❡❧ ♠❛✐♥
'♦♣✐❝ ❝❧❛00✐✜❝❛ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ❣&✉♣♣✐ ♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐ ❡ ❞✐0❣✐✉♥'✐✱ ❛❧❧✬✐♥'❡&♥♦
❞❡✐ C✉❛❧✐ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡ '&❛''❛♥♦ ❛❧❧✬✐♥❝✐&❝❛ ❣❧✐ 0'❡00✐ ❛&❣♦♠❡♥'✐✳
❈✐/ ❤❛ ♣❡&/ ♣♦0'♦ ✐❧ ♣&♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞❡❝✐0✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦ ❞✐ 0✉❜❞♦✲
♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❡ 0✐ ❞❡0✐❞❡&❛ ♠❡''❡&❡ ✐♥ ❧✉❝❡✿ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦ ❞✐ '♦♣✐❝ k ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥❢❛''✐
❡00❡&❡ ❞❡✜♥✐'♦ ❛ ♣&✐♦&✐ ♣❡& ❡00❡&❡ ❞❛'♦ ✐♥ ✐♥♣✉' ❛❞ ▲❉❆✳ ❙✐ ✐♥'✉✐0❝❡ ❝❤❡ ✐
0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ 0♦♥♦ &❛♣♣&❡0❡♥'❛'✐ ♥❡❣❧✐ ❛&'✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❛ ❛&❣♦♠❡♥'✐✴'♦♣✐❝ ❞✐✛❡&❡♥✲
'✐✱ ♣❡& ❝✉✐ ❛❞ ✉♥ '♦♣✐❝ 1 ♣♦00✐❜✐❧❡ ❛00♦❝✐❛&❡ ✉♥ 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❡ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦ ❞✐
'♦♣✐❝ ♣✉/ ❡00❡&❡ ❞❡'❡&♠✐♥❛'♦ ❞❛❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦ ❞✐ 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳
■❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦ ❡0❛''♦ ❞✐ 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❡ ❧❡ ❧♦&♦ 0♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣❡&/ ♥♦♥
0♦♥♦ ❞❡✜♥✐'✐ ✉✣❝✐❛❧♠❡♥'❡✿ ❜✐0♦❣♥❛ ❛✣❞❛&0✐ ❛❧❧❛ ❧❡''❡&❛'✉&❛ ♦ ❛❞ ♦&❣❛✲
♥✐0♠✐ ❝♦♠♣❡'❡♥'✐ ♥❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞✐ 0'✉❞✐✳ ◆❡❧ ♥♦0'&♦ ❝❛0♦ 0✐ 1 ❢❛''♦ &✐❢❡&✐✲
♠❡♥'♦ ❛ '&❡ ❛&'✐❝♦❧✐✿ ❇✐&②✉❦♦✈ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❬✶❪ ❝♦♥0✐❞❡&❛ ✶✹ 0♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥✐✱
▲❛❡♥❞❡& ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❬✾❪ ❛❞❞✐&✐''✉&❛ ✷✼✱ ✶✼ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ 0♦♥♦ C✉❡❧❧❡ 0❝❡❧'❡ ❞❛ ❲❛✐✲
♥❡& ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❬✶✷❪✳ ❉✐0♣♦♥❡♥❞♦ ✐♥♦❧'&❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛'♦ ❞✐ ✷✹ 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♥♦♥ ♠✉✲
'✉❛❧♠❡♥'❡ ❡0❝❧✉0✐✈✐ ✭❝✐♦1 ❡0✐0'♦♥♦ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡ ❝❤❡ ❛♣♣❛✐♦♥♦ ✐♥ ♣✐Y ❞✐ ✉♥
0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✮ ❞❡'❡&♠✐♥❛'✐ ❞❛ ▼✐❝&♦0♦❢' ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❙❡❛&❝❤✱ ❝♦♠❡ ♠♦0'&❛'♦
✐♥ '❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✷✱ 0✐ 1 0'❛❜✐❧✐'♦ ✐❧ ✈❛❧♦&❡
k = 20
❝♦♠❡ ❛♣♣&♦00✐♠❛③✐♦♥❡ &❛❣✐♦♥❡✈♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦ ❞✐ '♦♣✐❝✴0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳
❈♦♠❡ ♣❡& ❧❛ '❡❝♥✐❝❛ ♣&❡❝❡❞❡♥'❡✱ 0✐ ❞❡✜♥✐0❝❡ ❧✬✐♥0✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡
♦ ✈❡♥✉❡ V = {v1, . . . , vN} ❡✱ ♣❡& ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ v ∈ V ✱ 0✐ ❞❡✜♥✐0❝❡
❧✬✐♥0✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ ❛&'✐❝♦❧✐ ♣&❡0❡♥'❛'✐ ✐♥ C✉❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ Av✳
✸✳✸✳✶ ▲❡❛&♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛,❡
▲❛ ♣&♦❝❡❞✉&❛ ❝❤❡ 0✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❧❡❛&♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛0❡ 1 ❧❛ 0❡❣✉❡♥'❡✿
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✸✳ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ )❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✶✷
✶ ❆❧❣♦%✐'❤♠* ✫ ❚❤❡♦%②
✷ ❙❡❝✉%✐'② ✫ 3%✐✈❛❝②
✸ ❍❛%❞✇❛%❡ ✫ ❆%❝❤✐'❡❝'✉%❡
✹ ❙♦❢'✇❛%❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡%✐♥❣
✺ ❆%'✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥'❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡
✻ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ▲❡❛%♥✐♥❣ ✫ 3❛''❡%♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐'✐♦♥
✼ ❉❛'❛ ▼✐♥✐♥❣
✽ ■♥❢♦%♠❛'✐♦♥ ❘❡'%✐❡✈❛❧
✾ ◆❛'✉%❛❧ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✫ ❙♣❡❡❝❤
✶✵ ●%❛♣❤✐❝*
✶✶ ❈♦♠♣✉'❡% ❱✐*✐♦♥
✶✷ ❍✉♠❛♥✲❈♦♠♣✉'❡% ■♥'❡%❛❝'✐♦♥
✶✸ ▼✉❧'✐♠❡❞✐❛
✶✹ ◆❡'✇♦%❦* ✫ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛'✐♦♥*
✶✺ ❲♦%❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜
✶✻ ❉✐*'%✐❜✉'❡❞ ✫ 3❛%❛❧❧❡❧ ❈♦♠♣✉'✐♥❣
✶✼ ❖♣❡%❛'✐♥❣ ❙②*'❡♠*
✶✽ ❉❛'❛❜❛*❡*
✶✾ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ✫ ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❙②*'❡♠*
✷✵ ❙✐♠✉❧❛'✐♦♥
✷✶ ❇✐♦✐♥❢♦%♠❛'✐❝* ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉'❛'✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✐♦❧♦❣②
✷✷ ❙❝✐❡♥'✐✜❝ ❈♦♠♣✉'✐♥❣
✷✸ ❈♦♠♣✉'❡% ❊❞✉❝❛'✐♦♥
✷✹ 3%♦❣%❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡*
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✷✿ ■ ✷✹ 1✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ 4 1✉❞❞✐✈✐1♦ ✐❧ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉9❡) ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥
▼❆❙✳
✶✮ #✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝/✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ #✉ ✉ ✐ ❣❧✐ ❛4/✐❝♦❧✐ ✐♥ A =⋃
v∈V Av
❝♦❧ ♥✉♠❡4♦ ❞✐ /♦♣✐❝ k = 20✳
✷✮ #✐ ❛##❡❣♥❛ ✉♥ #✐♥❣♦❧♦ ♠❛✐♥ ♦♣✐❝ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ v ∈ V ❝♦♠❡ #❡❣✉❡✿
✐✮ #✐ ❛##❡❣♥❛ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❛4/✐❝♦❧♦ a ∈ Av ✐❧ /♦♣✐❝ ❝❤❡ ❤❛ ❧❛ ♠❛##✐♠❛
♣4♦❜❛❜✐❧✐/9 ♥❡❧ ✈❡//♦4❡
~t ❛##♦❝✐❛/♦ ❛❞ a❀
✐✐✮ #✐ ❝♦♥/❛♥♦ <✉❡#/❡ ❛##❡❣♥❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ /♦♣✐❝ ♣❡4 /✉//✐ ❣❧✐ ❛4/✐❝♦❧✐ ❛♣✲
♣❛4/❡♥❡♥/✐ ❛❞ Av ❡ #✐ ❛##❡❣♥❛ ❛ v ✐❧ /♦♣✐❝ i ❛❧ <✉❛❧❡ ? ❛##♦❝✐❛/♦ ✐❧
♠❛❣❣✐♦4 ♥✉♠❡4♦ ❞✐ ❛4/✐❝♦❧✐✳
✭❙✐ ✈❡❞❛ ❧❛ /❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✸ ♣❡4 ❧✬❛##❡❣♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♠❛✐♥ /♦♣✐❝ ❛❞ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥✲
❢❡4❡♥③❛ ❞✬❡#❡♠♣✐♦✮✳
❚♦♣✐❝ ✭✶✴✷✮ ✏✶✑ ✏✷✑ ✏✸✑ ✏✹✑ ✏✺✑ ✏✻✑ ✏✼✑ ✏✽✑ ✏✾✑ ✏✶✵✑
★ ❛%'✐❝♦❧✐ ✷ ✽ ✷✷ ✷ ✹ ✽ ✵ ✶✻ ✸✵ ✷✵
❚♦♣✐❝ ✭✷✴✷✮ ✏✶✶✑ ✏✶✷✑ ✏✶✸✑ ✏✶✹✑ ✏✶✺✑ ✏✶✻✑ ✏✶✼✑ ✏✶✽✑ ✏✶✾✑ ✏✷✵✑
★ ❛%'✐❝♦❧✐ ✵ ✹ ✶✵ ✵ ✷✹ ✽ ✷ ✻ ✽ ✷✻
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✸✿ ❉❡9❡)♠✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♠❛✐♥ 9♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡)❡♥③❛ ❝♦♥ ✷✵✵ ❛)9✐❝♦❧✐✳
■❧ 1✉♦ ♠❛✐♥ 9♦♣✐❝ 4 ✐❧ ✏✾✑✳
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✶✸ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲)*❡♣)✲▲❉❆
✸✮ #✐ ♣❛'(✐③✐♦♥❛♥♦ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❡ ✐♥ V #✉❧❧❛ ❜❛#❡ ❞❡❧ ❧♦'♦ (♦♣✐❝ ♣'❡✈❛❧❡♥(❡✿
#✐ ❞❡♥♦(❛ ❛❧❧♦'❛ ❝♦♥ Vi ⊂ V ❧✬✐♥#✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ (✉((❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❡ ❝❤❡ ♣'❡✲
#❡♥(❛♥♦ i ❝♦♠❡ (♦♣✐❝ ♣'❡✈❛❧❡♥(❡✳ ❙✐ ♥♦(✐ ❝❤❡ ♥♦♥ #✐ ❡#❝❧✉❞❡ ✐❧ ❝❛#♦ ✐♥
❝✉✐ #✐❛ Vi = ∅ ♣❡' ✉♥♦ ♦ ♣✐; (♦♣✐❝ i✳
✹✮ ♣❡' ♦❣♥✐ (♦♣✐❝ i #✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝(✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ❛✐ #♦❧✐ ❛'(✐❝♦❧✐
❛♣♣❛'(❡♥❡♥(✐ ❛❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❡ ❞✐ Vi✱ #❡♠♣'❡ ❝♦❧ ♥✉♠❡'♦ ❞✐ (♦♣✐❝ k = 20✳
✺✮ #✐ ❛##❡❣♥❛ ✉♥ #✐♥❣♦❧♦ ✉❜#♦♣✐❝ ♣'❡✈❛❧❡♥(❡ ❛ ❝✐❛#❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛ v ∈Vi #❡❣✉❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ #(❡##❛ ♣'♦❝❡❞✉'❛ ❛❞♦♣❡'❛(❛ ♣❡' ✐❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧ ♠❛✐♥
(♦♣✐❝❀ #✐ ❛##♦❝✐❛ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ v ✉♥ ✈❡((♦'❡ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐ #✉❜(♦♣✐❝
~tv❝❤❡ '❛♣♣'❡#❡♥(❛ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣'♦❜❛❜✐❧✐(D #✉✐ (♦♣✐❝ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛'(✐❝♦❧✐ ✐♥
Av✱ ❝✐♦E ~tv = 1|Av |
∑
a∈Av~ta✳ ❯♥ ❡#❡♠♣✐♦ E ❞❛(♦ ✐♥ (❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✹✳
❚♦♣✐❝ ✭✶✴✷✮ ✏✶✑ ✏✷✑ ✏✸✑ ✏✹✑ ✏✺✑ ✏✻✑ ✏✼✑ ✏✽✑ ✏✾✑ ✏✶✵✑
★ ❛67✐❝♦❧✐ ✻ ✹ ✽ ✵ ✻ ✶✹ ✵ ✷✵ ✻ ✵
~tv ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✷ ✵✳✵✹ ✵ ✵✳✵✸ ✵✳✵✼ ✵ ✵✳✶ ✵✳✵✸ ✵
❚♦♣✐❝ ✭✷✴✷✮ ✏✶✶✑ ✏✶✷✑ ✏✶✸✑ ✏✶✹✑ ✏✶✺✑ ✏✶✻✑ ✏✶✼✑ ✏✶✽✑ ✏✶✾✑ ✏✷✵✑
★ ❛67✐❝♦❧✐ ✽ ✶✵ ✶✻ ✵ ✻✹ ✶✻ ✽ ✶✵ ✵ ✹
~tv ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✺ ✵✳✵✽ ✵ ✵✳✸✷ ✵✳✵✽ ✵✳✵✹ ✵✳✵✺ ✵ ✵✳✵✷
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✹✿ ❱❡**♦0❡ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐ )✉❜*♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡0❡♥③❛ ❝♦♥ ✷✵✵ ❛0*✐❝♦❧✐✳
❖❣♥✐ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥*❡ ❞✐
~tv = ❞❛*❛ ❞❛★ ❛"#✐❝♦❧✐
200✳ ❙✐ ♥♦*❛ ✐♥♦❧*0❡ ❝❤❡ ✐❧ )✉❜*♦♣✐❝ = ✐❧
✏✶✺✑✳
❆❧❧❛ ✜♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❧❡❛'♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛#❡✱ #✐ #♦♥♦ ❞✉♥H✉❡ ❛##❡❣♥❛(✐ ❛ ❝✐❛#❝✉♥❛
❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛ v✿ ✭✐✮ ✉♥ ♠❛✐♥ (♦♣✐❝❀ ✭✐✐✮ ✉♥ #✉❜(♦♣✐❝❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ ✐❧ ✈❡((♦'❡ ♠❡❞✐♦
❞❡✐ #✉❜(♦♣✐❝
~tv✳ J❡' (✉((❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❡ #✐ #♦♥♦ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛(❡ ❧❡ ♣'♦❜❛❜✐❧✐(D
#✉❧❧❡ ♣❛'♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛'✐♦ ✭k(1 + k) ✈❡((♦'✐✮✳
✸✳✸✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛/❡
■♥ H✉❡#(❛ ❢❛#❡✿
✶✮ #✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐(❡♠ ♠♦❞❡ ❛❧ ♥✉♦✈♦ ❛'(✐❝♦❧♦ a ✉(✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ♣'♦✲
❜❛❜✐❧✐(D #✉❧❧❡ ♣❛'♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛'✐♦ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛(❡ ♣❡' ✐ ♠❛✐♥ (♦♣✐❝ ✭❝♦♠❡
✈✐#(♦ #♦♣'❛✮✳ ❙✐ ♦((✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✈❡((♦'❡
~t♠
✳
✷✮ #✐ ❛##❡❣♥❛ ❛❞ a ✐❧ (♦♣✐❝ i♠
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠❛##✐♠❛ ♣'♦❜❛❜✐❧✐(D ✐♥
~t♠
✳
✸✮ ♥❡❧ ❝❛#♦ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ #✐❛ Vi♠
= ∅✱ ♥♦♥ #✐ '❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❡ ❛❞ a❀❛❧('✐♠❡♥(✐✱ #✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐(❡♠ ♠♦❞❡ #✉ a ✉(✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ♣'♦❜❛❜✐❧✐(D
#✉❧❧❡ ♣❛'♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛'✐♦ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛(❡ ♣❡' ✐ #✉❜(♦♣✐❝ ❞❡❧ (♦♣✐❝ i ❡ #✐
♦((✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✈❡((♦'❡
~t!
✳
✹✮ #✐ ❛##❡❣♥❛ ✐❧ #✉❜(♦♣✐❝ i!
❛❞ a✳
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✸✳ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ )❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✶✹
✺✮ $✐ $❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛ ✐❧ $♦,,✐♥$✐❡♠❡ Vi♠
,i!
♦❢ Vi♠
❝❤❡ ❝♦♥,✐❡♥❡ ,✉,,❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡
✐❧ ❝✉✐ ♠❛✐♥ ,♦♣✐❝ 4 i♠
❡ ✐❧ $✉❜,♦♣✐❝ 4 i!
✳
✻✮ $✐ 2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ ❛❞ a ❧❡ ♣2✐♠❡ n ≤ N ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡ ❞✐ Vi♠
,i!
✐❧ ❝✉✐ ✈❡,,♦2❡
♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐ $✉❜,♦♣✐❝
~tv 4 ✐❧ ♣✐: ✈✐❝✐♥♦ ✭✐♥ ,❡2♠✐♥✐ ❞✐ ❞✐$,❛♥③❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛✮
❛❧ ✈❡,,♦2❡
~t!
✳
❙✐ ♥♦,✐ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥ >✉❡$,❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ ♥♦♥ 4 ❡$❝❧✉$♦ ❝❤❡ $✐ 2✐❡$❝❛♥♦ ❛ 2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛2❡
♠❡♥♦ ❞✐ n ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡ ♣❡2 ✉♥ ❛2,✐❝♦❧♦✱ ❛❞ ❡$❡♠♣✐♦ ♥❡❧ ❝❛$♦ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ |Vi♠
,i!
| <n✳
✸✳✹ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉/0❡1✐♥❣
◗✉❡$,❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ $✐ ❜❛$❛ $✉ ▲❉❆ ❝♦♠❡ ❧❛ ♣2❡❝❡❞❡♥,❡✱ ♠❛ ❢❛ ❛♥❝❤❡ ✉$♦
❞❡❧❧❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ ❝❧✉$,❡2✐♥❣ ❞❡$❝2✐,,❛ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✳✸ ♣❡2 2❛❣❣2✉♣♣❛2❡ ❣❧✐
❛2,✐❝♦❧✐ $✉❧❧❛ ❜❛$❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❧♦2♦ ♣2♦❜❛❜✐❧✐,F $✉✐ ,♦♣✐❝✳
▲❡ ♥♦③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❝❧✉#$❡& ❡ ❝❧✉#$❡&✐♥❣ ♥♦♥ $♦♥♦ ❞❡✜♥✐,❡ ♣2❡❝✐$❛♠❡♥,❡ ✭$✐
✈❡❞❛ ❊$,✐✈✐❧❧ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❬✻❪✮❀ ❧❛ ♣❛❣✐♥❛ ✐♥❣❧❡$❡ ❞✐ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛
✹
❞❡$❝2✐✈❡ ✉♥ ❝❧✉✲
$,❡2 ❝♦♠❡ ✏❛ ❣2♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❞❛,❛ ♦❜❥❡❝,$✑ ❡ ❛✛❡2♠❛ ❝❤❡ ,❛❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡,,♦ ✈❛2✐❛ ✐♥
❜❛$❡ ❛❧❧✬❛❧❣♦2✐,♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❧✉$,❡2✐♥❣ ❝❤❡ ♥❡ ❢❛ ✉$♦✳ ■♥ >✉❡$,♦ ❡❧❛❜♦2❛,♦ $✐ 4
$❝❡❧,♦ ❞✐ ✉,✐❧✐③③❛2❡ ✉♥ ❛❧❣♦2✐,♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❧✉$,❡2✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥$ ♣♦✐❝❤V $✐ ❞❡$✐❞❡2❛
❝❤❡ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡,,✐ ❞❛ 2❛❣❣2✉♣♣❛2❡✱ ♦$$✐❛ ❣❧✐ ❛2,✐❝♦❧✐✱ ✜♥✐$❝❛♥♦ ❝♦♥ ❧✬❛♣♣❛2,❡✲
♥❡2❡ ❛❞ ✉♥♦ ❡❞ ✉♥ $♦❧♦ ❝❧✉$,❡2❀ >✉✐♥❞✐ ❧❡ ❞✉❡ ♥♦③✐♦♥✐ ♣2❡♥❞♦♥♦ ✐ $❡❣✉❡♥,✐
$✐❣♥✐✜❝❛,✐✿
• ❝❧✉$,❡2✐♥❣✿ ♣❛2,✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥$✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ ,✉,,✐ ❣❧✐ ❛2,✐❝♦❧✐ A ✐♥ k❝
❝❧✉✲
$,❡2$❀
• ❝❧✉$,❡2✿ ❣2✉♣♣♦ ❞✐ ♦❣❣❡,,✐ ❝❤❡ ♥♦♥ ❛♣♣❛2,❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❛ ♥❡$$✉♥ ❛❧,2♦
❝❧✉$,❡2✳
❆♥❝❤❡ ✐♥ >✉❡$,♦ ❝❛$♦ $✐ 4 ❛❞♦,,❛,❛ ❧❛ ✜❧♦$♦✜❛ $✉ ❞✉❡ ❧✐✈❡❧❧✐✱ ♠❛ ✐❧
♣2✐♠♦ ❧✐✈❡❧❧♦ ♥♦♥ ❣❡♥❡2❛ ♣✐: ✉♥❛ ♣❛2,✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥$✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡✿
❞❡$❝2✐✈❡ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ ❧❛ ❞✐$,2✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ❧♦2♦ ❛2,✐❝♦❧✐ $✉✐ ❝❧✉$,❡2✱ ♣❡2 ❝✉✐ ♦❣♥✐
❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❛ ♣✉X ❡$$❡2❡ ✏♣2❡$❡♥,❡✑ ✐♥ ♣✐: ❝❧✉$,❡2 ❛♥③✐❝❤4 ✐♥ ✉♥ $♦❧♦✳ ■ ❝❧✉$,❡2
✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❞✉♥>✉❡ ♠❡$$✐ ✐♥ 2❡❧❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ✐ ♣♦$$✐❜✐❧✐ ❝❛♠♣✐ ❞✐ 2✐❝❡2❝❛ ❞❡❧❧❛
❈♦♠♣✉,❡2 ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
■♥ ♠❛♥✐❡2❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❛ ❛❧❧❛ $❝❡❧,❛ ❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡2♦ ❞✐ ,♦♣✐❝ k ♣❡2 ❧❛ ▲❛,❡♥,
❉✐2✐❝❤❧❡, ❆❧❧♦❝❛,✐♦♥✱ ✐❧ ❧♦2♦ ♥✉♠❡2♦ k❝
❞❡✈❡ ❡$$❡2❡ ❞❡❝✐$♦ ❛ ♣2✐♦2✐ ♣❡2 ❡$✲
$❡2❡ ❞❛,♦ ✐♥ ✐♥♣✉, ❛❧❧✬❛❧❣♦2✐,♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❧✉$,❡2✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥$✳ Z❡2X✱ ❛ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥③❛
❞❡❧❧❛ $❝❡❧,❛ ❞✐ k ❝❤❡ ✈✐❡♥❡ $,❛❜✐❧✐,♦ ❝♦♠❡ ♠✐$✉2❛ 2❛❣✐♦♥❡✈♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡2♦
❞✐ $✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✐♥ ▼✐❝2♦$♦❢, ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❙❡❛2❝❤✱ ✐♥ >✉❡$,♦ ❝❛$♦ $✐ 4 ❢❛,,♦
❛✣❞❛♠❡♥,♦ $✉ ✉♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡ ♣❡2 ✈❛❧✉,❛2❡ ❧❛ >✉❛♥,✐,F ♠✐❣❧✐♦2❡ ❞✐ ❝❧✉$,❡2 ❞❛
✹
❤!!♣✿✴✴❡♥✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦.❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❈❧✉3!❡.❴❛♥❛❧②3✐3
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✶✺ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉,-❡.✐♥❣
✉#✐❧✐③③❛(❡✳ +❡( ,✉❛♥#♦ (✐❣✉❛(❞❛ ❧♦ 1✈✐❧✉♣♣♦ ❞✐ ,✉❡1#❛ #❡❝♥✐❝❛✱ 1✐ 6 ✉#✐❧✐③✲
③❛#♦ ❧✬✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✐ 1❡♣❛(❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ❝❧✉1#❡( ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡''❡ ✐♥❞❡① ❞❡1❝(✐##♦ ♣✐9 ✐♥
❞❡##❛❣❧✐♦ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✳✸✳✶✳ ❆❧❧♦ 1❝♦♣♦ 1♦♥♦ 1#❛#✐ ✈❛❧✉#❛#✐ 1♣❡(✐♠❡♥#❛❧✲
♠❡♥#❡ ✐ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡##❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♣❡( 8 ≤ k❝
≤ 50 1✉❧ ❞❛#❛1❡# ❞❡1❝(✐##♦ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐#♦❧♦
✹✳✶ ❡ 1♦♥♦ 1#❛#✐ ♦##❡♥✉#✐ ✐ 1❡❣✉❡♥#✐ ✈❛❧♦(✐✿
k❝
❙✐❧❤♦✉❡''❡ ✐♥❞❡①
✽ ✵✳✵✺✻✸✹✹✾✺
✶✵ ✵✳✵✺✷✼✹✼✹✼
✶✷ ✵✳✵✺✺✻✹✾✽✻
✶✺ ✵✳✵✺✵✽✵✹✹✾
✶✽ ✵✳✵✹✻✶✸✵✹✽
✷✵ ✵✳✵✹✶✾✾✷✹✵
✷✷ ✵✳✵✹✹✹✷✷✵✽
✷✺ ✵✳✵✹✶✽✾✻✽✸
✸✵ ✵✳✵✹✸✵✵✷✵✷
✹✵ ✵✳✵✸✷✷✵✾✼✹
✹✺ ✵✳✵✸✻✼✹✶✽✸
✺✵ ✵✳✵✷✼✸✸✹✶✷
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✸✳✺✿ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡''❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♣❡, 8 ≤ k❝
≤ 50✳
❉✐ ❝♦♥%❡❣✉❡♥③❛ %✐ + %,❛❜✐❧✐,♦ ✐❧ ✈❛❧♦0❡
k❝
= 12
❝❤❡ ♣0❡%❡♥,❛ ✐❧ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡,,❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♠❛%%✐♠♦✱ %❝❛0,❛♥❞♦ k❝
= 8 ♣♦✐❝❤+ ❛✈0❡❜❜❡❣❡♥❡0❛,♦ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡0♦ ❞✐ ❝❧✉%,❡0 ,0♦♣♣♦ ❜❛%%♦ ♣❡0 ✐ ♥♦%,0✐ %❝♦♣✐✳
✸✳✹✳✶ ▲❡❛'♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛-❡
◆❡❧❧❛ ❧❡❛0♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛%❡ %✐ %❡❣✉❡ ❧❛ ♣0♦❝❡❞✉0❛ %❡❣✉❡♥,❡✿
✶✮ %✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝,✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ %✉ ✉ ✐ ❣❧✐ ❛0,✐❝♦❧✐ ✐♥A ❝♦❧ ♥✉♠❡0♦ ❞✐,♦♣✐❝ k = 20 ❡ %✐ ♦,,✐❡♥❡✱ ♣❡0 ♦❣♥✐ ❛0,✐❝♦❧♦ a✱ ✉♥ ✈❡,,♦0❡ ❞✐ ❞✐%,0✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡❞✐ ♣0♦❜❛❜✐❧✐,? %✉✐ ,♦♣✐❝
~ta✳ ❚❛❧❡ ✈❡,,♦0❡ ♣✉A ❡%%❡0❡ ✈✐%,♦ ❝♦♠❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥,♦✐♥ ✉♥♦ %♣❛③✐♦ k✲❞✐♠❡♥%✐♦♥❛❧❡ ✭♣✐D ♣0❡❝✐%❛♠❡♥,❡✱ ❞❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥,♦ ❝❤❡ ❧❡❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣0♦❜❛❜✐❧✐,? ♣0❡♥❞♦♥♦ ✈❛❧♦0✐ ✐♥ [0, 1]✱ %✐ ❛%%♦❝✐❛ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐❛0,✐❝♦❧♦ ✉♥ ♣✉♥,♦ ✐♥ [0, 1]k✮✳
✷✮ %✐ ♣❛0,✐③✐♦♥❛♥♦ ✐ ♣✉♥,✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛0,✐❝♦❧✐ ✐♥ k❝
= 12 ❝❧✉%,❡0 ✉,✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦❧✬❛❧❣♦0✐,♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❧✉%,❡0✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥%✳
✸✮ %✐ ♣❛0,✐③✐♦♥❛ ❧✬✐♥%✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ ,✉,,✐ ❣❧✐ ❛0,✐❝♦❧✐ %✉❧❧❛ ❜❛%❡ ❞❡❧ ❧♦0♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❡
❞✐ ❝❧✉%,❡0✿ %✐ ❞❡♥♦,❛ ❝♦♥ Ai ❧✬✐♥%✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛0,✐❝♦❧✐ ❛%%❡❣♥❛,✐ ❛❧❧✬i✲❡%✐♠♦ ❝❧✉%,❡0✳ ✭❱✐❡♥❡ ❛ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛0%✐ ✉♥♦ %❝❡♥❛0✐♦ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ ❣❧✐ ❛0,✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛
%,❡%%❛ ❝♦♥❢❡0❡♥③❛ ❛♣♣❛0,❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❛ ❝❧✉%,❡0 ❞✐✈❡0%✐✱ ♣❡0 ❝✉✐ %✐ ♣✉A ,0♦✈❛0❡
❧❛ %,❡%%❛ ❝♦♥❢❡0❡♥③❛ ✐♥ ♣✐D ❝❧✉%,❡0❀ L✉❡%,❛ %✐,✉❛③✐♦♥❡ + ❝❤✐❛0✐,❛ ❞❛❧❧❛
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✸✳ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ )❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ✶✻
✜❣✉%❛ ✸✳✸✱ ❞♦✈❡ ♦❣♥✐ ❛%0✐❝♦❧♦ 3 %❛♣♣%❡5❡♥0❛0♦ ❞❛ ✉♥ 5✐♠❜♦❧♦ ❞✐✈❡%5♦ ✕
❝❡%❝❤✐♦ ♣✐❡♥♦ ✱ ❝❡%❝❤✐♦ ✈✉♦0♦ ✱ :✉❛❞%❛0♦ ✕ ✐♥ ❜❛5❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❛
❞✬❛♣♣❛%0❡♥❡♥③❛✮✳
0 0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
1
1
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶
❚♦♣✐❝ ✷
❈❧✉50❡% ✶
❈❧✉50❡% ✷
❋✐❣✉$❛ ✸✳✸✿ ❊/❡♠♣✐♦ /❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛3♦ ❞❡❧ ♣❛)3✐③✐♦♥❛♠❡♥3♦ ✐♥ ❝❧✉/3❡) ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛)3✐❝♦❧✐
✐♥ ✉♥♦ /♣❛③✐♦ ❞❡✐ 3♦♣✐❝ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥/✐♦♥❛❧❡✳
✹✮ ♣❡% ♦❣♥✐ ❝❧✉50❡% i 5✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝0✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ❛✐ 5♦❧✐ ❛%0✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐
Ai ❝♦❧ ♥✉♠❡%♦ ❞✐ 0♦♣✐❝ k = 20✳
✺✮ 5✐ ❞❡✜♥✐5❝❡ Vi ❝♦♠❡ ❧✬✐♥5✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❡ ❝❤❡ ❤❛♥♥♦ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥
❛%0✐❝♦❧♦ ❛♣♣❛%0❡♥❡♥0❡ ❛❞ Ai✳
✻✮ 5✐ ❛55♦❝✐❛ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❛ v ∈ Vi ✉♥ ✈❡00♦%❡ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐ 5✉❜0♦♣✐❝
~tv❝❤❡ %❛♣♣%❡5❡♥0❛ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣%♦❜❛❜✐❧✐0G 5✉✐ 0♦♣✐❝ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛%0✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ v✐♥ Ai✱ ❝✐♦3 ~tv = 1
|Ai|
∑
a∈Ai~ta✳
✸✳✹✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛0❡
◆❡❧❧❛ %❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛5❡✿
✶✮ 5✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐0❡♠ ♠♦❞❡ ❛❧ ♥✉♦✈♦ ❛%0✐❝♦❧♦ a ✉0✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ♣%♦❜❛✲
❜✐❧✐0G 5✉❧❧❡ ♣❛%♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛%✐♦ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛0❡✱ ❝♦♠❡ ✈✐50♦ 5♦♣%❛✱ 5✉ 0✉00♦
A✳ ❙✐ ♦00✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✈❡00♦%❡
~t♠
✳
✷✮ 5✐ 5❝❡❣❧✐❡ ✐❧ ❝❧✉50❡% i ✐❧ ❝✉✐ ❝❡♥0%♦✐❞❡
✺
3 ✐❧ ♣✐L ✈✐❝✐♥♦✱ ✐♥ 0❡%♠✐♥✐ ❞✐
❞✐50❛♥③❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛✱ ❛
~t♠
✳
✺
❙✐ ❞❡✜♥✐&❝❡ ❝❡♥#$♦✐❞❡ ci ✐❧ ♣✉♥+♦ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❧✉&+❡. i✱ ♦++❡♥✉+♦ ❛ ♣❛.+✐.❡ ❞❛✐ ♣✉♥+✐
❛♣♣❛.+❡♥❡♥+✐ ❛❞ i✳
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✶✼ ❚❡❝♥✐❝❛ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉,-❡.✐♥❣
✸✮ $✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ♥✉♦✈❛♠❡♥0❡ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐0❡♠ ♠♦❞❡ ❛❞ a ✉0✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ♣6♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲
09 $✉❧❧❡ ♣❛6♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛6✐♦ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛0❡ ♣6❡❝❡❞❡♥0❡♠❡♥0❡ $✉❣❧✐ ❛60✐❝♦❧✐
❞✐ Ai✳ ❙✐ ♦00✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✈❡00♦6❡ ❞❡✐ $✉❜0♦♣✐❝
~t
✳
✹✮ $✐ 6❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ ✐♥✜♥❡ ❧❡ ♣6✐♠❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡6❡♥③❡ ❞✐ Vi ✐ ❝✉✐ ✈❡00♦6✐ ♠❡❞✐ ❞❡✐
$✉❜0♦♣✐❝
~tv $♦♥♦ ✐ ♣✐@ ✈✐❝✐♥✐✱ $❡♠♣6❡ ✐♥ 0❡6♠✐♥✐ ❞✐ ❞✐$0❛♥③❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡❛✱
❛
~t
✳
❙✐ ♥♦0✐ ❝❤❡✱ ❝♦♠❡ ♥❡❧ ❝❛$♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣6❡❝❡❞❡♥0❡ 0❡❝♥✐❝❛✱ D ♣♦$$✐❜✐❧❡ ❝❤❡ ✈❡♥❣❛♥♦
6❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛0❡ ♠❡♥♦ ❞✐ n ❝♦♥❢❡6❡♥③❡ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❛60✐❝♦❧♦✳
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❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ 4❱❛❧✉$❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡-✐♠❡♥$❛❧❡
■♥ "✉❡%&♦ ❝❛♣✐&♦❧♦ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ♣/❡%❡♥&❛&✐ ✐ &❡%& ❡ ✐ /✐%✉❧&❛&✐ %♣❡/✐♠❡♥&❛❧✐ ❞❡✐
&/❡ ♠❡&♦❞✐ ❞✐ ❝✉✐ %✐ 2 ❞✐%❝✉%%♦ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐&♦❧♦ ✸✳ ❱✐❡♥❡ ♣/✐♠❛ ❞✐%❝✉%%❛ ❧❛
❝♦♠♣♦%✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛&❛%❡&✱ ♠❡&&❡♥❞♦ ✐♥ ❧✉❝❡ ❧❡ ❞❡❝✐%✐♦♥✐ ♣/❡%❡ ♣❡/ ❧❛ %❝❡❧&❛
❞❡✐ ❞❛&✐ ❡ ❧❡ ♦♣❡/❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡✛❡&&✉❛&❡ ♣❡/ ♦&&❡♥❡/❧✐✳ ❙✉❝❝❡%%✐✈❛♠❡♥&❡ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦
❞❡%❝/✐&&❡ ❧❡ ♣/♦❝❡❞✉/❡ ❞✐ ✈❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❞♦&&❛&❡ ❡ ❧❡ ♠❡&/✐❝❤❡ ❞✬✐♥&❡/❡%%❡
♣❡/ ❧❡ ♣/❡%&❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ &❡❝♥✐❝❤❡✳ ■♥✜♥❡✱ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❡%♣♦%&✐ ♥❡❧ ❞❡&&❛❣❧✐♦ ✐
&❡%& ❡ ✐ /✐%✉❧&❛&✐ ♣❡/ ❝✐❛%❝✉♥❛ &❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✳
❚✉&&❡ ❧❡ %✉❞❞❡&&❡ ♦♣❡/❛③✐♦♥✐ %♦♥♦ %&❛&❡ ❡✛❡&&✉❛&❡ ❛❧❧✬✐♥&❡/♥♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛♠✲
❜✐❡♥&❡ ❞✐ %✈✐❧✉♣♣♦ ♣❡/ ❧✬❛♥❛❧✐%✐ %&❛&✐%&✐❝❛ ❘✱ ❜/❡✈❡♠❡♥&❡ ❞❡%❝/✐&&♦ ✐♥ ❛♣✲
♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ ❇✳
✹✳✶ ■❧ ❞❛'❛(❡'
B❡/ ❛❞❞❡%&/❛/❡ ✐❧ %✐%&❡♠❛ ❡ ♣/♦❝❡❞❡/❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❢❛%❡ ❞✐ &❡%&✐♥❣ %✐ 2 %❝❡❧&♦ ❞✐
♦&&❡♥❡/❡ ✐ ❞❛&✐ /❡❧❛&✐✈✐ ❛❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ❡❞ ❛❣❧✐ ❛/&✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❛❧❧❛ ❝♦❧❧❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐
▼✐❝#♦%♦❢' ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❙❡❛#❝❤
✶
✭▼❆❙ ✮✱ ❢♦/♥✐&❛ ❧✐❜❡/❛♠❡♥&❡ ❞❛ ▼✐❝/♦%♦❢&✳
▼❆❙ ♦✛/❡ ✉♥ ✈❛%&♦ ❝❛&❛❧♦❣♦ ❞✐ ❛✉&♦/✐✱ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡✱ /✐✈✐%&❡
❡ ♦/❣❛♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥✐ %✉❞❞✐✈✐%✐ ♣❡/ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞✐ %&✉❞✐ ✭❉♦♠❛✐♥✮✱ ♦❧&/❡ ❛ %❡/✈✐③✐ ❞✐
✈✐%✉❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ /❡&✐ ❞✐ /❡❧❛③✐♦♥✐ &/❛ ❛✉&♦/✐✱ ❝♦✲❛✉&♦/✐✱ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐
❡ ❝♦%H ✈✐❛✳
B❡/ "✉❛♥&♦ /✐❣✉❛/❞❛ "✉❡%&♦ ♣/♦❣❡&&♦✱ ❧✬✐♥%✐❡♠❡ ❞❡✐ ❞❛&✐ ❞✬✐♥&❡/❡%%❡
2 %&❛&♦ /✐%&/❡&&♦ ❛❧ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ✏❈♦♠♣✉&❡/ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✑❀ ✐❧ ♠♦&✐✈♦ 2 ❡%♣♦%&♦ ❛❧
❝❛♣✐&♦❧♦ ✸✳ ❙✐ 2 ❞❡❝✐%♦ ♣❡/&❛♥&♦ ❞✐ %❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛/❡ ✉♥ ❣/❛♥ ♥✉♠❡/♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♥✲
❢❡/❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ &❛❧❡ ❝❤❡ ♦❣♥✐ ❛♠❜✐&♦ ❞✐ /✐❝❡/❝❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❈♦♠♣✉&❡/ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡
✭❙✉❜❉♦♠❛✐♥✱ ❛❞ ❡%✳ ❉❛&❛ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ♦ ❙✐%&❡♠✐ ❖♣❡/❛&✐✈✐✖%✐ /✐♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❧❧❛
❞❡%❝/✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛&❛ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐&♦❧♦ ✸✮ %✐❛ /❛♣♣/❡%❡♥&❛&♦ ❞❛ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡✲
/❡♥③❛✳ B❡/ ♦❣♥✉♥❛ ❞✐ ❡%%❡ 2 %&❛&♦ ♣/❡❧❡✈❛&♦ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡/♦ ✭"✉❛%✐✮ ❝♦%&❛♥&❡
✶
❤!!♣✿✴✴❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝✳,❡-❡❛,❝❤✳♠✐❝,♦-♦❢!✳❝♦♠✴
✶✾
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✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✷✵
❞✐ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♥♦/♠❛❧✐③③❛/❡ ✐❧ ❝♦♥1/✐❜✉1♦ 2✉❛♥1✐1❛1✐✈♦ ❝❤❡
♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ ❞7 ❛❧ ❞❛1❛8❡1✳
✹✳✶✳✶ #$❡❧✐❡✈♦ ❞❡✐ ❞❛,✐
▲❛ /✐❝❡/❝❛ 8✉ ▼❆❙ > 81❛1❛ ❡✛❡11✉❛1❛ 1/❛♠✐1❡ ❧✬❆A■ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛ ♠❡88❛ ❛
❞✐8♣♦8✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛ ▼✐❝/♦8♦❢1✳ ❊88❛✱ /✐8♣❡11♦ ❛❧❧❛ /✐❝❡/❝❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❡ 8✉❧ 8✐1♦✱
♣❡/♠❡11❡ ♦♣❡/❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣✐D ❝♦♠♣❧❡88❡ ❡ 8♣❡❝✐✜❝❤❡ ❞✐ ✐♥1❡//♦❣❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛✲
1❛❜❛8❡✱ ❞✐ ♦11❡♥✐♠❡♥1♦ ❞✐ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛③✐♦♥✐ /✐❣✉❛/❞♦ ✉♥ ❞❛1♦ ♦❣❣❡11♦ ❡ ❞✐
❡8♣❧♦/❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ /❡❧❛③✐♦♥✐ 1/❛ ♦❣❣❡11✐✳ ▲✬❛❝❝❡88♦ ❛❧❧✬❆A■ > ✈✐♥❝♦❧❛1♦ ❛❧
❝♦♥❢❡/✐♠❡♥1♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❆♣♣■❉ ❞❛ ♣❛/1❡ ❞✐ ▼✐❝/♦8♦❢1✱ ❝✐♦> ✉♥ ■❉ ✉♥✐✈♦❝♦ ❡
♣❡/8♦♥❛❧❡ ♣❡/ ❧✬✉1✐❧✐③③♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❤❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡88❡/❡ ♣/❡8❡♥1❡ ✐♥ ♦❣♥✐
/✐❝❤✐❡81❛ ✐♥✈✐❛1❛ ❛❧❧✬❆A■✳ ❱✐ 8♦♥♦ ✐♥♦❧1/❡ ❛❧❝✉♥❡ /❡81/✐③✐♦♥✐ ❛❧❧✬✉8♦ ❞❡❧❧❛
81❡88❛✱ ❝♦♠❡ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡/♦ ♠❛88✐♠♦ ❞✐ 2✉❡/✐❡8 ❛❧ ♠✐♥✉1♦ ✭✷✵✵✮ ❡ ✐❧ ❧✐♠✐1❡ ❛❧
♥✉♠❡/♦ ❞✐ /✐8✉❧1❛1✐ ♣❡/ ♦❣♥✐ 2✉❡/② ✭✶✵✵✮✳
▲❡ 8❡❛/❝❤ /❡2✉❡818 ♣/❡8❡♥1❛1❡ ❛❧❧✬❆A■ ♣♦88♦♥♦ ❛✈✈❡♥✐/❡ ❛11/❛✈❡/8♦ ❞✉❡
✐♥1❡/❢❛❝❝❡✿ ❏❙❖◆✱ ❝❤❡ ♣/❡✈❡❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ 8❡❛/❝❤ /❡2✉❡81 ♥❡❧❧✬❯❘▲ ❡
❧❛ /❡8♣♦♥8❡ ✐♥ ♣✉/♦ ❢♦/♠❛1♦ ❏❙❖◆✱ ❡ ❙❖❆A✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣♦88✐❜✐❧✐17 ❞✐ 8✉♣♣♦/✲
1❛/❡ /❡2✉❡818 ❝♦♠♣❧❡88❡ 8❡♥③❛ ❧✐♠✐1❛③✐♦♥✐ 8✉❧❧❛ ❧✉♥❣❤❡③③❛ ❞❡❧❧✬❯❘▲✳ ◆❡❧
♥♦81/♦ ❝❛8♦ 8✐ > ♣/❡❢❡/✐1♦ ✉8✉❢/✉✐/❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥1❡/❢❛❝❝✐❛ ❏❙❖◆ ❞❛1❛ ❧❛ 8❡♠♣❧✐❝✐17
❞❡❧❧❡ 2✉❡/✐❡8 8♦11♦♣♦81❡ ❛❧❧❛ ▼❆❙ ❆A■✳
❙♦♥♦ 81❛1❡ ❡✛❡11✉❛1❡ ❞✉❡ 8❡/✐❡ ❞✐ 8❡❛/❝❤ /❡2✉❡81✿ ✭✐✮ ❧❛ ♣/✐♠❛ ♣❡/
♦11❡♥❡/❡ ✐ ❞❛1✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❧❛ 8❡❝♦♥❞❛ ♣❡/ ✐ 8✐♥❣♦❧✐ ❛/1✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧✲
❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡✱ ✉1✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ✐♥❢♦/♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡❧❛❜♦/❛1❡ ❛❧ ♣✉♥1♦ ♣/❡❝❡❞❡♥1❡✳
❉❛1❡ ❧❡ /❡81/✐③✐♦♥✐ ♣♦81❡ 8✉❧❧❡ /❡2✉❡81✱ > 81❛1♦ ♥❡❝❡88❛/✐♦ ❢/❛♠♠❡♥1❛/❧❡ ✐♥
♠♦❞♦ ❝❤❡ ♥♦♥ /✐❝❤✐❡❞❡88❡/♦ ♣✐D ❞✐ ✶✵✵ /✐8✉❧1❛1✐ ❛❧❧❛ ✈♦❧1❛✳
✹✳✶✳✶✳✶ ▲❡ ❝♦♥❢❡)❡♥③❡
❙♦♥♦ 81❛1✐ ♣/❡❧❡✈❛1✐ ✐ ❞❛1✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✸✵✵ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ♣✐D ✐♠♣♦/1❛♥1✐ ❡ ❛11✐✈❡ ♥❡❣❧✐
✉❧1✐♠✐ ✺ ❛♥♥✐ ♥❡❧ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉1❡/ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ▲✬✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✐ ✐♠♣♦/1❛♥③❛ >
2✉❡❧❧♦ 81❛♥❞❛/❞ ✉1✐❧✐③③❛1♦ ❞❛ ▼❆❙✱ ❝✐♦> ✐❧ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❘❛1✐♥❣
✷
✳
▲❡ /❡2✉❡818 ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛1❡ ♥❡❣❧✐ ❯❘▲ 8♦♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦81❡ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛/1❡ ✜88❛
❝❤❡ ♣❡/♠❡11❡ ❞✐ ❛❝❝❡❞❡/❡ ❛❧❧✬✐♥1❡/❢❛❝❝✐❛ ❏❙❖◆✿
❤!!♣ ✿✴✴ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝✳,❡-❡❛,❝❤✳♠✐❝,♦-♦❢!✳❝♦♠✴❥-♦♥✳-✈❝✴-❡❛,❝❤
❄
❡ ❞❛✐ ♣❛/❛♠❡1/✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ 2✉❡/② ❝❤❡ 8✐ ❞❡8✐❞❡/❛ ❡8❡❣✉✐/❡ 8✉ ▼❆❙❀ ♥❡❧ ♥♦81/♦
❝❛8♦✱ ✐ ♣/✐♠✐ 8❡✐ ♣❛/❛♠❡1/✐ 8♦♥♦ ✐❞❡♥1✐❝✐ ♣❡/ ♦❣♥✐ 2✉❡/② ✭❆!!■❉ > ❧❛ ❆♣♣■❉
❢♦/♥✐1❛ ❞❛ ▼✐❝/♦8♦❢1✮✿
✷
■❧ ❋✐❡❧❞ ❘❛(✐♥❣ + ✉♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡ .✐♠✐❧❡ ❛❧❧✬✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❍✱ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ .✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛♥♦ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡4♦ ❞✐
♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣❡4 ✉♥ ❛✉(♦4❡ ❡ ❧❛ ❞✐.(4✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❝✐(❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣❡4 8✉❡❧❧❡ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐❀
❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ❧❡ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❧❡ ❝✐(❛③✐♦♥✐ .♦❧(❛♥(♦ ❡♥(4♦ ✉♥♦ .♣❡❝✐✜❝♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞✐ .(✉❞✐✱ ♣❡4
❝✉✐ ♠♦.(4❛ ❧✬✐♠♣❛((♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❛✉(♦4❡ ✐♥ 8✉❡❧❧♦ .♣❡❝✐✜❝♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✳
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✷✶ ■❧ ❞❛$❛%❡$
❆♣♣■❞❂❆%%■❉✫
❉♦♠❛✐♥■❉ ❂✷✫
❘❡0✉❧3❖❜❥❡❝30❂❈♦♥❢❡:❡♥❝❡✫
❖:❞❡:❇②❂❍■♥❞❡①✫
❨❡❛:❙3❛:3 ❂✷✵✵✽✫
❨❡❛:❊♥❞ ❂✷✵✶✷✫
♠❡♥%&❡ ❣❧✐ ✉❧%✐♠✐ ❞✉❡ ✈❛&✐❛♥♦✱ ♣❡& ❢❛& ❢&♦♥%❡ ❛❧❧❛ &❡2%&✐③✐♦♥❡ 2✉❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦
❞✐ &✐2✉❧%❛%✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ 2❡❛&❝❤ &❡6✉❡2%2✿
❙3❛:3■❞① ❂✶✫
❊♥❞■❞① ❂✶✵✵
❙3❛:3■❞① ❂✶✵✶✫
❊♥❞■❞① ❂✷✵✵
❙3❛:3■❞① ❂✷✵✶✫
❊♥❞■❞① ❂✸✵✵
❙✐ ♣✉9 ♥♦%❛&❡ ❝♦♠❡ ❧❛ &✐❝❡&❝❛ 2✐❛ 2%❛%❛ &✐2%&❡%%❛ ❛❧ ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉%❡&
❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❝❤❡ ✐♥ ▼❆❙ ❤❛ ❝♦♠❡ ❉♦♠❛✐♥■❉ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡&♦ ✷✳
▲❡ &❡2♣♦♥2❡ ✐♥ ❢♦&♠❛%♦ ❏❙❖◆ 2♦♥♦ 2%❛%❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛%❡ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❡2%&❛&✲
&❡ 2♦❧%❛♥%♦ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡%%✐ ❘❡)✉❧, ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥%❡♥❣♦♥♦ ✐❧ &✐2✉❧%❛%♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ 6✉❡&② ❛
▼❆❙✳ ❉✐ %❛❧❡ ♦❣❣❡%%♦ 2♦♥♦ ♣♦✐ 2%❛%✐ 2❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛%✐ ✐ ❞❛%✐ ❞✬✐♥%❡&❡22❡✱ ♦✈✈❡&♦ ❣❧✐
♦❣❣❡%%✐✿ ✭✐✮ ■❉✱ ❝✐♦H ❧✬✐❞❡♥%✐✜❝❛%✐✈♦ ♥✉♠❡&✐❝♦ ✉♥✐✈♦❝♦ ❛22❡❣♥❛%♦ ❞❛ ▼❆❙
❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❘❡)❡❛-❝❤■♥,❡-❡),❉♦♠❛✐♥✱ ✉♥❛ ❧✐2%❛ ❝♦♥%❡♥❡♥%❡ ✐❧
❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❞✬✐♥%❡&❡22❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ❡ ❣❧✐ ❡✈❡♥%✉❛❧✐ ❙✉❜❉♦♠❛✐♥
✸
✳ ◗✉❡2%❡
✐♥❢♦&♠❛③✐♦♥✐ 2♦♥♦ ✐♥❞✐2♣❡♥2❛❜✐❧✐ ♣❡& ❡2❡❣✉✐&❡ ❧❛ &✐❝❡&❝❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐
❞❡2❝&✐%%❛ ✐♥ 2❡❣✉✐%♦✳
✹✳✶✳✶✳✷ ▲❡ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐
M❡& ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ♦%%❡♥✉%❛ ❛❧ ♣✉♥%♦ ♣&❡❝❡❞❡♥%❡ 2♦♥♦ 2%❛%❡ ❝❡&❝❛%❡ ❡ ♣&❡✲
❧❡✈❛%❡ ✷✵✵ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ♦&❞✐♥❛%❡ ✐♥ ♦&❞✐♥❡ ❞❡❝&❡2❝❡♥%❡ ✐♥ ❜❛2❡ ❛❧❧✬❛♥♥♦ ❞✐
♣&❡2❡♥%❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ◗✉❡2%❛ 6✉❛♥%✐%O ✐♥ &❡❛❧%O H ✈❛&✐❛❜✐❧❡✱ ❞❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥%♦ ❝❤❡ ♥♦♥
%✉%%❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡ ❝♦♥2✐❞❡&❛%❡ ❤❛♥♥♦ ❛❧ ❧♦&♦ ❛%%✐✈♦ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✷✵✵ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛✲
③✐♦♥✐ ♥❡❧ ❞❛%❛❜❛2❡ ❞✐ ▼❆❙❀ ✐♥♦❧%&❡ 2♦♥♦ 2%❛%✐ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛%✐ ❛✉%♦♠❛%✐❝❛♠❡♥%❡ ✐
&✐2✉❧%❛%✐ &❡❧❛%✐✈✐ ❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ ♣&❡2❡♥%❛✈❛♥♦ ✐❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ &❡2♣♦♥2❡
❆❜),-❛❝, ✈✉♦%♦✳ ❉✐ ❝♦♥2❡❣✉❡♥③❛ ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ H &❛♣♣&❡2❡♥%❛%❛ ❛❧ ♣✐P
❞❛ ✷✵✵ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ♥❡❧ ❞❛%❛2❡%✳
M❡& ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ❞❡♥♦%❛%❛ ❞❛❧❧✬■❉ ❈❖◆❋■❉✱ ❧❡ &❡6✉❡2% ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛%❡
♥❡❧❧✬❯❘▲ 2♦♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦2%❡ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛&%❡ ✜22❛ ❝❤❡ H ✐❞❡♥%✐❝❛ ❛ 6✉❡❧❧❛ ✉2❛%❛
♥❡❧❧❛ 2❡③✐♦♥❡ ✹✳✶✳✶✳✶✱ ❞❛✐ 6✉❛%%&♦ ♣❛&❛♠❡%&✐ ✜22✐✿
❆♣♣■❞❂❆%%■❉✫
❈♦♥❢❡:❡♥❝❡■❉❂❈❖◆❋■❉✫
✸
❙✐ ✈❡❞❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐③♦♥❡ ❡ ❧❡ ❝❛,❛--❡,✐.-✐❝❤❡ ❞✬✐♥-❡,❡..❡ ❞❡✐ ❙✉❜❉♦♠❛✐♥ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐-♦❧♦ ✸✳✸✳
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✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✷✷
❘❡"✉❧%❖❜❥❡❝%"❂♣✉❜❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥✫
❖1❞❡1❇②❂❨❡❛1✫
❡ ❞❛✐ ❞✉❡ ♣❛'❛♠❡)'✐ ❝❤❡ ✈❛'✐❛♥♦✱ 0❡♠♣'❡ ♣❡' ♦✈✈✐❛'❡ ❛❧ ♣'♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡❧
♥✉♠❡'♦ ♠❛00✐♠♦ ❞✐ '✐0✉❧)❛)✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ 0❡❛'❝❤ '❡3✉❡0)0✿
❙%❛1%■❞① ❂✶✫
❊♥❞■❞① ❂✶✵✵
❙%❛1%■❞① ❂✶✵✶✫
❊♥❞■❞① ❂✷✵✵
❞♦✈❡ ❆!!■❉ 5 ❧❛ ❆♣♣■❉ ❢♦'♥✐)❛ ❞❛ ▼✐❝'♦0♦❢)✳
▲❡ '❡0♣♦♥0❡ ✐♥ ❢♦'♠❛)♦ ❏❙❖◆ 0♦♥♦ 0)❛)❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛)❡ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❡0)'❛'✲
'❡ 0♦❧)❛♥)♦ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡))✐ ❘❡&✉❧) ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥)❡♥❣♦♥♦ ✐❧ '✐0✉❧)❛)♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ 3✉❡'② ❛
▼❆❙✳ ❉✐ )❛❧❡ ♦❣❣❡))♦ 0♦♥♦ ♣♦✐ 0)❛)✐ 0❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛)✐ ✐ ❞❛)✐ ❝❤❡ ✈❛♥♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦''❡
✐❧ ❞❛)❛0❡)✱ ♦✈✈❡'♦ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡))✐✿
• ■❉✱ ❧✬✐❞❡♥)✐✜❝❛)✐✈♦ ✉♥✐✈♦❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ♥❡❧ ❞❛)❛❜❛0❡ ❞✐ ▼❆❙❀
• ❚✐)❧❡✱ ✐❧ )✐)♦❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡❀
• ❆❜&)-❛❝)✱ ❧✬❛❜0)'❛❝) ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡❀
• ❨❡❛-✱ ❛♥♥♦ ❞✐ ♣'❡0❡♥)❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛❀
• ❆✉)❤♦-✱ ❧✐0)❛ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛✉)♦'✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡❀
• ❑❡②✇♦-❞✱ ❧✐0)❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❦❡②✇♦'❞ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡❀
• ❈♦♥❢❡-❡♥❝❡✱ ♦❣❣❡))♦ ❝♦♥)❡♥❡♥)❡ ■❉ ❡ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛❀
• ❈✐)❛)✐♦♥❈♦✉♥)✱ ♥✉♠❡'♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝✐)❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡❀
• ❉❖■✱ ❉✐❣✐)❛❧ ❖❜❥❡❝) ■❞❡♥)✐✜❡' ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡✳
✹✳✶✳✷ ❊❧❛❜♦)❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ❞❛/✐
●❧✐ ♦❣❣❡))✐ 0❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛)✐ 0♦♥♦ 0)❛)✐ 0❛❧✈❛)✐ ✐♥ ✉♥ ✜❧❡ ❘❆❲ ❝❤❡ ❝♦0)✐)✉✐0❝❡
✐❧ ❞❛)❛0❡) ♣✉'♦ ❡ ❝❤❡ 0✐ ♣'❡0)❛ ❛❞ ❡00❡'❡ ✏'❛✣♥❛)♦✑✳ ■♥❢❛))✐ ✐❧ ✜❧❡ ❘❆❲
'✐❝❤✐❡❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥♦0❝❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❧❛00❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡))✐ ✐♥ ❡00♦ ❝♦♥)❡♥✉)✐ ❡ ♥♦♥ 5
❤✉♠❛♥✲'❡❛❞❛❜❧❡
✹
✳
❙✐ 5 ❞❡❝✐0♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♠♣♦''❡ ✉♥ ✜❧❡ ❈❙❱
✺
♣❡' ❢❛❝✐❧✐)❛'❡ ❧❛ ❢'✉✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ❞❛)✐
❛♥❝❤❡ ❞❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ ✐❣♥♦'❛♥♦ )❛❧✐ ❝❛'❛))❡'✐0)✐❝❤❡✱ ♦ ♣❡' ❝♦♥0✉❧)❛'❡
✹
❘❛♣♣#❡%❡♥'❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❞❛'♦ ♦ ❞✐ ✉♥✬✐♥❢♦#♠❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❤❡ ♣✉2 ❡%%❡#❡ ❧❡''❛ ❞❛ ✉♥ ❡%%❡#❡
✉♠❛♥♦ ♥❛'✉#❛❧♠❡♥'❡✱ %❡♥③❛ ❞❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❤❡ ✐♥'❡#♠❡❞✐❡✳
✺
❈♦♠♠❛✲%❡♣❛(❛)❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡%✿ ✜❧❡ ❝♦♥'❡♥❡♥'❡ ✉♥❛ '❛❜❡❧❧❛ ❞✐ ❞❛'✐ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ ♦❣♥✐ #✐❣❛ ❞❡❧❧❛
'❛❜❡❧❧❛ : #❛♣♣#❡%❡♥'❛'❛ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛ ❞✐ '❡%'♦ ❡ ✐ %✐♥❣♦❧✐ ❝❛♠♣✐ ❡♥'#♦ ♦❣♥✐ #✐❣❛ %♦♥♦
%❡♣❛#❛'✐ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ✈✐#❣♦❧❛✳
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✷✸ ❛"❛♠❡%"✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡
✐ ❞❛%✐ &❡♥③❛ ♣+♦❣+❛♠♠✐ &♣❡❝✐✜❝✐✳ 2❡+ ❢❛+❡ ❝✐4✱ 6 &%❛%♦ ♥❡❝❡&&❛+✐♦ ♠♦❞✐✲
✜❝❛+❡ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡%%✐ ❞❡❧ ✜❧❡ ❘❆❲ ❝♦♥%❡♥❡♥%✐ ✈❛❧♦+✐ ♠✉❧%✐♣❧✐ ❞❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥%♦
❝❤❡ ♦❣♥✐ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♦❝❝✉♣❛+❡ ✉♥❛ ❡ ✉♥❛ &♦❧❛ +✐❣❛ ❞❡❧ ✜❧❡ ❈❙❱✿
✭✐✮ ❧✬♦❣❣❡%%♦ ❞❡❧ ✜❧❡ ❘❆❲ ❆✉"❤♦% 6 &%❛%♦ ✏❝♦♥❞❡♥&❛%♦✑ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❛%❡♥❛✲
③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛✉%♦+✐✱ &❡♣❛+❛%✐ ❞❛❧ ❝❛+❛%%❡+❡ ❵⑤✬✱ ❣❡♥❡+❛♥❞♦ ✐❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❆✉"❤♦%&
♥❡❧ ❈❙❱❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❧✬♦❣❣❡%%♦ ❞❡❧ ✜❧❡ ❘❆❲ ❑❡②✇♦%❞ 6 &%❛%♦ ✏❝♦♥❞❡♥&❛%♦✑ ♥❡❧✲
❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❛%❡♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❦❡②✇♦+❞✱ &❡♣❛+❛%❡ ❞❛❧ ❝❛+❛%%❡+❡ ❵⑤✬✱ ❣❡♥❡+❛♥❞♦ ✐❧
❝❛♠♣♦ ❑❡②✇♦%❞& ♥❡❧ ❈❙❱❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❧✬♦❣❣❡%%♦ ❞❡❧ ✜❧❡ ❘❆❲ ❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡ 6 &%❛✲
%♦ ✏❡&♣❛♥&♦✑ ❣❡♥❡+❛♥❞♦ ✐ ❝❛♠♣✐ ❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡■❉✱ ❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡❙❤♦%"◆❛♠❡ ❡
❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡❋✉❧❧◆❛♠❡ ♥❡❧ ❈❙❱✳
■❧ ❢♦+♠❛%♦ ❞✐ ♦❣♥✐ +✐❣❛ ❞❡❧ ✜❧❡ ❈❙❱ 6 ❞✉♥P✉❡ ✐❧ &❡❣✉❡♥%❡✿
■❉✱ ❚✐"❧❡✱ ❆❜&"%❛❝"✱ ❨❡❛%✱ ❆✉"❤♦%&✱ ❑❡②✇♦%❞&✱ ❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡■❉✱
❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡❙❤♦%"◆❛♠❡✱ ❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡❋✉❧❧◆❛♠❡✱ ❈✐"❛"✐♦♥&✱ ❉❖■
✹✳✶✳✸ ❉✐♠❡♥)✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡))✐✈❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❛1❛)❡1
❆❧ %❡+♠✐♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣+♦❝❡❞✉+❛ ❞✐ ♣+❡❧✐❡✈♦ ❞❡✐ ❞❛%✐✱ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✉+❛%❛ ❛♣♣+♦&&✐♠❛✲
%✐✈❛ ❞✐ %+❡ &❡%%✐♠❛♥❡✱ ✐❧ ❞❛%❛&❡% +✐&✉❧%❛ ❝♦&%✐%✉✐%♦ ❞❛ ✺✽✹✻✻ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐
❞✐&%+✐❜✉✐%❡ &✉ ✸✵✵ ❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❡✳ ■ ✜❧❡ ❣❡♥❡+❛%✐ &♦♥♦✿
• ✏❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❡✸✵✵✳%❘❛✇✑ ❛♣♣+♦&&✐♠❛%✐✈❛♠❡♥%❡ ❞✐ ✷✼ ▼❡❣❛❜②%❡❀
• ✏❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❡✸✵✵✳❝&✈✑ ❛♣♣+♦&&✐♠❛%✐✈❛♠❡♥%❡ ❞✐ ✹✶ ▼❡❣❛❜②%❡✳
✹✳✷ #❛%❛♠❡(%✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈❛❧✉(❛③✐♦♥❡
▲❛ &❡③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦++❡♥%❡ &✐ &♦✛❡+♠❛ &✉❧❧❛ ❞❡&❝+✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣+♦❝❡❞✉+❛ ❛❞♦%%❛%❛
♣❡+ ❧❛ ✈❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ❧❛ P✉❛❧❡ 6 ✐❞❡♥%✐❝❛ ♥❡❧❧❛ &%+✉%%✉+❛ ♣❡+ %✉%%❡ ❡ %+❡ ❧❡
%❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ &%✉❞✐❛%❡✳ ❙♣✐❡❣❛ ♣♦✐ ❧❡ ♠❡%+✐❝❤❡ ❞✬✐♥%❡+❡&&❡ ♣❡+ ❧❛ ♠✐&✉+❛ ❞❡❧❧❡
♣+❡&%❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❧❡ ❜❛&❡❧✐♥❡ ♣❡+ ✐❧ ❧♦+♦ ❝♦♥❢+♦♥%♦✳
✹✳✷✳✶ 34♦❝❡❞✉4❛ ❞✐ ✈❛❧✉1❛③✐♦♥❡
▲❛ ♣+♦❝❡❞✉+❛ ❞✐ ✈❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦✐♥✈♦❧❣❡ ✐❧ ❞❛%❛&❡% ❞❡&❝+✐%%♦ &♦♣+❛✱ P✉✐ ❞❡✲
♥♦%❛%♦ ❞❛❧❧✬✐♥&✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛+%✐❝♦❧✐ A✳ ➮ &%❛%❛ ❛❞♦%%❛%❛ ✉♥❛ %❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ ✷✲❢♦❧❞
❝+♦&&✲✈❛❧✐❞❛%✐♦♥
✻
❝♦♠✉♥❡ ❛ ❝✐❛&❝✉♥❛ %❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❡❧❛❜♦+❛%❛✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❛❞❞❡✲
&%+❛+❧❡ ❡ ✈❛❧✉%❛+♥❡ ❧❡ ♣+❡&%❛③✐♦♥✐✳ ▲❛ ♠♦%✐✈❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥&✐&%❡ ♥❡❧ ❢❛%%♦ ❞✐
♣♦%❡+ ❞✐&♣♦++❡ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♣❛+%❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛%❛&❡% ❡&❝❧✉&✐✈❛♠❡♥%❡ ♣❡+ ❧❛ ❢❛&❡ ❞✐ %❡&%
❡✱ &❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ %+❛✐♥✐♥❣ &❡% ❡ %❡&%✐♥❣ &❡%✱ ❢❛+❡ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❝❤❡ ✐ +✐&✉❧%❛%✐ ❞❡❧
%❡&% ♥♦♥ ❞✐♣❡♥❞❛♥♦ ❞❛ ✉♥ %+❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♣❛+%✐❝♦❧❛+♠❡♥%❡ ✏❢♦+%✉♥❛%♦✑✿
✻
▲❛ m✲❢♦❧❞ ❝(♦))✲✈❛❧✐❞❛,✐♦♥ . ✉♥❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ ),❛,✐),✐❝❛ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥)✐),❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ )✉❞❞✐✈✐)✐♦♥❡❞❡❧ ❞❛,❛)❡, ,♦,❛❧❡ ✐♥ m ♣❛(,✐ ❞✐ ✉❣✉❛❧❡ ♥✉♠❡(♦)✐,5 ❡✱ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ♣❛))♦✱ ❧❛ ♣❛(,❡ (1/m)✲❡)✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❛,❛)❡, ✈✐❡♥❡ ❛❞ ❡))❡(❡ ✐❧ ,❡),✐♥❣ )❡,✱ ♠❡♥,(❡ ❧❛ (❡),❛♥,❡ ♣❛(,❡ ❝♦),✐,✉✐)❝❡ ✐❧
,(❛✐♥✐♥❣ )❡,✳
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✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✷✹
✶✮ $✐ $✉❞❞✐✈✐❞❡ ✐❧ ❞❛,❛$❡, ✐♥ ❞✉❡ $♦,,♦✐♥$✐❡♠✐ ❞✐$❣✐✉♥,✐ A′❡ A′′
✱ ,❛❧✐ ❝❤❡
A′∪A′′ = A ❡ ❝♦♥,❡♥❡♥,✐ ❝✐❛$❝✉♥♦ ♠❡,4 ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛5,✐❝♦❧✐ ♣❡5 ♦❣♥✉♥❛ ❞❡❧❧❡
300 ❝♦♥❢❡5❡♥③❡ ♣5❡$❡ ✐♥ ❡$❛♠❡❀
✷✮ $✐ ♣5♦❝❡❞❡ ❝♦❧ ♣5✐♠♦ ♣❛$$♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✷✲❢♦❧❞ ❝5♦$$ ✈❛❧✐❞❛,✐♦♥✿
✐✮ $✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ ❧❡❛5♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡ $✉❣❧✐ ❛5,✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A′✱ ✐♥ <✉❡$,♦ ❝❛$♦ ✐❧
,5❛✐♥✐♥❣ $❡,❀
✐✐✮ $✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ 5❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❛5,✐❝♦❧♦ ❞✐ A′′✱ ✐❧ ,❡$,✐♥❣
$❡,❀
✐✐✐✮ $✐ ✈❛❧✉,❛♥♦ ❧❡ ♣5❡$,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ <✉❡$,❛ ♣5✐♠❛ 5❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠❡,5✐❝❛ ❞❡$❝5✐,,❛ ✐♥ $❡③✐♦♥❡ ✹✳✷✳✷❀
✸✮ $✐ ♣5♦$❡❣✉❡ ❝♦❧ $❡❝♦♥❞♦ ♣❛$$♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✷✲❢♦❧❞ ❝5♦$$ ✈❛❧✐❞❛,✐♦♥✿
✐✮ $✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ ❧❡❛5♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡ $✉❣❧✐ ❛5,✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A′′✱ ✐♥ <✉❡$,♦ ❝❛$♦
❞✐✈❡♥✉,♦ ✐❧ ,5❛✐♥✐♥❣ $❡,❀
✐✐✮ $✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ 5❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❛5,✐❝♦❧♦ ❞✐ A′✱ ♦5❛ ✐❧
,❡$,✐♥❣ $❡,❀
✐✐✐✮ $✐ ✈❛❧✉,❛♥♦ ❧❡ ♣5❡$,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ <✉❡$,❛ $❡❝♦♥❞❛ 5❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡
❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠❡,5✐❝❛ ❞❡$❝5✐,,❛ ✐♥ $❡③✐♦♥❡ ✹✳✷✳✷❀
✹✮ ❧❡ ♣5❡$,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦♠♣❧❡$$✐✈❡ $♦♥♦ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣5❡$,❛③✐♦♥✐ ♦,,❡♥✉,❡ ♣❡5
♦❣♥✉♥❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❞✉❡ 5❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡✳
?❡5 ,✉,,❡ ❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡✱ ❧❛ 5❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛$❡ ,❡♥,❛ ❞✐ ❛$$❡❣♥❛5❡ ❛❣❧✐
❛5,✐❝♦❧✐ ❛❧ ♠❛$$✐♠♦ n = 3 5❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ,❛❧❡ ❞❛ ✉♥✐❢♦5♠❛✲
5❡ $✉❧❧❡ ,5❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ✐ 5✐$✉❧,❛,✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈❛❧✉,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣5❡$,❛③✐♦♥✐✳ ❈♦✲
♠❡ ✈✐$,♦ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧♦ ✸✱ ♥♦♥ A ❡$❝❧✉$♦✱ ♣❡5 ❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❚✇♦✲$,❡♣$✲▲❉❆ ❡
▲❉❆✰❝❧✉$,❡5✐♥❣✱ ❝❤❡ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡5♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡5❡♥③❡ ❡✛❡,,✐✈❛♠❡♥,❡ 5❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛✲
,❡ $✐❛ ♠✐♥♦5❡ ❞✐ 3✳
✹✳✷✳✷ ▼❡%&✐❝❤❡ ❞✬✐♥%❡&❡--❡
▲❛ ♠❡,5✐❝❛ ♣❡5 ✈❛❧✉,❛5❡ ❧❡ ♣5❡$,❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ,❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ $✈✐❧✉♣♣❛,❡ A ❧✬❛❝❝✉#❛❝②✱
❞❡✜♥✐,❛ ❝♦♠❡ ❧❛ ♣❡5❝❡♥,✉❛❧❡✿
accuracy =★ ❛5,✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A ❝♦♥ 5❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦55❡,,❛
★ ❛5,✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A· 100%
■♥ <✉❡$,❛ ,❡$✐ ❧✬❛❝❝✉5❛❝② ✈✐❡♥❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛,❛ $❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❞✉❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐,4 ❝❤❡ ❞✐❢✲
❢❡5✐$❝♦♥♦ ✐♥ ❜❛$❡ ❛❧ $✐❣♥✐✜❝❛,♦ ❝❤❡ $✐ ❛$$❡❣♥❛ ❛❧❧❡ ♣❛5♦❧❡ ✏5❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡
❝♦55❡,,❛✑✿
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✷✺ ❛"❛♠❡%"✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡
❛✮ ■❧ ♣'✐♠♦ ❝❛,♦✱ ❝❤❡ ,✐ ♣✉1 ❝❤✐❛♠❛'❡ ✈❡♥✉❡ ♠❛&❝❤✱ ❞❡✜♥✐,❝❡ ✉♥❛ '❛❝❝♦✲
♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦**❡&&❛ ♣❡' ❧✬❛'8✐❝♦❧♦ a ,❡ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ n '❛❝❝♦♠❛♥✲
❞❛③✐♦♥✐ '✐❝❡✈✉8❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ '❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛,❡ ❝♦''✐,♣♦♥❞❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛
❞✐ ♣'♦✈❡♥✐❡♥③❛ ❞✐ a✱ ❝❤✐❛♠❛8❛ v(a)✳ ■♥ ❛❧8'❡ ♣❛'♦❧❡✱ ,❡ ,✐ ❞❡✜♥✐,❝❡ ❧❛
❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦**❡&&❛ ❞✐ a✿
f✈♠
(a) =
{
1 ,❡ v(a) ∈ Va
0 ❛❧8'✐♠❡♥8✐
❝❤❡ ❡,♣'✐♠❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥❡ ❝❤❡ 8'❛ ❣❧✐ n '✐,✉❧8❛8✐ Va = {v1, . . . , vn} ❞❡❧❧❛
'❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛,❡ ,✐❛ ♣'❡,❡♥8❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛ v(a)✱ ❛❧❧♦'❛ ❧✬❛❝❝✉'❛❝②
♣✉1 ❡,,❡'❡ ❞❡✜♥✐8❛ ❝♦♠❡✿
accuracy✈♠
=
∑
a∈A f✈♠
(a)
|A|· 100%
❜✮ ■❧ ,❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❝❛,♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛8♦ .✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛&❝❤✱ ❝♦♥8'♦❧❧❛ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ @✉❛❧✐
,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭8'❛ ✐ 24 ❞❡✜♥✐8✐ ✐♥ ▼✐❝'♦,♦❢8 ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❙❡❛'❝❤
✼
✮ ❝❛'❛88❡'✐③✲
③❛♥♦ ❧❡ n '❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡ ✈❡'✐✜❝❛ ,❡ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥♦ ❞✐ @✉❡,8✐ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡
❝♦♥ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥♦ ❞❡✐ ,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❝❛'❛88❡'✐③③❛♥8✐ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ♣'♦✈❡✲
♥✐❡♥③❛ ❞✐ a✱ v(a)✳ ❙❡ ❧❛ ✈❡'✐✜❝❛ ❞E ❡,✐8♦ ♣♦,✐8✐✈♦✱ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❛,,❡❣♥❛8❛ ❛❞
a ✉♥❛ '❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦**❡&&❛✳
❖'❛✱ ♣♦✐❝❤G ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❛8❛,❡8 H ❝❛'❛88❡'✐③③❛8❛ ❞❛ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡'♦
❞✐ ,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❡ ✈❛ ❞❛ 0 ❛ 3 ❡ ✐ ❞✐✈❡',✐ ,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ s ♣♦,,♦♥♦ ❡,,❡'❡
✐❞❡♥8✐✜❝❛8✐ ❝♦♥ ❞❡❣❧✐ ✐♥8❡'✐ ❞❛ 1 ❛ 24✱ ,✐ ♣✉1 ❞❡✜♥✐'❡ ❧✬✐♥,✐❡♠❡ ❞❡✐
,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❣❡♥❡'✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛ v ❝♦♠❡ Sv = {s1, . . . , sq}✱ 0 ≤q ≤ 3✳ ❉❛8✐ ❧✬✐♥,✐❡♠❡ ❞❡✐ ,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞✐ v(a)✱ Sv(a)✱ ❡ ❣❧✐ n ✐♥,✐❡♠✐ ❞❡✐
,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❧❧❡ '❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ S1, . . . , Sn✱ ,✐ ❞❡✜♥✐,❝❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡
❞✐ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦**❡&&❛ ❞✐ a✿
f#♠
(a) =
{
1 ,❡ Sv(a) ∩⋃n
i=1 Si 6= ∅
0 ❛❧8'✐♠❡♥8✐
❊,,❛ ❡,♣'✐♠❡ ✐❧ ❢❛88♦ ❝❤❡ H ,✉✣❝✐❡♥8❡ ❧❛ ♣'❡,❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ✉♥ ,♦❧♦ ,✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥
✐♥ ❝♦♠✉♥❡ 8'❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧❧✬❛'8✐❝♦❧♦ a ❡ ❧✬✉♥✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡'❡♥③❡
'❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛8❡ ♣❡'❝❤G ✈✐ ,✐❛ ✉♥❛ '❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦''❡88❛✳ ❆❧❧♦'❛ ,✐
♣✉1 ❞❡✜♥✐'❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉'❛❝②✿
accuracy#♠
=
∑
a∈A f#♠
(a)
|A|· 100%
✼
❙✐ "✐❝♦"❞❛ ❧❛ (♣✐❡❣❛③✐♦♥❡ ❢♦"♥✐/❛ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐/♦❧♦ ✸✳✸✳
![Page 38: Tecniche di raccomandazione automatica per la sottomissione di articoli scientifici](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052311/559afed21a28ab821a8b47c5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✷✻
▲❛ ♥❡❝❡''✐)* ❞✐ ❞✉❡ ❞✐')✐♥)❡ ❢♦/♠✉❧❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② 5 ♠♦)✐✈❛)❛ ❞❛❧
❢❛))♦ ❝❤❡ ❧❛ ♣/✐♠❛ ❢♦/♥✐'❝❡ ✉♥ ❧✐♠✐)❡ ✐♥❢❡/✐♦/❡ ♣❡/ )✉))✐ ✐ ✈❛❧♦/✐ ❞✐ ❛❝❝✉/❛✲
❝②✱ ♠❡♥)/❡ ❧❛ '❡❝♦♥❞❛ ❢♦/♥✐'❝❡ ✉♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✐ ♣/❡')❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣✐; ❛))✐♥❡♥)❡ ❝♦♥
❧✬✉)✐❧✐③③♦ ♣/❛)✐❝♦ ❞❡❧ '✐')❡♠❛✳
▲❛ ♣/✐♠❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐)* ✐♥❢❛))✐ ❞❡'❝/✐✈❡ ❧❛ '✐)✉❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ '✐ ❞❡'✐❞❡/❛ ❛'✲
'❡❣♥❛/❡ ✉♥ ❛/)✐❝♦❧♦ ❡!❛##❛♠❡♥#❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ ✐♥ ❝✉✐ 5 ')❛)♦ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛)♦✳
➮ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐)♦ ❞✐✣❝✐❧❡ ✐♥ ❢❛'❡ ❞✐ )❡')✱ ✈✐')❛ ❧❛ )✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡✐ ❞❛)✐ /✐❝❤✐❡')✐
♣❡/ ❧❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ❛✐ ❝♦♥❝❡))✐ ♠❛)❡♠❛)✐❝✐ ❛❞♦))❛)✐ ❡ ❛❧ ❣/❛♥ ♥✉♠❡/♦
❞✐ ♣♦''✐❜✐❧✐ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ♠❛ '♦♣/❛))✉))♦ 5 ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐)♦ ✐♥✈❡/♦'✐♠✐❧❡
♥❡❧❧✬✉)✐❧✐③③♦ /❡❛❧❡✿ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ♣/❡'❡♥)❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛/)✐❝♦❧♦ '♦))♦♠❡''♦
'❛/* ✐❧ &✐!✉❧#❛#♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ♥♦♥ ✉♥ ❞❛)♦ ♥♦)♦ ❛❧ '✐')❡♠❛ ❛
♣/✐♦/✐✳ ■♥❢❛))✐ ✐♥ C✉❡')♦ ❝❛'♦ 5 ✐♠♣♦''✐❜✐❧❡ ❞❡)❡/♠✐♥❛/❡ '❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛
/❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛)❛ 5 C✉❡❧❧❛ ❣✐✉')❛✱ ✈✐')♦ ❝❤❡ ❧✬❛/)✐❝♦❧♦ ♥♦♥ 5 ❛♥❝♦/❛ ')❛)♦ ♣✉❜✲
❜❧✐❝❛)♦ ❛❞ ❛❧❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛❀ ❞✬❛❧)/♦ ❝❛♥)♦ ❧✬♦❜✐❡))✐✈♦ ❞✐ C✉❡')❛ )❡'✐ 5 ❝❤❡
❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛)❛ '✐❛ ❧❛ ♠✐❣❧✐♦&❡ ✐♥ ❜❛'❡ ❛✐ ❝/✐)❡/✐ '✈✐❧✉♣♣❛)✐
♣❡/ ❧❡ )/❡ )❡❝♥✐❝❤❡✳
▲❛ '❡❝♦♥❞❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐)* ❢♦/♥✐'❝❡ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ ✉♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✐ ♣/❡')❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣✐; ✈❡✲
/♦'✐♠✐❧❡ ♣❡/❝❤E ♠❡))❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❢/♦♥)♦ ✐ ❝❛♠♣✐ ❞✐ ')✉❞✐ ❝❤❡ ❝❛/❛))❡/✐③③❛♥♦
❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛)❡ ❝♦♥ C✉❡❧❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ♣/❡'❡♥)❛③✐♦♥❡
❞❡❧❧✬❛/)✐❝♦❧♦✳ ■♥)✉✐)✐✈❛♠❡♥)❡✱ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ '❝❡♥❛/✐♦ ❞✐ ✉)✐❧✐③③♦ ♣/❛)✐❝♦
❞❡❧ '✐')❡♠❛✱ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥'✐')❡ ♥❡❧❧✬✐♥❞✐/✐③③❛/❡ ❧✬❛/)✐❝♦❧♦ ✈❡/'♦ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ❝❤❡
)/❛))❛♥♦ ✐ '✉♦✐ ')❡''✐ ❛/❣♦♠❡♥)✐ ❡ ♥♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ ♣/❡❝✐'❛✳
✹✳✷✳✸ ❇❛&❡❧✐♥❡
◆❡❧❧✬■♥)/♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ '✐ 5 '❝/✐))♦ ❝❤❡ ♥♦♥ ❡'✐')♦♥♦ ✐♥ ❧❡))❡/❛)✉/❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❜❛'❡❧✐♥❡
❝❤❡ ♣❡/♠❡))❛♥♦ ❞✐ ✈❡/✐✜❝❛/❡ ❧❛ C✉❛❧✐)* ❞❡❧❧❡ '♦❧✉③✐♦♥✐ ❛❧ ♣/♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ■♥❢❛)✲
)✐✱ ✐❧ ♣/♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ❛✛/♦♥)❛)♦ ♥❡❧ ♠♦❞♦
❞❡'❝/✐))♦ ✐♥ C✉❡')❛ )❡'✐ 5 ♥✉♦✈♦ ❡ ❤❛ /✐❝❤✐❡')♦ ❞✐ ❞❡✜♥✐/❡ ❞❛ ③❡/♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❜❛'❡✲
❧✐♥❡ '✐❣♥✐✜❝❛)✐✈❡✳ ❆ )❛❧ ♣/♦♣♦'✐)♦ '✐ 5 ❞❡❝✐'♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♥'✐❞❡/❛/❡ ❝♦♠❡ ❜❛'❡❧✐♥❡
❧❡ ♣/♦❜❛❜✐❧✐)* ❡ ❧❡ ❛❝❝✉/❛❝② ❞✐ ✉♥❛ '❝❡❧)❛ ❝❛'✉❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐✱
♦ &❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛!✉❛❧❡✱ ♣❡/ ❡♥)/❛♠❜❡ ❧❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐)* ♦''❡/✈❛)❡✳
❛✮ ◆❡❧❧❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐)* ✈❡♥✉❡ ♠❛)❝❤✱ ❧❛ ♣/♦❜❛❜✐❧✐)* 5 /❛♣♣/❡'❡♥)❛)❛ ❞❛ ✉♥❛
'❡♠♣❧✐❝❡ ❞✐')/✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐'❝/❡)❛ ✉♥✐❢♦/♠❡
✽
✳
• ❙❡ '✐ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛ ✉♥❛ '♦❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❛/)✐❝♦❧♦✱ ❧❛ ♣/♦❜❛❜✐✲
❧✐)* ❞✐ '❝❡❧)❛ ❝❛'✉❛❧❡ ✈❛❧❡
P (/❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛'✉❛❧❡) =1
300= 0.003̄
❝✐♦5 ✉♥✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② ❞❡❧❧♦ 0.3̄%✳
✽
❙✐ ✈❡❞❛ ❛❧ '✐❣✉❛'❞♦ ❤!!♣✿✴✴✐!✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦-❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❉✐0!-✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡❴❞✐0❝-❡!❛❴✉♥✐❢♦-♠❡
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✷✼ ❛"❛♠❡%"✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡
• ❙❡ ✐♥✈❡❝❡✱ ❝♦♠❡ +✉❝❝❡❞❡ ♥❡✐ ♠❡.♦❞✐ ✈❛❧✉.❛.✐ ♥❡❧ +❡❣✉✐.♦✱ +✐ 2❛❝✲
❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ n = 3 ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡✱ ❧❛ ♣2♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.8 ❞✐ +❝❡❧.❛ ❝❛+✉❛❧❡
✈❛❧❡
P (2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛+✉❛❧❡) =3
300= 0.01
❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉2❛❝② ❞✐✈❡♥.❛ ❞❡❧❧✬1%✳
• ■♥ ❣❡♥❡2❛❧❡✱ ✐♥✜♥❡✱ +❡ +✐ 2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ n ≤ N ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡✱ ❧❛
♣2♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.8 ❞✐ +❝❡❧.❛ ❝❛+✉❛❧❡ ✈❛❧❡
P (2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛+✉❛❧❡) =n
N
❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉2❛❝② ❞✐✈❡♥.❛
nN
· 100%✳
❜✮ ◆❡❧❧❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐.8 +✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛.❝❤ ✐❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ A ❞❡❝✐+❛♠❡♥.❡ ♣✐B ❝♦♠♣❧❡+✲
+♦✱ ♣❡2❝❤A v(a) ♣✉C ❛♣♣❛2.❡♥❡2❡ ❛ 0, 1, 2 ♦♣♣✉2❡ 3 +✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ❝♦♠❡
❞❡❧ 2❡+.♦ ❧❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡ 2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛.❡ ❛❞ a❀ ✐♥♦❧.2❡ ✐ +✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❧❧❡
2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣♦++♦♥♦ ❡++❡2❡ 2✐♣❡.✉.✐✱ ❝✐♦A ✐❧ +✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ s ❛++♦❝✐❛✲
.♦ ❛❞ ✉♥❛ 2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ♣✉C ❝❛2❛..❡2✐③③❛2❡ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❛❧.2❡ ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡
2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛.❡✳
■♥♥❛♥③✐.✉..♦ A ♥❡❝❡++❛2✐♦ ❝♦♥+✐❞❡2❛2❡ ❧❛ +❡❣✉❡♥.❡ ❛♣♣2♦++✐♠❛③✐♦♥❡✿
♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❛.❛+❡. A ❛++♦❝✐❛.❛ ❛ 0, 1, 2 ♦♣♣✉2❡ 3 +✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥❀
❞❛❧❧❛ .❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✶ +✐ ♥♦.❛ ♣❡2C ❝❤❡ ❜✉♦♥❛ ♣❛2.❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❡ ❤❛ ✉♥ +♦✲
❧♦ +✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛++❡❣♥❛.♦ ❞❛ ▼✐❝2♦+♦❢. ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐ ❙❡❛2❝❤✱ ♣❡2 ❝✉✐ +✐ ❛++✉✲
♠❡ ❝❤❡ ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡2❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❛.❛+❡. ❛♣♣❛2.❡♥❣❛ ❛❞ ✉♥ +♦❧♦ +✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳
★ !✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ★ ❝♦♥❢❡-❡♥③❡
✵ ✷✹
✶ ✷✹✷
✷ ✸✵
✸ ✹
❚❖❚❆▲❊✿ ✸✵✵
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✶✿ ❈♦♥❢❡"❡♥③❡ ♣❡" ♥✉♠❡"♦ ❞✐ 1✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛11♦❝✐❛%✐ ♥❡❧ ❞❛%❛1❡%✳
❙✐ ✈♦❣❧✐♦♥♦ .❡♥❡2❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♥+✐❞❡2❛③✐♦♥❡ .✉..✐ ✐ ❝❛+✐ ♣♦++✐❜✐❧✐✿ ✶ 2❛❝❝♦✲
♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦22❡..❛ +✉ n✱ ✷ 2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦22❡..❡ +✉ n✱ ✜♥♦ ❛ n2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦22❡..❡ +✉ n✳ ❉✐ ❝♦♥+❡❣✉❡♥③❛ ❧❛ ♣2♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.8 A ❞❛.❛
❞❛✿
P (2❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛+✉❛❧❡) =n∑
k=1
P (k 2❛❝❝♦♠✳ ❝♦22❡..❡ +✉ n)
❡ ♦❣♥✐ ❛❞❞❡♥❞♦ +❡❣✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❞✐+.2✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ♣2♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.8 ❜✐♥♦♠✐❛❧❡ B(n, p)✳❊++❛ 2✐❝❤✐❡❞❡ .2❡ ♣❛2❛♠❡.2✐✿ p ❝✐♦A ❧❛ ♣2♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.8 ❞✐ +✉❝❝❡++♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ +✐♥✲
❣♦❧❛ ♣2♦✈❛✱ n ❝✐♦A ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡2♦ ❞✐ ♣2♦✈❡ ❡✛❡..✉❛.❡✱ k ❝✐♦A ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡2♦ ❞✐
![Page 40: Tecniche di raccomandazione automatica per la sottomissione di articoli scientifici](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052311/559afed21a28ab821a8b47c5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✷✽
"✉❝❝❡""✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ♣*♦✈❡ ❡✛❡..✉❛.❡❀ ♥♦.❡ 1✉❡".❡ 1✉❛♥.✐.2✱ ❧❛ ❞✐".*✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡
❞✐ ♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.2 ✈❛❧❡ P (k) =(
nk
)
pkqn−k✳
◆❡❧ ♥♦".*♦ ❝❛"♦ n = 3 ❡ k = 1, 2, 3✳ p 9 ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛.❛ ❝♦♠❡ ♠❡❞✐❛✱ "✉❧
♥✉♠❡*♦ .♦.❛❧❡ ❞✐ "✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ ❞❡✐ *❛♣♣♦*.✐ .*❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡❧ &✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❡
♥✉♠❡*♦ .♦.❛❧❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❡ N ✳ ▲✬✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡❧ "✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ 9 ❞❡✜♥✐.♦ ♣❡*
♦❣♥✐ "✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ s ❝♦♠❡✿
index(s) =
N∑
i=1
a(s ∈ Svi)
❞♦✈❡ ✐ .❡*♠✐♥✐ a(s ∈ Sv) ❝♦**✐"♣♦♥❞♦♥♦ ❛❧❧❡ ✏❛♣♣❛*.❡♥❡♥③❡ ♥♦*♠❛❧✐③✲
③❛.❡✑ ❞❡❧❧❡ "✐♥❣♦❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❡ ❛ 1✉❡❧ "✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭Sv 9 ❧✬✐♥"✐❡♠❡ ❞❡✐
"✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❛ v✮✿
a(s ∈ Sv) =
{
1q
"❡ s ∈ Sv ❡ |Sv| = q
0 "❡ s /∈ Sv
■♥.✉✐.✐✈❛♠❡♥.❡✱ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❛ v ♣✉G ❛♣♣❛*.❡♥❡*❡ ❛❞ ✉♥ "✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥
s ♣❡* ✉♥❛ ❝❡*.❛ ❢*❛③✐♦♥❡
1q✱ q ♥✉♠❡*♦ ❞✐ "✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❛""❡❣♥❛.✐ ❛ v ♥❡❧
❞❛.❛"❡.✳ ■♥ .❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✷ "✐ ✈❡❞♦♥♦ ✐ ✈❛❧♦*✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ✐♥❞✐❝✐ ❞❡✐ 24 "✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥
❞❡❧ ❞❛.❛"❡.✳
❆❧❧♦*❛✿
p =
∑24j=1
index(sj)300
24❡ ❝♦✐ ❞❛.✐ ❞✐ .❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✷ "✐ ♦..✐❡♥❡ p = 0.038333✳
■♥✜♥❡ "✐ ♣♦""♦♥♦ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛*❡ ♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.2 ❞✐ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛"✉❛❧❡ ❡
❛❝❝✉*❛❝②✿
• "❡ "✐ *❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛ ✉♥❛ "♦❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❛ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❛*.✐❝♦❧♦✿
P (*❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛"✉❛❧❡) =
(
1
1
)
p1q0 = p = 0.038333
❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉*❛❝② 9 3.83%✳
• ❙❡ ✐♥✈❡❝❡✱ ❝♦♠❡ "✉❝❝❡❞❡ ♥❡✐ ♠❡.♦❞✐ ✈❛❧✉.❛.✐ ♥❡❧ "❡❣✉✐.♦✱ "✐ *❛❝✲
❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ n = 3 ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❡✱ ❧❛ ♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.2 ❞✐ "❝❡❧.❛ ❝❛"✉❛❧❡
✈❛❧❡✿
P (*❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛"✉❛❧❡) =3
∑
k=1
P (k *❛❝❝♦♠✳ ❝♦**❡..❡ "✉ 3)
=
(
3
1
)
p1q2 +
(
3
2
)
p2q1 +
(
3
3
)
p3q0
= 0.10635147 + 0.00423927 + 0.00005633
= 0.11064707
![Page 41: Tecniche di raccomandazione automatica per la sottomissione di articoli scientifici](https://reader033.vdocuments.pub/reader033/viewer/2022052311/559afed21a28ab821a8b47c5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
✷✾ ❛"❛♠❡%"✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡
❙✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ index(s)
✶ 14.50✷ 26.33✸ 21.67✹ 26.00✺ 21.50✻ 7.50✼ 6.67✽ 4.83✾ 7.83✶✵ 3.33✶✶ 5.00✶✷ 17.00✶✸ 7.50✶✹ 30.50✶✺ 6.00✶✻ 24.50✶✼ 6.33✶✽ 14.33✶✾ 6.17✷✵ 1.50✷✶ 4.00✷✷ 1.00✷✸ 2.00✷✹ 10.00
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✷✿ ■♥❞✐❝✐ ❞❡✐ 24 0✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❞❡❧ ❞❛%❛0❡%✳
❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉(❛❝② ❞✐✈❡♥.❛ ❞❡❧❧✬11.06%✳
• ■♥ ❣❡♥❡(❛❧❡✱ ✐♥✜♥❡✱ 4❡ 4✐ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ n ≤ N ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡✱ ❧❛
♣(♦❜❛❜✐❧✐.; ❞✐ 4❝❡❧.❛ ❝❛4✉❛❧❡ ✈❛❧❡✿
P ((❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛4✉❛❧❡) =n∑
k=1
P (k (❛❝❝♦♠✳ ❝♦((❡..❡ 4✉ n)
=
n∑
k=1
(
n
k
)
pkqn−k
❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉(❛❝② ❞✐✈❡♥.❛
∑nk=1
(
nk
)
pkqn−k · 100%✳
■ 4✉❞❞❡..✐ ✈❛❧♦(✐ ❝♦4.✐.✉✐4❝♦♥♦ ❧❛ ❜❛4❡❧✐♥❡ ♣❡( ❧❛ ✈❛❧✉.❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣(❡✲
4.❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ .❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ 4✈✐❧✉♣♣❛.❡✱ ✐♥ ?✉❛♥.♦ ♥♦♥ 4✐ ❞✐4♣♦♥❡ ❞✐ (✐4✉❧.❛.✐ ♦
✈❛❧✉.❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❛❧.(✐ ♠❡.♦❞✐ ♣❡( ?✉❡4.♦ 4♣❡❝✐✜❝♦ ❝♦♠♣✐.♦ ❞✐ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛✲
③✐♦♥❡✳ ■♥ ❛❧.(✐ .❡(♠✐♥✐✱ @ ✐♥❞✐4♣❡♥4❛❜✐❧❡ ❝❤❡ ❧❡ .❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞❡4❝(✐..❡ ✐♥ ?✉❡4.❛
.❡4✐ 4✉♣❡(✐♥♦ ❧✬❛❝❝✉(❛❝② ❞❡❧❧❡ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❛4✉❛❧✐✳
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✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✸✵
✹✳✸ ❱❛❧✉'❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❈❛✈♥❛0✲❚0❡♥❦❧❡
◗✉❡%&❛ %❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡%❝.✐✈❡ ❧❡ ♦♣❡.❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ &.❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❡ ❞✐ &❡%&✐♥❣ ❝❤❡ %♦♥♦ %&❛&❡
❡✛❡&&✉❛&❡ %✉❧ ❞❛&❛%❡& ❛❧ ✜♥❡ ❞✐ ♦&&❡♥❡.❡ ❧✬✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✐ ♣.❡%&❛③✐♦♥✐ ❛♣♣❡♥❛
✐♥&.♦❞♦&&♦✱ ❧✬❛❝❝✉.❛❝②✱ ✉&✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ &❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛.✲❚.❡♥❦❧❡ ❞❡✜♥✐&❛ ❛❧
❝❛♣✐&♦❧♦ ✸✳✷✳
■♥✐③✐❛❧♠❡♥&❡✱ %❡❣✉❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❧❡❛.♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛%❡✱ %✐ ✐%&.✉✐%❝❡ ✐❧ %✐%&❡♠❛ ❛%%❡✲
❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝✐❛%❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡.❡.♥③❛ v ∈ V ✉♥ ♣!♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣!❛♠♠✐ pv ❝♦%&.✉✐&♦%✉❣❧✐ ❛.&✐❝♦❧✐ a ∈ A′
v✱ ❝♦♥ A′v ❧✬✐♥%✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛.&✐❝♦❧✐ ❛♣♣❛.&❡♥❡♥&✐ ❛ v ❞✐
A′✳ ❯♥ ❡%❡♠♣✐♦ ❞✐ ♣.♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣.❛♠♠✐ C ❞❛&♦ ❞❛❧❧❛ &❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✸✱ .❡❧❛✲
&✐✈❛♠❡♥&❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡.❡♥③❛ ❝♦♥ ❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡■❉ ✽✸✽ ❡ ❈♦♥❢❡%❡♥❝❡❋✉❧❧◆❛♠❡
✏❈♦♠♣✉&❡. ❱✐%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ I❛&&❡.♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐&✐♦♥✑✳
✶✲✽ ❴ ❡ ✐ & ❛ ♦ ♥ *
✾✲✶✻ - ❝ ❧ ♠ ❞ ❡❴ ♣ ❤
✶✼✲✷✹ ❣ ✉ *❴ ♥❴ &✐ ♦♥ ❢ ✐♥
✸✶✲✸✷ ❴❛ ❴& -❡ ❴* ✐♦ &❤ ❛& ✐♦♥
✸✸✲✹✵ ♦♥❴ ❜ ❡* ❞❴ ❴✐ ❡- ✈ &✐♦
✹✶✲✹✽ &✐♦♥ ❛❧ ❡♥ ✐♦♥❴ ❛♥ ② ✇ ❴♦
✹✾✲✺✻ ♦- ❴&❤ &❴ ❴♣ &✐♦♥❴ ❴❝ ❴♠ -❴
✺✼✲✻✹ &❡ ♥❣ *❡ ♥& ♠❛ ❧❴ ❤❡ *&
✻✺✲✼✷ ❝♦ ❛- -❛ ✐* ❴❢ ✐♥❣ ❞❡ ②❴
✼✸✲✽✵ ❣❴ -♦ ♥❣❴ ❛&✐ ✐♠ ✐♥❣❴ ❝& ♠❡
✽✶✲✽✽ &❤❡ ❴❞ ❧❡ ❡❝ *✐ ✐& ♣- ❴-
✽✾✲✾✻ ❡❞ ❴&❤❡ ♥❞ ❴✇ ❛&✐♦ ❴&❤❡❴ ❛&✐♦♥ ❤❡❴
✾✼✲✶✵✹ &❤❡❴ ❴✐♥ -✐ ✐❝ ❣❡ &- ❡*❴ ❛❧❴
✶✵✺✲✶✶✷ ❝❛ ❴❝♦ ❡❞❴ ❡♥& ❝❡ ❴-❡ ❛❴ ♦♠
✶✶✸✲✶✷✵ &❛ ❴❡ ❛❝ &♦ ❡❧ ✈❡ ♦❢ ❤❴
✶✷✶✲✶✷✽ ♥* ❴♦❢ ❢❴ ♠♦ ♦❴ ❡& ♥❡ ❛*
✶✷✾✲✶✸✻ ❴❜ ❛♣ ❴♦❢❴ ❧✐ ♦❢❴ ✈✐ ♠❴ ❴♣-
✶✸✼✲✶✹✹ ❤✐ ♣-♦ ❝❤ ❢♦ ❴❛❴ ❴❛♥ ♣❡ ❡❛
✶✹✺✲✶✺✷ ♣♦ ❴❧ ❡-❴ ✉- ❤❛ ✐♠❛ ❛♥❞ ❞✐
✶✺✸✲✶✻✵ ❢♦- ❧❛ ♣❛ ♥❞❴ ✐*❴ ❴♠♦ ❡❝& ♦❞
✶✻✶✲✶✻✽ ❝&✐ ♦-❴ ♦❜ ❦ ♠♣ ❛❣ -❡* ❴&♦
✶✻✾✲✶✼✻ ♥❝ ✇❡ ✐♥❴ ❡♠ ❴✈ ❴✐♠ ❴♣-♦ ✐❡
✶✼✼✲✶✽✹ ♦* &♦❴ *✉ ✉& ❛♥❞❴ ❴❞❡ ❴❤ ♥&❴
✶✽✺✲✶✾✷ ❛❣❡ ❴❛♥❞ -❡❴ ❴❛♥❞❴ ❴✐♥❴ ❴&♦❴ ♥✐ ❧②
✶✾✸✲✷✵✵ ♥❛ ❧♦ ❧❡❴ ** ❴❢♦ ❴✇❡ ❴❣ ♦♥*
✷✵✶✲✷✵✽ ♣❧ ✉* ❝❛❧ ❣❡❴ &❡- ❴♥ ❴✐♠❛ ❴✐♠❛❣
✷✵✾✲✷✶✻ ✐♠❛❣ ♠❛❣ ① ❴❢♦- ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♠❛❣❡ *♣
✷✶✼✲✷✷✹ ♠❛" ❝"✐♦ ❝"✐♦♥ ❝❡❴ ❧❧ ♠✐ ❝♦♥ ✐❛
✷✷✺✲✷✸✷ ♦♣ ♦✉ 0❡❴ ❴♠❛ ❛♥❴ "❛" "✉ ❧②❴
✷✸✸✲✷✹✵ "0 ✜ ✐✈ ❴✇❡❴ ✇❡❴ ❴0❡ ♦" "0❴
✷✹✶✲✷✹✽ ✉❝ ❡❝♦ ❛♠ ❡❧❴ ❴✈✐ 0"9 ❛"❡ ♦✇
✷✹✾✲✷✺✻ ❤♦ 90 ✉♥ ❴❝♦♠ ❢♦9❴ 9❡❝ "❛"✐ ✐❣
✷✺✼✲✷✻✹ ♥♦ ❴❢♦9❴ ❜❧ ❴✉ "✐♠ 0❝ ❡♥"❴ ❜❛
✷✻✺✲✷✼✷ ✐❧ ❝❤❴ ♠❡♥ ♣❡9 ✉❧ ❝♦♠♣ ♦♠♣ ♣♦0
✷✼✸✲✷✽✵ ♣9❡ "9❛ ❴0" ❢9 ❣9 ✉9❡ ❴♣❛ ✐❝❛
✷✽✶✲✷✽✽ ✐"❤ ✐"✐ ❥ ♦❧ ❴9❡❝ 9♠ ❴❝❛ ❜❡
✷✽✾✲✷✾✻ "❛"✐♦ ❡❣ ✐♥" ♠♦❞ ♥"❛ ♦✈ ❡① ✐❞
✷✾✼✲✸✵✵ "✉9 ❝❴ ❴❝♦♠♣ ♥❝❡
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✸✿ !♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣!❛♠♠✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡!❡♥③❛ ✽✸✽✳ ▲❛ ❝♦❧♦♥♥❛ ❞✐ 4✐♥✐45!❛
✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❧❛ ♣♦4✐③✐♦♥❡ ♦❝❝✉♣❛5❛ ❞❛✐ 4✐♥❣♦❧✐ ♥✲❣!❛♠♠✐ ♥❡❧ ♣!♦✜❧♦✳
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✸✶ ❱❛❧✉$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❚✇♦✲.$❡♣.✲▲❉❆
❙✉❝❝❡&&✐✈❛♠❡♥,❡✱ ✐♥ ❛❝❝♦/❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ /❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛&❡✱ &✐ ❡&❡❣✉❡ ✐❧
,❡&, ❞✐ ♦❣♥✐ ♥✉♦✈♦ ❛/,✐❝♦❧♦ a ∈ A′′❝♦&,/✉❡♥❞♦ ✐❧ &✉♦ ♣/♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣/❛♠♠✐
pa ❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ❞✐&,❛♥③❡ ,/❛ pa ❡ ❝✐&❝✉♥ pv✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ,❛❧❡ ❞❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥✲
❞❛/❡ ❛❞ a ❧❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ❝❛/❛,,❡/✐③③❛,❡ ❞❛❧❧❛ ❞✐&,❛♥③❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛ ❞❛ ❡&&♦✳
❈♦♥♦&❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣/✐♦/✐ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ va ♣/❡&&♦ ❝✉✐ ; &,❛,♦ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛,♦ ♦❣♥✐
❛/,✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❛,❛&❡,✱ &✐ ❝♦♥,/♦❧❧❛ &❡ va ; ♣/❡&❡♥,❡ ,/❛ ❧❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ /❛❝✲
❝♦♠❛♥❞❛,❡ ❛❞ a❀ &❡ ❝✐> ; ✈❡/♦✱ ❧❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ; ❝♦""❡$$❛✱ ❛❧,/✐♠❡♥,✐
♥♦♥ ❧♦ ;✳
■♥✜♥❡ &✐ ❝♦♠♣✉,❛ ❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② accuracy′ ♣❡/ ✐❧ &♦,,✐♥&✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛,❛&❡,
A′❞✐✈✐❞❡♥❞♦ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡/♦ ❞✐ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦//❡,,❡ ♣❡/ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡/♦ ,♦,❛❧❡
❞✐ ❛/,✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A′✳
◗✉❡&,❡ ♦♣❡/❛③✐♦♥✐ ♦✈✈✐❛♠❡♥,❡ ❞❡✈♦♥♦ ❡&&❡/❡ /✐♣❡,✉,❡ &❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ ✐
❞❛,❛&❡, A′❡ A′′
✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♦,,❡♥❡/❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② accuracy′′✳ ▲✬✉❧,✐✲
♠♦ ♣❛&&♦ ❞❛ ❡&❡❣✉✐/❡ ❝♦♥&✐&,❡ ♥❡❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛/❡ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ,/❛ accuracy′ ❡
accuracy′′ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ /✐❝❛✈❛/❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② ,♦,❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛/✲
❚/❡♥❦❧❡ accuracy❈❚
✳
✹✳✸✳✶ $%❡'(❛③✐♦♥✐
▲❡ ♣/❡&,❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ✈❛❧✉,❛,❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❡ ❞✉❡ ❢♦/♠✉❧❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② ❞❡&❝/✐,,❡ ✐♥
✹✳✷✳✷✱ &✐ ❛,,❡&,❛♥♦ &✉✐ ✈❛❧♦/✐ ♠♦&,/❛,✐ ✐♥ ,❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✹✳
❱❡♥✉❡ ♠❛&❝❤ ❙✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛&❝❤
❆❝❝✉/❛❝② &❡❝♥✐❝❛ ✭✪✮ 26.82 54.08
❆❝❝✉/❛❝② ❜❛4❡❧✐♥❡ ✭✪✮ 1.00 11.06
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✹✿ ❆❝❝✉4❛❝② ❞❡❧ ♠❡$♦❞♦ ❈❛✈♥❛4✲❚4❡♥❦❧❡✳
❊♥,/❛♠❜✐ ✐ /✐&✉❧,❛,✐ &♦♥♦ ♠♦❧,♦ ❜✉♦♥✐ ❡ &✉♣❡/❛♥♦ ❛❜❜♦♥❞❛♥,❡♠❡♥,❡
❧❡ ❜❛&❡❧✐♥❡✳ ◆❡❧ ❝❛&♦ ❞✐ ✉,✐❧✐③③♦ ✈❡/♦&✐♠✐❧❡ ❞❡❧ &✐&,❡♠❛✱ ❝✐♦; ✐❧ &✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥
♠❛,❝❤✱ ❧❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ ♦,,✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ♣/♦❜❛❜✐❧✐,J &✉♣❡/✐♦/❡ ❛❧ 50% ❞✐ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛✲
/❡ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❛/,✐❝♦❧♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ ❝❤❡ ,/❛,,✐ ❛/❣♦♠❡♥,✐ ✭&✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✮ &✐♠✐❧✐
❛✐ &✉♦✐✳
▲✬❛♣♣/♦❝❝✐♦ ❝♦♥ ♥✲❣/❛♠♠✐ ❞✉♥M✉❡ /✐❡&❝❡ ❛ ❝❛/❛,,❡/✐③③❛/❡ ❛ &✉✣❝✐❡♥③❛
✐ &✐♥❣♦❧✐ ❛/,✐❝♦❧✐✱ ♠❛ &♦♣/❛,,✉,,♦ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡✱ ❧❡ M✉❛❧✐ &♦♥♦ ❛❞❡❣✉❛,❛✲
♠❡♥,❡ ❞✐&,✐♥,❡ ❧✬✉♥❛ ❞❛❧❧✬❛❧,/❛ ❡ ♣❡/♠❡,,♦♥♦ ❛❧❧❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ M✉✐ ✈❛❧✉,❛,❛ ❞✐
&❝❡❣❧✐❡/❧❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❜✉♦♥❛ ♣/❡❝✐&✐♦♥❡✳
✹✳✹ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❚✇♦✲0&❡♣0✲▲❉❆
◗✉❡&,❛ &❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡&❝/✐✈❡ ❧❡ ♦♣❡/❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ,/❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❡ ❞✐ ,❡&,✐♥❣ ❡✛❡,,✉❛,❡ &✉❧
❞❛,❛&❡, ♣❡/ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛/❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝②✱ ✉,✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ,❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲&,❡♣&✲▲❉❆ ❞❡✲
✜♥✐,❛ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧♦ ✸✳✸✳ ❊&&♦ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝,✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ 1+k ✈♦❧,❡✱ ❝♦✲
♠❡ &✐ ♣✉> ♥♦,❛/❡ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐,♦❧♦ ♣/❡❝❡❞❡♥,❡✿ ♦❣♥✐ ✈♦❧,❛ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ♠❡&&✐ ✐♥ ❧✉❝❡
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✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✸✷
❧❡ ♣%♦❜❛❜✐❧✐*+ ,✉❧❧❡ ♣❛%♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛%✐♦ ♣❡% ♦❣♥✐ *♦♣✐❝ ❡ ❧❛ ❞✐,*%✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡
❞✐ ♣%♦❜❛❜✐❧✐*+ ,✉✐ *♦♣✐❝ ♣❡% ♦❣♥✐ ❛%*✐❝♦❧♦✳
■❧ ♣%✐♠♦ ♣❛,,♦ ❝♦♥,✐,*❡ ♥❡❧❧✬✐,*%✉✐%❡ ✐❧ ,✐,*❡♠❛ ,❡❝♦♥❞♦ 8✉❛♥*♦ ❞❡,❝%✐**♦
♥❡❧❧❛ ❧❡❛%♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛,❡ ❞✐ 8✉❡,*♦ ♠❡*♦❞♦✿
❛✮ ,✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝*✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ,✉ *✉**✐ ❣❧✐ ❛%*✐❝♦❧✐ a ∈ A′❝♦♥
k = 20❀ ✉♥♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♦✉*♣✉* @ %❛♣♣%❡,❡♥*❛*♦ ❞❛❧❧❡ ♣%♦❜❛❜✐❧✐*+ ,✉❧❧❡ ♣❛%♦❧❡
❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛%✐♦✱ ❧❡ ♣✐B ❢%❡8✉❡♥*✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ 8✉❛❧✐ ,✐ ♣♦,,♦♥♦ ✈❡❞❡%❡ ✐♥ *❛❜❡❧❧❛
✹✳✺❀
❜✮ ,✐ ❛,,❡❣♥❛ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❛ v ∈ V ✉♥ ♠❛✐♥ $♦♣✐❝❀
❝✮ ,✐ ♣❛%*✐③✐♦♥❛♥♦ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❡ ,✉❧❧❛ ❜❛,❡ ❞❡✐ ❧♦%♦ ♠❛✐♥ *♦♣✐❝ i♠
❀
❞✮ ,✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ✉♥ (✉❜$♦♣✐❝ ♣❡% ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡%❡♥③❛ v ∈ Vi ,✉ *✉**✐ ❣❧✐ ❛%*✐❝♦❧✐
a ∈ A′ | va ∈ Vi✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝*✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡✳
✰ ❢"❡$✳ ✲ ❢"❡$✳
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶ ❞❛/❛ ❛♥❛❧②3✐ ♠♦❜✐❧ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ /✐♠❡ ❞❡3✐❣♥
❚♦♣✐❝ ✷ 3②3/❡♠ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ♠♦❜✐❧ ❝♦♠♣✉/ ❛♣♣❧✐❝ ❞❡3✐❣♥
❚♦♣✐❝ ✸ 3②3/❡♠ ♣"♦❝❡33 ❛♥❛❧②3✐ ❝♦♠♣✉/ 3❡/ ✐♥❢♦"♠
❚♦♣✐❝ ✹ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ 3❡♥3♦" ✇✐"❡❧❡33 3②3/❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉/ ♣❡"❢♦"♠
❚♦♣✐❝ ✺ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ❞❛/❛ ❛❧❣♦"✐/❤♠ ♣❡"❢♦"♠ 3②3/❡♠ /✐♠❡
❚♦♣✐❝ ✻ ❝♦♠♣✉/ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ 3❡"✈✐❝ ♣❡"❢♦"♠ ♠❡♠♦"✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝
❚♦♣✐❝ ✼ 3②3/❡♠ ❞❛/❛ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ❛❧❣♦"✐/❤♠ 3❡"✈✐❝ ❛❝❝❡33
❚♦♣✐❝ ✽ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ❜❛3❡ ♠❡/❤♦❞ ❛♣♣"♦❛❝❤ ✐♥❢♦"♠ ❢✉♥❝/✐♦♥
❚♦♣✐❝ ✾ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣"♦❝❡33 ♣❡"❢♦"♠ ❛♥❛❧②3✐ ❞❡3✐❣♥ 3②3/❡♠
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✵ 3②3/❡♠ ❞❡3✐❣♥ ❝♦♠♣✉/ ❝♦♥/"♦❧ ✉3❡ ♣"♦♣♦3
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✶ ❞❛/❛ 3②3/❡♠ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ❞❡3✐❣♥ ❛❧❣♦"✐/❤♠ ✉3❡
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✷ 3②3/❡♠ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ✐♥❢♦"♠ 3♦❢/✇❛" ♣"♦❣"❛♠ ♠❡♠♦"✐
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✸ 3②3/❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ /✐♠❡ 3❡"✈✐❝ ❝♦❞❡ 3♦❢/✇❛"
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✹ 3②3/❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❛/❛ ✉3❡" ❜❛3❡ ♠♦❜✐❧
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✺ ❝♦♠♣✉/ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡3✐❣♥ ✐♥❢♦"♠ ❜❛3❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✻ 3②3/❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❛/❛ ♣"♦❝❡33 ♣"♦❣"❛♠ ♣"♦♣♦3
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ 3❡♥3♦" ✇✐"❡❧❡33 ❝♦♠♣✉/ ♣"♦♣♦3
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✽ 3②3/❡♠ ❞❛/❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣❡"❢♦"♠ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ❞❡3✐❣♥
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✾ ♣"♦❝❡33 ❞❛/❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♥❡/✇♦"❦ ❜❛3❡ ♣❡"❢♦"♠
❚♦♣✐❝ ✷✵ 3②3/❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛❧❣♦"✐/❤♠ ❧❡❛"♥ ✐♥❢♦"♠ /✐♠❡
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✺✿ ✻ ♣❛.♦❧❡ ♣✐1 ❢.❡3✉❡♥&✐ ♣❡. ♦❣♥✐ &♦♣✐❝✳
■❧ ,❡❝♦♥❞♦ ♣❛,,♦ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ %❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛,❡ ❞❡❧ ♠❡*♦❞♦ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐
❛%*✐❝♦❧♦ a ∈ A′′✿
❛✮ ❛,,❡❣♥❛ ✉♥ ♠❛✐♥ *♦♣✐❝ i♠
❛❞ a ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐*❡♠ ♠♦❞❡✱ ,❢%✉*✲
*❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ♣%♦❜❛❜✐❧✐*+ ,✉❧❧❡ ♣❛%♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛%✐♦ *%♦✈❛*❡ ♣❡% A′❀
❜✮ ❛,,❡❣♥❛ ✉♥ ,✉❜*♦♣✐❝ i!
❛❞ a ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❝♦%❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐*❡♠ ♠♦❞❡✱ ♠❛
8✉❡,*❛ ✈♦❧*❛ ✉*✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ♣%♦❜❛❜✐❧✐*+ ,✉❧❧❡ ♣❛%♦❧❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛*❡ ,✉ ♦❣♥✐
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✸✸ ❱❛❧✉$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❚✇♦✲.$❡♣.✲▲❉❆
A′i♠
✖❝✐♦% ✐❧ '♦((✐♥'✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ A′❧❡ ❝✉✐ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ♠♦'(/❛♥♦ i
♠
❝♦♠❡
♠❛✐♥ (♦♣✐❝❀
❝✮ '❛❧✈❛ ✐❧ ✈❡((♦/❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♣/♦❜❛❜✐❧✐(7 '✉✐ (♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ a✱ ~t!
❀
❞✮ '❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛ ✐❧ '♦((✐♥'✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ❛❝❝♦♠✉♥❛(❡ ❞❛❧ ♠❛✐♥ (♦♣✐❝ i♠
❡
❞❛❧ '✉❜(♦♣✐❝ i!
✱ Vi♠
,i!
❀
❡✮ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛ ❧❡ ♣/✐♠❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ❞✐ Vi♠
,i!
✐❧ ❝✉✐ ✈❡((♦/❡ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐
'✉❜(♦♣✐❝
~tv % ✐❧ ♣✐9 ✈✐❝✐♥♦ ❛
~t!
✳
❈♦♠❡ ♣❡/ ✐❧ ♠❡(♦❞♦ ❈❛✈♥❛/✲❚/❡♥❦❧❡✱ ❞❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥(♦ ❝❤❡ '✐ ❝♦♥♦'❝♦♥♦ ❧❡
❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ♣/❡''♦ ❝✉✐ '♦♥♦ '(❛(✐ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛(✐ (✉((✐ ❣❧✐ ❛/(✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❞❛(❛'❡(✱ '✐
♣✉A ❛✛❡/♠❛/❡ '❡ ✈✐ % '(❛(❛ ✉♥❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦//❡((❛ ♣❡/ ❧✬❛/(✐❝♦❧♦ a'❡ ❧❛ '✉❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛✱ va✱ % ♣/❡'❡♥(❡ ♥❡❧❧❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛(❡ ❛❞
a✳■♥✜♥❡ '✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② accuracy′ ♣❡/ ✐❧ '♦((✐♥'✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛(❛'❡( A′
✱
❞✐✈✐❞❡♥❞♦ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡/♦ ❞✐ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦//❡((❡ ♣❡/ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡/♦ (♦(❛❧❡ ❞✐
❛/(✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A′✳
❚✉((❡ G✉❡'(❡ ♦♣❡/❛③✐♦♥✐ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ /✐♣❡(✉(❡ '❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ ✐ ❞❛(❛'❡( A′❡
A′′✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♦((❡♥❡/❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② accuracy′′✳ ▲✬✉❧(✐♠♦ ♣❛''♦ ❝♦♥'✐'(❡
♥❡❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛/❡ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ (/❛ accuracy′ ❡ accuracy′′ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ /✐❝❛✈❛/❡
❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② (♦(❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ (❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲'(❡♣'✲▲❉❆ accuracy❚❙▲
✳
✹✳✹✳✶ #$❡&'❛③✐♦♥✐
▲❡ ♣/❡'(❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ✈❛❧✉(❛(❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❡ ❞✉❡ ❢♦/♠✉❧❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❝❝✉/❛❝② ❞❡'❝/✐((❡ ✐♥
✹✳✷✳✷✱ '✐ ❛((❡'(❛♥♦ '✉✐ ✈❛❧♦/✐ ❡'♣♦'(✐ ✐♥ (❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✻✳
❱❡♥✉❡ ♠❛&❝❤ ❙✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛&❝❤
❆❝❝✉/❛❝② &❡❝♥✐❝❛ ✭✪✮ 3.40 9.87
❆❝❝✉/❛❝② ❜❛4❡❧✐♥❡ ✭✪✮ 1.00 11.06
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✻✿ ❆❝❝✉4❛❝② ❞❡❧ ♠❡$♦❞♦ ❚✇♦✲.$❡♣.✲▲❉❆✳
■❧ /✐'✉❧(❛(♦ '✉♣❡/❛ ❞✐ ♣♦❝♦ ❧❡ ❜❛'❡❧✐♥❡ ♥❡❧ ❝❛'♦ ❞❡❧ ✈❡♥✉❡ ♠❛(❝❤ ♠❛
♥♦♥ ♥❡❧ '✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛(❝❤❀ ❧❛ (❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲'(❡♣'✲▲❉❆ ♥♦♥ ❣♦❞❡ ❞✉♥G✉❡
❞✐ ♣❡/❢♦/♠❛♥❝❡ ♠✐❣❧✐♦/✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ /❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛'✉❛❧❡✱ /❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞✐ ❢❛((♦
✐❧ ♠❡(♦❞♦ ✐♥✉(✐❧✐③③❛❜✐❧❡ ♣❡/ ❧✬♦❜✐❡((✐✈♦ ❞✐ G✉❡'(♦ ❡❧❛❜♦/❛(♦✳
❆❧❝✉♥❡ ♣/♦❜❧❡♠❛(✐❝❤❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ (❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛(❛ '♦♥♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥(✐✳
▲✬✐❞❡❛ ❞✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛/❡ ❞✉❡ ✈♦❧(❡ ▲❉❆✱ ❧❛ ♣/✐♠❛ ✈♦❧(❛ ♣❡/ ❣❡♥❡/❛/❡ ❣/✉♣♣✐
❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ❜❛'❡ ❛❧ ♠❛✐♥ (♦♣✐❝ ❡ ❧❛ '❡❝♦♥❞❛ ✈♦❧(❛ ♣❡/ ❝❛/❛((❡/✐③③❛/❡
❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ❜❛'❡ ❛ ✉♥ '✐♥❣♦❧♦ '✉❜(♦♣✐❝✱ ♥♦♥ % '✉✣❝✐❡♥(❡ ♣❡/ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛/❡
❝♦♥ ❝❤✐❛/❡③③❛ ✐❧ ♣/♦✜❧♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛✳ ❈✐❛'❝✉♥❛ ❞✐ ❡''❡ ✐♥ ✉❧(✐♠❛ ❛♥❛✲
❧✐'✐ % /❛♣♣/❡'❡♥(❛(❛ ❞❛ ❞✉❡ '♦❧✐ ♥✉♠❡/✐✱ ✐❧ ♠❛✐♥ (♦♣✐❝ ❡ ✐❧ '✉❜(♦♣✐❝❀ G✉❡'(✐✱
❛ ❝❛✉'❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❧♦/♦ ♣/♦❝❡❞✉/❛ ❞✐ ❡'(/❛③✐♦♥❡ ✭'✐ '❡❧❡③✐♦♥❛ ✐♥ ❡♥(/❛♠❜✐ ✐ ❝❛'✐
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✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✸✹
✐❧ $♦♣✐❝ ❝♦❧ ✈❛❧♦*❡ ❞✐ ♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐$. ♠❛❣❣✐♦*❡✮ ♥♦♥ ❝♦♥3❡*✈❛♥♦ ✐♥❢♦*♠❛③✐♦♥✐
❛❜❜❛3$❛♥③❛ ♣*❡❝✐3❡ *✐❣✉❛*❞♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡*❡♥③❛✱ ♦ ♠❡❣❧✐♦ ♣❡*❞♦♥♦ ❣*❛♥ ♣❛*✲
$❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥❢♦*♠❛③✐♦♥❡ ♦$$❡♥✉$❛ ❝♦♥ ▲❉❆✖*✐❣✉❛*❞♦ 3♦♣*❛$$✉$$♦ ✐ ✈❛❧♦*✐ ❞✐
♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐$. 3✉ $✉$$✐ ✐ $♦♣✐❝✳
❖❧$*❡$✉$$♦ ❧❡ ♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐$. 3✉✐ $♦♣✐❝ ♥♦♥ 3♦♥♦ ♥❡♠♠❡♥♦ ❝♦3@ ❞✐✈❡*3❡
❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❛*$✐❝♦❧♦ ❛❧❧✬❛❧$*♦✱ ♣*❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ✈❛❧♦*✐ ✐♥ ✉♥ ✐♥$♦*♥♦ ♠♦❧$♦ 3$*❡$$♦
❞✐ 0.05 ✭❝❤❡ C ✐❧ ✈❛❧♦*❡ ❞✐ ♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐$. ✉♥✐❢♦*♠❡
120 = 0.05 ♣❡* 20 ❡✈❡♥$✐
❡D✉✐♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✖✐ $♦♣✐❝✮✱ ❝♦♠✬C ♣♦33✐❜✐❧❡ ♥♦$❛*❡ ❛❞ ❡3❡♠♣✐♦ ✐♥ $❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✼✳
!✐♠♦ ❛!&✐❝♦❧♦ ❙❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❛!&✐❝♦❧♦ ❚❡!③♦ ❛!&✐❝♦❧♦
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶ ✵✳✵✹✾✽✹ ✵✳✵✹✾✾✵ ✵✳✵✺✵✶✵
❚♦♣✐❝ ✷ ✵✳✵✹✾✻✶ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✼ ✵✳✵✹✾✶✹
❚♦♣✐❝ ✸ ✵✳✵✹✾✽✾ ✵✳✵✺✵✶✹ ✵✳✵✹✾✵✺
❚♦♣✐❝ ✹ ✵✳✵✺✵✽✽ ✵✳✵✹✾✽✼ ✵✳✵✹✾✽✻
❚♦♣✐❝ ✺ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✾ ✵✳✵✺✵✹✼ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✷
❚♦♣✐❝ ✻ ✵✳✵✺✵✷✹ ✵✳✵✺✵✷✻ ✵✳✵✺✵✶✸
❚♦♣✐❝ ✼ ✵✳✵✹✾✹✽ ✵✳✵✹✾✼✶ ✵✳✵✹✾✻✽
❚♦♣✐❝ ✽ ✵✳✵✺✵✾✹ ✵✳✵✺✵✺✼ ✵✳✵✺✶✷✺
❚♦♣✐❝ ✾ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✻ ✵✳✵✹✾✻✶ ✵✳✵✺✶✵✸
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✵ ✵✳✵✺✵✻✽ ✵✳✵✺✵✷✹ ✵✳✵✹✾✻✾
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✶ ✵✳✵✹✾✻✽ ✵✳✵✺✵✷✶ ✵✳✵✺✵✵✽
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✷ ✵✳✵✺✵✻✻ ✵✳✵✹✾✾✶ ✵✳✵✹✾✻✹
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✸ ✵✳✵✹✾✽✺ ✵✳✵✹✾✾✾ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✼
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✹ ✵✳✵✹✾✽✶ ✵✳✵✹✾✾✽ ✵✳✵✹✾✾✽
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✺ ✵✳✵✺✵✼✻ ✵✳✵✺✵✵✻ ✵✳✵✺✵✹✷
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✻ ✵✳✵✹✾✶✺ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✸ ✵✳✵✹✾✷✽
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✼ ✵✳✵✺✵✸✵ ✵✳✵✺✵✺✷ ✵✳✵✺✷✷✺
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✽ ✵✳✵✹✾✸✽ ✵✳✵✹✾✼✽ ✵✳✵✹✾✹✸
❚♦♣✐❝ ✶✾ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✼ ✵✳✵✹✾✼✺ ✵✳✵✹✾✺✺
❚♦♣✐❝ ✷✵ ✵✳✵✺✵✵✾ ✵✳✵✹✾✽✾ ✵✳✵✺✵✸✷
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✼✿ 0.♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&2 ,✉✐ &♦♣✐❝ ♣❡. ✸ ❛.&✐❝♦❧✐ ❝❛,✉❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❞❛&❛,❡&✳
➮ ❞✉♥D✉❡ ♣*♦❜❛❜✐❧❡ ❝❤❡ ❧❡ 3♦❧❡ ✐♥❢♦*♠❛③✐♦♥✐ $❡3$✉❛❧✐ ❡3$*❛$$❡ ❞❛ $✐$♦❧♦✱
❛❜3$*❛❝$ ❡ ❦❡②✇♦*❞ ♥♦♥ 3✐❛♥♦ 3✉✣❝✐❡♥$✐✱ ♣❡* ❝✐❛❝✉♥ ❛*$✐❝♦❧♦✱ ❛❞ ❡✈✐❞❡♥✲
③✐❛*❡ ✉♥♦ ♦ ✉♥ *✐3$*❡$$♦ 3♦$$✐♥3✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ $♦♣✐❝ ❝❤❡ ❧♦ ❝❛*❛$$❡*✐③③✐♥♦ ❝♦♥
▲❉❆✳
✹✳✺ ❱❛❧✉'❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉3'❡4✐♥❣
◗✉❡3$✬✉❧$✐♠❛ 3❡③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡3❝*✐✈❡ ❧❡ ♦♣❡*❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ $*❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❡ ❞✐ $❡3$✐♥❣ ❡❢✲
❢❡$$✉❛$❡ 3✉❧ ❞❛$❛3❡$ ♣❡* ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛*❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉*❛❝② ❝♦❧ ✉$✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ $❡❝♥✐❝❛
▲❉❆✰❝❧✉3$❡*✐♥❣ ❞❡✜♥✐$❛ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐$♦❧♦ ✸✳✹✳
❆♥❝❤❡ ✐♥ D✉❡3$♦ ❝❛3♦✱ ❢❛❝❡♥❞♦ *✐❢❡*✐♠❡♥$♦ ❛❧❧❛ ❧❡❛*♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛3❡✱ 3✐ ✐3$*✉✐✲
3❝❡ ✐❧ 3✐3$❡♠❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝$✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ 3✉ $✉$$✐ ❣❧✐ ❛*$✐❝♦❧✐ ✐♥
A′✱ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ 3❝♦♣♦ ❞✐ ❞❡✜♥✐*❡ |A′| ♣✉♥$✐ ♥❡❧❧♦ 3♣❛③✐♦ k✲❞✐♠❡♥3✐♦♥❛❧❡✳ N♦✐
3✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❧❛ $❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ ❝❧✉3$❡*✐♥❣ 3❝❡❧$❛ ✭❦✲♠❡❛♥3✮ ❛✐ ♣✉♥$✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛*$✐❝♦❧✐✱
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✸✺ ❱❛❧✉$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉0$❡1✐♥❣
♣❛$%✐③✐♦♥❛♥❞♦❧✐ ✐♥ k❝
= 12 ❝❧✉.%❡$✳ ❉✐ ❝♦♥.❡❣✉❡♥③❛ ♦❣♥✐ ❛$%✐❝♦❧♦ ❞✐ A′
❛♣♣❛$%✐❡♥❡ ❛❞ ✉♥ .✐♥❣♦❧♦ ❝❧✉.%❡$✳ ❙✐ ❞❡✜♥✐.❝❡ ❛♥❝❤❡ Vi ❝♦♠❡ ✐❧ .♦%%✐♥.✐❡✲
♠❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❡ ❝♦♥ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥ ❛$%✐❝♦❧♦ ♥❡❧ ❝❧✉.%❡$ i❀ .✐ ♣✉: ♥♦%❛$❡
❝❤❡ ❝❤❡ ;✉❡.%✐ .♦%%✐♥.✐❡♠✐ ♥♦♥ .♦♥♦ ❞✐.❣✐✉♥%✐✱ ♣♦✐❝❤= ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❛ ♣✉:
❛✈❡$❡ ❛$%✐❝♦❧✐ ❛..❡❣♥❛%✐ ❛ ♣✐? ❝❧✉.%❡$
✾
✳
@❡$ ♦❣♥✐ ❝❧✉.%❡$ i .✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝%✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ .✉❣❧✐ ❛$%✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐
A′i✖✐❧ .♦%%✐♥.✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛$%✐❝♦❧✐ ❛♣♣❛$%❡♥❡♥%✐ ❛❧ ❝❧✉.%❡$ i✳ ❙✐ ❛..❡❣♥❛ ❛
❝✐❛.❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❛ v ∈ Vi ✐❧ ✈❡%%♦$❡ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐ .✉❜%♦♣✐❝
~tv✳
❙✉❝❝❡..✐✈❛♠❡♥%❡✱ ❛❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❛$%✐❝♦❧♦ a ∈ A′′❧❛ $❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❤❛.❡
❛..❡❣♥❛ ✉♥ ♣✉♥%♦
~t♠
♥❡❧❧♦ .♣❛③✐♦ k✲❞✐♠❡♥.✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐%❡♠
♠♦❞❡✱ ✉%✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ♣$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐%E .✉❧❧❡ ♣❛$♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛$✐♦ %$♦✈❛%❡ ♣❡$
A′✳ ◗✉❡.%♦ ♣❛..♦ .❡$✈❡ ❛ .❝❡❣❧✐❡$❡ ♣❡$ a ✐❧ ❝❧✉.%❡$ i ✐❧ ❝✉✐ ❝❡♥%$♦✐❞❡ G ✐❧
♣✐? ✈✐❝✐♥♦ ❛
~t♠
✳ @♦✐ .✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ♣❡$ a ✉♥✬❛❧%$♦ ♣✉♥%♦
~t#
❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ▲❉❆
✐♥ ✐%❡♠ ♠♦❞❡✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❡ ♣$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐%E .✉❧❧❡ ♣❛$♦❧❡ %$♦✈❛%❡ ♣❡$ ❝✐❛.❝✉♥ A′i✳ ❆
;✉❡.%♦ ♣✉♥%♦ .✐ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛♥♦ ❧❡ ♣$✐♠❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❡ ❞✐ Vi ✐❧ ❝✉✐ ✈❡%%♦$❡
♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡✐ .✉❜%♦♣✐❝
~tv ❤❛ ❧❛ ♠✐♥♦$ ❞✐.%❛♥③❛ ❞❛
~t#
✳ ❈♦♠❡ ♣❡$ ❧❡ ♣$✐♠❡ ❞✉❡
%❡❝♥✐❝❤❡✱ .✐ ❝♦♥♦.❝♦♥♦ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❝✐❛.❝✉♥ ❛$%✐❝♦❧♦✱
♣❡$ ❝✉✐ .✐ ♣✉: ❛✛❡$♠❛$❡ ❝❤❡ ✈✐ .✐❛ .%❛%❛ ✉♥❛ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦$$❡%%❛
♣❡$ ❧✬❛$%✐❝♦❧♦ a .❡ ❧❛ .✉❛ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❛✱ va✱ G ♣$❡.❡♥%❡ ♥❡❧❧❡ n ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥③❡
$❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛%❡ ❛❞ a✳
■♥✜♥❡✱ G ♣♦..✐❜✐❧❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛$❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉$❛❝② accuracy′ ♣❡$ ✐❧ .♦%%✐♥.✐❡♠❡ ❞❡❧
❞❛%❛.❡% A′✱ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♥❞♦ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡$♦ ❞✐ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦$$❡%%❡ ♣❡$ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡$♦
%♦%❛❧❡ ❞✐ ❛$%✐❝♦❧✐ ❞✐ A′✳
❚✉%%✐ ✐ ♣❛..✐ ♣$❡❝❡❞❡♥%✐ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ $✐♣❡%✉%✐ .❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ ✐ ❞❛%❛.❡% A′❡
A′′✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♦%%❡♥❡$❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉$❛❝② accuracy′′✳ ❙✐ ♦%%✐❡♥❡ ❛❧❧♦$❛ ❧✬❛❝❝✉$❛❝②
%♦%❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ %❡❝♥✐❝❛ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉.%❡$✐♥❣ accuracy▲❈
❝❛❧❝♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ %$❛
accuracy′ ❡ accuracy′′✳
✹✳✺✳✶ $%❡'(❛③✐♦♥✐
▲❡ ♣$❡.%❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ✈❛❧✉%❛%❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❡ ❞✉❡ ❢♦$♠✉❧❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❝❝✉$❛❝② ❞❡.❝$✐%%❡
✐♥ ✹✳✷✳✷✱ .✐ ❛%%❡.%❛♥♦ .✉✐ .❡❣✉❡♥%✐ ✈❛❧♦$✐✿ ■❧ $✐.✉❧%❛%♦ .✐ ❛✈✈✐❝✐♥❛ ♠♦❧%♦
❱❡♥✉❡ ♠❛&❝❤ ❙✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛&❝❤
❆❝❝✉/❛❝② &❡❝♥✐❝❛ ✭✪✮ 16.07 47.28
❆❝❝✉/❛❝② ❜❛4❡❧✐♥❡ ✭✪✮ 1.00 11.06
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✽✿ ❆❝❝✉1❛❝② ❞❡❧ ♠❡$♦❞♦ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉0$❡1✐♥❣✳
❛✐ ✈❛❧♦$✐ ♦%%❡♥✉%✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ %❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛$✲❚$❡♥❦❧❡ ♣❡$ ;✉❛♥%♦ $✐❣✉❛$❞❛ ✐❧
.✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛%❝❤✿ $❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡ ;✉❛.✐ ✐❧ 50% ❞✐ ♣$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐%E ❞✐ $❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛$❡
✾
❆❞ ❡4❡♠♣✐♦✱ 4❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡/❡♥③❛ v ❛✈❡44❡ ❛/&✐❝♦❧✐ ❛44❡❣♥❛&✐ ❛✐ ❝❧✉4&❡/ a✱ b ❡ c✱ ❡44❛❛♣♣❛/&❡//❡❜❜❡ ❛ &✉&&✐ ❡ &/❡ ✐ 4♦&&✐♥4✐❡♠✐ Va✱ Vb ❡ Vc✳
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✹✳ ❱❛❧✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ,♣❡.✐♠❡♥&❛❧❡ ✸✻
❛❞ ✉♥ ❛&'✐❝♦❧♦ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ❝❤❡ 1 ❝❛&❛''❡&✐③③❛'❛ ❞❛❧ 2✉♦ 2'❡22♦
2✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✳
▲❛ ❝❛&❛''❡&✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❡✱ &✐2♣❡''♦ ❛❧ ♠❡'♦❞♦ ❚✇♦✲2'❡♣2✲
▲❉❆✱ 1 ♣✐= ♠♦&❜✐❞❛✱ ✐♥ >✉❛♥'♦ 2✐ ✐♣♦'✐③③❛ ❝❤❡ ♦❣♥✉♥❛ ❞✐ ❡22❡ ♥♦♥ ❛♣♣❛&✲
'❡♥❣❛ ❛❞ ✉♥ 2♦❧♦ ❝❧✉2'❡& ♠❛ ❜❡♥2@ ❛ '✉''✐ >✉❡❧❧✐ ❛ ❝✉✐ 2♦♥♦ ❛22❡❣♥❛'✐ ✐ 2✉♦✐
❛&'✐❝♦❧✐✳ ❊22❡ ♥♦♥ 2♦♥♦ ♣✐= ❞❡♥♦'❛'❡ ❡2❝❧✉2✐✈❛♠❡♥'❡ ❞❛ ❞✉❡ ♥✉♠❡&✐✱ ♠❛✐♥
'♦♣✐❝ ❡ 2✉❜'♦♣✐❝✱ ✐ >✉❛❧✐ ♥♦♥ ❞❛♥♥♦ ❛❜❜❛2'❛♥③❛ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛③✐♦♥✐ &✐❣✉❛&❞♦ ❧❛
❝♦♥❢❡&❡♥③❛ ❝♦♠❡ ✈✐2'♦ ✐♥ ✹✳✹✳✶✿ ❧❡ ✐♥❢♦&♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛'❡ ❝♦♥ ▲❉❆ 2♦♥♦
❝♦♥2✐❞❡&❛'❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❧♦&♦ '♦'❛❧✐'F✱ ♣&✐♠❛ ♣❡& ❞❡✜♥✐&❡ ✐ ♣✉♥'✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛&'✐❝♦❧✐✱ ♣♦✐
♣❡& ❞❡'❡&♠✐♥❛&❡ ❧❛ ❞✐2'❛♥③❛ '&❛ '✉''✐ ✐
~tv ❡
~t
✳
✹✳✻ ❙✐♥&❡(✐ ❞❡✐ *✐(✉❧&❛&✐
❙✐ &✐♣♦&'❛♥♦ ♣❡& ❝♦♠♦❞✐'F ✐ &✐2✉❧'❛'✐ ♦''❡♥✉'✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ✈❛❧✉'❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ '✉''❡ ❡
'&❡ ❧❡ '❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ &❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✳
❱❡♥✉❡ ♠❛'❝❤ ❙✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ♠❛'❝❤
❆❝❝✉&❛❝② ❈❛✈♥❛&✲❚&❡♥❦❧❡ ✭✪✮ 26.82 54.08
❆❝❝✉&❛❝② ❚✇♦✲2'❡♣2✲▲❉❆ ✭✪✮ 3.40 9.87
❆❝❝✉&❛❝② ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉2'❡&✐♥❣ ✭✪✮ 16.07 47.28
❆❝❝✉#❛❝② ❜❛'❡❧✐♥❡ ✭✪✮ ✶.✵✵ ✶✶.✵✻
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ✹✳✾✿ ❆❝❝✉.❛❝② ❞❡❧❧❡ &.❡ &❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ✐♥ .❡❧❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❜❛,❡❧✐♥❡✳
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❈❛♣✐$♦❧♦ 5❈♦♥❝❧✉*✐♦♥✐
■♥ "✉❡%&♦ ❧❛✈♦+♦ %♦♥♦ %&❛&❡ ♣+❡%❡♥&❛&❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ &❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ♣❡+ ❧❛ +❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛✲
③✐♦♥❡ ❛✉&♦♠❛&✐❝❛ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❡ ❛❞ ❛+&✐❝♦❧✐ %❝✐❡♥&✐✜❝✐✳
■ ♠❡&♦❞✐ %✈✐❧✉♣♣❛&✐ ❝♦♥❞✐✈✐❞♦♥♦ ❧❛ ♣+♦♣+✐❡&7 ❞✐ +✐❝❡✈❡+❡ ✐♥ ✐♥♣✉& ❞❡❧❧❡
%❡♠♣❧✐❝✐ ✐♥❢♦+♠❛③✐♦♥✐ &❡%&✉❛❧✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛+&✐❝♦❧♦ %♦&&♦♠❡%%♦ ✭%♦❧❛♠❡♥&❡ &✐&♦❧♦✱
❛❜%&+❛❝& ❡ ❦❡②✇♦+❞✮ ❡ ♣+♦❞✉++❡ ✉♥ ❝❡+&♦ ♥✉♠❡+♦ ❞✐ +❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐
❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❡✳ ▲❡ ❡❧❛❜♦+❛③✐♦♥✐ %✉❧❧❡ ✐♥❢♦+♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ✐♥ ✐♥❣+❡%%♦ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❡❢✲
❢❡&&✉❛&❡ ❝♦♥ ♣+♦❝❡❞✉+❡ ♠❛&❡♠❛&✐❝❤❡ ❡ %&❛&✐%&✐❝❤❡ ♥♦&❡✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦❧❡ ❡
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦❧❡ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♥♥♦✈❛&✐✈♦ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❛❞❛&&❛+%✐ ❛❧❧✬♦❜✐❡&&✐✈♦ ❞❡❧
❧❛✈♦+♦ ❞✐ &❡%✐✳
■❧ ♣+♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛✛+♦♥&❛&♦ C &♦&❛❧♠❡♥&❡ ♥✉♦✈♦ ❡ ♥♦♥ ♣+❡%❡♥&❛ ❝♦♥&+✐❜✉&✐
✐♥ ❧❡&&❡+❛&✉+❛❀ ❞✐ ❝♦♥%❡❣✉❡♥③❛ ❤❛ +✐❝❤✐❡%&♦ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❜❛%❡❧✐♥❡
❛❞❡❣✉❛&❛ ♣❡+ ♣♦&❡+ ✈❛❧✉&❛+❡ ❧❡ ♣+❡%&❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ &❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ %✈✐❧✉♣♣❛&❡✳
▲❛ ♣+✐♠❛ &❡❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❈❛✈♥❛+✲❚+❡♥❦❧❡✱ %✐ ✐%♣✐+❛ ❛❧❧❛ ❝❛&❡❣♦+✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧
&❡%&♦ ❝♦♥ ♥✲❣+❛♠♠✐ ❞❡%❝+✐&&❛ ❞❛ ❈❛✈♥❛+ ❡ ❚+❡♥❦❧❡ ❬✹❪✳ ❆%%❡❣♥❛ ❛❧❧❡ %✐♥❣♦❧❡
❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❡ ✉♥ ♣+♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣+❛♠♠✐ ❡ ♥❡ ✈❛❧✉&❛ ❧❛ ❞✐%&❛♥③❛ ❞❛✐ ♣+♦✜❧✐
❞❡❣❧✐ ❛+&✐❝♦❧✐ %♦&&♦♠❡%%✐✳
▲❛ %❡❝♦♥❞❛ &❡❝♥✐❝❛✱ ❝❤✐❛♠❛&❛ ❚✇♦✲%&❡♣%✲▲❉❆✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ❞✉❡ ✈♦❧&❡ ❧❛
♣+♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&7 ❛ ♣♦%&❡+✐♦+✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ▲❛&❡♥& ❉✐+✐❝❤❧❡& ❆❧❧♦❝❛&✐♦♥ ✭▲❉❆✮ ❬✸❪ ♣❡+ ❝❛✲
+❛&&❡+✐③③❛+❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❡ ❡ ❣❧✐ ❛+&✐❝♦❧✐ ✐♥ ❜❛%❡ ❛✐ ❧♦+♦ ❛+❣♦♠❡♥&✐ ♣+✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✐✖
♠❛✐♥ &♦♣✐❝ ❡ %✉❜&♦♣✐❝✳ ❈♦♥&+♦❧❧❛ ♣♦✐ ❧❡ ❝♦++✐%♣♦♥❞❡♥③❡ &+❛ ♠❛✐♥ &♦♣✐❝ ❡
%✉❜&♦♣✐❝ ❞✐ ♦❣♥✐ ❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❛ ❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛+&✐❝♦❧♦ %♦&&♦♠❡%%♦ ♣❡+ ❞❡❝✐❞❡+❡ "✉❛❧✐
❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❡ +❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛+❡✳
▲❛ &❡+③❛ &❡❝♥✐❝❛✱ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉%&❡+✐♥❣✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❧✬❛♣♣+♦❝❝✐♦ ♣+❡❝❡❞❡♥&❡
✐♥❝❧✉❞❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛%%✐✜❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❝❧✉%&❡+✐♥❣✳ ❆ ♣❛+&✐+❡ ❞❛❧❧❡ ❝❛+❛&&❡+✐✲
%&✐❝❤❡ ❡%&+❛&&❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣+✐♠❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ▲❉❆✱ ♣❛+&✐③✐♦♥❛ ✐♥ ❝❧✉%&❡+ ❣❧✐
❛+&✐❝♦❧✐ ❡❞ ❡%❡❣✉❡ ♥✉♦✈❛♠❡♥&❡ ▲❉❆ ♥❡✐ ❝❧✉%&❡+ ♣❡+ ❛%%❡❣♥❛+❡ ❛❧❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡✲
+❡♥③❡ ✉♥ ✈❡&&♦+❡✳ ❘❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛ ✐♥✜♥❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡+❡♥③❡ ❛♣♣❛+&❡♥❡♥&✐ ❛❧ ❝❧✉%&❡+
❞❡❧❧✬❛+&✐❝♦❧♦ %♦&&♦♠❡%%♦ ❡ ❝♦♥ ♠✐♥♦+ ❞✐%&❛♥③❛ &+❛ ✐ +✐%♣❡&&✐✈✐ ✈❡&&♦+✐✳
✸✼
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✺✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉(✐♦♥✐ ✸✽
➮ #$❛$♦ ♣(❡❧❡✈❛$♦ ✉♥ ❞❛$❛#❡$ ❞✐ ❝✐(❝❛ 60000 ❛($✐❝♦❧✐ ♣(❡#✐ ❞❛ 300 ❝♦♥✲
❢❡(❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ❈♦♠♣✉$❡( ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❡❞ 7 #$❛$♦ ♠❡##♦ ❛ ❞✐#♣♦#✐③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡( ❧❛ ✈❛❧✉✲
$❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ♠❡$♦❞✐ ❞✐ 8✉❡#$❛ $❡#✐✳ ❖❣♥✐ ❛($✐❝♦❧♦ 7 ❞❡♥♦$❛$♦ ❞❛❧❧❡ ✐♥❢♦(♠❛✲
③✐♦♥✐ ✉$✐❧✐ ♣❡( ❛❞❞❡#$(❛(❡ ❡ ✈❛❧✉$❛(❡ ❧❡ $❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ❝✐♦7
$✐$♦❧♦✱ ❛❜#$(❛❝$✱ ❦❡②✇♦(❞✱ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❛ (❡❛❧❡ ❞✐ ♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❡ #✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥
❞✐ 8✉❡#$❛ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❛✳
■ ♠❡$♦❞✐ ♣(♦♣♦#$✐ #♦♥♦ #$❛$✐ ✈❛❧✉$❛$✐ #♣❡(✐♠❡♥$❛❧♠❡♥$❡ #❡❝♦♥❞♦ ✉♥❛
$❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ ✷✲❢♦❧❞ ❝(♦##✲✈❛❧✐❞❛$✐♦♥✿ ✐♥ ✉♥❛ ♣(✐♠❛ ❢❛#❡✱ ♦❣♥✐ ♠❡$♦❞♦ 7 #$❛$♦
❛❞❞❡#$(❛$♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❛($❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛($✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❞❛$❛#❡$❀ ♥❡❧❧❛ #❡❝♦♥❞❛ ❢❛#❡✱ #✐ 7
♣(♦✈✈❡❞✉$♦ ❛ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛(❡ ❧❡ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣❡( ❣❧✐ ❛($✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ (✐♠❛♥❡♥$❡
♣❛($❡ ❞❡❧ ❞❛$❛#❡$✳ ■♥ 8✉❡#$♦ ♠♦❞♦ 7 #$❛$♦ ♣♦##✐❜✐❧❡ ✈❛❧✉$❛(❡ ❧✬❛❝❝✉(❛❝②
❝♦♥ ❝✉✐ ♦❣♥✐ ♠❡$♦❞♦ ❛##❡❣♥❛ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❛($✐❝♦❧♦✿ ✭❛✮ ♦ ❧❛ #✉❛ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❛ ❞✐
♣(❡#❡♥$❛③✐♦♥❡ ✭♥♦$❛✱ ♣❡(❝❤I ❝♦♥$❡♥✉$❛ ♥❡❧ ❞❛$❛#❡$✮❀ ✭❜✮ ♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❛ ✐
❝✉✐ #✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞♦♥♦ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✐♥ ♣❛($❡ ❝♦♥ 8✉❡❧❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ #✉❛ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❛
❞✐ ♣(❡#❡♥$❛③✐♦♥❡✳
▲❡ ❛❝❝✉(❛❝② ❞❡❧❧❡ $(❡ $❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❝♦#$✐$✉✐#❝♦♥♦ ✐ (✐#✉❧$❛$✐ ♥✉♠❡(✐❝✐ ❞❡❧✲
❧❡ ✈❛❧✉$❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❝♦♥#❡♥$♦♥♦ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❢(♦♥$♦ ❞✐ ♣(❡#$❛③✐♦♥✐✳ ❉❛♣♣(✐♠❛ #✐ 7
❞❡✜♥✐$❛ ❧✬❛❝❝✉(❛❝② ❝♦♠❡ ❧❛ ♣❡(❝❡♥$✉❛❧❡ ❞✐ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦((❡$$❡ #✉❧❧❡
$♦$❛❧✐❀ #✉❝❝❡##✐✈❛♠❡♥$❡ #♦♥♦ #$❛$❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛$❡ ❧❡ ❛❝❝✉(❛❝② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛$❡ ❛❧ ❝❛#♦
❞✐ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝❛#✉❛❧❡✱ ❧❡ 8✉❛❧✐ ❝♦#$✐$✉✐#❝♦♥♦ ❧❛ ❜❛#❡❧✐♥❡✳
▲❡ $❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❝❤❡ ❤❛♥♥♦ ♦$$❡♥✉$♦ ✉♥❛ ❜✉♦♥❛ ❛❝❝✉(❛❝② #♦♥♦ ❈❛✈♥❛(✲
❚(❡♥❦❧❡ ❡ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉#$❡(✐♥❣✿ ✐♥ ❡♥$(❛♠❜✐ ✐ ❝❛#✐ ❧✬✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✐ ♣(❡#$❛③✐♦♥✐ #✐
❛$$❡#$❛ ❛$$♦(♥♦ ❛❧ 50% ♣❡( 8✉❛♥$♦ (✐❣✉❛(❞❛ ❧❛ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧ ❝♦((❡$✲
$♦ #✉❜❞♦♠❛✐♥✱ #✉♣❡(❛♥❞♦ ❞✐ ❣(❛♥ ❧✉♥❣❛ ❧❛ ❜❛#❡❧✐♥❡ ❞✐ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡
❝❛#✉❛❧❡✳ ▲❛ $❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❚✇♦✲#$❡♣#✲▲❉❆ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ ♦$$✐❡♥❡ (✐#✉❧$❛$✐ #❝❛❞❡♥$✐ ♣❡(
❧♦ #$❡##♦ $✐♣♦ ❞✐ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ❢❡(♠❛♥❞♦#✐ ❝✐(❝❛ ❛❧ 10% ❝✐♦7 ❞✐ ♣♦❝♦
✐♥❢❡(✐♦(❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❜❛#❡❧✐♥❡✳
❯♥♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ #✈✐❧✉♣♣✐ ♣♦##✐❜✐❧✐ 7 8✉❡❧❧♦ ❞✐ ✈❛❧✉$❛(❡ #✉ ❛❧$(✐ ❞❛$❛#❡$ ❣❧✐
#$❡##✐ ♠❡$♦❞✐✿ ❛❞ ❡#❡♠♣✐♦ ❝♦❧❧❡③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❛($✐❝♦❧✐ ❛♣♣❛($❡♥❡♥$✐ ❛❧❧♦ #$❡##♦
❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❝❤❡ ♥♦♥ #✐❛ ❈♦♠♣✉$❡( ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♦♣♣✉(❡ ❝♦❧❧❡③✐♦♥✐ ❝❛(❛$$❡(✐③③❛$❡
❞❛ ❞✐✛❡(❡♥$✐ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳ ❆❧$(✐ #✈✐❧✉♣♣✐ ♣♦$(❡❜❜❡(♦ ♣♦($❛(❡ ❛❧❧❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛
❞❡✐ ♣❛(❛♠❡$(✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ✉$✐❧✐③③❛$❡✿ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡(♦ ❞✐ $♦♣✐❝ k✱ 8✉❡❧❧♦ ❞❡✐
❝❧✉#$❡( k❝
♦ ✐ ✈❛(✐ ♣❛(❛♠❡$(✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣(♦❝❡❞✉(❛ ❝❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛ ▲❉❆✳ ■♥♦❧$(❡
#❛(❡❜❜❡ ✐♥$❡(❡##❛♥$❡ #$❛❜✐❧✐(❡ ❞✐✈❡(#❡ (❡❣♦❧❡ ♣❡( ❞❡$❡(♠✐♥❛(❡ ❧❛ ❝♦((❡$$❡③③❛
❞✐ ✉♥❛ (❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ♦ ♣❡( ❝❛(❛$$❡(✐③③❛(❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❢❡(❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡
❞❡❧❧❡ ✐♥❢♦(♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡#$(❛$$❡ ❞❛❣❧✐ ❛($✐❝♦❧✐✳
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❆♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ A❈♦♥❝❡))✐ ♠❛)❡♠❛)✐❝✐
◗✉❡#$♦ ❝❛♣✐$♦❧♦ #✐ ♣+♦♣♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❞❡#❝+✐✈❡+❡ ❜+❡✈❡♠❡♥$❡ ✐ $+❡ ❝♦♥❝❡$$✐ ♠❛$❡✲
♠❛$✐❝✐ ❝❤❡ #$❛♥♥♦ ❛❧❧❛ ❜❛#❡ ❞❡✐ ♠❡$♦❞✐ ❞✐ +❛❝❝♦♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡ #✈✐❧✉♣♣❛$✐✱ ✐♥
♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐$❛+❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣+❡♥#✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ 6✉❡#$✐ ✉❧$✐♠✐✳ ◆♦♥ ❤❛ ❞✉♥6✉❡ ❧❛
♣+❡$❡#❛ ❞✐ #♦#$✐$✉✐+❡ ✉♥✬❛♥❛❧✐#✐ ♣+♦❢♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ 6✉❡#$✐ ❝♦♥❝❡$$✐✱ ♠❛ +✐♣♦+$❛ ❧❡
♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❛ ❝✉✐ #♦♥♦ #$❛$✐ $+❛$$✐ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥#❡♥$✐+❡ ✉♥✬❡✈❡♥$✉❛❧❡
❛♣♣+♦❢♦♥❞✐♠❡♥$♦✳
■ ♣+✐♠✐ ❞✉❡ #♦♥♦ #$+✉♠❡♥$✐ ❛❜❜❛#$❛♥③❛ +❡❝❡♥$✐ ❝❤❡ $+♦✈❛♥♦ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛✲
③✐♦♥❡ ♣+♦♣+✐♦ ♥❡❧❧✬❛♥❛❧✐#✐ ❞❡✐ $❡#$✐ ❡ ❞❡✐ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❣✐✿ ❧❛ ❝❛$❡❣♦+✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧
$❡#$♦ ❝♦❧ ♠❡$♦❞♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣+❛♠♠✐✱ ✐❞❡❛$♦ ❞❛ ❈❛✈♥❛+ ❡ ❚+❡♥❦❧❡ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❬✹❪✱ ❡
❧❛ ▲❛$❡♥$ ❉✐+✐❝❤❧❡$ ❆❧❧♦❝❛$✐♦♥ ♣+❡#❡♥$❛$❛ ❞❛ ❇❧❡✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❬✸❪✳ ▲❛ $❡+③❛ N ✐♥✲
✈❡❝❡ ✉♥❛ #❡♠♣❧✐❝❡ $❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ ❝❧✉#$❡+✐♥❣ ✉$✐❧✐③③❛$❛ ♣❡+❧♦♣✐O ✐♥ ♠❛$❡♠❛$✐❝❛
❡ #$❛$✐#$✐❝❛✳
❆✳✶ ❈❛%❡❣♦)✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ %❡/%♦ ❝♦♥ ♥✲❣)❛♠♠✐ /❡✲
❝♦♥❞♦ ❈❛✈♥❛)✲❚)❡♥❦❧❡
◗✉❡#$♦ ❛♣♣+♦❝❝✐♦ ❛❧❧❛ ❝❛$❡❣♦+✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ $❡#$♦ ❢❛ ✉#♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣+❛♠♠✐✳
❊##✐ #♦♥♦ #♦$$♦#❡6✉❡♥③❡ ❝♦♥$✐❣✉❡ ❞✐ n ❡❧❡♠❡♥$✐ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❞❛$❛ #❡6✉❡♥③❛❀#❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ♣♦##♦♥♦ ❡##❡+❡ ❧❡$$❡+❡✱ #✐❧❧❛❜❡✱ ❢♦♥❡♠✐✱ ♣❛+♦❧❡✱
❡❝❝✳ ✳ ✳ ❆❞ ❡#❡♠♣✐♦✱ ❧❛ ♣❛+♦❧❛ ✏❚❊❙❚❖✑ N ❝♦♠♣♦#$❛ ❞❛✐ #❡❣✉❡♥$✐ ♥✲❣+❛♠♠✐✱
❝♦♥ n = 2, . . . , 4✿
❜✐❣#❛♠♠✐ ❴❚✱ ❚❊✱ ❊❙✱ ❙❚✱ ❚❖✱ ❖❴
,#✐❣#❛♠♠✐ ❴❚❊✱ ❚❊❙✱ ❊❙❚✱ ❙❚❖✱ ❚❖❴✱ ❖❴❴
✹✲❣#❛♠♠✐ ❴❚❊❙✱ ❚❊❙❚✱ ❊❙❚❖✱ ❙❚❖❴✱ ❚❖❴❴✱ ❖❴❴❴
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ ❆✳✶✿ ♥✲❣#❛♠♠✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣❛#♦❧❛ ✏❚❊❙❚❖✑✳
✸✾
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❆✳ ❈♦♥❝❡''✐ ♠❛'❡♠❛'✐❝✐ ✹✵
■♥ ❣❡♥❡&❛❧❡✱ ✉♥❛ +❡,✉❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ❧✉♥❣❤❡③③❛ k✱ ❞❡❧✐♠✐2❛2❛ ❞❛ ✉♥ +✐♠❜♦❧♦
❜❧❛♥❦ ✭♥❡❧ ❝❛+♦ ♣&❡❝❡❞❡♥2❡✱ ✐❧ +✐♠❜♦❧♦ ❵❴✬✮✱ ❤❛ k + 1 ❜✐❣&❛♠♠✐✱ k + 12&✐❣&❛♠♠✐✱ k + 1 ✹✲❣&❛♠♠✐✱ ❡ ❝♦+> ✈✐❛✳
▲✬❛♣♣&♦❝❝✐♦ ❞✐ ❈❛✈♥❛& ❡ ❚&❡♥❦❧❡ ❬✹❪ +✐ ❜❛+❛ +✉❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ❡ +✉❧ ❝♦♥❢&♦♥2♦
❞❡✐ ♣&♦✜❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❢&❡,✉❡♥③❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣&❛♠♠✐ ❣❡♥❡&❛2✐ ♣❡& ♦❣♥✐ 2❡+2♦ ❡ ♣❡&
♦❣♥✐ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛ ✭♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❣✐♦✮✱ ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ &✐✉+❝✐&❡ ❛ ❝❧❛++✐✜❝❛&❡ ❝✐❛+❝✉♥
2❡+2♦ ✐♥ ✉♥✬✉♥✐❝❛ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛✳
■❧ ♣&✐♠♦ ♣❛++♦ ❝♦♥+✐+2❡ ♥❡❧❧✬❛❞❞❡+2&❛&❡ ✐❧ +✐+2❡♠❛ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛♥❞♦ ✐ ♣&♦✜❧✐
❞❡❧❧❡ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❡ +✉❧ 2&❛✐♥✐♥❣ +❡2✱ ❝✐♦H +✉ ✉♥ ✐♥+✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ 2❡+2✐ ❣✐I ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐③✲
③❛2✐✳ ❙✐ ♣&♦❝❡❞❡ ❝✐♦H ❛ ❝♦♥2❛&❡✱ ♣❡& ♦❣♥✐ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛✱ ❧❡ ♦❝❝♦&&❡♥③❡ ❞❡❣❧✐
♥✲❣&❛♠♠✐ ✭❝♦♥ n = 1, . . . , 5✮ +✉ 2✉22✐ ✐ 2❡+2✐ ❞❡❧ 2&❛✐♥✐♥❣ +❡2 ❛♣♣❛&2❡♥❡♥2✐
❛❧❧❛ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛ ✐♥ ❡+❛♠❡✳ ❙✐ ♦&❞✐♥❛♥♦ ♣♦✐ ❣❧✐ ♥✲❣&❛♠♠✐ ✐♥ ♦&❞✐♥❡ ❞❡❝&❡+❝❡♥✲
2❡ ❞✐ ❢&❡,✉❡♥③❛ ❡ +✐ +❛❧✈❛♥♦ +♦❧2❛♥2♦ ✐ ♣&✐♠✐ ✸✵✵✱ ✐ ,✉❛❧✐ ✈❛♥♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦&&❡
✐❧ ♣!♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛✳
L❡& 2❡+2❛&❡ ✐❧ +✐+2❡♠❛✱ +✐ +♦22♦♣♦♥❡ ✉♥ ♥✉♦✈♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2♦ ♣❡& ✐❧ ,✉❛❧❡
✈✐❡♥❡ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛2♦ ✉♥ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✐❡&❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❛ ❛ ,✉❛♥2♦ ✈✐+2♦ ♥❡❧ ♣&❡❝❡❞❡♥2❡
♣❛&❛❣&❛❢♦✳ ❱✐❡♥❡ ♠✐+✉&❛2❛ ❧❛ ❞✐+2❛♥③❛ 2&❛ ✐❧ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2♦ ❡ ✐❧
♣&♦✜❧♦ ❞✐ ♦❣♥✐ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛✿ ❛✮ ♣❡& ♦❣♥✐ ♥✲❣&❛♠♠❛ ♥❡❧ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2♦
+✐ ❝❡&❝❛ ❧❛ +✉❛ ❝♦♥2&♦♣❛&2❡ ♥❡❧ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛ ❡ +✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ❞✐ ,✉❛♥2❡
♣♦+✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐✛❡&✐+❝♦♥♦ ✭♦✉&✲♦❢✲♣❧❛❝❡ ♠❡❛-✉!❡✮❀ ❜✮ +❡ ✉♥ ♥✲❣&❛♠♠❛ ♥♦♥ H
♣&❡+❡♥2❡ ♥❡❧ ♣&♦✜❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛✱ ❣❧✐ +✐ ❛++❡❣♥❛ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦&❡ ♠❛++✐♠♦ ❞✐
♦✉2✲♦❢✲♣❧❛❝❡ ♠❡❛+✉&❡❀ ❝✮ ❧❛ +♦♠♠❛ ❞✐ 2✉22❡ ❧❡ ♦✉2✲♦❢✲♣❧❛❝❡ ♠❡❛+✉&❡ H ❧❛
❞✐+2❛♥③❛ 2&❛ ✐ ♣&♦✜❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2♦ ❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛✳
■❧ +✐+2❡♠❛ ✐♥✜♥❡ ❛++❡❣♥❛ ❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2♦ ❧❛ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❛ ❛❧❧❛ ♠✐♥♦& ❞✐+2❛♥③❛
❞❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2♦✳
❱❛❧✉2❛③✐♦♥✐ +♣❡&✐♠❡♥2❛❧✐ ❡+♣♦+2❡ ✐♥ ❬✹❪ &✐♣♦&2❛♥♦ ✉♥✬❛❝❝✉&❛2❡③③❛ ♣❛&✐
❛❧ ✾✾✳✽✪ ♣❡& ❧❛ ❝❧❛++✐✜❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✸✹✼✽ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2✐ ✐♥ ✶✹ ❝❛2❡❣♦&✐❡✴❧✐♥❣✉❛❣✲
❣✐✳
❆✳✷ ▲❛%❡♥% ❉✐*✐❝❤❧❡% ❆❧❧♦❝❛%✐♦♥
▲❛ ▲❛&❡♥& ❉✐!✐❝❤❧❡& ❆❧❧♦❝❛&✐♦♥ ✭▲❉❆✮ H ✉♥ ♠♦❞❡❧❧♦ ♣&♦❜❛❜✐❧✐+2✐❝♦ ❣❡♥❡✲
&❛2✐✈♦ ♣❡& ❝♦❧❧❡③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❞❛2✐✱ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❢❛22✐+♣❡❝✐❡ ♣❡& ❝♦❧❧❡③✐♦♥✐ ✕♦ ❝♦&♣♦&❛✕
❞✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥2✐ ❞✐ 2❡+2♦✳ ➮ +2❛2♦ ♣&❡+❡♥2❛2♦ ✐♥ ❬✸❪✳ ❋❛ ♣❛&2❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛❧❣♦&✐2♠✐
❣❡♥❡&❛2✐✈✐ ❞✐ 2♦♣✐❝✱ ♠❡2♦❞✐ +2❛2✐+2✐❝✐ ❝❤❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③③❛♥♦ ❧❡ ♣❛&♦❧❡ ❞❡✐ 2❡+2✐ ♣❡&
+❝♦♣&✐&❡ ✐ 2❡♠✐ ❝❤❡ ❧✐ ❝♦♥2&❛❞❞✐+2✐♥❣✉♦♥♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ ,✉❡✐ 2❡♠✐ +♦♥♦ ❝♦♥♥❡++✐ ❡
❝♦+> ✈✐❛✳
▲❛ ❞❡❝&✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❧♦✱ ❝♦♠❡ ✐❧ &❡+2♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♥♦2❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❞♦22❛2❛ ♥❡❧
♣&♦+✐❡❣✉♦ ❞✐ ,✉❡+2❛ +❡③✐♦♥❡✱ +♦♥♦ ♣&❡+✐ ❞❛ ❇❧❡✐ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❬✷❪✳ ❙✐ 2&❛22❛ ❞✐
✉♥ ❛&2✐❝♦❧♦ ❝❤❡ &✐♣♦&2❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ▲❛2❡♥2 ❉✐&✐❝❤❧❡2 ❆❧❧♦❝❛2✐♦♥ ❝♦♥
2❡&♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♥♦2❛③✐♦♥❡ ♣✐^ ❝♦♥❝✐+❡ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥2❡ ❝♦♠♣&❡♥+✐❜✐❧✐ &✐+♣❡22♦
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✹✶ ▲❛"❡♥" ❉✐'✐❝❤❧❡" ❆❧❧♦❝❛"✐♦♥
❛ ❬✸❪❀ '✉❡*+✬✉❧+✐♠♦ ✐♥❢❛++✐ ❢❛ ✉*♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♥♦+❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛♣♣❡*❛♥+✐+❛ ❞❛ ♥♦③✐♦♥✐
*+❛+✐*+✐❝❤❡ ❛✈❛♥③❛+❡✱ ♥♦♥ ♥❡❝❡**❛:✐❛ ♣❡: ❧✬✉+✐❧✐③③♦ ❢❛++♦ ✐♥ '✉❡*+❛ +❡*✐✳
■❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❧♦ ❢❛ ✉*♦ ❞❡❧ +❡:♠✐♥❡ ✏+♦♣✐❝✑✱ ❝❤❡ *+❛ ❛❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛:❡ ✉♥ ❛:❣♦♠❡♥+♦
♦ ✉♥ +❡♠❛ +:❛++❛+♦ ♥❡❧ +❡*+♦✳ ◆❡❧ ❝❛*♦ ❞✐ ▲❉❆✱ ✉♥ +♦♣✐❝ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❛**✐♠✐❧❛+♦
❛❞ ✉♥❛ ❞✐*+✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ♣:♦❜❛❜✐❧✐+E *✉ ✉♥ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛:✐♦ ❞✐ ♣❛:♦❧❡ ✜**❛+♦✳
▲❉❆ *✐ ❜❛*❛ *✉❧❧✬✐❞❡❛ ❝❤❡ +✉++✐ ✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+✐ ♠❛♥✐❢❡*+✐♥♦ ✉♥❛ ❞✐*+:✐✲
❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ♣:♦❜❛❜✐❧✐+E *✉✐ +♦♣✐❝ ✭♣♦✐❝❤I *✐ ❛**✉♠❡ ❝❤❡ +✉++✐ ✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+✐
❝♦♥❞✐✈✐❞❛♥♦ ❧♦ *+❡**♦ *❡+ ❞✐ +♦♣✐❝✱ ♠❛ ❝❤❡ *✐ ❞✐✛❡:❡♥③✐♥♦ ❣❧✐ ✉♥✐ ❞❛❣❧✐ ❛❧+:✐
✐♥ ❜❛*❡ ❛ '✉❛♥+♦ ✈✐❡♥❡ +:❛++❛+♦ ♦❣♥✐ +♦♣✐❝ ❧✉♥❣♦ ✐❧ *✐♥❣♦❧♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦✮✳
■❧ +❡:♠✐♥❡ ✏❣❡♥❡:❛+✐✈♦✑ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ '✉✐♥❞✐ ❝❤❡ ✐❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❧♦ ♣❡:♠❡++❡ ❧❛ ❝:❡❛③✐♦♥❡
❞✐ ✉♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦ *❡❝♦♥❞♦ ✉♥ ♣:♦❝❡**♦ ✐♥ ❞✉❡ ♣❛**✐✿
✶✳ ❙❝❡❣❧✐❡:❡ ❝❛*✉❛❧♠❡♥+❡ ✉♥❛ ❞✐*+:✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ *✉✐ +♦♣✐❝❀
✷✳ O❡: ♦❣♥✐ ♣❛:♦❧❛ ♥❡❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦✿
❛✮ *❝❡❣❧✐❡:❡ ❝❛*✉❛❧♠❡♥+❡ ✉♥ +♦♣✐❝ ❞❛❧❧❛ ❞✐*+:✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ *✉✐ +♦♣✐❝ ❞❡❧
♣✉♥+♦ ✶✳❀
❜✮ *❝❡❣❧✐❡:❡ ❝❛*✉❛❧♠❡♥+❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛:♦❧❛ ❞❛❧ +♦♣✐❝ *❝❡❧+♦ ✭❝❤❡ I ✉♥❛
❞✐*+:✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ *✉❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛:✐♦✮✳
O✐P ❢♦:♠❛❧♠❡♥+❡✱ *❡ *✐ ❝♦♥*✐❞❡:❛♥♦ ❧❡ *❡❣✉❡♥+✐ ❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥✐✿
• D I ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡:♦ ❞✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦:♣✉*❀
• K I ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡:♦ ❞✐ +♦♣✐❝❀
• N I ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡:♦ ❞✐ ♣❛:♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛:✐♦ ✜**❛+♦❀
• β1:K *♦♥♦ ✐ +♦♣✐❝ ♦ ❞✐*+:✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ *✉❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛:✐♦❀
• θd I ❧❛ ❞✐*+:✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ *✉✐ +♦♣✐❝ ❞❡❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦ d✱ d = 1, . . . , D❀
• zd,n :❛♣♣:❡*❡♥+❛ ✐❧ +♦♣✐❝ *❝❡❧+♦ ♣❡: ❧❛ n✲❡*✐♠❛ ♣❛:♦❧❛ ❞❡❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦
d✱ ❞✐ ❝♦♥*❡❣✉❡♥③❛ zd :❛♣♣:❡*❡♥+❛ ✐ +♦♣✐❝ *❝❡❧+✐ ♣❡: ♦❣♥✐ ♣❛:♦❧❛ ❞❡❧
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦ d❀
• wd *♦♥♦ ❧❡ ♣❛:♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦ d ❡ wd,n I ❧✬n✲❡*✐♠❛ ♣❛:♦❧❛ ❞❡❧
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+♦ d✳
*✐ ♣✉Q ❞❡*❝:✐✈❡:❡ ✐❧ ♣:♦❝❡**♦ ❣❡♥❡:❛+✐✈♦ ♣❡: ▲❉❆ ❝♦♠❡ ❧❛ ❞✐*+:✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡
❝♦♥❣✐✉♥+❛✿
p(β1:K , θ1:D, z1:D, w1:D) =
K∏
i=1
p(βi)D∏
d=1
p(θd)N∏
n=1
p(zd,n|θd)p(wd,n|β1:K , zd,n)
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❆✳ ❈♦♥❝❡''✐ ♠❛'❡♠❛'✐❝✐ ✹✷
◗✉❡%&♦ ❡❧❛❜♦+❛&♦ ❤❛ ❢❛&&♦ ✉%♦ ♥♦♥ &❛♥&♦ ❞❡❧ ♣+♦❝❡%%♦ ❣❡♥❡+❛&✐✈♦ ❞✐
▲❉❆✱ 9✉❛♥&♦ ♣✐✉&&♦%&♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐%&+✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥❛&❛ ❝❤❡
❞❡♥♦&❛ ❧❛ %&+✉&&✉+❛ ❞❡✐ &♦♣✐❝✱ ❞❛&✐ ✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&✐ ♦%%❡+✈❛&✐✳ ❙✐ ❝❤✐❛♠❛ ♣+♦✲
❜❛❜✐❧✐&? ❛ ♣♦#$❡&✐♦&✐ ❡ %✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♥ ❧✬✐♥❢❡+❡♥③❛ %&❛&✐%&✐❝❛✳ ❘✐❝♦+❞❛♥❞♦ ❧❡
❞❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞❛&❡ ♥❡❧ ♣❛+❛❣+❛❢♦ ♣+❡❝❡❞❡♥&❡✱ &❛❧❡ ♣+♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&? C ❞❛&❛ ❞❛✿
p(β1:K , θ1:D, z1:D|w1:D) =p(β1:K , θ1:D, z1:D, w1:D)
p(w1:D)
❞♦✈❡ ✐❧ ♥✉♠❡+❛&♦+❡ C ❧❛ ♣+♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&? ❝♦♥❣✐✉♥&❛ ❞✐ &✉&&❡ ❧❡ ✈❛+✐❛❜✐❧✐ ❛❧❡❛&♦+✐❡✱
♠❡♥&+❡ ✐❧ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛&♦+❡ C ❧❛ ♣+♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&? ♠❛+❣✐♥❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ❝✐♦C
❧❛ ♣+♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&? ❞❡❧❧✬♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦+♣✉% %♦&&♦ ♦❣♥✐ ❞✐%&+✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ %✉✐
&♦♣✐❝✳
◆❡❧❧♦ %♣❡❝✐✜❝♦✱ ❧✬❛❧❣♦+✐&♠♦ ✉&✐❧✐③③❛&♦ ♣❡+ ❧✬✐♥❢❡+❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ 9✉❡%&❛
&❡%✐ C ✐❧ ❱❊▼✱ ♣❡+ ❧❛ ❝✉✐ ❛♥❛❧✐%✐ %✐ ❝♦♥%✐❣❧✐❛ ❧❛ ❧❡&&✉+❛ ❞✐ ●+J♥ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❬✼❪✳
❉❛❧❧✬❡9✉❛③✐♦♥❡ %✐ ✐♥&✉✐%❝❡ ❝❤❡ ❧❛ ♣+♦❜❛❜✐❧✐&? ❛ ♣♦%&❡+✐♦+✐ ♣❡+♠❡&&❡ ❞✐
❝♦♥♦%❝❡+❡ ✭✐♥ ♣❛+&✐❝♦❧❛+ ♠♦❞♦✮✿ ✐✮ ❧❡ ❞✐%&+✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ %✉❧❧❡ ♣❛+♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦✲
❝❛❜♦❧❛+✐♦✱ ❝✐♦C ✐ &♦♣✐❝ β1:K ❀ ✐✐✮ ❧❡ ❞✐%&+✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ %✉✐ &♦♣✐❝ θ1:D ♣❡+ ♦❣♥✐
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&♦ d = 1, . . . , D ❞❡❧ ❝♦+♣✉%✳ ❆❧❧♦+❛ ♦❣♥✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦+♣✉%
♣✉S ❡%%❡+❡ ❝❛+❛&&❡+✐③③❛&♦ ❞❛❧❧❛ %✉❛ ❞✐%&+✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ %✉✐ &♦♣✐❝✱ ♦ ✐♥ &❡+♠✐♥✐
%❡♠♣❧✐❝✐%&✐❝✐ ❞❛❧❧❛ %✉❛ ✏%&+✉&&✉+❛ &❡♠❛&✐❝❛✑✳
❆✳✸ ❈❧✉&'❡)✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥&
▲✬❛❧❣♦+✐&♠♦ ❦✲♠❡❛♥#
✶
C ✉♥ ❛❧❣♦+✐&♠♦ ❞✐ ❝❧✉%&❡+✐♥❣ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥%❡♥&❡ ❞✐ ♣❛+&✐✲
③✐♦♥❛+❡ n ♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥✐ ✐♥ k ❝❧✉%&❡+%✖❝❤❡ %✐ ♣♦%%♦♥♦ ❞❡✜♥✐+❡ ❝♦♠❡ ✏❣+♦✉♣
♦❢ ❞❛&❛ ♦❜❥❡❝&%✑
✷
✳ X♦✐❝❤C ❣❡♥❡+❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛+&✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥✐✱ ♦❣♥✐
♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛♣♣❛+&✐❡♥❡ ❛❞ ✉♥♦ ❡❞ ✉♥ %♦❧♦ ❝❧✉%&❡+ ✭9✉❡❧❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛
♣✐Y ✈✐❝✐♥❛✮✱ ❡❞ ♦❣♥✐ ❝❧✉%&❡+ ❝♦♥&✐❡♥❡ ❛❧♠❡♥♦ ✉♥❛ ♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥❡✳
❋♦+♠❛❧♠❡♥&❡✿ ❞❛&♦ ✉♥ %❡& ❞✐ ♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥✐ ✕♦ ♣✉♥&✐✕ (~x1, ~x2, . . . , ~xn)❞♦✈❡ ♦❣♥✐ ♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥❡ C ✉♥ ✈❡&&♦+❡ d✲❞✐♠❡♥%✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❞✐ ♥✉♠❡+✐ +❡❛❧✐✱ ✐❧
❝❧✉%&❡+✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥% ♣❛+&✐③✐♦♥❛ ❧❡ n ♦%%❡+✈❛③✐♦♥✐ ✐♥ k ≤ n ✐♥%✐❡♠✐
~S ={S1, S2, . . . , Sk} ✐♥ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③③❛+❡ ❧❛ %♦♠♠❛ ❞❡✐ 9✉❛❞+❛&✐ ✐♥&+❛✲
❝❧✉%&❡+ ✭❲❈❙❙ ✲ ❲✐&❤✐♥✲❈❧✉%&❡+ ❙✉♠ ♦❢ ❙9✉❛+❡%✮✿
argmin~S
k∑
i=1
∑
~xj∈Si
‖~xj − ~µi‖2
❞♦✈❡ µi C ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡✐ ♣✉♥&✐ ✐♥ Si✳
✶
❡" ❛♣♣"♦❢♦♥❞✐"❡ ❧✬❛"❣♦♠❡♥.♦ ❞✐ ♣✉0 ❢❛"❡ "✐❢❡"✐♠❡♥.♦ ❛ ❤!!♣✿✴✴❡♥✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦.❣✴
✇✐❦✐✴❑✲♠❡❛♥3❴❝❧✉3!❡.✐♥❣
✷
❉❡✜♥✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛.❛ ❞❛❧❧❛ ♣❛❣✐♥❛ ✐♥❣❧❡4❡ ❞✐ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✿ ❤!!♣✿✴✴❡♥✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦.❣✴✇✐❦✐✴
❈❧✉3!❡.❴❛♥❛❧②3✐3
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✹✸ ❈❧✉#$❡&✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥#
▲✬❛❧❣♦(✐*♠♦ , ◆.✲❤❛(❞✱ ♦♣♣✉(❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡77✐*8 ❡7♣♦♥❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ♥❡❧ ❝❛7♦ ✐♥
❝✉✐ k ❡ d 7✐❛♥♦ ✜77❛*✐✱ ♣❡( ❝✉✐ 7♦♥♦ 7*❛*✐ 7*✉❞✐❛*✐ ❞✐✈❡(7✐ ❛❧❣♦(✐*♠✐ ❡✉(✐7*✐❝✐
❝♦♥ *❡♠♣♦ ❞✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧❡ ❝❤❡ ❛♣♣(♦77✐♠❛♥♦ ❜❡♥❡ ❧❛ 7♦❧✉③✐♦♥❡
♦**✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❧✉7*❡(✐♥❣ ❦✲♠❡❛♥7✳
❯♥ ❜✉♦♥ ❝❧✉7*❡(✐♥❣ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❞❛*♦ ✐♥7✐❡♠❡ ❞✐ ♣✉♥*✐ 7✐ ♣(❡7❡♥*❛ A✉❛♥❞♦ ✐
❝❧✉7*❡( 7♦♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❛**✐ ✭♣(❡7❡♥*❛♥♦ ♣♦❝❛ ❞✐7♣❡(7✐♦♥❡ ❞❡✐ ♣✉♥*✐ ❛**♦(♥♦ ❛❧
✈❛❧♦( ♠❡❞✐♦✮ ❡ 7❡♣❛(❛*✐ ✭♥♦♥ ✈✐ , ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐*8 ❞✐ ❛77❡❣♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡( ✐ ♣✉♥*✐
❞✐7*❛♥*✐ ❞❛✐ ✈❛❧♦(✐ ♠❡❞✐✮✳ ❊7✐7*♦♥♦ ❞✐✈❡(7✐ ✐♥❞✐❝✐ ❝❤❡ ✈❛❧✉*❛♥♦ ❧❛ ❜♦♥*8 ❞✐
✉♥ ❝❧✉7*❡(✐♥❣❀ ✐♥ A✉❡7*♦ ❧❛✈♦(♦ ❞✐ *❡7✐ 7✐ , ❢❛**♦ ✉7♦ ❞❡❧ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡''❡ ✐♥❞❡①
❝❤❡ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❞✐ 7❡❣✉✐*♦ ♣(❡7❡♥*❛*♦✳
❆✳✸✳✶ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡++❡ ✐♥❞❡①
■❧ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡**❡ ✐♥❞❡① ❬✶✶❪ ❢♦(♥✐7❝❡✱ *(❛♠✐*❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ +✐❧❤♦✉❡''❡✱ ✉♥❛ ♠✐7✉(❛
A✉❛❧✐*❛*✐✈❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ 7❡♣❛(❛③✐♦♥❡ *(❛ ❝❧✉7*❡(✳
❙✐❛♥♦✿ ✐✮ a(i) ❧❛ ❞✐7*❛♥③❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡❧❧✬♦❣❣❡**♦✱ ♦ ♣✉♥*♦✱ i ❛♣♣❛(*❡♥❡♥*❡❛❧ ❝❧✉7*❡( A ❞❛ *✉**✐ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡**✐ ❞✐ A❀ ✐✐✮ d(i, C) ❧❛ ❞✐7*❛♥③❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞✐ i❞❛ *✉**✐ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡**✐ ❞❡❧ ❝❧✉7*❡( C 6= A✳ ❆❧❧♦(❛ 7✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ d(i, C) ♣❡( ♦❣♥✐
C 6= A ❡ 7✐ ❝♦♥7✐❞❡(❛ ✐❧ ♠✐♥✐♠♦ (✐7✉❧*❛*♦✿
b(i) = minC 6=A
d(i, C) ❝♦♥ i ∈ A
❝❤❡ (❛♣♣(❡7❡♥*❛ ❧❛ ❞✐++✐♠✐❧❛.✐'/ ❞❡❧❧✬♦❣❣❡''♦ i ❞❛❧ +✉♦ ❝❧✉+'❡. ♣✐4 ✈✐❝✐♥♦✖
♥❡❛.❡+' ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦. ❝❧✉+'❡.✳
.❡( ♦❣♥✐ ♦❣❣❡**♦ i 7✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛ ✐♥✜♥❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ 7✐❧❤♦✉❡**❡ ♥❡❧ ♠♦❞♦
7❡❣✉❡♥*❡✿
silh(i) =a(i)− b(i)
max{a(i), b(i)}
■ ✈❛❧♦(✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ 7✐❧❤♦✉❡**❡ ✈❛♥♥♦ ❞❛ −1✱ ❝✐♦, i ❛♣♣❛(*✐❡♥❡ ❛❞ ✉♥
❝❧✉7*❡( ✏✐♥❛❞❡❣✉❛*♦✑✱ ❛ +1✱ ♦77✐❛ i ❛♣♣❛(*✐❡♥❡ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❝❧✉7*❡( ❛❞❡❣✉❛*♦❀ 0 ♦
✉♥ ✐♥*♦(♥♦ ❞✐ 0 ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥♦ ❝❤❡ i ♣♦*(❡❜❜❡ ❛♣♣❛(*❡♥❡(❡ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❝❧✉7*❡(
✈✐❝✐♥♦✖♥❡❛(❡7* ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦( ❝❧✉7*❡(✳ ❙❡ ✉♥ ❝❧✉7*❡( ❤❛ ✉♥ 7♦❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥*♦✱ ❧❛
7✐❧❤♦✉❡**❡ ❞✐ A✉❡❧❧✬❡❧❡♠❡♥*♦ ♥♦♥ , ❞❡✜♥✐*❛ ❡ ✈✐❡♥❡ ♣♦7*❛ ✉❣✉❛❧❡ ❛ 0✳▲❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ♦❜✐❡**✐✈♦✱ ❝✐♦, ✐❧ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡**❡ ✐♥❞❡①✱ ❡A✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛❧❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞✐
silh(i) ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛'❛ ❛ '✉''✐ ❣❧✐ ♦❣❣❡''✐ ❞❡❧ ❝❧✉+'❡.✐♥❣✳ ➮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥*❡ ❝❤❡ 7✐ ♦**✐❡♥❡
✐❧ ♠✐❣❧✐♦(❡ ❝❧✉7*❡(✐♥❣ ♠❛++✐♠✐③③❛♥❞♦ ✐❧ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡**❡ ✐♥❞❡①✳
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❆♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ B❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ +♦❢-✇❛0❡ ✉-✐❧✐③③❛-❡
◗✉❡#$♦ ❝❛♣✐$♦❧♦ ♣+❡#❡♥$❛ ❛ ❣+❛♥❞✐ ❧✐♥❡❡ ❧❛ $❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ #♦❢$✇❛+❡ ✉$✐❧✐③③❛$❛
♥❡❧❧❛ 2✉❛#✐ $♦$❛❧✐$3 ❞✐ 2✉❡#$♦ ❧❛✈♦+♦ ❞✐ $❡#✐✿ ❧✬❛♠❜✐❡♥$❡ ❞✐ ♣+♦❣+❛♠♠❛③✐♦♥❡
❘
✶
✳ ■♥♦❧$+❡ ❛♣♣♦+$❛ ❛❧❝✉♥✐ ❡#❡♠♣✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦❞✐❝❡ ❝❤❡ = #$❛$♦ ♣+♦❞♦$$♦✳
❘ = ✉♥ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❣✐♦ ❡ ✉♥ ❛♠❜✐❡♥$❡ ♣❡+ ✐❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ #$❛$✐#$✐❝♦✱ ❞✐ ❝♦♥#❡✲
❣✉❡♥③❛ ♠❡$$❡ ❛ ❞✐#♣♦#✐③✐♦♥❡ ✉♥ ❣+❛♥❞❡ ♥✉♠❡+♦ ❞✐ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ♠❛$❡♠❛$✐❝❤❡✱
#$❛$✐#$✐❝❤❡ ❡ ❞✐ ❣❡♥❡+❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❣+❛✜❝✐✳ A❡+♠❡$$❡ ❞✐ ❧❛✈♦+❛+❡ ❛❣✐❧♠❡♥$❡ ❝♦♥
✈❡$$♦+✐✱ ♠❛$+✐❝✐ ❡ #$+✉$$✉+❡ ❞❛$✐ ♠✐#$❡❀ ✐♥♦❧$+❡✱ ❝♦♠❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠✉♥❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣✲
❣✐♦ ❞✐ ♣+♦❣+❛♠♠❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ♣+❡✈❡❞❡ ❧✬✉$✐❧✐③③♦ ❞✐ ✐#$+✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❝♦♥$+♦❧❧♦ ❝♦♠❡
❡#♣+❡##✐♦♥✐ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥❛❧✐ ❡ ❝✐❝❧✐✳ ▲❛ ✈❡+❛ ♣♦$❡♥③❛ ❞✐ 2✉❡#$♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥$❡ #✐
♠❛♥✐❢❡#$❛ ♥❡❧❧❛ #✉❛ ❛❧$✐##✐♠❛ ❡#$❡♥#✐❜✐❧✐$3✿ ❡#✐#$❡ ✉♥ ❣+❛♥ ♥✉♠❡+♦ ❞✐ ♣❛❝✲
❦❛❣❡ ❣✐3 ♣+♦♥$✐ ♣❡+ ❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡+❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ❛✈❛♥③❛$❡✱ ♠❛ = ❛♥❝❤❡ ♣♦##✐❜✐❧❡
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥$❛+♥❡ ❞✐ ♥✉♦✈✐ ✐♥ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❣✐ ❞✐ ♣+♦❣+❛♠♠❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐✛✉#✐ ❝♦♠❡ ✐❧
❈✳
◗✉❡#$♦ ❡❧❛❜♦+❛$♦ ❤❛ ♥❡❝❡##✐$❛$♦ ❞✐ ❛❧❝✉♥✐ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ♣❡+ #✈♦❧❣❡+❡ ❧❡
❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ♣✐G ❝♦♠♣❧❡##❡✳ ■ ♣✐G #✐❣♥✐✜❝❛$✐✈✐ #♦♥♦✿
• ❘❈✉#❧ ❝♦♥#❡♥$❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦#✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ +❡2✉❡#$ ❍❚❚A ❡ ❧✬❡❧❛❜♦+❛③✐♦♥❡
❞❡❧❧❡ +❡#♣♦♥#❡ ♦$$❡♥✉$❡ ❞❛❧ ❲❡❜ #❡+✈❡+❀
• ❘❏❙❖◆■❖ ♠❡$$❡ ❛ ❞✐#♣♦#✐③✐♦♥❡ ❧❡ ♣+♦❝❡❞✉+❡ ❝❤❡ ♣❡+♠❡$$♦♥♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♥✲
✈❡+#✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ♦❣❣❡$$✐ ❘ ♥❡❧ ❢♦+♠❛$♦ ❏❙❖◆ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✈❡+#❛❀
• *♠ = ✉♥ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ❞✐ ❚❡①$ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❢♦♥❞❛♠❡♥$❛❧❡ ♣❡+ ❡#❡❣✉✐+❡ $✉$$❡ ❧❡
♦♣❡+❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣+❡✲♣+♦❝❡##✐♥❣ #✉❧ ❞❛$❛#❡$ ❞✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥$✐ ❡ ♣❡+ ❣❡♥❡+❛+❡
❧❡ #$+✉$$✉+❡ ❞❛$✐ ✐♥ ✐♥♣✉$ ❛❧❧✬❛❧❣♦+✐$♠♦ ❝❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥$❛ ❧❛ ▲❛$❡♥$
❉✐+✐❝❤❧❡$ ❆❧❧♦❝❛$✐♦♥❀
• ❙♥♦✇❜❛❧❧❈ = ✐❧ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ❝❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥$❛ ❧✬❛❧❣♦+✐$♠♦ ❞✐ #$❡♠♠✐♥❣ ♣❡+
✉♥ ❣+❛♥ ♥✉♠❡+♦ ❞✐ ❧✐♥❣✉❡ ❡✉+♦♣❡❡❀
✶
❚❤❡ ❘ $%♦❥❡❝) ❢♦% ❙)❛)✐.)✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉)✐♥❣✿ ❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳'✲♣'♦❥❡❝!✳♦'❣✴
✹✺
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❇✳ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ *♦❢,✇❛/❡ ✉,✐❧✐③③❛,❡ ✹✻
• ❛✉ ❝♦♥%✐❡♥❡ (✈❛+✐❛%❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ♣❡+ ❧✬❛♥❛❧✐(✐ ❞❡❧ %❡(%♦ ❡ ✐❧ ❝♦♥%❡❣❣✐♦
❞❡❣❧✐ ♥✲❣+❛♠♠✐❀
• ♦♣✐❝♠♦❞❡❧+ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❛ ❣❧✐ ❛❧❣♦+✐%♠✐ ♣❡+ ✐❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣+♦❜❛❜✐✲
❧✐%8 ❛ ♣♦(%❡+✐♦+✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ▲❛%❡♥% ❉✐+✐❝❤❧❡% ❆❧❧♦❝❛%✐♦♥✱ ❜❛(❛♥❞♦(✐ (✉❧❧❡
(%+✉%%✉+❡ ❞❛%✐ ❝♦♠♣✉%❛%❡ ❝♦❧ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ♠❀
• ❝❧✉+ ❡, ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❛ ❛❧❝✉♥✐ ❛❧❣♦+✐%♠✐ ❞✐ ❝❧✉(%❡+✐♥❣✱ %+❛ ❝✉✐ ❧✬❛❧❣♦+✐%✲
♠♦ ❦✲♠❡❛♥(❀ ♠❡%%❡ ❛ ❞✐(♣♦(✐③✐♦♥❡ ❛♥❝❤❡ ♠♦❧%❡ ❛❧%+❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐✱ ❝♦♠❡
❛❞ ❡(❡♠♣✐♦ ❧❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡+ ✐❧ ❝❛❧❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡%%❡ ✐♥❞❡①✳
▲✬❛♠❜✐❡♥%❡ ❘ C (%❛%♦ ❞✉♥D✉❡ ✉%✐❧✐③③❛%♦ (✐❛ ♣❡+ ✐❧ ♣+❡❧✐❡✈♦ ❞❡✐ ❞❛%✐
❞❡❧ ❞❛%❛(❡% ❝❤❡ ♣❡+ ❧♦ (✈✐❧✉♣♣♦ ❡ ❧❛ ✈❛❧✉%❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ %❡❝♥✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ +❛❝❝♦✲
♠❛♥❞❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ▲❛ (❝❡❧%❛ ❞✐ D✉❡(%♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥%❡ ❞✐ (✈✐❧✉♣♣♦ C (%❛%❛ ♥❛%✉+❛❧❡✱
♣♦✐❝❤E ❞♦♣♦ ✉♥❛ ♣+✐♠❛ ❢❛(❡ ❞✐ (%✉❞✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣+❡♥(✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❣✐♦ C
(%❛%♦ ♣♦((✐❜✐❧❡ ❧❛✈♦+❛+❡ ❞✐+❡%%❛♠❡♥%❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ (✈♦❧❣♦♥♦ ✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧✐
♣✐F ❝♦♠♣❧❡((✐✱ (❡♥③❛ ❞♦✈❡+❧❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❛+❡✳
❇✳✶ ❊$❡♠♣✐ ❞✐ ❝♦❞✐❝❡
❙✐ +✐♣♦+%❛♥♦ ❞✐ (❡❣✉✐%♦ ❛❧❝✉♥❡ ♣❛+%✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦❞✐❝❡ (❝+✐%%♦ ✐♥ ❘ ♣❛+%✐❝♦❧❛+♠❡♥%❡
(✐❣♥✐✜❝❛%✐✈❡ ♣❡+ D✉❡(%❛ %❡(✐✳
▲❡ ♦♣❡+❛③✐♦♥✐ ♣❡+ ✐❧ ♣+❡✲♣+♦❝❡((✐♥❣ ❞❡❧ ❞❛%❛(❡% (♦♥♦ ❡(♣♦(%❡ ♥❡❧ ❝♦❞✐❝❡
❇✳✶✳ ❙✐ ♣❛+%❡ ❞❛❧ ❞❛%❛(❡% ❞❡❧ ✜❧❡ ❈❙❱ ✐♥%+♦❞♦%%♦ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐%♦❧♦ ✹✳✶ ❡ (✐ ♦%%✐❡♥❡
✉♥ ❝♦+♣✉( ❞✐ ❛+%✐❝♦❧✐✳ ➮ ♣♦((✐❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣+❡③③❛+❡✱ ❛❧❧❛ +✐❣❛ ✶✱ ❧✬❡(%+❛③✐♦♥❡
❞❛❧ ❈❙❱ ❞❡✐ (♦❧✐ ❝❛♠♣✐ ❚✐ ❧❡✱ ❆❜+ ,❛❝ ❡ ❑❡②✇♦,❞+ ❝❤❡ ❝❛+❛%%❡+✐③③❛♥♦
❝✐❛(❝✉♥ ❛+%✐❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦+♣✉(✳ ❙✉❝❝❡((✐✈❛♠❡♥%❡✱ ❞❛❧❧❛ +✐❣❛ ✻ ❛❧❧❛ +✐❣❛ ✶✶
❧✬✐♥%❡+♦ ❝♦+♣✉( C ♦❣❣❡%%♦ ❞❡❧ ♣+❡✲♣+♦❝❡((✐♥❣ ✭❝❛♣✐%♦❧♦ ❄❄✮✳
✶ ❞♦❝# ❁✲ ♣❛#(❡✭❝#✈✩❚✐(❧❡ ✱❝#✈✩❆❜#(3❛❝( ✱❝#✈✩❑❡②✇♦3❞# ✱#❡♣❂✧ ✧✮
✷ ❛3(✐❝❧❡# ❁✲ ❣#✉❜✭♣❛((❡3♥❂✧❭❭⑤✧✱3❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥(❂✧ ✧✱①❂❛3(✐❝❧❡#✮
✸ ❛3(✐❝❧❡# ❁✲ ❣#✉❜✭♣❛((❡3♥❂✧♣❛♣❡3⑤❛❜#(3❛❝(✧✱3❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥( ❂✧ ✧✱①❂
❛3(✐❝❧❡# ✱✐❣♥♦3❡✳❝❛#❡❂❚❘❯❊✮
✹ ✈# ❁✲ ❱❡❝(♦3❙♦✉3❝❡✭❛3(✐❝❧❡#✮
✺ ❝♦3♣✉# ❁✲ ❈♦3♣✉#✭✈#✱3❡❛❞❡3❈♦♥(3♦❧❂❧✐#(✭❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡❂✧❡♥✧✮✮
✻ ❝♦3♣✉# ❁✲ (♠❴♠❛♣✭❝♦3♣✉# ✱(♦❧♦✇❡3✮
✼ ❝♦3♣✉# ❁✲ (♠❴♠❛♣✭❝♦3♣✉# ✱3❡♠♦✈❡❲♦3❞# ✱#(♦♣✇♦3❞#✭✧❡♥❣❧✐#❤✧✮✮
✽ ❝♦3♣✉# ❁✲ (♠❴♠❛♣✭❝♦3♣✉# ✱3❡♠♦✈❡K✉♥❝(✉❛(✐♦♥✮
✾ ❝♦3♣✉# ❁✲ (♠❴♠❛♣✭❝♦3♣✉# ✱3❡♠♦✈❡◆✉♠❜❡3#✮
✶✵ ❝♦3♣✉# ❁✲ (♠❴♠❛♣✭❝♦3♣✉# ✱#(❡♠❉♦❝✉♠❡♥(✮
✶✶ ❝♦3♣✉# ❁✲ (♠❴♠❛♣✭❝♦3♣✉# ✱#(3✐♣❲❤✐(❡#♣❛❝❡✮
❈♦❞✐❝❡ ❇✳✶✿ 2/❡✲♣/♦❝❡**✐♥❣ *✉❧ ❞❛,❛*❡,
▲❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ▲❉❆✭✮ ❝❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❛ ✐❧ ♠❡%♦❞♦ ❛ ♣♦(%❡+✐♦+✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ▲❛%❡♥%
❉✐+✐❝❤❧❡% ❆❧❧♦❝❛%✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝%✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡ ✭(✐ ✈❡❞❛ ❧❛ (♣✐❡❣❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧ ❝❛♣✐%♦✲
❧♦ ✸✮ C ♠♦(%+❛%❛ ♥❡❧ ❝♦❞✐❝❡ ❇✳✷✳ ■ ♣❛+❛♠❡%+✐ ❞✐ ❝♦♥%+♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ (✉❞❞❡%%❛
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✹✼ ❊!❡♠♣✐ ❞✐ ❝♦❞✐❝❡
❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ )♦♥♦ ❝♦♥+❡♥✉+✐ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❧✐)+❛ ▲❉❆❴❝♦♥'(♦❧❀ )♦♥♦ )+❛+✐ )❝❡❧+✐ ❝♦♥✲
)✉❧+❛♥❞♦ ✐❧ ❧❛✈♦2♦ ❞✐ ●24♥ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❬✼❪✳ ❈♦♠❡ )✐ ♣✉@ ♥♦+❛2❡✱ ❧✬✐♥♣✉+ ❞❡❧❧❛
❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ C ❝♦♠♣♦)+♦ ❞❛❧❧❛ ❧✐)+❛ ❞❡✐ ♣❛2❛♠❡+2✐ ❞✐ ❝♦♥+2♦❧❧♦✱ ❞❛❧❧❛ ❝♦)+❛♥+❡
k ✭♥✉♠❡2♦ ❞❡✐ +♦♣✐❝✮ ❡ ❞❛❧❧❛ ♠❛+2✐❝❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥' ❚❡)♠ ▼❛')✐① ✭❉❚▼✮✳
◗✉❡)+✬✉❧+✐♠❛ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❣❡♥❡2❛+❛ ❛❧❧❛ 2✐❣❛ ✾✿ ❤❛ +❛♥+❡ 2✐❣❤❡ K✉❛♥+✐ )♦♥♦ ❣❧✐
❛2+✐❝♦❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❝♦2♣✉) ❡ +❛♥+❡ ❝♦❧♦♥♥❡ K✉❛♥+❡ )♦♥♦ ❧❡ ♣❛2♦❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✈♦❝❛❜♦❧❛2✐♦
❞❡❧ ❝♦2♣✉) ✭❡)+2❛++♦ ✐♥ ❞✐❝' ❛❧❧❛ 2✐❣❛ ✶✵✮❀ ♣❡2 ♦❣♥✐ ❛2+✐❝♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♥+❛ K✉❛♥+❡
✈♦❧+❡ ❛♣♣❛2❡ ❝✐❛)❝✉♥❛ ♣❛2♦❧❛✳
✶ ▲❉❆❴❝♦♥'(♦❧ ❁✲ ❧✐-'✭
✷ ❡-'✐♠❛'❡✳❛❧♣❤❛❂❚❘❯❊ ✱ ❛❧♣❤❛ ❂✺✵✴❦✱ ❡-'✐♠❛'❡✳❜❡'❛❂❚❘❯❊ ✱
✸ ✈❡(❜♦-❡❂✵✱ ♣(❡❢✐①❂'❡♠♣❢✐❧❡ ✭✮✱ -❛✈❡❂✵✱ ❦❡❡♣❂✵✱
✹ -❡❡❞❂❙❊❊❉ ✱ ♥-'❛('❂✶✱ ❜❡-'❂❚❘❯❊ ✱
✺ ✈❛(❂❧✐-'✭✐'❡(✳♠❛①❂✺✵✵✱'♦❧ ❂✶✵❫ ✲✻✮✱
✻ ❡♠❂❧✐-'✭✐'❡(✳♠❛①❂✶✵✵✵✱ '♦❧ ❂✶✵❫ ✲✹✮✱
✼ ✐♥✐'✐❛❧✐③❡❂✧(❛♥❞♦♠✧
✽ ✮
✾ ❞'♠ ❁✲ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥'❚❡(♠▼❛'(✐①✭❝♦(♣✉- ✱❝♦♥'(♦❧❂❧✐-'✭♠✐♥❲♦(❞▲❡♥❣'❤
❂✸✮✮
✶✵ ❞✐❝' ❁✲ ❉✐❝'✐♦♥❛(②✭❞'♠✮
✶✶ ❧❞❛ ❁✲ ▲❉❆✭❞'♠ ✱❦✱♠❡'❤♦❞❂✧❱❊▼✧✱❝♦♥'(♦❧❂▲❉❆❴❝♦♥'(♦❧ ✱♠♦❞❡❧❂◆❯▲▲
✮
❈♦❞✐❝❡ ❇✳✷✿ ▲✐!*❛ ❞❡✐ ♣❛,❛♠❡*,✐ ❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡, ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝*✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡
■❧ ❝♦❞✐❝❡ ❇✳✸ ♣2❡)❡♥+❛ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❝❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥+❛ ✐❧ ♠❡+♦❞♦ ❛
♣♦)+❡2✐♦2✐ ❞✐ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐+❡♠ ♠♦❞❡✳ ❈♦♠❡ )✐ ✈❡❞❡ ❞❛❧ )✉♦ ✐♥♣✉+✱ ❧❛ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡
♣♦0'❡(✐♦(✭✮ ✉+✐❧✐③③❛ ❧❡ ✐♥❢♦2♠❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛+❡ ❞❛ ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝+✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡
✭✐❧ ♣❛2❛♠❡+2♦ ❧❞❛✮ ♣❡2 ❝❛❧❝♦❧❛2❡ ❧❡ ❞✐)+2✐❜✉③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ♣2♦❜❛❜✐❧✐+R )✉✐ +♦♣✐❝ ❞✐
❛❧+2✐ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥+✐ ♣2❡❝❡❞❡♥+❡♠❡♥+❡ ♣2❡✲♣2♦❝❡))❛+✐ ❡ +2❛)❢♦2♠❛+✐ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❉❚▼
♥❡✇❴❞'♠✳
✶ ❧❞❛❴✐♥❢❡(❡♥❝❡ ❁✲ ♣♦-'❡(✐♦(✭❧❞❛ ✱♥❡✇❴❞'♠✮
❈♦❞✐❝❡ ❇✳✸✿ ❋✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ♣❡, ▲❉❆ ✐♥ ✐*❡♠ ♠♦❞❡
■ ❝♦❞✐❝✐ ♣2❡)❡♥+❛+✐ )♦♥♦ ✐ ♣✐S )✐❣♥✐✜❝❛+✐✈✐✱ ❞❛ ✉♥ ♣✉♥+♦ ❞✐ ✈✐)+❛ ❢✉♥✲
③✐♦♥❛❧❡✱ ♣❡2 K✉❛♥+♦ 2✐❣✉❛2❞❛ ✐❧ ♣2❡)❡♥+❡ ❧❛✈♦2♦ ❞✐ +❡)✐✳ ■❧ ♥✉♠❡2♦ +♦+❛❧❡
❞✐ 2✐❣❤❡ ❞✐ ❝♦❞✐❝❡ ❘ ♣2♦❞♦++❡ )✐ ❛++❡)+❛ ✐♥✈❡❝❡ ❛++♦2♥♦ ❛❧❧❡ ✷✶✵✻✿
• ✶✶✹ 2✐❣❤❡ ❝✐2❝❛ ♣❡2 ✐❧ ♣2❡❧✐❡✈♦ ❞❡✐ ❞❛+✐ ❞❡❧ ❞❛+❛)❡+❀
• ✶✽✷✽ 2✐❣❤❡ ❝✐2❝❛ ♣❡2 ❧❡ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❣❧✐ )❝2✐♣+ ❝❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥♦ ❧❡ +❡❝♥✐❝❤❡
❚✇♦✲)+❡♣)✲▲❉❆ ❡ ▲❉❆✰❝❧✉)+❡2✐♥❣❀
• ✶✻✹ 2✐❣❤❡ ❝✐2❝❛ ♣❡2 K✉❡❧❧❡ ❝❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥♦ ❧❛ +❡❝♥✐❝❛ ❈❛✈♥❛2 ❡ ❚2❡♥❦❧❡✳
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❇✐❜❧✐♦❣&❛✜❛
❬✶❪ ▼❛%✐❛ ❇✐%②✉❦♦✈ ❛♥❞ ❈❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❉♦♥❣✳ ❆♥❛❧②5✐5 ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉:❡% 5❝✐❡♥❝❡
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐:✐❡5 ❜❛5❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❜❧♣✳ ■♥ ❘❡"❡❛$❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ *❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❢♦$ ❞✐❣✐*❛❧ ❧✐❜$❛$✐❡"✱ ♣❛❣❡5 ✷✷✽✕✷✸✺✳ ❙♣%✐♥❣❡%✱ ✷✵✶✵✳
❬✷❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ▼ ❇❧❡✐✳ F%♦❜❛❜✐❧✐5:✐❝ :♦♣✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧5✳ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛*✐♦♥" ♦❢ *❤❡
❆❈▼✱ ✺✺✭✹✮✿✼✼✕✽✹✱ ✷✵✶✷✳
❬✸❪ ❉❛✈✐❞ ▼ ❇❧❡✐✱ ❆♥❞%❡✇ ❨ ◆❣✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ■ ❏♦%❞❛♥✳ ▲❛:❡♥: ❞✐%✐❝❤❧❡:
❛❧❧♦❝❛:✐♦♥✳ *❤❡ ❏♦✉$♥❛❧ ♦❢ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ▲❡❛$♥✐♥❣ $❡"❡❛$❝❤✱ ✸✿✾✾✸✕✶✵✷✷✱
✷✵✵✸✳
❬✹❪ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ❇ ❈❛✈♥❛%✱ ❏♦❤♥ ▼ ❚%❡♥❦❧❡✱ ❡: ❛❧✳ ◆✲❣%❛♠✲❜❛5❡❞ :❡①:
❝❛:❡❣♦%✐③❛:✐♦♥✳ ❆♥♥ ❆$❜♦$ ▼■✱ ✹✽✶✶✸✭✷✮✿✶✻✶✕✶✼✺✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❬✺❪ ❏❛♠❡5 ❉❛✈✐❞5♦♥✱ ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥ ▲✐❡❜❛❧❞✱ ❏✉♥♥✐♥❣ ▲✐✉✱ F❛❧❛5❤ ◆❛♥❞②✱
❚❛②❧♦% ❱❛♥ ❱❧❡❡:✱ ❯❧❧❛5 ●❛%❣✐✱ ❙✉❥♦② ●✉♣:❛✱ ❨✉ ❍❡✱ ▼✐❦❡ ▲❛♠❜❡%:✱
❇❧❛❦❡ ▲✐✈✐♥❣5:♦♥✱ ❡: ❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❨♦✉:✉❜❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ %❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛:✐♦♥ 5②✲
5:❡♠✳ ■♥ :$♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣" ♦❢ *❤❡ ❢♦✉$*❤ ❆❈▼ ❝♦♥❢❡$❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡$
"②"*❡♠"✱ ♣❛❣❡5 ✷✾✸✕✷✾✻✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✶✵✳
❬✻❪ ❱❧❛❞✐♠✐% ❊5:✐✈✐❧❧✲❈❛5:%♦✳ ❲❤② 5♦ ♠❛♥② ❝❧✉5:❡%✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦%✐:❤♠5✿ ❛
♣♦5✐:✐♦♥ ♣❛♣❡%✳ ❆❈▼ ❙■●❑❉❉ ❊①♣❧♦$❛*✐♦♥" ◆❡✇"❧❡**❡$✱ ✹✭✶✮✿✻✺✕✼✺✱
✷✵✵✷✳
❬✼❪ ❇❡::✐♥❛ ●%_♥ ❛♥❞ ❑✉%: ❍♦%♥✐❦✳ :♦♣✐❝♠♦❞❡❧5✿ ❆♥ % ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ ❢♦% ✜::✐♥❣
:♦♣✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧5✳ ❏♦✉$♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙*❛*✐"*✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❢*✇❛$❡✱ ✹✵✭✶✸✮✿✶✕✸✵✱ ✷✵✶✶✳
❬✽❪ ❩5♦❧: ❑❛:♦♥❛ ❛♥❞ ▼✐❦❧♦5 ❙❛%✈❛%②✳ ❚❤❡ %❛❝❡ ❢♦% 5♣♦♥5♦%❡❞
❧✐♥❦5✿ ❇✐❞❞✐♥❣ ♣❛::❡%♥5 ❢♦% 5❡❛%❝❤ ❛❞✈❡%:✐5✐♥❣✳ ▼❛$❦❡*✐♥❣ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱
✷✾✭✷✮✿✶✾✾✕✷✶✺✱ ✷✵✶✵✳
❬✾❪ ❆❧❜❡%:♦ ❍❋ ▲❛❡♥❞❡%✱ ❈❛%❧♦5 ❏F ❞❡ ▲✉❝❡♥❛✱ ❏♦5d ❈❛%❧♦5 ▼❛❧❞♦♥❛❞♦✱
❊❞♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❡ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❛♥❞ ◆✐✈✐♦ ❩✐✈✐❛♥✐✳ ❆55❡55✐♥❣ :❤❡ %❡5❡❛%❝❤
✹✾
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❇■❇▲■❖●❘❆❋■❆ ✺✵
❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛(✐♦♥ +✉❛❧✐(② ♦❢ (❤❡ (♦♣ ❜2❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❝♦♠♣✉(❡2 5❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❣2❛❞✉❛(❡
♣2♦❣2❛♠5✳ ❆❈▼ ❙■●❈❙❊ ❇✉❧❧❡+✐♥✱ ✹✵✭✷✮✿✶✸✺✕✶✹✺✱ ✷✵✵✽✳
❬✶✵❪ ❍✐❡♣ ▲✉♦♥❣✱ ❚✐♥ ❍✉②♥❤✱ ❙✉<❛♥ ●❛✉❝❤✱ ▲♦❝ ❉♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❑✐❡♠ ❍♦❛♥❣✳
D✉❜❧✐❝❛G✐♦♥ ✈❡♥✉❡ I❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛G✐♦♥ ✉<✐♥❣ ❛✉G❤♦I ♥❡G✇♦I❦✬< ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛✲
G✐♦♥ ❤✐<G♦I②✳ ■♥ ■♥"❡❧❧✐❣❡♥" ■♥❢♦)♠❛"✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉❛"❛❜❛/❡ ❙②/"❡♠/✱ ♣❛❣❡<
✹✷✻✕✹✸✺✳ ❙♣I✐♥❣❡I✱ ✷✵✶✷✳
❬✶✶❪ D❡G❡I ❏ ❘♦✉<<❡❡✉✇✳ ❙✐❧❤♦✉❡GG❡<✿ ❛ ❣I❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❛✐❞ G♦ G❤❡ ✐♥G❡I♣I❡G❛G✐♦♥
❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✐❞❛G✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❧✉<G❡I ❛♥❛❧②<✐<✳ ❏♦✉)♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉"❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞
❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♠❛"❤❡♠❛"✐❝/✱ ✷✵✿✺✸✕✻✺✱ ✶✾✽✼✳
❬✶✷❪ ❏❛❝U✉❡< ❲❛✐♥❡I✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❊❝❦♠❛♥♥✱ ❙✐♦♠❡ ●♦❧❞❡♥<G❡✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞❡I✲
<♦♥ ❘♦❝❤❛✳ ❍♦✇ ♣I♦❞✉❝G✐✈✐G② ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❛❝G ❞✐✛❡I ❛❝I♦<< ❝♦♠♣✉G❡I
<❝✐❡♥❝❡ <✉❜❛I❡❛<✳ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛"✐♦♥/ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❆❈▼✱ ✺✻✭✽✮✿✻✼✕✼✸✱ ✷✵✶✸✳
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❘✐♥❣$❛③✐❛♠❡♥)✐
❊❝❝♦❝✐ ❛❧❧❛ ♣❛'(❡ ♣✐* ♦♥❡'♦,❛ ❞✐ (✉((♦ /✉❡,(♦ ♠❛❧❧♦♣♣♦
❞✐ ❝❛'(❛ ❡ (♦♥❡'✳
❘✐♥❣'❛③✐❛♠❡♥(✐ ✐♥ ♦'❞✐♥❡ ❞❡❝✐,♦ ❞❛❧ ,♦((♦,❝'✐((♦✳
❆✐ ♠✐❡✐ ❣❡♥✐(♦'✐✱ ❇❡♥✐❛♠✐♥♦ ❡ ●✉✐❞❛✱
♣❡' ♦✈✈✐ ♠♦(✐✈✐ ✭❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❝✐ ❡ ✜♥❛♥③✐❛'✐✮✱
♣❡' ❛✈❡' ,❡♠♣'❡ ❝❛♣✐(♦ ❝❤❡ ,♦♥♦ ✐♥ ❣'❛❞♦ ❞✐ ❢❛'❡ ❜❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦,❛ ❛❧❧❛ ✈♦❧(❛
❡ ♣❡' ♥♦♥ ❛✈❡'♠✐ ♠❛✐ ❢❛((♦ ♣'❡,,✐♦♥✐ '✐❣✉❛'❞♦ ✐❧ ♠✐♦ ♣❡'❝♦',♦
✉♥✐✈❡',✐(❛'✐♦✳
❊✱ ,@✱ ❛♥❝❤❡ ♣❡' ✐ ❧♦'♦ ❝❛'❛((❡'✐ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥(✐✱
♠❛ ❡♥('❛♠❜✐ ✉♥✐❝✐ ❡ ♥❡❧❧✬✐♥,✐❡♠❡ ❡,✐❧❛'❛♥(✐✳
❆ ❋'❛♥❝❡,❝♦✱ ♠✐♦ ♠❡(❛❧❧✐❝♦ ❢'❛(❡❧❧♦✱
❝❤❡ ♠✐ ❤❛ ✐♥('♦❞♦((♦ ❛❧❧❛ ♠✉,✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❞✐❛✈♦❧♦✱
♠❛ ,♦♣'❛((✉((♦ ♠✐ ❤❛ ♠♦,('❛(♦ ✉♥ ♦((✐♠♦ ♠♦❞♦ ♣❡' ,❝❛'✐❝❛'❡ ❧❛
(❡♥,✐♦♥❡ ✏❜❛(❡♥❞♦ ❝✉❡'❝✐✑✳
❆ ♠✐❛ ♥♦♥♥❛ ❊♥'✐❝❛✱
❝❤❡ ,✐❝✉'❛♠❡♥(❡ ,❛'❡❜❜❡ ✜❡'❛ ❞✐ ♠❡ ♣❡'❝❤F ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥(❡ ❤♦ (❡'♠✐♥❛(♦ ❧❡
✏,❝♦❧❡ ❛❧(❡✑✳
❆ ●❧♦'✐❛✱ ❞❛ ♣✐* ❞✐ /✉❛(('♦ ❛♥♥✐ ❧❛ ♠✐❛ ♠❡(G✱
♣✉'('♦♣♣♦ ✭♣❡' ❧❡✐✮ ❧✬✉♥✐❝❛ ♠❡(G ❝♦♥ ♠❡♠♦'✐❛ ❛ ❧✉♥❣♦ (❡'♠✐♥❡ ❡ ❧❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐(G ❞✐ ♣'❡♥❞❡'❡ ❞❡❝✐,✐♦♥✐ ,❡♥③❛ ✐♠♣✐❡❣❛'❡ ✉♥ (❡♠♣♦ ❡,♣♦♥❡♥③✐❛❧❡✳
❉❛✈✈❡'♦✱ ❣'❛③✐❡ ♣❡' ❧❛ ♣❛③✐❡♥③❛✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣'❡♥,✐♦♥❡ ❡ ❧❛ ✜❞✉❝✐❛✦
❆ ▲✉❝✐❛♥♦✱ ❇'✉♥❛ ❡ ❋❛✉,(♦✱
♣❡',♦♥❡ ❢❛♥(❛,(✐❝❤❡ ❝❤❡ ♠✐ ❤❛♥♥♦ ❛❝❝♦❧(♦ ❡ ,❢❛♠❛(♦ ❡ ,♦♣♣♦'(❛(♦ ✐♥
/✉❡,(✐ ✉❧(✐♠✐ /✉❛(('♦ ❛♥♥✐✱ ,❡♠♣'❡ ♥❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ♣✐* ❣❡♥(✐❧❡ ❡ ♣✐❛❝❡✈♦❧❡
♣♦,,✐❜✐❧❡✳
❯♥ ❣'❛③✐❡✱ ♦ ♠❡❣❧✐♦ ✉♥♦ ✏,❝✉,❛✑✱ ❛❣❧✐ ❛♠✐❝✐ ❝❤❡ ❤♦ ('❛,❝✉'❛(♦ ❛ ❇❡❧❧✉♥♦❀
(✉((❛ ❝♦❧♣❛ ♠✐❛✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥(❡♠❡♥(❡ ♥♦♥ ,♦♥♦ ✐♥ ❣'❛❞♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛'❡ ❞♦✈❡'✐ ❡
♣✐❛❝❡'✐✳
❈✐N ♥♦♥ (♦❣❧✐❡ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥ ❧♦'♦ ,✐❛ ❝'❡,❝✐✉(♦✱ ❝❤❡ ♠✐ ,✐❛ ❞✐✈❡'(✐(♦ ❡ ❝❤❡ ,✐❛
❝✐N ❝❤❡ ,♦♥♦ ❣'❛③✐❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❧♦'♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥③❛✳
❈♦♠✉♥/✉❡✱ ✐ ❧♦'♦ ♥♦♠✐ ✐♥ ♦'❞✐♥❡ ,♣❛',♦ ,♦♥♦✿
❉❛✈✐❞❡✱ ▼❛'❝♦✱ ▼❛,,✐♠♦✱ ❙(❡❢❛♥♦✱ ❊♠❛♥✉❡❧❡✱ ▼❛((❡♦✱ ●✐✉❧✐♦✳
❯♥ ❣'❛③✐❡ ,♣❡❝✐❛❧❡ ✈❛ ❛ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❡ ❝❤❡✱ ✐♥❞✉❜❜✐❛♠❡♥(❡ ❡ ♠❛❧❛✉❣✉'❛(❛♠❡♥(❡
✺✶
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❘✐♥❣$❛③✐❛♠❡♥)✐ ✺✷
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❧❛)❝❡#Q ❞❡❝✐❞❡#❡ ❛ ❧✉✐✳
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♠✐ ♠❛♥❝❤❡#❡"❡ "#♦♣♣♦✱ ♠❛ "♦#♥❡#Q✦
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)♦##✐)♦✦
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