tema 4.2.3

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Principalii producatori si exportatori de petrol

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Producatori, exportatori si importaori de gaze naturale

Producatori, exportatori si importatori de carbine

2

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Producatori de energie nucleara

Producatori de hidro energie

3

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Energia regenerabila

• Cea care provine din resursele naturale asa ca energia solara, eoliana, ploi, fluxuri, refluxuri, si

goetermala.

• 16% din consumul final de energie la nivel mondial of global final energy provine din cea

regenerabila.

• 10% din biomasa, utilizata pentru incalzire,

• si 3.% din hydroelectricitate .• Noile resurse regenerabile (centrale idro mici, biomasa moderna, vint, solara, geotermala, si

biodizel! constituie !."% si sunt in crestere.

• "onderea energiei regenerabile in generarea energiei electrice este de 1#%, cu

• 16% din electricitatea la nivel mondial provenind din hidroelectricitate si 3% de la noile

surse regenerabile de energie.

• Energia eoliana este in crestere cu 30% anual, cu o capacitate la nivel mondial de

1#$ giga%atts (&'! in 21, si este utilizata in Europe, )sia, si *nited +tates.

• n 21, instalatiile globale fotovoltaice ("-! au depasit &' si ele sunt populare in

$ermany si pain. +tatiile de energia termala solara opereaza in &' si pain, cea mai mare de

3/ mega%att (0'! +E&+, statie electrica este situata in 0oave esert.

• Cea mai mare statie geotermala este situata &esers in California, cu o capacitate de 4/ 0'.• 5razil are una din cele mai mare programe de energie regenerabila din lume, implicind

producerea de combustibil din etanol fuel din sfecla de zaar, si etanolul ofera 1$6 din

combustibilul pentru automobile. Combustibilul este utilizat pe larg si in te *+).

(ene)able energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas

• po%er generation , ot %ater7space eating, transport fuels, and rural (off8grid! energ

services.

"o%er generation

• 9ene%able energ provides 1" percent of total electricity generation %orld%ide. 9ene%able

po%er generators are spread across man countries, and )ind po)er alone alread provides asignificant sare of electricit in some areas: in te *.+. &erman and enmar;.

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• +ome countries get most of teir po%er from rene%ables, including *celand and Paraguay

(1 percent!, +or)ay (#$ percent!, razil ($< percent!, 'ustria (<2 percent!, +e) -ealand (</

percent!, and )eden (/ percent!.

=eating

• +olar ot %ater ma;es an important contribution to rene%able eat in man countries, most

notabl in hina, %ic no% as 4 percent of te global total (1$ &'t!. 0ost of tese sstems are

installed on multi8famil apartment buildings and meet a portion of te ot %ater needs of an

estimated />< million ouseolds in Cina.• 'orld%ide, total installed solar %ater eating sstems meet a portion of te %ater eating

needs of over 4 million ouseolds. ?e use of biomass for eating continues to gro% as %ell. n

)eden, national use of biomass energ as surpassed tat of oil. irect geotermal for eating is also

gro%ing rapidl.

?ransport fuels

• 9ene%able biofuels ave contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in te *nited

+tates since 2<. ?e #3 billion liters of biofuels produced %orld%ide in 2# displaced te

e@uivalent of an estimated <$ billion liters of gasoline, e@ual to about / percent of %orld gasoline

production.

Potential

• &loball, te long8term tecnical potential of %ind energ is believed to be five times total

current global energ production, or times current electricit demand.

• +ince %ater is about $ times denser tan air, even a slo% flo%ing stream of %ater, or

moderate sea s%ell, can ield considerable amounts of energ. ?ere are man forms of %ater energ:

• =droelectric energ 8 large8scale droelectric dams.

• 0icro dro sstems are droelectric po%er installations tat tpicall produce up to 1 ;'

of po%er.

• 9un8of8te8river droelectricit sstems derive ;inetic energ from rivers and oceans.

• 'it te amount of sun tat its te %orld in one our tere is enoug energ to po%er te%orld for one ear.

• 5iofuels provided 2.46 of te %orldAs transport fuel in 21.

• &eotermal po%er sources exist in certain geologicall unstable parts of te %orld suc

as Cile, celand, Ne% Bealand, *nited +tates, te "ilippines and tal. ?e t%o most prominent areas

for tis in te *nited +tates are in te ello%stone basin and in nortern California.

• celand produced 14 0' geotermal po%er and eated $<6 of all ouses in te ear 2

troug geotermal energ.

• )ccording to a 211 proection b te nternational Energ )genc, solar po%er generators

ma produce most of te %orldDs electricit %itin / ears.

'ind po%er mar;et• &lobal %ind po%er installations increased b 3/,$ 0' in 21, bringing total installed

capacit up to 1#, 0', a !!./% at te end of 2#.

• or te first time more tan alf of all ne% %ind po%er %as added outside of te traditional

mar;ets of Europe and Nort )merica, mainl driven, b te continuing boom in hina %ic

accounted for nearl alf of all of te installations at 1<,/ 0'. Cina no% as 2,3 0' of %ind

po%er installed. +everal countries ave acieved relativel ig levels of %ind po%er penetration,

suc as !16 of stationar electricit production in enmar , 1"% in Portugal, 16% in pain, 16

in *reland and #% in $ermany in 21.

• n 211, "3 countries around te %orld are using %ind po%er on a commercial basis

olar thermal plants• Farge solar termal po%er stations are located in te *+) and +pain.

• n developing countries, tree 'orld 5an; proects for integrated solar termal7combined8

ccle gas8turbine po%er plants in 2gypt, exico, and orocco ave been approved.

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• "otovoltaic production as been increasing b an average of more tan 2 6 eac ear since

22, ma;ing it a fast8gro%ing energ tecnolog. )t te end of 21, cumulative

global potovoltaic ("-! installations surpassed &' and "- po%er stations are popular

in &erman and +pain.

• Gena is te %orld leader in te number of solar po%er sstems installed per capita. 0ore tan

3, ver small solar panels, eac producing 12 to 3 %atts, are sold in Gena annuall.

.3 2& energy security

• ?e 2& currentl imports "!% of its oil and /4% of its gas, ma;ing it te %orldAs leading

importer of tese fuels.

• Hnl 3% of te uranium used in European nuclear reactors %as mined in Europe.

• 9ussia, Canada, )ustralia, Niger and Gaza;stan %ere te five largest suppliers of nuclear

materials to te E*, suppling more tan 4/% of te total needs in 2#.

E* *ranium sources

A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy

• "rinciples of Energ "olic for Europe %ere elaborated at te CommissionAs green paper on $

0arc 2<.

• Energy for a Changing World 8 %ere publised b te European Commission, on 1 Ianuar

24.

5ey proposals include

• ) cut of at least 26 in greenouse gas emissions from all primar energ sources b 22.

• ) cut of up to /6 in carbon emissions from primar energ sources b 2/, compared to

1## levels.

• ) minimum target of 16 for te use of biofuels b 22.

• ?o furter increase mar;et competition.

• mproving energ relations %it te E*As neigbours, including 9ussia.

• ?e development of a 2uropean trategic 2nergy 7echnology Plan to develop tecnologies

in areas including rene%able energ, energ conservation, lo%8energ buildings, tgeneration nuclear po%er, clean coal and carbon capture.

• eveloping an )frica8Europe Energ partnersip, to elp )frica use lo%8carbon tecnologies

and to elp develop te continent as a sustainable energ supplier.

7he trategic 2nergy 7echnologies Plan 827 Plan9 !6 :une !00"

• +ets te agenda for an E* energ tecnolog polic. t enances te coordination of national

and European researc and innovation efforts to position te E* in te forefront of te lo);

carbon technologies marets.

7he 27 plan initiatives

• 2uropean <ind *nitiative focus on large turbines and large sstems validation and

demonstration.

• olar 2urope *nitiative focus on large8scale demonstration for potovoltaics and concentratedsolar po%er.

• ioenergy 2urope *nitiative ; focus on Anext generationA biofuels %itin te context of an

overall bio8energ use strateg.

• 2uropean =! capture, transport and storage initiative

> focus on te %ole sstem re@uirements, including efficienc, safet and public acceptance, to

prove te viabilit of zero emission fossil fuel po%er plants at industrial scale.

• 2uropean electricity grid initiative ; focus on te development of te smart electricity

sstem, including storage, and on te creation of a European centre to implement a researc

programme for te European transmission net%or;.

• ustainable nuclear fission initiative ; focus on te development of &eneration -

reactors tecnologies.

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tema 4.2.3

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