termoquimica 2º de bachillerato

7/30/2019 Termoquimica 2 de bachillerato

1/73

UO^CFW_CDLG> Nglmdkko~guf

Uocg ob yon @~gbld|lf Hf| Bgpg~~f" bfp"#>:7>
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2/73

Dbu~fe lldb

\d|uocg| cguo~dgko|" Lkg|d`dlgldb Uo~cfw cdlg Pg~dgnko| eo o|ugef t ` bldfbo| eo

o|ugef" U~gnghf ob uo~cfedbcdlg" Z~flo|f|

~opo~|dnko| o d~~opo~|dnko|"

Z~dco~ z~dbldzdf eo kg Uo~cfedbcdlg"Obo~ig dbuo~bg Lgkf~ t u~gnghf" \dibf|" Z~flo|f| g U3luo+ P3luo+ z3luo t

W3: Ol gldfbo| uo~cfw cdlg| t edgi~gcg|

obukzdlf| Obugkzg o|ubeg~ eo ~oglldb" Obugkzg o|ubeg~ eo `f~cgldb"

Lkl kf eo kg| obugkzg| eo ~oglldbg zg~ud~ eo kg| obugkzg| eo`f~cgldb

Obugkzg eo lfcn |udb

Kot eo Mo||

^oikg| eo kg uo~cfedbcdlg Obo~ig f obugkzg eo obkglo eo obkglo "

Lkl kf eo kg obo~ig eo ~oglldb g zg~ud~eo obugkzg| eo obkglo gzkdlgbef kg koteo Mo||"

U~gb|`o~obldg eo lgkf~ ob z~flo|f| `|dlf|

Lgkf~ kguobuo Lgkf~ eo ed|fk ldb O|zfbugbodege eo kg| ~oglldfbo| w cdlg|" \oi bef z~dbldzdf eo kg Uo~cfedbcdlg"

Obu~fzg" G cobuf| eo obu~fzg

Uo~lo~ z~dbldzdf eo kg Uo~cfedbcdlg" Pg~dgldb eo obu~fzg eo bg ~oglldb w cdlg Obo~ig kdn~o eo Idnn|"

O|zfbugbodege eo kg| ~oglldfbo|w cdlg|" Db`k obldg eo kg uoczo~gu ~g

Obo~ig kdn~o eo Idnn| eo bg ~oglldbw cdlg

Lfbuobdef|


5/73

\d|uocg| cguo~dgko|" Lkg|d`dlgldb Zg~uo zow og eok bdpo~|f w o |o g|kg zg~g |fcouo~ g

o|u edf" Ok ~o|uf |o eobfcdbgOBUF^BF" Kf| |d|uocg| cguo~dgko| z oeob |o~8

Gndo~uf|-dbuo~lgcndg cguo~dg t obo~ig$" Ohoczkf8 kg lfcn |udb eok ig| n ugbf gk gd~o kdn~o kdno~g ed}def eo

lg~nfbf g kg guc|`o~g t u~gb|`do~o lgkf~ gk obuf~bf -o}fu~cdlf$" Lo~~gef| -bf dbuo~lgcndg cguo~dg t | obo~ig$"

Bo u~gkdxgldb ob ok kgnf~guf~df eo MBF


6/73

Eo`dbdldb eo Uo~cfw cdlg" O| kg zg~uo eo kg W cdlg w o |o oblg~ig eok

o|u edf eokdbuo~lgcndf obo~iudlf eo b|d|uocg w cdlf lfb ok o}uo~df~" Mgt |d|uocg| w cdlf| w o opfk ldfbgb eo

~ogludpf| g z~fe luf| eo|z~obedobef obo~ig"\fb kg| ~oglldfbo| o}fu~cdlg| " Fu~f| |d|uocg| w cdlf| opfk ldfbgb eo

~ogludpf| g z~fe luf| z~old|gbef obo~ig" \fbkg| ~oglldfbo| obefu~cdlg| "


7/73

Pg~dgnko| eo o|ugef

Ug~og dczf|dnko8 lfbflo~ kg| cgibdu eo| f

z~fzdoegeo| cdl~f|lzdlg| eo b |d|uocg cguo~dgk-obf~co b eo zg~ul kg|8 7 cfk3 Bgpfige~f eo zg~ul kg|$

Ug~og zf|dnko8 Opgk g~ cgibdu eo| cgl~f|lzdlg|w o eo`dbgb ok lfczf~ugcdobuf ikfngk eok |d|uocg"

Ohoczkf+ b ig| oblo~~gef ob b ~oldzdobuo lo~~gef Z~o|db3 b eo lmfw o| |fn~o kg| zg~oeo|"

Cdl~f8 b ufugk eo lmfw o|6+ f~dobugldb eo lgeg lmfw o6+

obo~ig eo lgeg lmfw o6""" Cgl~f8 coedcf|-cgbcou~f$ o}zo~dcobugkcobuo kg z~o|db z-guc+ ccMi+ cng~B&c >1$ ~o| kugef ikfngk eo ufef| o|f|lmfw o|"

muuz8&&yyy"oe lgzk |"f~i&zkgt#7#Kg#z~o|d/L


8/73

Pg~dgnko| eo o|ugef Eo`dbdldb eo b |d|uocg6 3 lfbflo~ cgibdu eo|

cgl~f|lzdlg| -pg~dgnko| uo~cfedbcdlg|$ w o eo`dbobob b cfcobuf egef ok o|ugef eok |d|uocg"

Lfcf ok |d|uocg opfk ldfbg lfb ok udoczf+ |oeobfcdbgb pg~dgnko| eo o|ugef g gw okkg| l tf pgkf~opfk ldfbg g kf kg~if eo b z~flo|f " Po|ugef 3`-u$

Ohoczkf8 ig|o| 8 Z~o|db" Uoczo~gu ~g" Pfk cob"

zP b^U b luo zP U

luo

muuz8&&yyy"oe lgzk |"f~i&zkgt#779#Kot#eo#Nftko"muck
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9/73

Pg~dgnko| eo o|ugef

Ef| udzf| eo pg~dgnko|8O}uob|dpg|8 \ pgkf~ eozobeo eo kg lgbudege eo cguo~dg eok

|d|uocgDbuob|dpg|8 | pgkf~ o| dbeozobedobuo eo kg lgbudege eo

cguo~dg eok |d|uocgLcf kg| ~olfbfxlf6Edpdeo ok |d|uocg zf~ kg cduge Lfcz~ ong |d |o mg edpdedef zf~ kg cduge | pgkf~"

O| lf~~olug o|ug ugnkg6

Pg~dgnko| o}uob|dpg| Pg~dgnko| dbuob|dpg|c+ P+ _+ M U+ z+ e+ zM+

lfblobu~gldb


11/73

Ug~og 7 t >

Ug~og 78N |lg ohoczkf| eo |d|uocg|uo~cfedbcdlf| gndo~uf|+ lo~~gef| t gd|kgef| -gkcobf| ef| eo lgeg udzf$

Ug~og >8 g$ Lkg|d`dlg kg| |di dobuo| pg~dgnko| ob dbuob|dpg| f

o}uob|dpg|8 uoczo~gu ~g+ cg|g+ eob|dege+ dbuob|degeeo lgczf oklu~dlf+ bedlo eo ~o`~glldb+ pfk cob+z~o|db+ lfo`dldobuo eo edkgugldb u~cdlg"

n$ O}zkdlg w o| bg ` bldb eo o|ugef ufcgbef

lfcf |cdk kg gku ~g eo bg cfbugg t okeo|zkgxgcdobuf ~ogkdxgef zg~g | nd~kg"
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12/73

U~gnghf ob uo~cfedbcdlgZ~flo|f| ~opo~|dnko| o d~~opo~|dnko|"

Y 8 ow dpgko g kg obo~ig loedeg f gn|f~ndeg zf~ b ig|oblo~~gef ob b ~oldzdobuo l gbef |o o}zgbeo -edkgug$ f|o lfcz~dco -ob~g~olo$"

Zg~g cgbuobo~ oblo~~gef g b ig| g bgz~o|db eouo~cdbgeg+ o| z~old|f gzkdlg~ @\d ok ig| |o o}zgbeo ~ogkdxg b u~gnghflfbu~g @+ l tf pgkf~ |o~8 &Y&3@m

Lfcf @3z"\ &Y&3z\m

Y3#zP W lgcndf| mg mgndef6 Lgcndf ob ok pfk cob \o obl obu~g ok ig| ob bg |du gldb eo ow dkdn~df6@~obuo g bgcfed`dlgldb db`dbduo|dcgk+ | o|ugef bf pg~g gzobg| t zf~ ugbuf o|b ow dkdn~df o|ugnko"


13/73

Z~flo|f| ~opo~|dnko| o d~~opo~|dnko|"

Z~flo|f| f lgcndf| f u~gb|`f~cgldfbo|8^OPO^\DNKO\8 \o ~ogkdxg g u~gp| eo | lo|dpf| lgcndf| eoo|ugef| eo ow dkdn~df+ eo cgbo~g w o |o z oeo ~opo~ud~ -dbpo~uok |obudef eok z~flo|f mgldg |du gldfbo| gbuo~df~o|"

Kf| lgcndf| udobob k ig~ g bg pokfldege c t kobug+

db`dbduo|dcgkcobuo kobug -l g|do|uudlg$ zf~ kf w okg|pg~dgldfbo| eo kg| pg~dgnko| eo o|ugef bf |o z oeob coed~"D^^OPO^\DNKO\8 Kg| cfed`dlgldfbo| w o o}zo~dcobug bf |fb eoow dkdn~df+ t zf~ ugbuf bf z oeo eg~ cg~lmg gu~| t pfkpo~ g kg|du gldb gbuo~df~"

Kf| lgcndf| udobob k ig~ g bg pokfldege `dbdug+ zf~ kf w okg| pg~dgldfbo| ob kg| pg~dgnko| eo o|ugef |o z oeob coed~"

Oh8 efnkg~ b zgkdkkfeo ef| `f~cg|


14/73

Kg| ed`o~obldg| coednko| eo gcnf| z~flo|f|o|ub ob okpgkf~ eok u~gnghf uo~cfedbcdlf ~ogkdxgef8Ohoczkf8 w dug~ zo|f g b ig| oblo~~gef ob b

~oldzdobuo g U luo"7" Eo bg pox w dugcf| zo|g| 8g cobuf~zdef eo P zf~ ed|cdb ldb eo kgz~o|db o}uo~df~ 3 Z~flo|f

D~~opo~|dnko">" Kobugcobuo ~oud~gcf| g~obg 8z~flo|f kobuf eo glfcfegldb+ lfb| lo|db lfbudb g eo z~flo|f| eo

ow dkdn~df 3 Z~flo|f^opo~|dnko"



18/73

Lgkf~ t u~gnghf8 |dibf|

O}d|uob ef| `f~cg| eo dbuo~lgcndg~ obo~igobu~o ok |d|uocg t | obuf~bf8 Lgkf~ W8

Lgkf~ gn|f~ndef8 igbg~ -!$

Lgkf~ loedef8 zo~eo~ -#$ U~gnghf Y8

U~gnghf eo lfcz~o|db 8 ~ogkdxgef |fn~o"-!$ U~gnghf eo o}zgb|db8 ~ogkdxgef zf~ - #$


19/73

Pg~dgbef kg obo~ig dbuo~bg eo b |d|uocg8\d bf mgt lgcndf| eo o|ugef+ o| eold~ ob kf| z~flo|f| eolgkobugcdobuf&ob`~dgcdobuf+gk pg~dg~ kg uoczo~gu ~g+ pg~g kgobo~ig dbuo~bg eok |d|uocg8

_ -U $ OlU~g|

-U $ Ol ^fu

-U $ OlPdn

-U $ Ozokolu~dlg

""""

Lgkobug~ -gn|f~no~ lgkf~ $ 8 U _ -U $ Ob`~dg~ -loeo~ lgkf~ $ 8 U _ -U $

Fu~f cfef eo g cobug~ kg _ o| lfcz~dcd~ ok |d|uocg+~ogkdxgbef \FN^O ok |d|uocg b Y -!$"

Ok ig| |o o}z gbeo8P > P 7 P : Y : _ Ok ig| |o lfcz~dco 8P > P 7 P : Y : _

_ 3 W ! Y



20/73

_ W Y Y z P

D|fuo~cf U luo+ t zf~ ugbuf kg obo~ig dbuo~bg bf lgcndg8

_ W Y : W Y Zf~ kf ugbuf+ ok lgkf~ gn|f~ndef |o oczkog ob ~ogkdxg~ bu~gnghf eo o}zgb|db"


muuz8&&yyy"oe lgzk |"f~i&zkgt#7


21/73

_ W Y

Y z P D|lf~f P luo+ -~oldzdobuo| lo~~gef|$ t zf~ ugbuf ok u~gnghf b kf8

P : Y : _ Wp luoZf~ kf ugbuf+

OBEFU^CDLF8 \dW p2:

-lgkf~ gn|f~ndef$+ kgobo~ig dbuo~bg g cobugO]FU^CDLF8 \DW p;:-Lgkf~ loedef$+ kg obo~igdbuo~bg ed|cdb to"

Lcf |o lgkl kg6

Wp luo bL P U Lp3 Lgkf~ cfkg~ g P luo"U3 pg~dgldb eo uoczo~gu ~g


d dbld df k f db dl


24/73

W p t W z zg~g l gkw do~ lgbudege eo | |ugbldg8

M _ b ig|o|

^U W z luo

W Z

WP

b ig|o|

^U


C t dczf~ugbuo 7"\d ok z~flo|f fl ~~o g P3luo+ |g~ocf| W p3_ + t |d o| g z3luo+

|g~ocf| W z3M+ lgkl kgeg zf~ ok gbuo~df~ z~floedcdobuf f zf~l gkw do~ fu~f">"\d gcng| o|ub o}z~o|geg| ob aH&cfk eo kg | |ugbldg G+ zfeocf|u~ge ld~ o|ug| lgbudegeo| ob ` bldb eok bco~f eo cfko| eo kg| |ugbldg G w o |o dbedlg8

Lgkf~ -aH$ 3 W -aH&cfk$ " b -cfko|$

Ohoczkf8 Lgkl kg~ ok lgkf~ gn|f~ndef l gbef |o fnudobob 7>0+9 aH cfk " 70 cfk 77


25/73

_ W Y

Y z P Gedgnudlf|8|kf mgt u~gnghf eo lfcz~o|db f o}zgb|db"

_ Y

Y -o}z$ _ Y -lfcz $ _

Kg| pg~dgldfbo| eo obo~ig dbuo~bg lfdbldeob lfb oku~gnghf ~ogkdxgef8P>2P7 Y;:-lfcz~o|db$ g cobug _P>;P7 Y2:-o}zgb|db$ ed|cdb to _


Ol gldfb | f dlg|" Edgi g g| b k dlf|


26/73

Ol gldfbo| uo~cfw cdlg|" Edgi~gcg| obukzdlf|

Kg| ol gldfbo| uo~cfw cdlg| dbedlgb8Lfo`dldobuo| o|uow dfcu~dlf|O|ugef eo gi~oigldb eo lgeg | |ugbldgLgkf~ dbuo~lgcndgef lfb ok obuf~bf" \d ok z~flo|f fl ~~o gz3luo+ ok lgkf~ dbuo~lgcndgef pdobo o}z~o|gef zf~ kgpg~dgldb eo obugkzg8

U


27/73

Ug~og -i$ ! 5 M>F -k$ M3 >>74+=aH

b~ogludpf| 3 7!? 3 0b z~fe luf| 3 < b 3 < -\KF IG\O\$

Eo|zohgbef ob _ 3 M b ^ U 3

>>74aH&cfk ! < cfk } =+< H } cfk 7

} A 7

} >4=A 3 >>7>aH&cfk

_ 3 >>7>aH&cfk

Ob k | b k lldb


30/73

Obugkzg o|ubeg~ eo kg ~oglldb

O| ok dbl~ocobuf obukzdlf eo bg ~oglldb ob kg l gk+ ugbuf

~ogludpf| lfcf z~fe luf| o|ub ob lfbedldfbo| o|ubeg~ - z 3 7guc 1U 3 >4=A 3 >? L 1lfbl " 3 7C $" \o o}z~o|g lfcf M : t lfcf |o cdeo ob Hf aH eozobeo eo

lcf |o gh |uo kg ~oglldb"

Zf~ lfbpobdf |o lfb|deo~g w o M : ` 3: -ob lfbedldfbo| o|ubeg~

>?l t 7 guc$ zg~g8Okocobuf| w cdlf| -@o+ Bg+ L+"$ Cfkl kg| edgucdlg| -M>+ B>+ F>+ @> Lk>+ N~> t D>$

Ohoczkf 8 Ob kg ~oglldb eo |buo|d| eok gcfbdglf |o eo|z~obeob 4>+> aH


31/73

Ohoczkf 8 Ob kg oglldb eo |buo|d| eok gcfbdglf |o eo|z obeob 4>+> aHzf~ lgeg > cfko| eo gcfbdglf `f~cgef|" Deobud`dlg |d ok z~flo|f o|o}fu~cdlf f obefu~cdlf t h |ud`dlg zf~w " W db uobe~ c|obugkzg+ ~ogludpf| f z~fe luf|6

\buo|d| eok gcfbglf BM < B>-i$ ! < M>-i$ > BM+> aH

M~ f 3 M -> cfko| eo BM ! < cfko| eo M> $ ; :

Mz~fe luf|+ ; M~ogludpf|+

W 3 M~ f

;:

^oglldb o}fu~cdlg


32/73

Ob k | b `f ldb


36/73

_b lg|f zg~udl kg~ eo ~oglldfbo| w cdlg| |fb kg|~oglldfbo| eo lfcn |udb -w ocg~ 3 ~oglldb lfbf}iobf eok gd~o$" G ufef| kf| o`oluf| |o ~o| okpob lfcffu~g| ~oglldfbo| l gkw do~g"

\ lkl kf |o ~ogkdxg o}zo~dcobugkcobuo coedgbuo bgnfcng lgkf~dcu~dlg w o ob ~ogkdege ` bldfbg lfcf

b lgkf~cou~f eobu~f eok l gk ~ogkdxgcf| kg|~oglldfbo| eo lfcn |udb" Kg| pg~dgldfbo| eo Udb`f~cgb eok lgkf~ eo ~oglldb g pfk cob lfb|ugbuo"

Obugkzg eo lfcn |udb -aH&cfk$

\o eo`dbo lfcf kg| obugkzg eo kg lfcn |udb Ml eo 7 cfk eo | |ugbldg -zf~ohoczkf b mde~flg~n ~f ML8

7 ML-o|ugef eo gi~oigldb$ ! } F > t LF > -i$ ! x M>F -kw deg$

M: L 3 M: 3 bz M : -z~fe lu"$ b~ M : -~ogludpf|$

_udkdxgeg ob kgfzudcdxgldb eok |flfcn |udnko| -zfeo~

lgkf~`dlf+gkcglobgcdobuf+ig|o| ocdudef|"$

Kot eo Mo||8 U O


37/73

Kot eo Mo||8gedudpdege eo kg| ol gldfbo| uo~cfw cdlg|

M ob bg ~oglldb w cdlg o| lfb|ugbuo lfbdbeozobeobldg eo w o kg ~oglldb |oz~fe xlg ob bg f c| ougzg| "

^ol o~eg w o M o| ` bldb eo o|ugef"Zf~ ugbuf+ |d bg ol gldb w cdlg |o z oeo o}z~o|g~

lfcf lfcndbgldb kdbogk eo fu~g|+ zfe~ocf|di gkcobuo lgkl kg~ M eo kg ~oglldb ikfngk

lfcndbgbef kf| M eo lgeg bg eo kg| ~oglldfbo|"

C _ T

D C Z F ^ U G B U

^OIKG\ EO KG UO^CFEDBCDLG


38/73

^OIKG\ EO KG UO^CFEDBCDLG

Z~dco~g ~oikg8 Ok pgkf~ M zg~g bg ~oglldb w o |o ~ogkdxg g bg uoczo~gu ~gt bg z~o|db o|ugnkoldeg| o| |docz~o ok cd|cf o dbeozobedobuoeo w o kg ~oglldb fl ~~g ob bf f ob pg~df| zg|f|

- $

\oi beg ~oikg8

Ol gldb egeg 3 g } ol gldb -7$ n } ol gldb ->$! """ M3 g } M-7$ n } M->$ !"""

Ok pgkf~ eo M o| ed~olugcobuo z~fzf~ldfbgk g kg lgbudege eo~ogludpf f z~fe lufM>-i$ ! Lk>-i$ > MLk -i$ M 3# 7=? aH

7&> M>-i$ ! 7&> Lk>-i$ MLk -i$ M 3# 4>+? aH 3 #7=?&> aH

Uo~lo~g ~oikg8 Kf| pgkf~o| eo M zg~g ef| ~oglldfbo| dbpo~|g| |fb di gko|ob cgibdu e zo~f eo |dibf fz o|uf

M>F -k$ M> -i$ !7&> F> -i$ M 3! >=?+= aH

M> -i$ !7&> F> -i$ M>F -k$ M 3#>=?+= aH

Ohoczkf G8Egeg| kg| ~oglldfbo|


40/73

O|w ocg eo kg kot eo Mo||

M G: 3 >57=aH

MN: 3 >=?=aH

ML : 3 55 aH

MM>-i$ ! F >-i$

M>F -i$

M>F -k$

Ug~og


42/73

pgkf~o| |fb ~o|zoludpgcobuo 7>5+9+ >=?+= t -i$ ! F >-i$ M>F -k$ 1 M7: 3 >=?+=aH&cfk f~cgef

->$L-|$ ! F >-i$ LF>-i$ 1 M>: 3 -i$ ! ?M>F -k$ M : lfcn 3 6\o fn|o~pg w o

L5M7: -i$ o|u ob kg uo~lo~g ob o k ig~ fz o|uf t lfb | lfo`dldobuo " 7 } --i$ kf lfb|dif c kudzkdlgbef zf~ 5 kg |oi beg" Fn|o~pg w o o|u ob ok k ig~ lf~~oluf -z~fe luf|$ 5 } ->$ ?M>F-k$ o|u ob g z~dco~g ob ok k ig~ lf~~oluf t kf lfb|dif c kudzkdlgbef zf~ ?"" ? } -7$

-5$ 3 5} ->$! ? } -7$ 7 } --i$ !? M>-i$ ! ?&> F>-i$ ! L5M7: -i$ 5 LF>-i$ ! ?M>F -k$! 5 L-|$ ! ? M>-i$

M : lfcn -L5M7: $3 M5: 3 5 } - 5+9aH$ 3 >=9=+M5$ g


43/73

zg~ud~ eo kf| lgkf~o| eo ~oglldb eo kg| |di dobuo| ~oglldfbo|w cdlg|8-G$ M>-i$ ! F >-i$ M>F -k$ M7: 3 >=?+=aH -N$ L-|$ ! F >-i$ LF>-i$ M>: 3 LF>-i$ ! > M>F -k$ M> aHKg ~oglldb eo `f~cgldb eok ouobf L>M5-i$ g zg~ud~ eo | | lfb|udu tobuo| ob o|ugef bf~cgk o|8

-E$> L-|$ ! > M>-i$ L>M5-i$Fn|o~pgcf| w o8> L-|$ o|u ob kg |oi beg ob | |dudf -~ogludpf|$" \o lfb|di o c kudzkdlgbef zf~ >8 > } -N$> M>-i$ o|u ob kg z~dco~g t ob | |dudf -~ogludpf|$" \o lfb|di o c kudzkdlgbef zf~ >8 > } -G$L>M5-i$ |o lfb|di o c kudzkdlgbef zf~ # 7 kg uo~lo~g zg~g eg~ko kg p okug 7 } -L$

-E$ 3 >} -N$ ! >} -G$ -L$

M5: 3 > } M>: ! > } M7: M } - >aH$ 33 05+75aH o| eold~+ M ` : -ouobf$3 05+75aH&cfk

\o u~gug eo bg ~oglldb obefu~cdlg"

Kf mg| lfcz~fngef lfcndbgbef kg| ~oglldfbo|6

Oho~ldldf E8 Kg| obugkzg| eo lfcn |udb eo kg ik lf|g -L0M7>F 0$ t eok ougbfk


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-L>M?FM$ |fb >=7? aH&cfk t 7aH&cfk + ~o|zoludpgcobuo" Lfb o|uf|eguf| eouo~cdbg kg obo~ig dbuo~lgcndgeg ob kg `o~cobugldb eo b cfkeo ik lf|g+ ~oglldb ob kg w o |o z~fe lo ougbfk t LF>" O| o}fu~cdlg kg~oglldb6

Kg| ~oglldfbo| eo lfcn |udb |fb+ ~o|zoludpgcobuo8-G$ L0M7>F0 ! 0 F > 0 LF> ! 0 M>F 1 M7 3 >=7? aH&cfk -N$ L>M?FM ! < F> > LF> ! < M>F 1 M> 3 7aH&cfk

Kg ~oglldb eoo~cobugldb eo kg ik lf|g o|8-L$L

0M

7>F

0 > L

>M

?FM !> LF

>M

F 0 o|u ob kg -7$ ob | |dudf t lfb | lfo`dldobuo""7 } -7$ > L>M?FMkf lfb|oi dcf| c kudzkdlgbef zf~ # > kg |oi beg ol gldb" #>}->$> LF> bf kf uobocf| ob l obug tg w o o|u ~ozg~udef obu~o kg -7$ t kg ->$

-L$ 3 7 } -G$ > } -N$ k oif

M< 3 M7 > } M> 3 >=7? aH > } - 7aH$ 3 97 aH t kg ~oglldb o|o}fu~cdlg"

Ohoczkf O8Lgkl kg kg obugkzg o|ubeg~ eo `f~cgldb eo kg mde~gldbg kw deg+


45/73

g g g g g | g g g g g gB>M5+ g zg~ud~ eo kg| |di dobuo| ~oglldfbo|8-G$ > BM< -i$ ! < B>F -i$ 5 B> -i$ ! < M>F -k$1-N$ B>F -i$ ! < M> -i$ B>M5 -k$! M>F -k$ -L$ M> -i$ ! F > -i$ M>F -k$1-E$ > BM< -i$ ! F > -i$ B>M5 -k$! M>F -k$1

M: -aH$ 1 3 7:7:1 3 =?1 3 75<

^oglldb eo `f~cgldb8 B> -i$ ! > M> -i$ B>M5 -k$ 7&

5} -G$8B

> -i$ ! F -k$ 7&

>BM

< -i$ ! F -i$

Lfcf ok M> -i$ gzg~olo ob kg| ol gldfbo| -N$ t -L$+ t kgB>M5 -k$ gzg~olo ob kg| ol gldfbo| -L$ t -E$+ o| zf|dnko w o |o udkdlobed`o~obuo| z~fzf~ldfbo| eo bg fu~g t zf~ okkf+ eo cfcobuf bf|fkpdegcf| eo okkg|"

Z~floeo~ocf| g okdcdbg~ kg| | |ugbldg| w o bf gzg~olob ob kgol gldb `dbgk8 M>F -k$+ BM< -i$ t B >F -i$ "

Lfcf ok M>F -k$gzg~olo ob kg| ol gldfbo| -L$+ -E$ t -O$+ kg eohg~ocf|zg~g ok `dbgk"

Zg~gokdcdbg~7&> cfk eo BM< -i$ | cg~ocf| 7&5 -E$8


46/73

-G$ ! -E$8B>-i$ ! F -k$! 7&> BM-i$

7&> BMM5-k$ ! 7&5 M>F -k$

Zg~gokdcdbg~ kf|F-i$ | cg~ocf| -i$ ! F -k$! 7&= F>-i$ ! F -i$ ! 4&5 M>-i$ F -i$ ! 7&5 B>M5-k$ ! 7&5 M>F -k$! M5-k$ ! F -k$

Ng|ug tg ~o|ug~ -L$ zg~gokdcdbg~ ok7&= F>-i$ t ok7&5 M>F -k$~o|ugbuo+ geoc| eogh |ug~ ok >M> -i$ "

7&5 -G$ ! -E$ ! -N$ 7&5 -L$ 8 B>-i$ ! 7&= F >-i$ ! ! 7&5 M>F -k$

B>M5-k$! 7&5 M>F -k$! ! 7&= F>-i$

W o o| kg ~oglldb n |lgeg8B> -i$ ! > M> -i$ B>M5 -k$ M : 3 7&5 M 7: ! 7&5 M 5: ! : 7&5 M ? aH&cfk

7&5 M>-i$

> M>-i$ 3 4&5#7&53=&53>4&5 M>-i$

Obo~ig eo obkglo


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Lgkl kg~ kg obo~ig eok obkglo MLk ob ok lkf~ ~f eo mde~iobf lfbfldobefM ` : -MLk$ l tf pgkf~ o| 4>+ t

eok Lk> w o |fb 55


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Kg obugkzg eo bg ~oglldb lfb ig|o| |o z oeo lgkl kg~ g zg~ud~ eo kg|obo~ig| eo obkglo" \dobef bd ok bco~f eo obkglo| ~fuf| t `f~cgef| eo lgegudzf8

M: ~oglldb2 :Kf| obkglo| w o mgt w o~fczo~ |fb c| ` o~uo|w o kf| w o |o `f~cgb

^oglldbobefu~cdlg

M:

~oglldb; :Kf| obkglo| w o mgt w o~fczo~ |fb c| endko|w o kf| w o |o `f~cgb

^oglldbo}fu~cdlg

Obugkzg eo ~oglldb t obo~ig eo obkglo

Obugkzg eo ~oglldb t obo~ig eo obkglo"


50/73

Kg obo~ig eo b obkglo w cdlf o| kg obugkzg+M+ eo kg ~oglldb ob kg w o |o~fczo b cfk eo edlmf| obkglo| ob o|ugef ig|of|f" Ugcndb |o eobfcdbg obugkzg

eo obkglo+ z o| z 3 luoOhoczkf8 eo obkglo eo kg| cfkl kg| eo M> t Lk>

Ok obkglo eo M> o| c| ` o~uo w o ok eo Lk>\gno| o}zkdlg~ ok cfudpf6

Obugkzg eo ~oglldb t obo~ig eo obkglo

Ohoczkf8


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\gndobef w o kg| obo~ig eo kf| |di dobuo| obkglo| -aH&cfk $8L3L 8 0771L L 8 obkglo| L M b opf| -ok ougbf udobo 0 cdobu~g|

w o ok ouobf uobg |kf 5$t b obkglo L L"M: 3 bd } O o-obk" ~fuf|$ b h } O o-obk" `f~cgef|$ 3

M: 3 7O o-L3L$ ! 7O

o-M M$ 7O

o-L L$ > O

o-L M$

M: 3 7 cfk } 077 aH&cfk ! 7 cfk } 50 aH

M: mde~fi-L>M5$ 3 7>0 aH&cfk

Oho~ldldf8Lgkl kg ok lgkf~ eo lfcn |udb eo


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Oho ldldf8Lgkl kg ok lgkf eo lfcn |udb eoz~fzgbf g zg~ud~ eo kf| eguf| eo obo~igeo obkglo eo kg ugnkg"

L < LF> ! 5 M>F Obkglo| ~fuf|8

= L M+ > L L t ? F3F Obkglo| `f~cgef|8

0 L3F t = F MZf~ ugbuf8

M: 3 O o-o" ~fuf|$ O o-o" `f~c"$M: 3 = O o-L M$ ! >O o-L L$ !

? O o-F3F$ Q0O

o-L3F$ ! =O

o-F M$S

M: 3 =}57< aH! >}


53/73

Lgkf~ eo lgcndf eo o|ugef

Gk | cdbd|u~g~ lgkf~ g b |d|uocg+ |uo g cobug | U ob ~okgldb g | lgbudege eocguo~dg t | lgkf~ o|zol`dlf8 W3c"lo" U Gk gklgbxg~ | z"`" -z buf eo ` |db f uoczo~gu ~g eo ` |db$ f | z"o" -z buf eoon kkdldb f uoczo~gu ~g eo on kkdldb$ ufef ok lgkf~ | cdbd|u~gef |o oczkogo}lk |dpgcobuo ob ok lgcndf eo o|ugef+ g cobugbef | obo~ig dbuo~bg" Ob o|uolg|f+ |d ok z~flo|f |o ~ogkdxg g z guc8 W3c K -K3 Lgkf~ kguobuo eo ` |db f eo

pgzf~dxgldb$K t Kp lgkf~o| kguobuo| -H&ai$+ lfbpo~udef| gmf~g ob M ` t M p aH&cfk+ |fblg~gluo~|udlf| eo lgeg | |ugbldg" Bf| db`f~cgb eo kg `gldkdege -lgbudege eo lgkf~ bolo|g~df|$ zg~g zg|g~ eo b o|ugef g fu~f"

U~gb| o~obldg eo lgkf~ ob z~flo|f| |dlf|

\ K I M ` |db M K M \ M pgzf~dxgldb M I M K

U~gb|`o~obldg eo lgkf~ ob z~flo|f| `|dlf|


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Lgkf~ eo ed|fk ldb f obugkzg eo ed|fk ldb

Gk ed|fkpo~ b |fk uf ob b ed|fkpobuo ugcndb mgt dbuo~lgcndf eo lgkf~ lfbok obuf~bf eondef g 8Ob ok |fk uf+ ~ zu ~g| eo obkglo| f eo ` o~xg| dbuo~cfkol kg~o|

Dbuo~glldfbo| gu~gludpg| obu~o kg| cfkl kg| eok ed|fkpobuo t kg| zg~ul kg|eok |fk uf"

Kg obugkzg eo ed|fk ldb bf| dbedlg ok lgkf~ loedef&gn|f~ndef zf~ ok |d|uocg

U~gb| o~obldg eo lgkf~ ob z~flo|f| |dlf|

\fk uf Ed|fkpobuo Ed|fk ldb M ed|fk ldb M ed|fk ldb M lfczfbobuo|

Coedgbuo b lgkf~cou~f |o z oeo eouo~cdbg~ ok lgkf~ eo ed|fk ldb -W3c lo U$"

\d Udbgk2Udbdldgk+ kg ed|fk ldb |o~ b z~flo|f o}fu~cdlf t |o kdno~g lgkf~ gk obuf~bf"\dUdbgk;U dbdldgk+ kg ed|fk ldb |o~ b z~flo|f obefu~cdlf t |o gn|f~no lgkf~ eokobuf~bf"

\fk uf LgLk> BgLk ALk BM5Lk

Med|fk ldb -aH&cfk$ #=>+= 5+: 79+> 7?+>

\oi bef z~dbldzdf eo kg Uo~cfedbcdlg


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g g

E" Uobe~ w o po~ o|ug o|zfbugbodege lfb ok lg~luo~o}fu~cdlf f obefu~cdlf eo edlmf| z~flo|f|6 \ ]D]8 |d z oeob | loeo~ pg~dg| ~oglldfbo| w cdlg|+ kg c|z~fngnko o| kg w o fl ~~o lfb eo|z~obedcdobuf eo lgkf~ -obiobo~gk eo obo~ig$+ o| eold~+ w o ob lfbedldfbo| gcndobugko|+kg| ~oglldfbo| o|zfbubog| | okob |o~ o}fu~cdlg|" Ohoczkf eo

kg ng~ghg"

Zo~f+ fu~f| |fb obefu~cdlf| t o|zfbubof|8 ` |db eok mdokf+opgzf~gldb eo gklfmfk ob kg cgbf+ eo|lfczf|dldb eok

lg~nfbguf gcbdlf Lfblk |db Kg obo~ig bf o| ok bdlf `gluf~ w o db`k to g kgmf~g eo eouo~cdbg~ |d b z~flo|f pg g | loeo~ f bf+ f eo |d pgg |o~+ f bf+ o|zfbubof "t o|o b opf `gluf~ f o|g b opgcgibdu e f pg~dgnko |o kkgcgobu~fzg"


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Obu~fzg\ -H&A$


58/73

Obu fzg\ H&A$ O| bg pg~dgnko cgl~f|lzdlg w o bf| cdeo okeo|f~eob eok |d|uocg

w o | z oeo coed~|o t ugn kg~|o" Kg obu~fzg o| bg ` bldb eo o|ugef+ t zf~ ugbuf

\ 3 \ `dbgk \ dbdldgk

Z~flo|f| ~opo~|dnko| 8 \d ok |d|uocg dbuo~lgcndf lgkf~ lfb ok obuf~bf -W$ g bg U lfb|ugbuo+kg \ eok |d|uocg |o o}z~o|g8

\ W~opo~|dnko

U

\ W~opo~|dnkoU

>aH & A

Ohoczkfzg~g blgcndf eo o|ugef 8 Lgkl kg kg \ w o udobo k ig~ l gbef 7 ai eo mdokf g:L t 7 guc |o ` beo" Eguf8 K` mdokf3


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Ohoczkf8 Lf~~f|db o|zfbubog eok mdo~~f> @o-|$ ! F>-i$ ! < M>F > @o-FM$< -|$ \ |d|uocg :

E ~gbuo kg ~oglldb |o eo|z~obeo lgkf~ -o}fu~cdlg$ w o zg|g gkobuf~bf+ ok l gk g cobug | obu~fzg+ eo f~cg w o\ ufugk2 :

g g

Dbw dougbuo z~dbldzdf8 c o~uo u~cdlg eok bdpo~|f"\d kgobu~fzg eok bdpo~|f g cobugeondef g kf| z~flo|f| o|zfbubof| d~~opo~|dnko|

Kkoig~ b cfcobuf ob w o gklgbxg~ | pgkf~ c}dcf " L gbef o|uf fl ~~g+bf |o~b zf|dnko| c| u~gb|`f~cgldfbo| `|dlg| f w cdlg|''''

Obefu~cdlf8 ok |d|uocg gn|f~no lgkf~eok obuf~bf t g cobug | obu~fzg-g cobug | uoczo~gu ~g$+ed|cdb tobef kg eok obuf~bf"

O}fu~cdlf8 ok |d|uocg loeo lgkf~ gkobuf~bf -ed|cdb to | uoczo~gu ~g$ ted|cdb to | obu~fzg+ g cobugbef kgeok obuf~bf"

\d bg ~oglldb w cdlg ob kg w o ed|cdb to kg obu~fzg o| o|zfbubog+ bolo|g~dgcobuo mgeo |o~ o}fu~cdlg"""

Uo~lo~ z~dbldzdf eo kg Uo~cfedbcdlg


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Ow dpgko g eold~ w o bf |o z oeo nghg~ eo edlmg uoczo~gu ~g" O|uoz~dbldzdf h |ud`dlg zf~ ugbuf kg o}d|uobldg eo b :A-3#>9


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\o~ b z~flo|f o|zfbubof6 Opgk gldb eo ef| u~cdbf|7"U~cdbf obo~iudlf M >"U~cdbf obu~zdlf \

L bef o|ug~ocf| |oi ~f| eo w o pg g |o~ o|zfbubof b z~flo|f6Ok |d|uocg+ zf~ ohoczkf bg ~oglldb w cdlg+ udobeo g ed|cdb d~ | obo~ig

M^ ;: t g kg pox g cobug | obu~fzg \ ^ 2:Ob iobo~gk z~opgkolo ok u~cdbf obo~iudlf |fn~o ok obu~zdlf+ zf~ okkf |fb c|`~ol obuo| kf| z~flo|f| o|zfbubof| o}fu~cdlf| w o kf| obefu~cdlf|"

T ob ok ~o|uf eo kf| lg|f|6Zg~g ~o|fkpo~ |d b z~flo|f o| f bf o|zfbubof+ eonocf| gl ed~ g bg b opgcgibdu e kkgcgeg obo~ig kdn~o eo Idnn|+ I -H kdf|$+ zo~cduo opgk g~ kgo|zfbugbodege eo b z~flo|f |db uobo~ ob l obug kg pg~dgldb eo obu~fzg eokobuf~bf -dczf~ugbuo$"Ob z~flo|f| g U lfb|ugbuo |o eo`dbo lfcf8

I 3 M U" \ O| bg ` bldb eo o|ugef w o |kf eozobeo eo kf| o|ugef|dbdldgk t `dbgk eok |d|uocg+ zf~ kf w o |o | oko opgk g~ bf | pgkf~ dbdldgk f `db|dbf | pg~dgldb8

I 3 M U" \ Obo~ig kdn~o eo Idnn| -I$-obo~ig kdn~o f obugkzg kdn~o$


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Kg h |ud`dlgldb zg~g z~flo|f| o|zfbubof| o|8\

bdpo~|f3 \

|d|uocg!

\

obuf~bf2 : -z" o|zfbubof|$

C kudzkdlgbef zf~ U t lfcf U \ obuf~bf 3 M|d|u

U} \ bdpo~|f 3 U} \ |d|u ! M|d|u 3 I ; :

Lobu~befbf| ob W cdlg + uobe~ocf|87"Z~flo|f| d|fn~dlf| -g z~o|db lfb|ugbuo$>"Z~flo|f| d|fuo~cf| -g uoczo~gu ~g lfb|ugbuo$T ob okkf| |o l czkd~8

\d" ok z~flo|f I;: O| o|zfbubof o d~~opo~|dnkoI3: \o obl obu~g ob ow dkdn~df

I2: Bf o| o|zfbubof o o|g uoczo~gu ~g

I 3 M U" \


68/73

O|zfbugbodege eo kg| ~oglldfbo|


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w cdlg|I 3 M U \t 3 g ! n }

I ob bg ~oglldb w cdlg -obo~ig kdn~o f obugkzg kdn~o$


71/73

Ok u~cdbf obu~zdlf -#U\ ; :$ `gpf~olo kg o|zfbugbodegeeo kg ~oglldb+ cdobu~g| w o ok obukzdlf -M 2 :$ kgeo|`gpf~olo" Kg uoczo~gu ~g g kg l gk gcnf| u~cdbf||o lfbu~g~~o|ugb o|8

I f 3 Mf # U \ f 3 : A77:9$A & aH-707:+:

$aH->+79=

\

MU

f

f

Zf~ ugbufg 77:9 A -=


72/73

F >-i$ ob lfbedldfbo| o|ubeg~6 Eguf| 8 M ` : -aH} cfk 7$M>F -k$3 >=?+=1M>F>-k$3 7=9+=1 \ : - H} cfk 7 } A 7$ M>F -k$3 04+41 M>F>-k$3 7:4+01 F>-i$ 3>:?+:"

M: 3 b z M ` : -z~fe luf|$ b~ M ` : -~ogludpf|$33 > M ` : -M>F$ ! M ` : -F>$ > M ` : -M>F>$ 3> cfk - >=?+=aH&cfk $ > cfk - 7=9+= aH&cfk $3 740+: aH

\ : 3 b z} \ : z~fe luf| b~ } \ : ~ogludpf| 3> \ : -M>F$ ! \ : -F>$ > \ : -M>F>$ 3> cfk } 04+4 H} cfk 7 } A 7 ! 7 cfk } >:?+: H} cfk 7 } A 7 > cfk } 7:4+0 H} cfk 7 } A 7 3 7>0+: H}A 7 3 :+7>0aH }A 7

I : 3 M: U} \ : 3 740+: aH >4=A } :+7>0aH} A 7 k oif |o~ o|zfbubog

I : 3 >-i$ > BM


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g | | g | | gEguf| 8 M ` : -aH} cfk 7$8 BM-i$ 3 7471 M> -i$ 3 7

termoquimica 2º de bachillerato

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