textile fibers
DESCRIPTION
Textiles, Fibers, Synthetic fibersTRANSCRIPT
Key Terms
Fabrics
Fibers
Natural Fibers
Regenerated Fibers
Synthetic Fibers
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Definition of Fibers…….
A morphological term for substances characterized by their flexibility,
fineness and high ratio of length to cross sectional area.
A unit of matter, either natural or manufactured, that forms the basic
element of fabrics and other textile structures.
It is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues of a plant or
animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to
there length.
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A fiber is characterized by having a length at least 100 times its diameter or
width.
The term refers to units that can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by
various methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting.
The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of
at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Other
important properties include elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and
luster.
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Types of Fibers and Yarns Fibers are spun into yarn
Yarns are uninterrupted threads of textile fibers that are ready to be
turned into fabrics
Natural
Originate from natural sources
Plant (cellulosic) or animal (protein)
Manufactured, synthetic, or man-made (terms interchangeable)
Originate from chemical sources
May also be from regenerated or recycled sources
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Natural Fibers Natural fibers are textile fibers made
from plants or animals
Cellulosic (from plants)
Cotton
From cotton plants
Flax (linen)
From flax stems
Jute (Jute stems)
Protein (from animals)
Silk
From cocoons of silkworms
Wool
From fleece (hair) of sheep or lambs
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Characteristics of Natural Fibers
Natural fibers are usually: Absorbent Comfortable Cooler to wear Wrinkle more Shrink when washed
Important natural fibers are: Cotton Linen Jute Wool Silk
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Cotton Cellulosic fiber
From “bolls” (seed pods) growing on bushes
“Environmentally friendly” cotton can be grown in a range of colors
Main textile products of China, India, Iran, Pakistan and Egypt
Made into a wide range of wearing apparel
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Cotton
Advantages: Comfortable
Absorbent
Good color retention
Dyes & prints well
Washable
Strong
Drapes well
Easy to handle and sew
Inexpensive
Disadvantages: Shrinks in hot water
Wrinkles easily
Weakened by perspiration and
sun
Burns easily
Affected by mildew
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Linen (Flax) Flax is the fiber name; linen is the
fabric name.
World’s oldest textile fiber, dates
back to Stone Age 5,000 years.
Cellulosic fiber from stem of flax
plant.
Towels, sheets, and tablecloths
are called “linens”.
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Advantages: Strong
Comfortable
Hand-washable or dry-cleanable
Absorbent
Dyes and prints well
Resists dirt and stains
Durable
Withstands high heat
Lint-free
Disadvantages: Wrinkles easily
Can be expensive
Shrinks
Burns easily
Affected by mildew and perspiration
Ravels
Difficult to remove creases
Shines if ironed
Linen (Flax)
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Jute
Jute is a long, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong
threads.
The fibers are off-white to brown, and 1–4 meters (3–12 feet) long.
Bangladesh is the world’s largest exporter of jute. Jute is grown in the
same land-water area as rice and is a very difficult crop to grow and
harvest.
Other important jute export countries include India, China, Burma
(Myanmar), Pakistan, Nepal and Thailand.
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Advantages
Great antistatic properties
Low thermal conductivity.
Moisture Regain properties is good
enough (about 13.75%).
100% Biodegradable; so it is
environment friendly fiber like Cotton.
Cheap in market.
Can be widely used in Agriculture
Sector, Textile Sector, Woven Sector,
Nonwoven Sector.
Jute Fiber can be blended with Natural
and Synthetic fibers.
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Disadvantages
•The crease resistance of Jute is very low.
•Drape Property is not good enough.
•Create Shade effect and becomes yellowish if sunlight
is used.
•If Jute is wetted it lose it’s strength.
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• Is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut
• Products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes,
mattresses, etc.
• Technically, coir is the fibrous material found between the
hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut.
• Other uses of brown coir (made from ripe coconut) are in
upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture.
• White coir, harvested from unripe coconuts, is used for
making finer brushes, string, rope and fishing nets.
Coir
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Hemp
Hemp fiber was widely used throughout
history. Items ranging from rope, to
fabrics, to industrial materials were made
from hemp fiber.
Hemp was often used to make
sail canvas, and the word canvas derives
from cannabis.
Today, a modest hemp fabric industry
exists, and hemp fibers can be used in
clothing.
Pure hemp has a texture similar to linen.
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• A native plant of Southeast Asia, banana is now
grown extensively in all tropical countries for fruit,
fiber or foliage.
• These fibers are obtained mainly from stem.
• The fibers obtained from the central core are of
lower quality compared to the fibbers obtained
mainly from pseudo stem. At present, banana fiber
is available in three qualities
Banana Fibers
.
• It is used to make fancy items like bags, table
mats, purses, etc and their latest venture is
weaving of banana fiber fabric
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Wool Protein fiber from sheep or lambs
Worsted wool is higher quality with long staple fibers (over 2 inches)
Natural insulator
The term wool can only apply to all animal hair fibers, including the hair of cashmere or angora goat
As well as the specialty hair fibers of camel, alpaca, llama, or vicuna
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Advantages: Warm
Lightweight
Wrinkle-resistant
Absorbent
Dyes well
Comfortable
Durable
Creases well
Easy to tailor
Recyclable
Disadvantages: Affected by moths
Shrinks with heat and moisture
Needs special care, dry cleaning
Absorbs orders
Scratchy on skin
Weakens when wet
Harmed by bleach, perspiration
Wool
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Silk •Silkworms spin cocoons in filaments
•Filament is a very long, fine, continuous thread
•It can take as many as 500 cocoons to create 1 blouse
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Silk
Advantages: Soft
Drapes well
Dyes and prints well
Very strong
Lightweight
Resists soil, mildew, and moths
Comfortable
Absorbent
Disadvantages: Expensive
Needs special care, dry cleaning
Stains with water
Yellows with age
Weakened by perspiration, sun, soap
Attacked by insects, silverfish
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Sisal fibers Sisal is a perennial hardy plant, which
unlike the other fibers is not a
seasonal crop.
It can establish and easily grow in all
states of India covering sub humid to
arid and semiarid regions, which cover
major parts of India.
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Pineapple(PINA) Fiber…
Piña is a fiber made from the leaves of a pineapple and is commonly used in the Philippines
It is sometimes combined with silk or polyester to create a textile fabric.
The people there used to extract fibers from pineapple leaves and through hand spinning, made a soft, sheer and a little stiff fabric- the piña fabric. It's regal and exotic!
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Man Made Fibers
Manufactured Fibers Manufactured fibers are fibers created by a manufacturing process of any
substance that is not a fiber.
Cellulosic- from generated fibrous substance in plants.
Non-cellulosic or synthetic- made from petrochemical products.
Process Raw materials melted or dissolved to form thick syrup Liquid extruded through spinneret Extruded filaments stretched and hardened into fibers
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Rayon •1st manufactured in 1894 by the American Viscose
Company
•Used during WW 1 for industrial products
•Derived from wood pulp, cotton linters, or vegetable
matter
•Rayon led to crepe, velvet, and satin fabrics
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Advantages: Soft and comfortable
Drapes well
Durable
Highly absorbent
Dyes and prints well
No static or pilling problems
Inexpensive
Colorfast
May be washable
Disadvantages: Wrinkles easily unless treated
Low resiliency
Heat sensitive
Susceptible to mildew
Stretches
Weakens when wet
Fabric shrinks if washed
May need dry cleaning
Rayon
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Acetate Rayon
Advantages:
Luxurious appearance
Crisp (texture) soft hand
Wide range of colors; dyes and prints well
Drapes well
Resists shrinkage, moths, and mildew
Low moisture absorbency, relatively fast drying
No pilling, little static
Disadvantages: Requires dry cleaning
Weak
Heat sensitive
Poor abrasion resistance
Dissolved by nail polish remover (acetone)
•Developed in early 20th century
•Produced in 1924 by the Celanese Corporation
•Used to line coats and fabrics
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Lyocell
Lyocell is the newest of the cellulosic manufactured fibers
Trade name is Tencel®
Advantages: Absorbent Biodegradable Strong Resists sunlight, aging, and abrasion
Disadvantages Susceptible to mildew
Used to Make: Reusable woven materials Fashion fabrics Soft denims shirts All rights are reserved 30
Bamboo
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It is a regenerated cellulose fiber.
Bamboo fiber is 100% made from
bamboo through a high-tech process.
Fastest growing plant and takes only
3-4 years to reach maturity
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Advantage: •High strength, health care
•Anti- bacteria
•Moisture management and
•Soft hand feel
•Anti-static
•Perfect for Sensitive Skin
Disadvantage: •Poor spinability
•High cost (30 to 40 % higher than cotton)
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Corn Fiber
Trade name of this fiber is Ingeo.
Ingeo fiber combines the qualities of natural
and synthetic fibers in a new way.
Strength and resilience are balanced with
comfort, softness and drape in textiles. In
addition, Ingeo fiber has good moisture
management characteristics.
This means that Ingeo fiber is ideally suited to
fabrics from fashion to furnishings.
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Advantages of Corn fiber
Good color fast (i.e. does not fade).
Wrinkle free (doesn’t need ironing).
Good Resilient - it doesn’t shrink.
Doesn’t absorb odors.
Has excellent soil release and stain resistance.
Has excellent performance when compared to other fibers.
Is hypoallergenic. Ingeo has never caused an allergic reaction in
independent testing.
Has excellent U.V. resistance (better than polyester).
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Milk Fiber Milk Yarn is made from milk protein fibers.
To make it, milk is first dewatered, i.e. all the water content
is taken out from it and then it is skimmed.
New bio-engineering technique is then applied to make a
protein spinning fluid.
This fluid is suitable for wet spinning process through which
the final high-grade textile fiber is made.
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Advantages
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• Eco-friendly in nature.
• It can be considered as Green Product .
• More compatible to human skin.
• Milk fiber has sanitarian function.
• Comfortable, excellent water transportation & air permeability.
• Milk Fiber has the advantages natural Fiber combined with
synthetic Fiber.
Disadvantages of casein fiber
• It gets wrinkles easily after washing and needs to be ironed every time.
• It should not be washed in machine and that is because it's not a very hard fiber
• It has a low durability
• Due to abundance of other fabrics like polyester, milk fabric never really became that popular
• It is expensive
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Synthetic Fiber
Polyester
Advantages: Strong Crisp, but soft hand Resists stretching and shrinkage Washable or dry-cleanable Quick drying Resilient, resists wrinkles Abrasion resistant Resistant to most chemicals Colorfast Strong, durable Dyes well
Disadvantages: Low absorbency
Static and pilling problems
Synthetic fiber developed in the 1950’s by DuPont
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Nylon
Advantages: Lightweight
Exceptional strength
Abrasion resistant
Easy to wash
Resists shrinkage and wrinkles
Resilient, pleat retentive
Fast drying, low moisture absorbency
Can be pre-colored or dyed in a wide range of colors
Resists damage from oil and many chemicals
Insulating properties
Disadvantages: Static and pilling
Poor resistance to sunlight
Low absorbency
Picks up oils and dyes in wash
Heat sensitive
•Invented in 1938 by DuPont
•1st synthetic fiber
•Made completely from petrochemicals in an experimental laboratory
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Acrylic
Advantages:
Lightweight, soft, warm, wool-like hand
Dyes to bright colors
Machine washable, quick drying
Resilient, retains shape, resists shrinkage and wrinkles
Wool-like, cotton-like, or blended appearance
Excellent pleat retention
Resists moths, oil, chemicals
Disadvantages:
Low absorbency
Develops static
Pilling
Heat sensitive
Weak
Dissolved by nail polish remover (acetone)
•Manufactured in the 1950’s by DuPont.
•Originally used for blankets and sweaters because it resembled wool.
•Fiber composed of linear macromolecules having in the chain at least 85% by mass
of acrylonitrile repeating units.
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Spandex Developed in 1959 by DuPont
Stretches over 500% without breaking
Advantages: Lightweight
Retains original shape
Abrasion Resistant
Stronger than rubber
Soft, smooth, supple
Resists body oils, perspiration, lotions, detergents
No static or pilling
Disadvantages: Whites yellow with age
Heat sensitive
Harmed by chlorine bleach
nonabsorbent
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Microfibers Newest trend in fashion
1st developed in 1989 by DuPont
Ultra-fine fiber
Denier is a unit of measurement used to identify the
thickness of diameter of a fiber
Advantages
Extremely drapeable
Very soft, luxurious hand
Washable or dry cleanable
Shrink-resistant
Strong
Insulates against wind, rain, and cold
Disadvantages
Heat sensitive
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Kevlar & Nomex
Advantages
Exceptional strength
Exceptional heat and
flame resistance
Resistant to stretch and
abrasion
Disadvantages
Not absorbent
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Kevlar
Bullet Proof Vests
Cut/Heat and Chemical
resistant Gloves
Nomex
Fireman Uniforms
Racing Apparel
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The End
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Aravin Prince Periyasamy Asst Prof/ Textile Technology
D.K.T.E Society’s Textile Engineering College, Ichalkaranji
Dist-Kolhapur, M.S, 415116
http://www.aravinprince.blogspot.in
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