The Arab EmpiresThe Arab Empires

Mr. ErmerWorld History

Miami Beach Senior High

Mr. ErmerWorld History

Miami Beach Senior High

Muhammad’s DeathMuhammad’s DeathM. never named successor, no sonFollower’s choose Muhammad’s father-

in-law Abu Bakr as caliph (khalifa) Islam expands through jihad, “struggle

in the way of God”Jihad: Internal vs. ExternalQuran permits just, defensive warfare

Realm of the caliph is the caliphate

M. never named successor, no sonFollower’s choose Muhammad’s father-

in-law Abu Bakr as caliph (khalifa) Islam expands through jihad, “struggle

in the way of God”Jihad: Internal vs. ExternalQuran permits just, defensive warfare

Realm of the caliph is the caliphate

Growing Power:Growing Power: 636: Caliphate stuns the Byzantine army by

defeating them at Yarmuk 640: Arabs take control of Byzantine province

of Syria 642: Egypt & N. Africa added to Arab Empire 650: Arabs conquer Sassanid Persian Empire Medina serves as capital of Arab Empire

636: Caliphate stuns the Byzantine army by defeating them at Yarmuk

640: Arabs take control of Byzantine province of Syria

642: Egypt & N. Africa added to Arab Empire 650: Arabs conquer Sassanid Persian Empire Medina serves as capital of Arab Empire

Early Arab GovernanceEarly Arab Governance

After Abu Bakr’s death, there is little agreement as to who should rule; next 3 caliphs assassinated

In conquered areas, many local leaders allowed to stay in power

Locals not forced to convert to Islam, religious tolerance common

After Abu Bakr’s death, there is little agreement as to who should rule; next 3 caliphs assassinated

In conquered areas, many local leaders allowed to stay in power

Locals not forced to convert to Islam, religious tolerance common

The Umayyad DynastyThe Umayyad Dynasty

661: General Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria, becomes caliph

Made caliphate hereditary, establishing the Umayyad Dynasty

Moves capital of Arab Empire from Medina to Damascus, Syria

661: General Mu’awiyah, governor of Syria, becomes caliph

Made caliphate hereditary, establishing the Umayyad Dynasty

Moves capital of Arab Empire from Medina to Damascus, Syria

Umayyad ConquestUmayyad ConquestEarly 700s: Arabs conquer/convert

the Berbers of North Africa710: Arab & Berber forces cross

the Straits of Gibraltar conquer Spain, Cordoba made state capital

732: Battle of Tours stops Muslim expansion into Europe

717: Byzantine Navy defeats Arab fleet, tensions along boarder

Early 700s: Arabs conquer/convert the Berbers of North Africa

710: Arab & Berber forces cross the Straits of Gibraltar conquer Spain, Cordoba made state capital

732: Battle of Tours stops Muslim expansion into Europe

717: Byzantine Navy defeats Arab fleet, tensions along boarder

Umayyad ProblemsUmayyad ProblemsNon-Arab Muslims do not like the

way Umayyad government treats Arabs better than others

Hussein, son of Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet leads a revolt

Umayyad forces crush Hussein’s small army--those who disagree with Umayyads consider only Ali’s family as true leaders of Islam

Non-Arab Muslims do not like the way Umayyad government treats Arabs better than others

Hussein, son of Ali, the son-in-law of the Prophet leads a revolt

Umayyad forces crush Hussein’s small army--those who disagree with Umayyads consider only Ali’s family as true leaders of Islam

The Two Islams:The Two Islams:

Disagreement about caliphate leads to a split in the faith: Shiite Muslims accept only the

descendants of Ali as true leaders of Islam Sunni Muslims were those who accepted

Umayyad rule Today, most of the world’s Muslims are

Sunni, where the majority of people in Iran and Iraq consider themselves Shiite

Disagreement about caliphate leads to a split in the faith: Shiite Muslims accept only the

descendants of Ali as true leaders of Islam Sunni Muslims were those who accepted

Umayyad rule Today, most of the world’s Muslims are

Sunni, where the majority of people in Iran and Iraq consider themselves Shiite

The Abbasid DynastyThe Abbasid Dynasty

Umayyad corruption brings about unrest, revolt

750: Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, gains power

Establishes Abbasid Dynasty which lasts to 1258

Umayyad corruption brings about unrest, revolt

750: Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, gains power

Establishes Abbasid Dynasty which lasts to 1258

Abbasid RuleAbbasid Rule New capital built on Tigris River--called

Baghdad, strategic place River traffic to Persian Gulf

Eastern placement of capital lends Persian influence Warriors no longer heroes, replaced by

merchants, judges & gov officials Non-Arabs able to hold gov & military office Inter-marriage common

Translating Greek writings encouraged Caliphate became more regal, viziers

help in administration of empire

New capital built on Tigris River--called Baghdad, strategic place River traffic to Persian Gulf

Eastern placement of capital lends Persian influence Warriors no longer heroes, replaced by

merchants, judges & gov officials Non-Arabs able to hold gov & military office Inter-marriage common

Translating Greek writings encouraged Caliphate became more regal, viziers

help in administration of empire

Abbasid TroublesAbbasid Troubles

Abbasid family fight one anotherLack of Arab influence in

government gives rise to powerful minorities of Persians and Turks

Minorities begin to break away:750: Umayyad caliphate est in Spain973: Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt

Abbasid family fight one anotherLack of Arab influence in

government gives rise to powerful minorities of Persians and Turks

Minorities begin to break away:750: Umayyad caliphate est in Spain973: Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt

Fatimids & Seljuk TurksFatimids & Seljuk TurksFrom Cairo, Fatimids grow rich and

powerful from Nile R. and Red SeaCreate powerful army made up of

non-Arabs, mostly Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks: nomads from

central Asia, Muslims, prospered as soldiers under Abbasids

1000: Seljuk Turks conquer Iran, Armenia and eastern Abbasid land

1055: Turkish sultan takes Baghdad

From Cairo, Fatimids grow rich and powerful from Nile R. and Red SeaCreate powerful army made up of

non-Arabs, mostly Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks: nomads from

central Asia, Muslims, prospered as soldiers under Abbasids

1000: Seljuk Turks conquer Iran, Armenia and eastern Abbasid land

1055: Turkish sultan takes Baghdad

Turkish PowerTurkish Power

Abbasid caliph retains religious power, political power now sultan’s

1071: Byzantine Empire challenges Turkish expansion into Anatolia, Turks win battle of Manzikert

Turks take control of entire Anatolian Peninsula, Byzantines look to the West for help

Abbasid caliph retains religious power, political power now sultan’s

1071: Byzantine Empire challenges Turkish expansion into Anatolia, Turks win battle of Manzikert

Turks take control of entire Anatolian Peninsula, Byzantines look to the West for help

The CrusadesThe CrusadesByzantine emperor Alexius I asked

Catholic Europe for helpBecause of mutual distrust and

fear between Christian Europe and the Islamic world, many European kings agree to send soldiers in what became known as Crusades

1096-1150: Crusaders take lands around Christian holy sites, and establish Christian states

Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked Catholic Europe for help

Because of mutual distrust and fear between Christian Europe and the Islamic world, many European kings agree to send soldiers in what became known as Crusades

1096-1150: Crusaders take lands around Christian holy sites, and establish Christian states

Rise of SaladinRise of Saladin New Muslim leader takes control of

Egypt, appoints himself sultan, ends Fatimid Dynasty

Takes control of Syria, takes the offensive against Christians

1187: Takes control of Jerusalem away from Christians

Does not massacre population, allows Christian religious services to continue

Crusades accomplish nothing but mistrust between faiths

New Muslim leader takes control of Egypt, appoints himself sultan, ends Fatimid Dynasty

Takes control of Syria, takes the offensive against Christians

1187: Takes control of Jerusalem away from Christians

Does not massacre population, allows Christian religious services to continue

Crusades accomplish nothing but mistrust between faiths

Attack of the MongolsAttack of the MongolsMongols: nomads from the Gobi

Desert, conquered through brutal warfare meant to creat terror so great people wouldn’t fight back

Under Genghis Khan, Mongol armies conquer China, central Asia

1258: Mongols capture Baghdad, ending Abbasid caliphate, burned the city

Cairo becomes new center for Islamic culture

Mongols: nomads from the Gobi Desert, conquered through brutal warfare meant to creat terror so great people wouldn’t fight back

Under Genghis Khan, Mongol armies conquer China, central Asia

1258: Mongols capture Baghdad, ending Abbasid caliphate, burned the city

Cairo becomes new center for Islamic culture

Work On It:Work On It:

On page 54, write and answer questions 1-6

On page 54, write and answer questions 1-6