the art of tajweed

T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d

13 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute

An I s l am i c L e arn i n g Foundat i o n A f f i l i a t e

2011

LESSON ONE:

INTRODUCTION

The Childrens Bequest


The Prophet:

[Musnad Ahmad]

Ahl a l -Quran


Th e S t o r y One Book One Man A Statement

A Team A Divine Chain

An I n v i t a t i o n

tseuqeB snerdlihC ehT

:

.

5 8 9 2 h d i m r i T - l a


THE COURSE: A comprehensive review of the rules of Tajweed according to the Reading of af based upon the text Tuhfah al-Afl by Sulaymn al-Jamzr.

INTRODUCTION

Practice

History

Theory The Formal Rules of Tajweed

Biographies of the Imms of Recitation

Iqr


INTRODUCTION

Advanced Topic



INTRODUCTION

PREREQUISITES

Ability to read Arabic script

Basic knowledge of Tajweed

WHAT YOU NEED FOR THIS CLASS

Writing material Mushaf (preferably Madinan edition) Voice Recorder (optional) POSITIVE ATTITUDE


INTRODUCTION

Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Quran.

Will help you establish a relationship with Allahs Book

Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of the Quran.

Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.

Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

Will help you understand Allahs Book.

Benefits of the Class


The Ra sh i d Ham i d

Cha i / Sha i Break


INTRODUCTION

Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Quran.

Will help you establish a relationship with Allahs Book

Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of the Quran.

Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.

Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

Will help you understand Allahs Book.

Benefits of the Class


INTRODUCTION

Onomatopoeia

The letters that make up words given an indication to their meaning

/

/

/ /


INTRODUCTION

Surah Al-Masad (111)

The arms of Ab Lahab shall be broken, Himself he shall expire, By his own wealth and all his gains forsaken, Soon shall he burn inside a flaming Fire, With him his wife, the one with fire-wood laden, Around her neck, a rope of palm-leaf fiber.


INTRODUCTION

Course Outline Lesson 1: Introduction/Terminology Lesson 2: Mistakes in Tajweed

Lesson 3: How to Begin

Lesson 4: Rules of Doubled Nun/Meem

Lesson 5: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin

Lesson 6: The Rules of Meem Sakin

Lesson 7: The Rules of Lam

Lesson 8: The Makharij

Lesson 9: The Attributes

Lesson 10: The Rules of Ra

Lesson 11: Rules of Assimilation

Lesson 12: Rules of Madd

Lesson 13: RulesStopping/Symbols/Voice Hygeine


INTRODUCTION

Terminology

Tarteel

Qirah

Tilwah

Tajweed

Surah al-Muzammil 4

Surah al-Nahl 98

Surah al-Anfal 2


INTRODUCTION

Contemporary the precise methodology of reciting the Qurn, as it was transmitted from

the Prophet to subsequent generations, based upon a body of rules and principles developed by those well-versed in its recitation

Technical Reciting the Quran by granting each letter its due, including its intrinsic properties

and those features governed by its placement and relation to other letters

Linguistic

Beautify Embellish Adorn

Definition of Tajweed


INTRODUCTION

Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic


NOITCUDORTNI

ralucanreV decnavdA

cipoT decnavdA


NOITCUDORTNI

cipoT decnavdA

yadoT sgnidaeR tnairaV eht gninraeL

/

All

1 0

LESSON TWO:

MISTAKES IN TAJWEED



INTRODUCTION

Mistakes in Tajweed

Mistakes

Major Addition, ommision,

changing of words,

elements, vowels

Forbidden

Minor Violations of madd

duration, ghunnah,

finer rules

Disliked

T h e C o m p a n i o n s a n d e a r l y M u s l i m s w e r e v e r y i n t o l e r a n t o f a l l t y p e s o f m i s t a k e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

Q u r n !


INTRODUCTION

Types of Reciters

Reciters

Experts Noble Company

Those who make

mistakes

Excused Double Reward

Blameworthy

T a j w e e d i s t h e o n l y s c i e n c e w h e r e m i s t a k e s a r e r e w a r d e d !


INTRODUCTION

Ruling on Tajweed

Types of

Tajweed

Knowledge

Theoretical Communal

Obligation

Practical Individual

Obligation




2011

LESSON THREE:

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

LESSON FOUR:

RULES OF NN/MEEM MUSHADDADAH



The First Imm : Ibn mir al-Shm

(d 118H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. The Qurn commands us to recite it with tarteel. What

does that term mean?

2. Define the term Tajweed.

3. Who is the most influential Companion when it comes to the Qurn?

4. What are the 2 Types of Tajweed Knowledge?

5. What are the 2 Types of Tajweed Mistakes? What are Examples of Each?

LESSON THREE:




HOW TO BEGIN


The Rules Of Istiadhah and Basmala


HOW TO BEGIN

Timing Before Recitation

Ruling Mustahabb

Form

Manner

Aloud Default

Silent In Salah or reciting alone

Al-Istiadhah

Surah al-Nahl 98


HOW TO BEGIN

Al-Basmalah

Surah al-Fatiha 1


HOW TO BEGIN

Reciting from the middle of

surah

With Basmalah

Without Basmalah


HOW TO BEGIN

Reciting from the middle of a surah

W I T H O U T B A S M A L A H


HOW TO BEGIN

Reciting from the middle of a surah

WAR N I N G S


HOW TO BEGIN

Joining 2 Surahs

Why Only 3 Ways ?


HOW TO BEGIN

Joining Surah Al-Anfal and Al-Tawbah Al-Tawbah is the only Surah that does not begin with the Basmalah.



Cha i / Sha i Break


Gue s s th e Rec i t or !

LESSON FOUR:

RULES OF NN/MEEM

MUSHADDADAH



Imm Als definition of Tarteel:


Levels of Tajweed

1. Tajweed of Individual Letters

2. Tajweed of Letters in Combination

3. Knowledge of Stopping/Continuing


The Rules of the Letter Nun and Meem


Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?

Surah al-Nisa 93


RULES OF THE DOUBLED NN & MEEM

And articulate ghunnah of the nn and meem that carries the double accent,

and refer to both as letters of ghunnah, as is obvious and apparent.


DEFINITIONS

The Letter Nun and Meem

Ghunnah




Definition Length of 2 Durations In Continuing and Stopping

Surah al-Baqarah 20

Surah al-Rahman 39




2011

LESSON FIVE:

RULES OF NN AND NNNATION



The Second Imm : Ibn Kathr al-Makk

(d 120H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. What is the ruling of Istidhah prior to recitation?

2. What is the only Surah that doesnt begin with Basmalah?

3. Is the Basmalah a part of the Qurn?

4. Define the term Ghunnah.

5. What is the duration of the doubled Nun or Meem?


Sulay m n a l - Jamzr ( d 1 1 9 8H)

The most widely used resource for

Tajweed today The Author The Text

Canonical Meters of Arabic Poetry Each line = bayt Each half = shatr

THE TEXT

Advanced Topic


Advanced Topic


TXET EHT

cipoT decnavdA

LESSON FIVE:




DEFINITIONS

The Letter Nun and Meem

Sakin Tanween

Ghunnah

RULES OF NN & NNNATION


For the nn without vowels and the tanwn diction,

exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.



Rules of Nn

Skin / Tanwn

IHR

IKHF

IDGHM

IQLB



RULES OF NN & NNNATION 1.IHR (Manifestation)

The first of these, the rule of Ihr, is before the letters hence,

arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:

Hamza and H, then Ayn and ,

without the marks, then Ghayn and Kh.



1. Definition

2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]



Levels of Ihr

Farthest Letters:

Middle Letters:

Closest Letters:

Advanced Topic



Cha i / Sha i Break


RULES OF NN & NNNATION 2.IDGHM (Merging)

The second is Idghm, with six it takes effect,

in yarmuloon, a mnemonic which they accept.



Definition

Its Letters:



*

*

*

But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,

with the trait of ghunnah, and by yanmu recognized.

Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,

no idghm in articulation, as in the words dunya and inwn.

The second type is Idghm without the ghunnah trait,

in lm and r, but the latter you must reverberate.



Types of Idghm:

1. With Ghunnah:

2. Without Ghunnah:



EXAMPLES

Surah al-Nisa 123



EXAMPLES

Surah 6:98



EXAMPLES

Surah 24:45



EXAMPLES

Surah 42:44



EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah Al-Baqarah 5



EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah 24:37



E X C E P T I O N S : 1. No Idghm within one word. 4 Quranic Examples:

2. No Idghm in the following 2 verses: Surah Yasin: v1-2 Surah Nun: v1-2

The rule in the above examples is called Izhr Mutlaq.

Advanced Topic



Advanced Topic

Surah Yasin 1-2

Surah al-qalam 1

E X C E P T I O N S :



Advanced Topic

Types of Assimilation

Complete

Incomplete




2011


The Third Imm : Ab Amr al-Bar

(d 154H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. List the letters of

Izhr.

2. List the letters of Idghm.

3. What are the 2 types of Idghm?

4. Does Idghm always result in doubling of a letter (shaddah)?

5. List 2 exceptions to the rule of Idghm.

LESSON FIVE:




RULES OF NN & NNNATION 3. IQLB (Conversion)

The third rule is Iqlb which occurs with the letter b,

which is converted to meem and pronounced with Ikhf.



Definition

Letter: 3 Steps: 1. Nn converted to meem 2. Suppress meem (Ikhf) 3. Ghunnah



EXAMPLES

Surah al-Maidah 39



Cha i / Sha i Break


RULES OF NN & NNNATION 4. IKHF (Suppresion)

The fourth is Ikhf for the respected student,

with specified letters mandatory for the

student.

In fifteen letters it takes effect,

within this prose that I erect:

Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is

he who achieves status robust;

Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,

and fend off the one who is unjust.



Definition

15 Letters:



B R E A K D O W N :

1) The articulation of nn like a separate letter

2) between full manifestation and full assimilation

3) without emphasis (shaddah) 4) with ghunnah (and 2 durations) 5) and association with the subsequent

letter (in characteristics)



EXAMPLES



THE 4 RULES: SUMMARY AND CASE STUDY Muslim Immigrant Mahmood

The Nun: Muslim Identity The Subsequent Letter: US Society

4 Scenarios

Suppression

Assimilation

Conversion

Manifestation




2011

LESSON SIX:

RULES OF UNVOWELLED MEEM



The Fourth Imm : Nfi al-Madan

(d 169H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. List the four rules of Nun Sakin and their

associated letters.

2. What is the reason for the iqlab rule.

3. Explain the concept of Ihkfa. What are you doing in this rule?

4. List the 3 things you must do with the Iqlb rule.

5. True or False. The Ikhfa is always associated with its subsequent letter.

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN

When stopping on meem before the letters of the alphabet,

but not before the alif layyinah, for he who is intelligent

are three rules for he who would endear them to memory,

and they are the rules of Ikhf, Idghm and Ihr only.


Rules of Meem Skin

IHR

IKHF IDGHM


Rules of Meem Skin

IHR

SHAFAWY

IKHF

SHAFAWY

IDGHM

MITHLAYN AGHR

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHF SHAFAWY

The first is Ikhf with the letter b,

And termed by the reciters as Labial Ikhf.


The Letter: The Meem pronounced with Ghunnah and Ikhf Only occurs between 2 words

Functionally identical to Iqlb



Cha i / Sha i Break

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHM

The second is Idghm when its likeness appears,

and name it the Smaller Idghm my dears.


Idghm Mithlayn aghr

The Letter: The Meem is doubled (pronounced with Ghunnah) Only occurs between 2 words Functionally identical to Meem Mushaddah


IDGHM due to assimilation of 2 meems

MITHLAYN due to 2 identical letters

AGHR due to 1st Meem unvowelled, 2nd vowelled

Advanced Topic

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IHR SHAFAWY

The third is Ihr which occurs with the balance

of the letters, and termed Labial Ihr in our parlance.


The Remaining 26 Letter The Meem is pronounced normally

Can occur within a word or between 2 words

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

And be wary of making Ikhf with ww and f when you read,

due to the closeness and unity of its makhraj, so

take heed.

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING

Al-Fatiha 7

Al-Baqarah 17




2011


LESSON SEVEN:

THE RULES OF LM


The Fifth Imm : im al-Kf

(d 127H)

SPOTLIGHT


LESSON SEVEN:

THE RULES OF LM

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM

The lm of the definite article exists in two states before the letters,

the first is its manifest articulation, and should be understood better,

Occurring before fourteen letters, so learn them well,

from this mnemonic: Seek your goal and vain pursuits repel.

The second is its assimilation, which in fourteen does exist,

and likewise, facilitate your recollection of them from this:

Be meritorious, maintain relations for success, and host those who are beneficent;

Shun ill estimations of others, and frequent the noble ones for munificence.


TYPES:

1. Lm of the Definite Article ( ) 2. Lm of the Verb

3. Lm of Commands 4. Lm of the Noun 5. Lm of Particles ( )

Advanced Topic

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM Lm of the Definite Article

Definition

a book the book

2 Rules: Manifestation and Assimilation


The Lm of al-

The Moon Letters: Ihr

The Sun Letters: Idghm

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM Lm of the Definite Article

Al-Fatiha 2-3



Cha i / Sha i Break

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM Other Types of Lm

Default: Ihr

If followed by the letter Lm or R: Idghm

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM Other Types of LmLm of the Verb

Izhr Idghm [ followed by or ]

[al-Kahf 18: 72]

[al-Kahf 18: 75]

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM Other Types of LmLm of Commands


Say, He Allah is one. [al-Ikhlas ]

O my Lord, increase me in knowledge. [Taha 20: 114]

Say: The Guidance of Allah, that is the

(only) Guidance. [al-Baqarah 2: 120]

Say: "If the ocean were ink (wherewith to write out) the words of my Lord. Sooner would the ocean be exhausted than would the words of my Lord, even if we added another ocean like it, for its aid." [Kahf 18:109]

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM Other Types of LmLm of the Particle


Nay, We hurl the Truth against falsehood, and it knocks out its brain, and behold, falsehood doth perish!

Ah! woe be to you for the (false) things ye ascribe (to Us). [al-Anbiy 21:18]

Nay, Allah raised him (Jesus) up unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise. [al-Nis 4: 158]

Nay, they deny the Hour (of the Judgment to come): but We have prepared a Blazing Fire for such as deny

the Hour. [al-Furqan 25: 11]

Nay, Allah's curse is on them (Israelites) for their blasphemy: little is it they believe. [al-Baqarah 2: 88]

Is there any reward for good other than good? [al-

Rahmn 55: 60]

And say (O Ms) to him (Pharoah): Would you

purify yourself (from the sin of disbelief by becoming a believer)? [al-Nzit 79:18]


Gue s s th e Rec i t e r !

The Childrens Bequest RULES OF LM The Grand Word (Laf Jallah)

If preceded by fatha or dhamma: Heavy

If preceded by kasrah: Light




2011

LESSON EIGHT:

THE MAKHRIJ

(POINTS OF ARTICULATION)



The Sixth Imm : amzah al-Kf

(d 156H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. Which of the 4 rules of Nun Sakin does not apply to Meem Sakin?

Why?

2. What rule of Nun Sakin is the Ikhfa Shafawy (of Meem Sakin) identical to?

3. Explain the concept of Ihkfa. What are you doing in this rule?

4. Which two letters always lead to assimilation with Lam Sakin?

5. The lam of the Grand Word is heavy when it is preceded by which 2 vowels?


Singular: Makhraj

Plural: Makhrij

Definition: The Point of Articulation of each letter

Total Number: 17 in 5 Locations

Technique: Make the letter unvowelled and precede it with a vowelled hamzah

MAKHRIJ


MAKHRIJ

The Childrens Bequest ONE: ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)

Not a real makhraj, approximated

Makhraj of the Madd Letters

Madd Letters:

Unvowelled Alif preceded by fatha Unvowelled Y preceded by kasrah Unvowelled Waw preceded by dhamma

Mnemonic:

MAKHRIJ

The Childrens Bequest ONE: ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)

MAKHRIJ

MADD LN

Unvowelled Ww preceded by Fata Unvowelled Y preceded by Fata

The Childrens Bequest TWO: THROAT (AL-ALQ)

Six Guttural Letters

3 Levels:

The Farthest Portion

The Middle of the Throat

The Closest Portion

MAKHRIJ



Cha i / Sha i Break

The Childrens Bequest THREE: THE TONGUE (AL-LISN)

Posterior:

Middle:

Edge:

Tip:

MAKHRIJ

The Childrens Bequest FOUR: THE LIPS (AL-SHAFATAYN)

Bottom lip with upper teeth (incisors):

Between the lips:

MAKHRIJ

The Childrens Bequest FIVE: NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)

Ghunnah

MAKHRIJ




2011

LESSON SIX:

THE IFT (ATTRIBUTES)



The Seventh Imm : al-Kis (d 189H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. What is the technique to illustrate

the makhraj?

2. Approximately how many makharij are there?

3. Which makhraj (location) has the most letters associated with it?

4. What is the difference between ma and ba?

5. What is the makhraj of ghunnah?

LESSON SIX:

THE IFT (ATTRIBUTES)



Attributes

Basic

Paired

Unpaired

Conditional

e.g. Idghm, Ikhf, etc.

OVERVIEW OF THE ATTRIBUTES


THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES

1. Whispered or Loud

2. Forceful or Soft or Moderate

3. Elevated or Depressed

5. Flowing or Sharp

4. Closed or Open

There are a total of 11 paired attributes

arranged within 5 pairs that

necessarily affect each letter.

Every Letter is either:



Pair 1:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Exhalation of Breath

Whisper

Loudness

The Rest



Pair 2:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Flow of Sound

Forceful

Moderate

Soft

The Rest

The Childrens Bequest EXERCISE: List the letters that are

both Loud [Jahr] and Forceful [Shiddah].

1. Forceful: 2. Both:

Understanding Qalqalah:



Pair 3:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Heavy/elevated articulation

Elevated

Depressed

The Rest



Pair 4:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Adhesion of tongue against palate

Closed

Open

The Rest



Pair 5:

Examples

Attribute

Quality Smooth, flowing articulation

Flowing

Sharp

The Rest

Advanced Topic Linguistics Rule: Any Arabic word of more than 3 letters must contain a Flowing letter!



Cha i / Sha i Break


THE UNPAIRED ATTRIBUTES

The hissing Sound of Whistle

The echo when stopping on: Echo The soft aw and ay madd sounds Lenience The slight bending of the tongue tip

towards the roof of the mouth in: Drifting

The vibrating, trilling quality of Repetition

The expansive sound of Spreading

The expansive, elongated quality of Lengthening


HEAVY versus LIGHT

Separating the novice from the expert

Advanced Topic

Always Heavy

7 Letters:

Variable

The Madd

Alif

Always Light

The Rest

Note the configuration of the mouth


HEAVY versus LIGHT


Advanced Topic

By the 5

Heavy Letters:

Heaviest to least:

By the States

of the Letters:

Vowelled by fata and followed by

alif Vowelled by fata

Vowelled by

dhammah Unvowelled Vowelled with

kasrah

By Vowels:

Strongest: fatah Strong: dhamma Weakest: kasrah

Scales of Heaviness


HEAVY versus LIGHT


Advanced Topic

Attributes Summarized by Strength




2011


The Eighth Imm : Abu Jafar al-

Madan (d 130H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. What are the 2 types

of basic attributes?

2. How many total paired attributes are there?

3. How many total unpaired attributes?

4. What are conditional attributes?

5. What are the 7 heavy letters?

LESSON TEN:

THE RULES OF THE LETTER R



THE RULES OF R

A Peak at the Rules of R:

Basic Premise: Fata/dhamma heavy vowels

Kasrah light vowel

Basic Principles: 1. Look to the vowel of the r

2. If unvowelled, look to preceding vowel

3. If unvowelled, look to preceding, etc.

4. Pay attention to heavy letters, conditional vowels


THE RULES OF R

The R is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases.

1. Vowelled with fata or dhamma

2. Unvowelled and preceded by fata or dhamma

3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than y) and preceded by fata or dhamma

4. Unvowelled and preceded by conditional kasrah of hamzah al-wal

5. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter

HEAVY

1. Vowelled with kasrah

2. Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah, with no heavy letter following

3. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than y) and preceded by kasrah

4. Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled y

LIGHT

Relax and Take a Deep Breath.


THE RULES OF R







HEAVY





LIGHT


THE RULES OF R







HEAVY





LIGHT

Note that this sukn is due to

stopping on the word



Cha i / Sha i Break


THE RULES OF R







HEAVY





LIGHT


THE RULES OF R







HEAVY





LIGHT

Only 5 such examples in the Qurn:

/

/


THE RULES OF R

E X C E P T I O N S






HEAVY





LIGHT

Advanced Topic

There are a limited number of Qurnic words which are exceptions to these rules

In their case the r may be pronounced heavy or light

These are subject to the rules of Riwyah


THE RULES OF R

E X C E P T I O N S






HEAVY





LIGHT

Advanced Topic

Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah but followed by heavy letter vowelled

with kasrah:

Only one such example in the Qurn: al-

Shuar 63

The r may be pronounced heavy (due to the preceding rules)

But it may also be pronounced light due to that heavy letter being vowelled with kasrah, which is a light vowel that lessens its heaviness


THE RULES OF R

E X C E P T I O N S






HEAVY





LIGHT

Advanced Topic

Al-Qamar 54:16

The r may be pronounced heavy (due to the preceding rules)

But it may also be pronounced light due to a fine grammatical point:

The original word was The y was dropped in writing


THE RULES OF R

E X C E P T I O N S






HEAVY





LIGHT

Advanced Topic

/ The r may be pronounced heavy (due to the preceding rules)

But it may also be pronounced light due to a fine grammatical point:

The original word was / The y was dropped in writing


THE RULES OF R

E X C E P T I O N S






HEAVY





LIGHT

Advanced Topic

Unvowelled and preceded by unvowelled (other than y) heavy

letter and preceded by kasrah

/ Only two such words in the Qurn: al-Saba 34:12, Ysuf 12:21/99, and al-Zukhruf 43:51

The r may be pronounced light (due to the preceding rules)

But it may also be pronounced heavy due to it being preceded by a heavy letter




2011


The Ninth Imm : Yaqb al-Bar

(d 205H)

SPOTLIGHT


QUIZ

1. Whic are heavy vowels, and which are

the light vowels?

2. List one other heavy influence on the ra, other than the vowels.

3. Is the ra in the word Quran heavy or light?

4. Heavy or light? Unvowelled ra preceded by kasrah.

Is this always so?

5. Heavy or light? Unvowelled ra, preceded by unvowelled ya, preceded by fatha.

LESSON ELEVEN:

THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION




Basic Issue: When are two adjacent letters assimilated into each other?

Basic Rule: 1. The default articulation of every letter is ihr (overt pronunciation) 2. Sometimes the letters are assimilated based upon their similarities and their vowel states

Basic Principles: There are four basic types of adjacent letter pairs:

1. Mithlayn 2 Identical Letters (same makhraj + attributes) 2. Mutaqribayn 2 Close Letters (similar makhraj + attributes) 3. Mutajnisayn 2 Similar Letters (same makhraj, different attributes) 4. Mutabidayn 2 Distant Letters (very different makraj + attributes)

There are four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters: 1. Unvowelled/vowelled aghr: often results in assimilation 2. Both vowelled Kabr: rarely results in assimilation 3. Both unvowelled Muqayyad: no assimilation 4. Vowelled/unvowelled Mulaq: no assimilation



Basic Examples:

Mithlayn Letters: Mutaqribayn Letters: Mutajnisayn Letters: Mutabidayn Letters:

Four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters: 1. Unvowelled/vowelled aghr:

2. Both vowelled Kabr:

3. Both unvowelled Muqayyad:

4. Vowelled/unvowelled Mulaq:

Note that these last 2 categories never result in assimilation and will not be

discussed further, leaving only aghr and Kabr.



AGHR

When 2 identical letters appear adjacently, with the first unvowelled and the second vowelled, they are always

assimilated

This is known as Idghm Mithlayn aghr

This can occur within one word or between 2 words

Examples:

KABR

When 2 identical letters appear adjacently that are both vowelled, their default articulation is ihr in nearly all

cases: Only a few limited exceptions

exist, where these letters are assimilated (Idghm Mithlayn Kabr) **details next slide **

1. MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS

1 . M I T H L A Y N



Idghm Mithlayn Kabr Examples

Original word The nn is pronounced with ishmm or ikhtils as a remnant of the first nn

Ishmm = circling of the lips

Ikhtils = 2/3 of a arakah

Surah Yusuf 12:11

1 . M I T H L A Y N



Idghm Mithlayn Kabr Other Examples

The word Original word [18:95] The word Original word [6:80] The word Original word [39:64] The word Original word [2:271/4:58]

1 . M I T H L A Y N

Advanced Topic



Cha i / Sha i Break

Similar makhraj & attributes

Similar attributes but not makhraj

Similar makhraj but not attributes

Same attributes, similar makhraj

Same attributes, different makhraj



MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS

2 . M U T A Q R I B A Y N



AGHR

Assimilation mandatory in 4 specific cases [next slide]

This is known as Idghm Mutaqribayn aghr

KABR

Never assimilated

2. MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS





Idghm Mutaqribayn aghr 4 Cases

Single Qurnic example 77:20

Nn

Skin/Tanwn followed by [ ]



AGHR

General rule is ihr

Assimilation mandatory in only 5 cases and optional in 2 cases

[next slide]

This is known as Idghm Mutajnisayn aghr

KABR

Never assimilated

3. MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS

3 . M U T A J N I S A Y N




Idghm Mutajnisayn aghr 5 Mandatory Cases 1. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ]

2. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ]


4. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ] occurs in 2 verses

5. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ] Incomplete Idghm




Idghm Mutajnisayn aghr 2 Optional Cases 1. Unvowelled [ ] followed by vowelled [ ]




AGHR

Never assimilation

KABR

Never assimilated

4. MUTABAIDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS

4 . M U T A B I D A Y N

These are the majority of letter combinations




2011


The Tenth Imm: Khalaf al-Baghdd

(d 229H)

SPOTLIGHT

LESSON TWELVE:

THE RULES OF ELONGATION

Part 1: The Basic Madd




Basic Issue: When are some vowels and sounds elongated to longer durations, and exactly how long?

Only Tajweed term found in the Sunnah

Linguistically: To elongate/lengthen/prolong

Technical Definition: Elongation of the vowel sounds of the three madd letters



A Peak at the Rules of Madd



Types of Madd

Basic

Derived



T H E B A S I C M A D D

All the madd rules are built upon the 3 basic madd letters:

Unvowelled Alif preceded by Fata Unvowelled Y preceded by Kasrah Unvowelled Ww preceded by Dhamma

Mnemonic: Its duration: 2 arakas [referred to as ]




Even small mistakes in Basic Madd changes meanings !!

I Verily we that

we took the women took




The Basic Madd is the most common type of madd, with examples in every Qurnic verse !!

How many examples can you find in the following verse?



Cha i / Sha i Break




There are 4 additional types of madd that follow the pattern of the Basic Madd:

1. MADD LN Unvowelled Ww

preceded by Fata Unvowelled Y preceded

by Fata Its duration: 2- arakas

[] 2. 5 DISJOINTED

LETTERS [ ] , ,

, ,

3. SUBSTITUTE MADD [ ]

Stopping on tanwn fata is articulated as a Basic Madd Alif

/ / / Exception words

ending with are pronouned with unvowelled h on stopping

4. LESSER CONNECTING MADD [ ]

The attached 3rd person masculine pronoun [ / ] plus the word [ ] also follows the basic madd when

it is vowelled and between 2 vowelled letters




EXCEPTIONS TO THE LESSER CONNECTING MADD [ ] There are 5 exceptions to this rule according to the af reading

Al-Zumar 39:7

Al-Furqan 25:69

They said: "Keep him and his brother and send to the cities men to collect. Al-Araf 7:111

Al-Shuaraa 26:36

Al-Naml 27:28




2011


Imm al-Shib (d 590H)

SPOTLIGHT

LESSON TWELVE:


Part 2: The Derived Madd




A Peak at the Rules of Madd



T H E D E R I V E D M A D D

Sometimes the basic madd is prolonged beyond 2 durations due to certain elements (known as causes, sabab/asbb, for madd)

There are 2 causes of madd

Causes of Madd

Hamzah

Sukn




The Derived Madd

Hamzah

After

Different word

2,4,5

Same word

4,5

Before

2

Sukn (following madd letter)

Actual

6 arakahs

In a word

Shaddah Heavy

Sukn Light

In a letter

Shaddah Heavy

Sukn Light

Presented (due to stop)

2, 4, 6

LESSON THIRTEEN

THE FINAL SESSION:

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS 1. The Imlah Vowel 2. Rules of Stopping 3. Symbols of Mushaf

4. Voice Hygiene 5. What Next?



THE IMLAH VOWEL

FAT

IMLAH

Y

Advanced Topic


THE IMLAH VOWEL

Advanced Topic

FAT

Y

IMLAH


THE IMLAH VOWEL

Advanced Topic

Only one place of Imalah in the reading of Hafs: Hud 11:41


THE IMLAH VOWEL

Advanced Topic

FAT

Y

IMLAH

TAFKHM TARQQ

TAQLL




2011

LESSON THIRTEEN

THE FINAL SESSION:

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS 1. The Imlah Vowel 2. Rules of Stopping 3. Symbols of Mushaf

4. Voice Hygiene 5. What Next?



THE RULES OF STOPPING

The Importance of the Topic The Foundational Principle

** Stop on Each Verse ** Umm Salamah:

:{ { { {

When the Prophet used to recite, he would pause on each verse. [Amad, al-Tirmidh, Ab Dwd, al-kim, authenticated by Ibn ajar, Amad Shkir, al-Albn]

Types of Stopping: 1. The Forced Stop [ ]

Restart at the word itself or prior to it at appropriate place

2. The Tested Stop [ ] 3. The Waiting Stop [ ] 4. The Elective Stop [ ]



Types of Elective Stopping: 1. The Perfect Stop [ ]

Stopping on a word, usually at the end of a verse, which completes the meaning of the verse or passage and is not in any way connected to what follows it.





2. The Sufficient Stop [ ] Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which

completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still contextually connected to what follows it.







3. The Good Stop [ ] Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which

completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still connected to what follows it both contextually and grammatically.

May stop on it but not begin at that point, unless it is the end of a verse.







3. The Good Stop [ ] Stopping on a word, either at the end of a verse or within it, which

completes the meaning of the verse or passage but is still connected to what follows it both contextually and grammatically.

May stop on it but not begin at that point, unless it is the end of a verse.

4. The Reprehensible Stop [ ] Stopping on any word that corrupts the meaning of the text



Types of Elective Stopping: 4. The Reprehensible Stop [ ]

Al-Nisaa 4:43

Al-Baqarah 2:22

Al-Fatiha 1:1



Symbols for Stopping

1. [ ]: Mandatory stopping

2. [ ]: Stopping prohibited

3. [ ]: Stopping allowed but joining preferred

4. [ ]: Stopping preferred but joining allowed

5. [ ]: Stopping or joining equally preferred

6. [ ]: May stop on either of the two, but not both

Ya sin 36:76

Mumtahina 60:1

Al-baqarah 2:271

Al-baqarah 2:2

Al-maidah 5:26



Ways of Stopping

1.

2.

3.

Advanced Topic



Cha i / Sha i Break


VOICE MAINTENENCE

V O I C E H Y G E I N E


VOICE MAINTENENCE

8 S T E P S T O V O I C E

H Y G E I N E 1. Adequate Rest

2. Exercise to Keep You Fresh/Energetic

3. Adequate Hydration/Prevent Dryness Humidifiers/Plants/Water 8 glasses per day

Avoid decongestants/antihistamines/caffeine

4. Avoid Mucogenic Foods Milk/Dairy

Greasy Foods

5. Take Care of Your Sinuses

6. Avoid Lethargy-Inducing Foods Red Meat/Animal Proteins

Heavy Meals


VOICE MAINTENENCE

8 S T E P S T O V O I C E

H Y G E I N E 7. Prevent Vocal Abuse

Shouting, Loud Speech

Excessive Clearing of Throat

Avoid Temperature Extremes

Adopt silence as a rule

8. Pay Attention to Medical Conditions GERD

Asthma

Allergic Rhinitis/Sinusitis

Common Colds


VOICE MAINTENENCE

POWER U P YOUR

R E C I T A T I O N ! 1. Focus on Tajweed precision

rather than sounding Good

2. Use the Power of Breathing

3. Use the Power of Ghunnah

4. Use Silence/Pauses

5. Vary the Tempo/Volume/Pitch


Gue s s th e Muadhdh i n !


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Congratulations! What NEXT ? The Advice to Sufyaan ibn Abdillah:

I ST IQAMAH

[Ibn Hibban, authenticated by al-Mundhiri,

Ahmad Shakir, Albani and Arnaut]




2011

the art of tajweed

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