the context of the iom study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/files/activity...

36
The Context of the IOM Study on the Epilepsies Frances E. Jensen, MD Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School CoChair, Vision 2020 Vice President and Presidentelect, American Epilepsy Society January 10, 2011

Upload: hoangthu

Post on 17-Feb-2018

214 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

The Context of the IOM Study on the Epilepsies 

Frances E. Jensen, MDProfessor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School

Co‐Chair, Vision 20‐20

Vice President and President‐elect, American Epilepsy Society

January 10, 2011

Page 2: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Epilepsy ἐπιληψία (epilēpsía) — "to seize")

• Episodic, unpredictable alteration in neurologic status– Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged generalized convulsion

– Profound effects on patient and family’s medical, social, academic, and financial status

– Can be lethal

– Highly stigmatized

Page 3: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

EPILEPSY IS COMMON

• Existing statistics reveal up to 3 million people in the US suffer from epilepsy– 50 million worldwide

• Highest incidence of new cases at the 2 ends of life

• Population segments that have been least surveyed in prior studies

• Prevalence changing as population ages– Increase in elderly, returning veterans

• 1 in 10 people will have a seizure in their lifetime– Lifetime risk of epilepsy (recurrent seizures) is 3.3%

…but often hidden

Page 4: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Incidence of Epilepsy by Age— Composite of 12 Studies in Developed Countries, 1988‐2005

Courtesy David Thurman

Page 5: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Epilepsy Spectrum Disorder

• Spectrum of seizure syndromes• Spectrum of etiologies• Spectrum of severity• Spectrum of non‐ictal symptoms

SEIZURES

Attention    Cognitive     Psychiatric     Dementia      Mental           SUDEPdeficit deficits         disorders                           retardation

NINDS Epilepsy Benchmarks Area III: Prevent, limit, and reverse the co‐morbidities associated with epilepsy and its treatment.

http://www.ninds.nih.gov/research/epilepsyweb/2007_benchmarks.htm

Page 6: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

• Seizures are the tip of the iceberg

• Neurobiology of epileptogenesis is shared with the pathophysiology of “non‐ictal” symptoms (comorbidities)– Developmental disorders– Cognitive impairment, attention deficits– Psychiatric disorders– SUDEP

• Implications for diagnosis and treatment beyond the seizures

Page 7: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Epilepsy in 2011

• Ideal time for an IOM study: Our field is poised for advancement

• Explosion of new information from basic and clinical neurosciences redefining this disease

• Inadequate assessment of populations at risk, incidence, prevalence, with wider definition of the disease 

• Complex therapeutic landscape emerging– Pharmacologic, nutritional, surgical and device‐driven– Pipeline is a problem from T1 to T4– No cure yet, only symptom suppression at best

• Problematic delivery of care to heterogeneous population from demographic and symptomatic standpoint

Page 8: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Areas of advancement

• Genetics• Molecular/cellular signaling involved in epileptogenesis

– Age specific mechanisms– Shared neurobiology of ictal and nonictal components

• Imaging– Cellular– Clinical

• Quantitative neurophysiology– Spectral analysis, LTM, MEG

• AED development

Page 9: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

HumanMouseBoth

SCN1ASCN2ASCN1BKCNA1KCNC2KCNQ1KCNQ2KCNQ3KCNMAKCNMB4CACNA1A CACNB4CACNG4   CACNA2D2ClCN2HCN2GABRA1GABRB3GABRG2CHRNA4CHRNB2 HTR2CGRIA2

SLC9A1SLC1A2SLC2A1KCC2ATP1A2NPY GAD2 ITPR1CAMK2APLCB1 SYN1+2SV2ABSNAP3D1        DCXDLX1OTXEMX2SOX1 FCN2UPARARX

NEUROD1GABBR1KCNJ6MECP2EPM2AFLN1CASPR2ALPLTRK1LAMR1P11RORAPTENCBP‐BAMT UBE3aCITCYSTBMYO5A TSC1, 2NHLRC1LGi1APP‐related

Ion channelsare thelargest subset

>100 Genes Linked to Monogenic Epilepsy 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1318/Courtesy, Jeff Noebels, MD, PhD

Page 10: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

HumanMouseBoth

SCN1ASCN2ASCN1BKCNA1KCNC2KCNQ1KCNQ2KCNQ3KCNMAKCNMB4CACNA1A CACNB4CACNG4   CACNA2D2ClCN2HCN2GABRA1GABRB3GABRG2CHRNA4CHRNB2 HTR2CGRIA2

SLC9A1SLC1A2SLC2A1KCC2ATP1A2NPY GAD2 ITPR1CAMK2APLCB1 SYN1+2SV2ABSNAP3D1        DCXDLX1OTXEMX2SOX1 FCN2UPARARX

NEUROD1GABBR1KCNJ6MECP2EPM2AFLN1CASPR2ALPLTRK1LAMR1P11RORAPTENCBP‐BAMT UBE3aCITCYSTBMYO5A TSC1, 2NHLRC1LGi1APP‐related

Ion channelsare thelargest subset

>100 Genes Linked to Monogenic Epilepsy 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1318/Courtesy, Jeff Noebels, MD, PhD

Page 11: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Initial insult

Temporal Profile of Epileptogenesis

Emergence of spontaneous seizures

“Time Zero” EPILEPSY:

Cascade of events?

Therapeutic targets?

Biomarkers?

Page 12: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Rakhade, S. N. and Jensen, F. E. (2009),Nat. Rev. Neurol.

Worsening cognitive deficit?

Page 13: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Timing Target Therapeutic strategy Candidate agents

Immediate earlychanges

Post‐translationalphosphorylation

Kinase, phosphatase inhibitors, mTOR

KN‐62, FK506, rapamycin

Acetylation HDACs Valproate, SHA

AMPA receptors AMPAR antagonists Talampanel, topiramate, levetiracetam

NMDA receptors NMDAR antagonists Memantine, xenon, ifenprodil, Mg2+

GABA receptor GABAR agonists BZs, barbiturates

NKCC1 NKCC1 inhibitors Bumetanide

Subacutechanges

Inflammation Anti‐inflammatory compounds , microglialinactivators

ACTH, minocycline, doxycycline, 

Neuronal death Block excitotoxicity, oxidative stress

Memantine, Epo

HCN1 channels ih‐blocker  ZD7288

Cannabinoid receptors CB1‐R antagonists SR14176A, SR141716

Chronic changes Sprouting Block protein synthesis Rapamycin, cyclohexamide

Gliosis Anti‐inflammatory agents Cox2 inhibitor, minocyclineRakhade, S. N. and Jensen, F. E. (2009),Nat. Rev. Neurol.

Page 14: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Maturational changes in Glutamate and GABA receptor function in the developing brain

Rakhade, S. N. and Jensen, F. E. (2009),Nat. Rev. Neurol.Talos et al J. Comp Neurol, 2006; Dzhala V et.al. Nature Medicine, 2005

Page 15: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Maturational changes in Glutamate and GABA receptor function in the developing brain

Rakhade, S. N. and Jensen, F. E. (2009),Nat. Rev. Neurol.Talos et al J. Comp Neurol, 2006; Dzhala V et.al. Nature Medicine, 2005

Neo

natal Seizures

Infantile Spasm

s

Land

au 

Kleffner

Benign

 Rolandic

Page 16: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Maturational changes in Glutamate and GABA receptor function in the developing brain

Rakhade, S. N. and Jensen, F. E. (2009),Nat. Rev. Neurol.Talos et al J. Comp Neurol, 2006; Dzhala V et.al. Nature Medicine, 2005

AUTISM

Page 17: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Risk of epilepsy in children with autism

• Large cohort of children with autism

Modified from Table 1Tuchman et al. Pediatrics,  1991

Degree of MR N N (%) Epilepsy

Severe 77 30 (39%)

Moderate/Mild 145 8 (6%)

Nl intelligence 68 9 (13%)

Total 290 47 (16%)

Page 18: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

cognitive deficitsautism

epilepsyepileptogenesis

Synaptic plasticitySynaptic receptorsSignaling molecules

neurotrophins

ALL SEIZURE INDUCED

Enhanced excitabilityin the developing brain

Interaction and convergence between brain development, epilepsy and autism? NT receptors

p‐AMPAp‐NMDAp‐GABA

Signalingkinasesphosphatasesmecp‐2mTOR, RhebreelinERKAKTCDKL5FMRPUbe3A

NeurotrophinsBDNF

Rett’sTSCLissencephaly

West’sFragile XAngelmans

autism

Page 19: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Synaptic “plasticity” and synaptic strengthening

Modified from Lamprecht and LeDoux, Nature Neurosci Rev, 2004

New faster synapses

MeCP2

reelin mTOR

CDKL5FMRP

Ube3a

Page 20: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Epilepsy and autism converge at the synapse

Modified from Lamprecht and LeDoux, Nature Neurosci Rev, 2004

Mecp2

reelin mTOR

CDKL5 FMRP

West’ssyndrome

Rett’ssyndrome

Lissencephaly

Fragile X syndrome

Tuberous Sclerosis

Ube3a

Angelman’ssyndrome

Shared molecular targets?

Page 21: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Bidirectional Relationship Between Epilepsy and Depression

Authors Type of StudyPsychiatric History Preceding the Onset of Epilepsy/Controls

Forsgren and Nystrom. 1990 Population-based 7 times the history of depression17 times in case of TLE

Hersdorffer et al. 2000Population-based

(Onset of epilepsy >age 55)

4 times the history of depression

Hersdorffer et al. 2006 Population-based(Iceland all ages)

5 times the history of suicidalityTwice the history of major depression

Courtesy Andres Kanner, MD

Page 22: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Neurotransmitters Involved inthe Pathogenesis of Depression and Epilepsy

• Epilepsy– Serotonin

– Norepinephrine

– Dopamine

– GABA

– Glutamate

– CRF

• Mood disorders– Serotonin

– Norepinephrine

– Dopamine

– GABA

– Glutamate

– CRF

Courtesy Anders Kanner, MD

Page 23: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Courtesy Gary Richerson, MD

Serotonin, Epilepsy & Depression

• Increased risk of suicide in epilepsy patients• Bi‐directional effects 

Increased incidence of seizures in depressionIncreased incidence of depression in seizures Underlying 5‐HT defects in both?

• Many antidepressants (SSRIs & SNRIs) inhibit seizures• Many anticonvulsants are used in affective disorders• Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS) has effects on depression

• Ecstasy toxicity – May cause depression & seizures

Page 24: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Death rates in epilepsy patients

• Patients with epilepsy are 24 times more likely to die of sudden death than the general population– SUDEP is the leading cause of death in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy

• 12% risk of SUDEP in refractory epilepsy not on medication

• Mechanism(s) unknown: – Cardiac vs respiratory vs “electrocerebral shutdown”– Serotonin depleted by seizures, involved in central control of respiratory drive

– Channelopathies are common to heart and brainTomson et al, Lancet Neurology, 2008Silanpaa and Shinnar, NEJM 2010

Page 25: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Death rates in epilepsy patients

• Patients with epilepsy are 24 times more likely to die of sudden death than the general population– SUDEP is the leading cause of death in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy

• 12% risk of SUDEP in refractory epilepsy not on medication

• Mechanism(s) unknown: – Cardiac vs respiratory vs “electrocerebral shutdown”– Serotonin depleted by seizures, involved in central control of respiratory drive

– Channelopathies are common to heart and brainTomson et al, Lancet Neurology, 2008Silanpaa and Shinnar, NEJM 2010

Page 26: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Death rates in epilepsy patients

Page 27: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Clinical diagnostic advances

• Epilepsy centers can access the cutting edge of clinical diagnostics on an every day basis– Advanced neurophysiology

• Digitial EEG, Long term monitoring, Intracranial grids and strips (electrocorticography/ECoG)

• Quantitative computational analysis, high frequency oscillations• Magnetoencephalography

– Advanced anatomical imaging• MRI, DTI

– Advanced  functional imaging• PET, SPECT, fMRI, connectomics

– Genetic screening• Genome, SNPs….• Pharmacogenomics

Page 28: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Technological advances and epilepsy

Worrel, et al 2004; Suedo, et al Epil Res 2010; Van der Heide,et al,  Clin Neurophys, 2010; 2010; Hagmann, et al PloS Biol. 2010

Page 29: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Treatment Advances• 25 new drugs developed for clinical trials in the last 25 years, 11 now FDA 

approved• Despite this, up to 40% of patients with epilepsy are not adequately 

controlled on medication – And that is just the seizures

• Increased rate of surgical resection for focal lesional/nonlesional epilepsy– no survey covering adult and pediatrics since 1993 (Engel et al)– No change in number of years to referral

• Pediatric cases  5 years• Adult cases 20+ years

– Success rate from surgery approximately 30‐50% depending on age• New devices

– VNS– DBS– TMS

• No medical treatment in 2011 represents a CURE– Surgical treatment may cure but only applicable to a small % of the refractory 

population– Comorbidities largely overlooked as a unique treatment target

Page 30: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Therapy development pipelinepast 25 years

ASP/NINDS

Pharma/IndustryAcademia+NIH/VA/DOD/FDA

NGOs

SOURCE CLINICAL TRIALS FDA approval

26 new drugs/4+ devicesFelbamateGabapentinVigabatrinLamotrigineTopiramateTiagabineOxcarbazepineLevetiracetamZonisamidePregabalinRufinamideLacosamideBrivaracetamDP‐VPAGanaxoloneCarisbamateSeletracetamStiripentolTalampanelValrocemideEslicarbazepineRetigabinePerampanelLosigamoneBumetanide

VNSDBS‐SANTE trial‐RNS trialTMS

FelbamateGabapentinVigabatrinLamotrigineTopiramateTiagabineOxcarbazepineLevetiracetamZonisamidePregabalinRufinamideLacosamideACTH

VNS

13 new drugs, 1 device

Page 31: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Advances that are making a difference• Molecular mechanisms or epileptogenesis

– Plasticity cascades• Ion channels and transporters, etc‐ new targets

– Immunology• Molecular mechanisms of comorbidities

– Depression– Autism– Alzheimer’s Dementia– SUDEP

• Clinical and genetic correlations (GWAS, sequencing)– Example SCN1A gene

• New technologies– Imaging in daily use

• PET, MEG, SPECT, DTI– Connectome– Quantitative analysis of digital EEG

• Algorithms for seizure prediction• High frequency oscillations – a potential biomarker

• New treatments– 26 new drugs, dietary regimens, improved surgical techniques, devices 

Page 32: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Public Health Surveillance

• In 2011, how do we use existing clinical networks, ongoing studies to evaluate the burden of epilepsy• www.clinicaltrials.gov lists over 600 epilepsy related trials – is this a 

source of selected data?

• How to utilize new tools provided by reformed health care system, comparative effectiveness, in the age of electronic medical records

• Cover previously understudied specific populations including pediatrics, elderly, women

• Definition of what constitutes active epilepsy (to include comorbidities) or epilepsy “in remission”– definition of cure (to ascertain more than simply seizure control) will be an issue

Page 33: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Population and Public Health Research• What are risk factors for refractory epilepsy?

– Accelerate path to care, diagnostics and pharmacogenomics– Enriched populations for research study

• What are risk factors for comorbidities, including SUDEP?– Accelerate path to referral, new diagnostics– Enriched populations for research study

• If seizures are treated, there is still a need for surveillance of burden of residual comorbidity

• Recognition that epilepsy is often “hidden” inside another primary diagnosis (eg. depression, dementia, autism)

• What is long term outcome after epilepsy surgery?– How do we define “cure”?

• Newly emerging populations with epilepsy– Survivors of prematurity, infant injury– New therapeutic choices during pregnancy– Growing population of elderly patients afflicted with epilepsy

Page 34: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Health Policy

• Access to care– Define guidelines as to what level of epilepsy meets criteria for 

immediate referral to an epilepsy center– Define what constitutes treatment failure – Examine social, educational, and workplace support services for 

patients with epilepsy– Early intervention not only of seizures, but of comorbid symptoms

• Payment of care– What path to referral to an epilepsy care center will be approved– How will nutritional treatments be covered (ketogenic diet)– What will policy be with respect to generic/brand name 

pharmaceuticals– High level of diagnostic testing must be covered due to changing 

nature of disease, and changing response to treatment within an individual

Page 35: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

Education

• Patient and public– Broader definition of the spectrum of epilepsy to improve self‐identification

– Awareness of wide range of treatment options– Address and eliminate stigma

• Health care professionals– Improve education at all levels – Improve accuracy of diagnosis in primary care– Develop and then educate with guidelines for referrals to different levels of specialized care

Page 36: The Context of the IOM Study on theiom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity Files/Disease... · The Context of the IOM Study on ... – Ranging from mild motor to severe prolonged

January 10, 2011

The IOM report is necessary to enable patients and the professional community involved in care, education, and research to meet the challenges of this disease in the 21st century and work towards the eventual eradication of this common, disabling, and stigmatized condition