the cosmic phantom field - fc.up.pt diaz.pdf · • that process prevails over hawking thermal...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cosmic Phantom Field
• A kind of Quintessence Field
• Observational Constraints ω around -1
1. Phantom Energy
2. The Big Rip
3. The Nature of Phantom Field
4. Accretion on Black Holes and Wormholes
5. Thermodynamics
6. Conclusions
SUMMARY
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Phantom energy
• Equation of State:
• Energy Density:
• Violation of DEC:
• Definition of Field:
ωρ=p)1(3
0)( ωρρ +−= aa
(The Natural Scenario where Wormholes Crop up !)
10 −<⇒<+ ωρp
)(2
1 2 φφρ V+= &
)(2
1 2 φφ Vp −= &
ρωφ )1(2 +=⇒ &
Flu
id
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The Big Rip
• K=0 Quintessence:
• K=0 K-Essence:
• Chaplygin Gas:
( ) [ ] 10,)( )1(3/2* <<−∝ −− βββttta
+
+
+
+
+∝ +− )1(31;
)1(2
43;)1(2
21,1 α
αα
αα
CaFt)2/1( −>α
[ ])1|(|3/22/)1|(|3
0 )1|(|2
3)(
−−−−
−−=ω
ω ω tata
a(t)
t*
→ ↑ρ
ω<-1a(t)
→ ↑ρ
p+ρ<0
[Caldwell, Kamionkowski & Weinberg, PRL91, 071301 (2003)]
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TODAY
END OF EVERYTHING
22 billion yrs before Big Rip
60 million yrs before Big Rip
3 months before Big Rip
30 minutes before Big Rip
<< 1 s before Big Rip
BIG RIP
Milky Way destroyed
Solar System breaksapart
Earth explodes
Atoms ripped apart
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Phantom Energy TearsApart the Solar System
and Everything in It
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Is phantom energy made up of Axions ?
≡→≥+
=−<φ
ωφ
ρω 1
.2
01
!PureImaginaryW.E.C.:
Rank-three Antisymmetric Tensor Field (Supergravity)Axion:
µναµνα AAA =2∫
+−−= MA LAG
RgxdS 24
16π
: Thee-Form Field Strength
+−= )(22
2
1316 MTAAGG µνµνµν π 0* =Ad
ναβ
µαβµν AAA =2 * = Hodge Dual
ε)(rfA =• FRW
•Volume Form:ε
[PFG-D, PR D69, 063522 (2003)]
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The solutions to the Equations of Motion for SphericallySymmetric Axion in FRW are the Same as the Solutions tothe Equations of Motion obtained from the FRW Action
for a Scalar Field with a Boundary Term
TT
S Na
NG
N
adta
GS 0
.
3
0
.2
.2
3 |816
1 φφφπ
π−
+−= ∫
Or from the Same Action with the Scalar FieldRotated to Imaginary Axis, Without that Boundary
Term.
Phantom Energy can be Interpreted as BeingMade of Axions !!
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Accretion of Phantom energy onto Black Holes
+−
=
+ 2/)1(30 )()1(
1
)(
ω
ωtat
CMM
MtM
i
i
&
⇒−< 1ω• Black holes steadily loss their mass and vanish at theBig Rip
• That process prevails over Hawking thermal radiation
• Conflict with thermodynamics?
{
ρωπ )1(4 2 += AMM&[Babichev, Dokuchaev & Eroschenko, gr-qc/0402089, PRL (in press, 2004)]
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Accretion of Phantom energy onto Wormholes
ρωπ )1(2 20
20 +−= Bbb&
b0
2/)1(30
0
00
1 ω++=
Cabtb
bb
i
i
i
&
Universe
Mouths
Throat ofthe
Wormhole
• Avoiding the Big Rip ?
• Non-causal evolution ?Big
Trip ?{
[PFG-D, astro-ph/0404045, PRL (in press, 2004)]
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Phantom thermodynamics
• Temperature
• Entropy
• Occupation Number
( ) ( ) 1||/
/1
±= TkhT Be ν
ωαννρ
||3)1|(| ωωκ aT −−=
VT
CS||/1
0 1||
||ω
ω
−
−= Always
Positive
Same Expression,different Physics
1. “hotter” thananything !!
2. Conflict with BHaccretion Solved
{
[PFG-D & Sigüenza, PLB589, 78 (2004)]
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Phantom “Anti-Laser” EffectE
nerg
y
Ene
rgy
T > 0 T < 0
_ > -1 _ < -1
P = e - E/T P = e+E/|T|
T < 0
Sp
on
tan
eou
s e
mis
sio
n
Sp
on
tan
eou
s a
bso
rpti
on
Sp
on
tan
eou
s +
Sti
mu
late
dab
sorp
tio
n
mnA
mnBn
mB
n
m
Population“Inversion”
“New” EinsteinCoefficients
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Conclusions ?• The subject of the Phantom Field is rather speculative, butnot more than other stuffs also assumed to make up DarkEnergy.
• The properties of phantom energy are rather weird andinclude an increasing energy density as the universe expandsin a super accelerated fashion, so as the big rip and thepossibility for a big trip.
• Phantom energy may be made up of axions with an extremelysmall mass.
• Phantom energy is accreted by black holes and Lorentzianwormholes in which it produces unexpected effects that canremarkably affect the future evolution of the universe.
• If the universe is filled with phantom energy, then it can bealso characterized by a negative temperature.