The Dialectic of

Bottom-up and Top-down Emergence

in Social Systems

報告者：廖于萱、張筠、曾一平、劉季寧

Author:

Christian Fuchs (christian@igw.tuwien.ac.at), Wolfgang Hofkirchner (hofi@igw.tuwien.ac.at)

and Bert Klauninger (bk@ssi.at)

• In the course of evolution one system is linked to another—the old to the new—by emergence.

• Emergence brings about the the change from one system in one phase of evolution to anther system in another phase.

Emergence and Self-organization

• Upward & Downward• The super-system level both enables and

constrains activities at the lower system level.

• The old system is overcome, but conserved by the new one.

•→ Diachronic ↑ Synchronous•The systems have subordinate subsystems and are themselves components of high level systems.•They do not determine the development at the higher level in detail.

回顧

• The individual in Modern Society

• Constructivism, Structuralism or Interactive Dualism

The individual in Modern Society

( 個人在現代社會下的意義 )

• Free will• Act rationally and responsibly

• tied to the idea of private property?!

Constructivism( 建構 / 構成 主義 )• 主要概念 : Cognition is constructed in an autonomous

manner and is not determined by social/physical reailty

→Muturana and Varela

• 侷限 : not consider the dialectical relationship of

the individual/consciousness and society/being.

Structuralism( 結構 主義 )• 主要概念 : The relationship of being and consciousness

in a structuralist manner by assuming that being determines consciousness

→The Frankfurt School Theodor W. Adorno

• 侷限 : the dialectical relationship of society and the

individual is not sufficiently considered

Individual-society Dualism( 個體 ─ 社會 互動 / 二元論 )

• 主要概念 :• Subjective and objective knowledge• Super-personal level: developed from an individual’s

back ground, but then acquires an independent existence and exists separately from the person.

→Popper

• 侷限 : Whether the cosmos can be divided into the three parts

Popper envisaged?

3.3 A Dialectical and Emergentist View

3.3.1. Individual Information• 假定： Consciousness is neither solely an

individual construction nor solely a reflection of society.

• Karl Marx ： the dialectical relationship of being and action/consciousness

• Herbert Marcuse ： emerge

• The Theory of Self-organization（自我組織理論）

• Evolutionary system（演化系統）

• Unified Theory of Information

Individual informationindividual values, norms, conclusions, rules, opinions, ideas, and belives.

Social information

• 【 Culture】習慣規章得以合法、具正當性 －明確定義

• 【 Politics 】規律一致的事物獲得授權 －影響決策判斷

• 【 Economy 】 ：生產分配

自然資源的配置 －物質的傾向、分配

共同運作下的社會關係• Individual consciousness

＆ action

• Social information －相互辯證的 re-creation

• 經由互動之後，產生浮現效應

（動態）

• 以【團體活動】為例

The world-system

• 全球化下的結構性危機• 如：氣候變遷、全球暖化…

• G6→G8→G20（中國大陸、印度…）• 顯示出東亞體系的經濟市場漸漸受到重視• 經由競爭過程，形成優勢地位的轉變• 共同運作的社會關係，而建立一套新秩序

The End