the effects of organic amendment on soil properties and crop production komariah dept. of irrigation...
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The Effects of Organic The Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Amendment on Soil Properties and Crop Properties and Crop
ProductionProduction
Komariah
Dept. of Irrigation and Drainage, United Graduate School of Agriculture , Gifu University, Japan
岐阜大学関係学位論文発表
平成 20 年 1 月 22 日
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Masateru Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Masateru SengeSengeAssociate: Dr. Kengo ItoAssociate: Dr. Kengo Ito
Background
Total cassava production in province of Lampung, Indonesia: 4.67 x 109 kg
Abundant tapioca waste:Limited utilization for industries and
livestock
Evoke environmental problem
Utilization for environmental conservation
BackgroundIndonesia: tropical country
High Air Temperature +High solar radiation intensity
High EvaporationHigh Soil temperature
Utilization of tapioca wastes for reduce water loss
(evapotranspiration) + as insulating material for lower soil
temperature
Background
Pineapple Plantation in Indonesia: Long culture period + tropical monsoon climate
Soil deterioration
Utilization of tapioca wastes for soil properties amelioration
Experimental Site Experimental Site (Research 1)(Research 1)
INDONESIAINDONESIA
1. “ The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and
Temperatures” –A Case Study of Tapioca Wastes Application-
TreatmeTreatmentsnts
A. Control
B. Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha)
C. Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha)
D. Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha)
E. 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulch
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
Cassava Bagasse
Cassava PeelRice Husk
( もみがら)
Investigated Organic Investigated Organic MaterialsMaterials
SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA FROM TAPIOCA
INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
Plot Size
0.6m
15m
60 plan
ts
0.5m
1 treatment:
2 plots
1 plot:
120 plants
Pineapple variety: “Smooth Cayenne”
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
Control
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
300ton/ha rice husk mulching
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
300ton/ha cassava bagasse mulching
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
300ton/ha cassava peel mulching
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
0.5mm-Black polyethylene film mulching
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
Results and Results and DiscussionDiscussion
(Exp. 1)(Exp. 1)
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth2.5cm depth
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
Aug.2001
Sept.2001
Oct.2001
Nov.2001
Dec.2001
J an.2002
Feb.2002
Mar.2002
Apr.2002
May.2002
J une.2002
july.2002
Aug.2002
Sept.2002
soil
tem
pera
ture
(o C
)
control
rice husk
cassava bagasse
cassava peel
black film
General declining trend??
Canopy of plants progressively increased
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
solarsolar
small canopy big canopy
IllustrationIllustration
Canopy progressively increased
decreased soil temp.
increased soil surface shading
suppressed heat absorption by mulch
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content
and Temperatures
Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at Mean Daily Maximum Soil Temperature at 2.5cm depth2.5cm depth
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
Aug.2001
Sept.2001
Oct.2001
Nov.2001
Dec.2001
J an.2002
Feb.2002
Mar.2002
Apr.2002
May.2002
J une.2002
july.2002
Aug.2002
Sept.2002
soil
tem
pera
ture
(o C
)
control
rice husk
cassava bagasse
cassava peel
black film
Black film low albedo (high heat absorption); low latent heat flux
(heat release/discharge)
Cassava bagasse: can readily undergo fermentation ( 28oC)fermentation occurred soil temperature high
Rice husk & cassava peel: nearly similar albedo to control; low heat transfer into soil layers
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
IllustrationIllustration1. The Influences of Organic
Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
control
rather high soil temp.
High heat absorption
(rather low albedo)
High heat discharge
(high latent heat flux)
Black film mulch
higher soil temp.
High heat absorption
(low albedo)
Low heat discharge
(low latent heat flux)
IllustrationIllustration1. The Influences of Organic
Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
Low heat discharge
(rather low latent heat flux)
soil temp. higher
Cassava bagasse mulch
Low heat absorption from solar rad.
(rather high albedo)
fermentation
High heat absorption from fermentation
Lower soil temp.
Rice husk/ cassava peel mulch
High heat absorption
(rather high albedo)
Low heat transfer into soil
Dry Dry seasonseason
Dry seasonDry seasonRainy seasonRainy seasonEl NinoEl Nino
irrigatedirrigated
Soil moisture content at 0-30cm depth (TDR)Soil moisture content at 0-30cm depth (TDR)
20
25
30
35
40
Aug.2001
Sept.2001
Oct.2001
Nov.2001
Dec.2001
J an.2002
Feb.2002
Mar.2002
Apr.2002
May.2002
J une.2002
J uly.2002
Aug.2002
Sept.2002
Soi
l Moi
stur
e C
onte
nt (%
vol.)
control
rice husk
cassava bagasse
cassava peel
black filmirrigatedirrigated
Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater;
enhanced effective rainfall
Rice husk, cassava peel and black film nearly
similar to controlSoil moistures under cassava bagasse and black film mulch were the lowest due to higher
biomass and caused the higher evapotranspiration rates
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
Control Ricehusk
Cassavabagasse
Cassavapeel
Blackfilm
(t h
a-1)
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Control Rice husk Cassavabagasse
Cassavapeel
Black film
(g p
lant
-1)
Pineapple Fruit Pineapple Fruit YieldYield
Total wet Total wet biomassbiomass
No significant differences at p0.05; ANOVA followed with Duncan test (both of total wet biomass and yield)
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
Black film mulches resulted in higher total wet biomass and yield due to the Black film mulches resulted in higher total wet biomass and yield due to the highest mean soil temperature; highest mean soil temperature;
Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures; higher Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures; higher than control hence biomass and yields than control hence biomass and yields
Mean Soil Temperature
25
26
27
28
29
30Aug
. 200
1
Sep
t. 2
001
Oct
. 200
1
Nov
. 200
1
Dec
. 200
1
Jan.
200
2
Feb.
200
2
Mar
. 200
2
Apr
. 200
2
May
. 200
2
June
. 200
2
July
. 200
2
Aug
. 200
2
Sep
t. 2
002
soil
tem
pera
ture
(o C
)controlrice husk mulchcassava bagasse mulchcassava peel mulchblack polyethylene mulch
Conclusion (Exp.1)• Black film and cassava bagasse mulches Black film and cassava bagasse mulches resulted in higher maximum soil temperaturesresulted in higher maximum soil temperatures
• Rice husk and cassava peel mulches Rice husk and cassava peel mulches resulted in lower maximum soil resulted in lower maximum soil
temperaturestemperatures
• Cassava bagasse absorbed and Cassava bagasse absorbed and retained rainwater hence soil retained rainwater hence soil
moisture contents were high, while moisture contents were high, while others did not play any better role in others did not play any better role in
soil moisture retentionsoil moisture retention
1. The Influences of Organic Mulches on Soil Moisture Content and Temperatures
• Organic mulches resulted in nearly Organic mulches resulted in nearly similar mean soil temperatures hence similar mean soil temperatures hence
the biomasses and yields toothe biomasses and yields too
2. “ Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using
Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes”
Materials and MethodMaterials and Method
Same experimental Same experimental site as Exp. 1site as Exp. 1
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
Cassava Bagasse
Cassava PeelRice Husk
( もみがら)
SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES FROM TAPIOCA FROM TAPIOCA
INDUSTRYINDUSTRY
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
TreatmentTreatmentss
A.A. ControlControl
B.B. Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha)Rice husk mulch (300 ton/ha)
C.C. Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha)Cassava bagasse mulch (300 ton/ha)
D.D. Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha)Cassava peel mulch (300 ton/ha)
E. E. CCassava peel incorporated/ mixed into soil assava peel incorporated/ mixed into soil (300 ton/ha)(300 ton/ha)
F.F. 0.5mm- 0.5mm- Black polyethylene film mulchBlack polyethylene film mulch
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
Picture of Total Experimental PlotPicture of Total Experimental Plot
Complete randomized design; 3 replicationsComplete randomized design; 3 replications
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion(Exp. 2)(Exp. 2)
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
0
20
40
60
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Control Rice huskmulch
Bagassemulch
Cassavapeel
mulch
Peelmixed soil
Black Filmmulch
x10-3
kg
kg-1
Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Change; Soil Organic Matter (SOM) Change; 0-5cm0-5cm
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
Initial: July 2001;Initial: July 2001;
Final: Sept. 2002Final: Sept. 2002
ONLYONLY
Decomposition Rate Level (Visible with naked-eyes):
FASTFAST : : Cassava Bagasse (No longer visible 15 months after application)
MEDIUMMEDIUM: Rice Husk (Visible 15 months after application with partially decomposed into smaller sizes)
Cassava Peel (Visible 15 months after application with very less physical changes)
Had already totally decomposed and could not supply more SOM
The decomposition process was still ongoing hence kept on supplying SOM
Cassava peel had just started or just started to decompose hence could not supply SOM yet
Available Water Content Change (AWC); -10 Available Water Content Change (AWC); -10 ~ ~ -1500 -1500 kPa; 0-kPa; 0-5cm depth5cm depth
0
50
100
150
200
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Initia
l
Fin
al
Control Rice huskmulch
Bagassemulch
Cassavapeel
mulch
Peelmixed soil
BlackFilm
mulch
x10-3
m3 m
-3
Initial: July 2001;Initial: July 2001;
Final: Sept. 2002Final: Sept. 2002
AWC distinctly AWC distinctly increased only under increased only under
rice husk mulch due to rice husk mulch due to SOM increased; SOM SOM increased; SOM
holds more waterholds more water
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
EarthworEarthworm m
PopulatioPopulationsns
(0-45(0-45cm)cm)
Rainy Rainy season season
Dry Dry season season
0
30
60
90
120
150
indi
vidu
al m
-2
control rice huskmulch
bagassemulch
peelmulch
black filmmulch
peel mixed
0
30
60
90
120
150
indi
vidu
al m
-2
control ricehuskmulch
bagassemulch
peelmulch
blackfilm
mulch
peelmixed
Organic Materials provided food source for Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms at both seasons hence significantly earthworms at both seasons hence significantly
increased earthworm populationsincreased earthworm populations
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
Conclusion (Exp.2)
• The decomposition process of rice husk The decomposition process of rice husk mulch that was still ongoing until 15 mulch that was still ongoing until 15
months after application kept on months after application kept on supplying SOM, thus distinctly supplying SOM, thus distinctly
increased SOM and Available Water increased SOM and Available Water ContentContent
2. Amendment of Soil Physical and Biological Properties Using Rice Husk and Tapioca Wastes
• Organic Materials provided food Organic Materials provided food source for earthworms, hence source for earthworms, hence
earthworm populations were highearthworm populations were high
CONTROL
RBM
RBMx
RBMx + BM
RBM + BM
RBM + CM
RBMx + CM
BM
CM
3. Soil Solarization Incorporated with Rice Bran on Soil Physical, Biological, and Broccoli Yield
1.2m
0.8m
Final conclusion
Tapioca wastesTapioca wastes
Cassava bagasse:Cassava bagasse: Cassava peelCassava peel
High max. soil temperatureHigh max. soil temperature
High soil moistureHigh soil moisture
Speedy decomposition; no Speedy decomposition; no more SOM supplymore SOM supply
Low max. soil temperatureLow max. soil temperature
Low soil moistureLow soil moisture
Medium decomposition; no Medium decomposition; no SOM supply yetSOM supply yet
Nearly similar biomass and yield
Rice husk:Rice husk:
Contributed significant increase on SOM by keeping Contributed significant increase on SOM by keeping SOM supplied until 15 months after application with SOM supplied until 15 months after application with its moderate decomposition rate, hence available its moderate decomposition rate, hence available water content (AWC) also increasedwater content (AWC) also increased