! "#$%& '()%&

*%+,-'./-01µ)- 2$$-3145 6-+7$-

8),94#):$: ;'-<=>?5& ;'-@=%&

A%@$,%& 2007

! "#$%&'&(.B 8>C%?%& "#$:$ )45D<Cµ7$ C'5$E441?-.

) *+',-.#/01 2,3$+&&4$+#1 &#% .35 6053.

7 !=,Cµ(& '5& #$$%,-& F-, '5& D#C5&'%< "#$%< µ#C- -)( -=G->8& F-,C@+G=%$8& )5+#&.

) H)%?%G/ F-, I,4%"8$>- C'5$ E441?-.

) 6-=1='5µ- $%µ%D8C>-&.

! *+',-.#/01 2,3$+&&4$+#1 &#% .3 $8µ%.

9+,#+:;µ+5%$+<.4

5

12

14

23

25

30

7 = 2+,#3:( &>,' %2; .-5 3?; @+5A5?,3B.

) C5A<B$- .-1 2+,#3:(1 µ+<0.-1.

7 !=,Cµ(& .:$7$ F-D’@J%&.K(4%& '%< C7µ-'%& F-, ':$ -,CD/C8:$C'5$ %,F8,%)%>5C5 '%< G7=%<.

) !=,Cµ(& .:$7$ ?=1C8:$.0% C7µ- :& F@=,% 8=+-48>% +,- '5$)-=-+:+5 G:=,F%'/':$.

$+<.42

54

55

70

86

89

) "24<3&31.

! D#E<#3&,%F4%.

"#$%&'&(

B 8>C%?%& "#$:$ )45D<Cµ7$ C'5$ E441?-.

;@µI:$- µ8 C'%,G8>- '5& Eurostat1, % )45D<Cµ(&'5& E441?-& -<"/D5F8, '- '848<'->- G=($,-, F-'10,3%. 0- 2/3 -<'/& '5& -@"5C5& %I8>4%$'-, C8 µ8-'-$1C'8&. B E441?- -)%'848> C/µ8=- '%$ )=7'%C'-Dµ(-)=%%=,Cµ( ':$ µ8'-F,$%@µ8$:$ -<'7$ %µ1-?:$, 8I(C%$ 5 1I,"/ '%<& C'5 G7=- µ-& C5µ-'%-?%'8> F-, '5$ 8>C%?( '%<& C'% ?<',F( F(Cµ%, C'5$E<=7)5.

0% µ8'-$-C'8<',F( -<'( =8@µ-, )=%& '5$ E441?-,8>G8 :& -)%'#48Cµ- $- -<"5D8> % )45D<Cµ(& '5&F-'1 #$- 8F-'%µµ@=,% )8=>)%<, -F=,9/ C'%,G8>-?8$ <)1=G%<$. !, 1$D=:)%, G:=>& G-=',1 8>$-,)%4@ )8=,CC('8=%,, -I%@ +,- $- G-=-F'5=,C'8> F1-)%,%& µ8'-$1C'5& -)( '% E445$,F( F=1'%&, )=%L-)%D#'8, µ,- µ-F=%G=($,- F-, )%4<#"%?5?,-?,F-C>-. B )48,%J5I>- ':$ µ8'-F,$%@µ8$:$, )%<#G%<$ #=D8, C'5$ E441?-, )=%#=G%$'-, F<=>:& -)(G7=8& µ8 )%4,',F1 F-, %,F%$%µ,F1 )=%94/µ-'-. 0%6-F,C'1$, '% A=1$, '% A=1F, '% MI+-$,C'1$, 5A$?>-, %, G7=8& '5& MI=,F/&, 5 N>$- F-, %, G7=8&'%< )=75$ -$-'%4,F%@ µ)4%F 8>$-, %, G7=8& F-'--+:+/& ':$ )8=,CC%'#=:$.

% "#$%& '()%&

5

1 Eurostat, 2003, <http://www.eurostat.eu>, populationand social conditions, '848<'->- 8)>CF8J5: 12/1/2007.

O>- '(C% 8F'8'-µ#$5 )=%C#48<C5 -$D=7):$ -)("#$8& G7=8& #G8, :& -)%'#48Cµ- 5 %,F,C',F/ -$1-)'<"5 $- 8"84>CC8'-, µ8 $#%<& (=%<&, C8 (45 '5$#F'-C5 '%< E445$,F%@ F=1'%<&. M<'( )%< )-=-'5-=%@µ8, C8 CG#C5 µ8 '%<& F-$($8& -<'/& '5& %,F,-C',F/& -$1)'<"5& 8>$-, (', ?8$ -$',C'%,G8> µ8'% µ%$'#4% '5& +F#'%–)8=,%G/& )%< C<$-$'1µ8 C8)%44#& 8<=:)-PF#& G7=8&. !, "#$%, C'5$ E441?-F-'%,F%@$ C'%$ ,?,:',F( F-, ?5µ(C,% G7=% 8,CG:-=7$'-& C',& /?5 F-'%,F5µ#$8& )8=,%G#&. ;8 )%44#&-)( -<'#& ',& E<=:)-PF#& G7=8&, $%µ%D8',F1, )%4-4#& I%=#& %=>.%$'-, G7=%, C'#+-C5& F-, I,4%"8-$>-&, C<$/D:& #": -)( '% F#$'=% '5& )(45& /-F(µ- F-, #": -)( '- (=,- '5& )(45&-F#$'=%< '5&G7=-&. ;'5$ E441?-, µ#G=, C',+µ/&, 5 F-'%>F5C5-<'/ -$-)'@CC8'-,, C',& /?5 F-'%,F5µ#$8& )8=,%-G#&, C'%<& G-µ54('8=%<& %=(I%<& ':$ )%4<F-'%,-F,7$, C'- ,C(+8,- F-, '- <)(+8,-, ?5µ,%<=+7$'-&#'C, “+F#'%” %=,.($',:$ .:$7$. 0% I-,$(µ8$%-<'(, )%< )-=-'5=8>'-, C',& )%4<F-'%,F>8&, )%<9=>CF%$'-, F<=>:& C8 )<F$%F-'%,F5µ#$8& F8$'=,-F#& )8=,%G#& '5& MD/$-&, 8>$-, 5 F-'%>F5C5 ':$<)(+8,:$ F-, ,C(+8,:$ ?,-µ8=,Cµ1':$ -)( -$D=7-)%<& 1445& 8D$,F('5'-&, µ8 F-F/ %,F%$%µ,F/ F--'1C'-C5. ;'%<& 8$?,1µ8C%<& %=(I%<& C<$-$'1µ8Q445$8& µ#C5& %,F%$%µ,F/& F-'1C'-C5& F-, C'%<&<J54('8=%<& %=(I%<&, Q445$8& F-4/& %,F%$%µ,F/&F-'1C'-C5&. M<'/ 5 µ%=I/ µ-.,F/& F-'%>F5C5&8>$-, ,?,->'8=-

6

8,C-+:+/

C<$5D,Cµ#$5 +,- '5$ 8445$,F/ -C',F/)=-+µ-',F('5'-. M<'/ 5 %,F,C',F/ -$1)'<"5 ?8$#G8, %4%F45=:D8> -F(µ- %@'8 +$:=>.%<µ8 ):&-F=,97& D- 8"84,GD8>. O8 '5$ )-=%@C- 8"#4,"5?5µ,%<=+%@$'-, )8=,%G#&, )%< 5 ?%µ/ '%<& 8>$-,#$- -C',F( µ8'-9-44(µ8$% J5I,?:'( )%4,',Cµ,F7$'-<'%'/':$.

!, "#$%, )45D<Cµ%>, )%< C<$8G7& 8+F-D>C'-$'-,C'5$ )(45 '5& MD/$-&, 8)5=81.%<$ F-, C<G$18)-$-)=%C?,%=>.%<$ '%<& (=%<& F-'%>F5C5& F-,?=1C5& C'% ?5µ(C,% F-, ,?,:',F( G7=%. O#C: '5&-$14<C5& '5& #$$%,-& '%< "#$%<, -441 F-,D8:=5',F7$ -$-.5'/C8:$ CG8',F1 µ8 '5C:µ-',F('5'-, ?54-?/ '%$ =(4% '%< C7µ-'%& C'5$-$D=7),$5 ?=1C5, C'5$ )-=-+:+/ '-<'('5'-& µ#C-C'% G7=%, )=%C8++>.%<µ8 '% I-,$(µ8$% -<'(. B#$$%,- '5& 4#"5& "#$%&, F-D7& F-, %, G:=,F#&)=%8F'1C8,& '5&, 5 D#C5 )%< -<'(& F-'#G8, µ#C-C'% F%,$:$,F( C@$%4%, -$-.5'%@$'-, µ#C- -)(-=G->8& F-, C@+G=%$8& 8445$,F#& )5+#& F-, '5$,CG@%<C- $%µ%D8C>-.

R& )8?>% )-=-'5=/C8:$, '5& ?=1C5& ':$ "#$:$,%=>.%<µ8 '5$ )8=,%G/ +@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<,C'% F#$'=% '5& MD/$-&. !, "#$%, F1'%,F%, '5&)8=,%G/&, µ#C: '%< '=()%< G=/C5& '%< C7µ-'(&'%<&, 8":'8=,F8@%<$ '5$ '-<'('5'1 '%<& F-,C5µ-'%?%'%@$ '%$ /?5 ?%µ5µ#$% G7=%, %=+-$7$%$'-&'%$ ?,F( '%<& '()%.

% "#$%& '()%&

7

8

8,C-+:+/

*+',-.#/01 2,3$+&&4$+#1 &#% .35 6053.

N%,$:$,F#& %µ1?8& "#$:$ -$D=7):$, -$D=7):$ G--µ54/& %,F%$%µ,F/&-F%,$:$,F/& C'1Dµ5&, / F-, +8-$,F('8=- %µ1?8& -$D=7):$ )%< I#=%<$ ,?,->'8=-G-=-F'5=,C',F1, 8>'8 )=(F8,'-, +,- 8D$,F('5'-,8)1++84µ-, C8"%<-4,F#& )=%',µ/C8,& F.'.4.,8>$-, -$#$'-G'8& C'% F%,$:$,F( C@$%4% F-, G-=--F'5=>.%$'-, "#$8& )=%& -<'(. S,- '5 ?,8=8@$5C5':$ '():$ )%< ?5µ,%<=+%@$ -<'#& %, "#$8& %µ1?8&8>$-, C5µ-$',F( $- 8"8'1C%<µ8 -=G->8& F-, C@+-G=%$8& )/+8& )%< -$-I#=%$'-, C'%$ "#$% +,- $-%=>C%<µ8 '5 D#C5 '%< µ#C- C'% F%,$:$,F( C@$%4%.M)( '5$ D#C5 -<'/ -)%==#%<$ '- C<µ)8=1Cµ-'- +,-'% G7=% )%< '%< ?>$8'-, C'5$ )(45, '% G7=% )%<'%$ <)%?#G8'-, F-, '%< '=()%< )%< '%$ ?,-G8,=>-.8'-,.

% "#$%& '()%&

13

!=,Cµ(& '5& #$$%,-& F-, '5& D#C5& '%< "#$%< µ#C--)( -=G->8& F-, C@+G=%$8& )5+#&.

M)( '% O#+- 48",F( '5& 8445$,F/& +47CC5& '%<Henry G. Liddell-Robert Scott, ?>$%<µ8 '%$ %=,-Cµ( '5& 4#"5& "#$%& C'- -=G->- 8445$,F1.

“60531G H 6+5#I;µ+531 F4<31, ?-<. 2%1 23<4.-1605-1 2;<+'1, µ+J’3B 0:+# .#1 $B5J(/-5 (F#<3)6+-54%1 ?#’+%B.;5 /%# .3B1 %23&;53B1 .3B E+E%#'µ0-5-5 ?#% .-1 %5.%<<%&(1 ?8,'5 /%# +2#/<($+'1 .3B605#3B K#;1.”2

N-'1 '%<& -=G->%<& G=($%<& D8:=8>'-, F-D/F%$,8=( 5 <)8=1C),C5 '%< -)=%C'1'8<'%< "#$%< (B4#"5 "#$%& -$-I#=8'-, C8 F1D8 "#$% 1$D=:)%, )8-=,)4-$7µ8$% / )=(CI<+-, )%< ?8$ )-=%<C,1.8'-,:& 45C'/& / 8GD=(&).B -)(?%C5 '%< )=%C:$<µ>%<T#$,%& C'% D8( U>- D8µ84,7$8, '5$ ,8=('5'- '5&I,4%"8$>-&, F-D7& F-, 5 -)(?%C5 '%< )=%C:$<µ>%<V@",%& %=>.8, '%$ U>- )=%C'1'5 ':$ I<+1?:$. B-C#98,- -)#$-$', C'%$ "#$% ',µ:=8>'-, +,-'> D8-:=8>'-, @9=,& )=%& '%<& D8%@&, “!"#$%&!'()* +,-.() #!(/* 0! 1(2,$-34()'”3.

14

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '%$ "#$%

2 Henry G. Liddell-Robert Scott, @0&% <+6#/;5 .-1+<<-5#/(1 &<8$$-1. MD/$-: A. ;,?#=5&, C84.2543 "2.A +24 *(E%1. C',G.606.

B -$-+$7=,C5 '5& ,8=('5'-& '5& I,4%"8$>-& )-=--'5=8>'-, µ#C- -)( '% “'<),F( '5& I,4%"8$>-&”4,)%< )8=,+=1I8'-, C'5$ !µ/=%< !?@CC8,-, C@µI:$-µ8 -<'( % "8$,C'/& <)%G=8%@'-, $- <)%?8GD8> '%$"#$% 8+F1=?,-, $- '%$ I,4#J8,, $- '%< )=%CI#=8,?,-µ%$/ F-, $- '%$ -)%G-,=8'/C8, µ8 ?7=- )%<8),CI=-+>.%<$ '5 I,4>- '%<&.

B "8$>- /'-$ ?8Cµ(& 8µ),C'%C@$5& µ,µ%@µ8$%& '5$I,4%"8$>- µ8 ?,F( '%< '<),F(, )%< +8$$%@C8 ?8-Cµ%@& '=<I8=('5'-& F-, C'%=+/&, -441 F-, <)%-G=87C8,& -$1µ8C- C8 -$D=7)%<& )%< -$/F-$ C8?,-I%=8',F#& F%,$:$,F#& µ%$1?8&. ;8 8445$,F#&)5+#& -<'( %$%µ1.8'-, &!'5,, &!'56, &!-'56 F-,C'- 4-',$,F1 hospitium. ! ?8Cµ(& C<$-)'('-$ F<-=>:& -$1µ8C- C8 1$'=8& )8=>)%< '%< ,?>%< F%,$:-$,F%@ status F-, % #$-& /'-$ % &7'(* / hospes'%< 144%<. N-'1 F-,=%@& %, (=%, &!'5, F-, hos-pitium #G%<$ 8=µ5$8<'8> F-, 8=µ5$8@%$'-, C'5C@+G=%$5 #=8<$- C-$ µ,- µ%=I/ I,4%"8$>-&. 8!'5,F-, hospitium F-, I,4%"8$>-8),F-4@)'%$'-,/#G%<$ F%,$1 G-=-F'5=,C',F1 C8F1)%,%$ 9-Dµ(, -441 '- &!'5, F-, hospitium ?,--D#'%<$ 8),)=(CD8'- G-=-F'5=,C',F1. E>$-, "#$%&% I>4%& -)( '% 8":'8=,F(, -)( 1445 )(45 / G7=-.

% "#$%& '()%&

15

4 U.O.O-=:$>'5& (µ8'1I=.), S.O.A+$-',1?5& F.-., Lµ(,3BL?>$$+#%. MD/$-: !=+-$,Cµ(& EF?(C8:$ U,?-F',F7$ *,94>:$,2006 (#F?%C5 X), C84.42, C',G.139.

;@µI:$- µ8 '%$ %=,Cµ( '%< "#$%< C'5 -=G->- 84-45$,F/ +47CC- F-, µ8 '%<& D8PF%@& $(µ%<& )%< C<-+F=%'%@C-$ '5$ F%,$:$>- F-D%=>.8'-, G7=%& F-,+,- '%$ "#$%. ! G7=%& )%< -$',C'%,G8> C'%$ "#$%8>$-, ?5µ(C,%&.

! '()%& C<$1$'5C5& "#$%< F-, )%4>'5 %=>.8'-, -<-C'5=1 µ#C- -)( '% '<),F( '5& I,4%"8$>-&. ! "#$%&#G8, D#C5 C'% ?5µ(C,% F-, ,?,:',F( G7=% µ#C: '5&<)%G=#:C5& '%< %,F%?8C)('5 $- ?,%=+-$7C8, 8)>-C5µ5 <)%?%G/ µ8 +,%='/ / -F(µ- F-, -+7$8& F-, $-'%< )=%CI#=8, ?,-µ%$/ +,- (C8& µ#=8& D#48,-<'(&.

;'% “9$"-.71,2(*”5 (M.Cacciari) -$-I#=8'-, (',5 I,4%"8$>- ?8$ 8+F-,$,1.8, F1)%,- -I%µ%,:',F/?,-?,F-C>-, % hostis, % "#$%&, 8>$-, ,8=(& 8"-,-'>-& '5& ?,-I%=8',F/& '%< '-<'('5'-& F-, -'%µ,-F('5'-& C8 C@+F=,C5 µ8 -<'/ '%< %,F%?8C)('5.;@µI:$- µ8 '- )-=-)1$: 8+F-,$,1.8'-, #$-& $#%&,F%,$(& '()%&, )%< I#=$8, C8 ?,14%+% ',& ?,-I%-=8',F#& '-<'('5'8&, %)('8 ?8 G=8,1.8'-, % "#$%&$- ?,8F?,F/C8, F-, $- ?5µ,%<=+/C8, #$- G7=% µ8µ%$%C/µ-$'5 '-<'('5'-.

16

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '%$ "#$%

5 Massimo Cacciari, C,:#20<%&31. MD/$-: 0=-<4(&,01999, C84.37.

M)( '% Y8",F( '5& $#-& 8445$,F/& +47CC-& '%< S.O)-µ),$,7'5 ?>$%<µ8 '% C@+G=%$% %=,Cµ( '5& 4#"5&"#$%&, +,- $- -$-4@C%<µ8 ',& G:=,F#& )=%8F'1C8,&'5&.

“60531G %B.;1 23B +45%# /.(µ% A<<3B, 23B %5(/+#( %5%F0,+.%# $+ A<<35 (/%# ;:# $+ +µA1).”6

6-=14454- µ8 '%$ C@+G=%$% %=,Cµ( '%< "#$%< )--=-D#'%<µ8 -)%C)1Cµ-'- '5& ,CG@%<C-& $%µ%D8C>-&, +,- '5$ ?,8=8@$5C5 ':$ G:=%F%,$:$,F7$ C<$D5F7$)%< ?,-µ%=I7$%$'-, C/µ8=- µ#C: -<'/&.

M;µ31 2910 2=D=% 5

1. ! -44%?-)(& )%< 8,C#=G8'-, C'% 8445$,F( #?--I%& -)-,'8>'-, $- #G8, ?,-9-'/=,% / 144% '-",-?,:',F( #++=-I% )%< -$-+$:=>.8'-, -)( ?,8D$8>&C<µ91C8,&.

2. B D87=5C5 8,C(?%< G%=5+8>'-, -)( '5$ 8445$,F/)=%"8$,F/ -=G/ '%< .;23B /%.3#/4%1 .3B %<<3?%-23>, -I%@ 45ID%@$ <)(J5 %, <;&3# 23B %F3,3>5 $.-?-µ;$#% .A6- F-, %$FA<+#% .-1 :8,%1 F-, C'5 ?--µ;$#% B&+4% F-, #G8, ?,1=F8,- '=,7$ µ5$7$, -$?8$ %=>.8'-, ?,-I%=8',F1 -)( ',& ?,-'1"8,& '%<)-=($'%&.

% "#$%& '()%&

17

6 S. O)-µ),$,7'5, N+6#/; .-1 50%1 +<<-5#/(1 &<8$$%1.MD/$-: N#$'=% 48",4%+>-& E.6.E, 1998, C84.1227.

2=D=% 7

1. L 2,;6+531 µ23,+4 5% %,5-J+4, :',41 %#.#3<3-&4%, .- :3,(&-$- J+8,-$-1 +#$;?3B. M,',%4%+>--)-,'8>'-, -$ % -44%?-)(& 8>$-, C@.<+%&, -$/4,F%'#F$% / +%$#-& )%4>'5 F=1'%<& µ#4%<& '5& E<=:-)-PF/& Q$:C5&.

2=D=% 42

1. !, 8+F-'8C'5µ#$%, C'5 G7=- -44%?-)%> #G%<$848<D8=>- F>$5C5& F-, 8+F-'1C'-C5& C'% C@$%4%'5& 8),F=1'8,-&. O8 )=%8?=,F( ?,1'-+µ-, )%< 8F-?>?8'-, µ8 )=('-C5 ':$ H)%<=+7$ EC:'8=,F7$, U5-µ(C,-& U,%>F5C5& F-, M)%F#$'=:C5&, E":'8=,F7$,ED$,F/& 2µ<$-& F-, U5µ(C,-& 01"5&, µ23,+4 5%%2%&3,+>+.%# - 2%,%µ35( ( - +&/%.A$.%$- %<<3?%-285 $+ 3,#$µ05+1 &+'&,%F#/01 2+,#3:01 .-1 :8,%1.2. O8 -)(I-C5 ':$ H)%<=+7$ EC:'8=,F7$, U5µ(C,-&U,%>F5C5& F-, M)%F#$'=:C5& F-, '%< F-'1 )8=>-)':C5 -=µ(?,%< H)%<=+%@ µ)%=8> $- 8),9144%$'-,C8 C<+F8F=,µ#$% -44%?-)(, +,- 4(+%<& 8D$,F/&-CI148,-&, ?5µ(C,-& '1"5& / ?5µ(C,-& <+8>-&, )8-=,%=,Cµ%> )%< -$-I#=%$'-, ,?>:& C'5$ 8+F-'1-C'-C5, )-=-µ%$/, µ8'19-C5 C8 %=,Cµ#$%<& '()%<&,'5$ 1CF5C5 %=,Cµ#$%< 8)-++#4µ-'%& / <)%G=#:C58µI-$>C87& '%< C',& -C'<$%µ,F#& -=G#&.

18

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '%$ "#$%

2=D=% 47

1. = ?%2A5- %20<%$-1 /%# .% 063?% ?#%.,3F(1 E%-,>53B5 .35 %<<3?%2;.2=D=% 48

1. ! -44%?-)(&, C'% )=(C:)% '%< %)%>%< C<$'=#-G%<$ %, )=%L)%D#C8,& '5& )-=. 3 '%< 1=D=%< 44,F=-'8>'-, C'5$ %,F8>- -C'<$%µ,F/ -=G/.

2. O-5 +BJ>5- .-1 F><%6-1 .'5 +#?#/85 :8,'5 0:+#- "<<-5#/( C$.B53µ4%7.

% "#$%& '()%&

19

7 ;',& ?8?%µ#$8& ,C'%=,F#& C<$D/F8&, 5 µ8'-$1C'8<C5 8>$-,µ>- µ%=I/ F%,$:$,F/& CG#C5& )%< ?,-µ8C%4-98>'-, -)( '5$-+%=1, '% F=1'%&, '% #D$%&, '% I@4% )%< F-D%=>.%<$ '5 C<-+F=('5C5 ':$ F%,$:$,F7$ F-'5+%=,7$ F-, %µ1?:$ F-, '%$'=()% 8)-I/& F-, 8),F%,$:$>-& µ8'-"@ '%<&. (MD. O-=91F5&,@+.%5A$.+1 $.-5 "<<A?%. MD/$-: E445$,F1 S=1µµ-'-, 2001,C84.32);'-?,-F1 F-, )-=14454- µ8 '5$ µ8'-$1C'8<C5 -)( '5$ E441?-F-, '5$ )-44,$(C'5C5, 5 E441?- ?#G8'-, µ8'-$1C'8& –F<=>:&:& 8=+1'8&- F-, )=(CI<+8&. 6-=1 '% +8+%$(& (', -<'/ 5 µ8-'-$1C'8<C5 4-µ91$8, G7=- -)( ',& -=G#& '5& ?8F-8'>-& '%<1970, '% D#µ- '5& 8,C(?%< F-, '5& )-=-µ%$/& µ8'-$-C'7$C'5$ 8445$,F/ 8),F=1'8,- -)%F'1 F%,$:$,F/ )=%C%G/ )8=>)%<'% 1989, ?54-?/ C<µ)>)'8, µ8 '5$ F-'1==8<C5 ':$ F-D8C'7':$':$ G:=7$ '5& N8$'=,F/& F-, M$-'%4,F/& E<=7)5&.

O#C- -)( '5$ C@+F=,C5 ':$ ?<% %=,Cµ7$ '5& 4#"5&"#$%& F-, '5$ )-=%<C>-C5 1=D=:$ '5& 8445$,F/&$%µ%D8C>-& (C<µ)45=:µ-',F1 1=D=- F-, C'% '#4%&'%< F8I-4->%<) )=%F@)'%<$ C<µ)8=1Cµ-'-.

O#C: '%< %=,Cµ%@ '%< "#$%< C'5$ -=G->- 8445$,F/?>$8'-, #$-& C-I/& %=,Cµ(& +,- '5$ ,?,('5'1 '%<:& "8$,.(µ8$%& I>4%&, C8 -$'>D8C5 µ8 '%$ C@+-G=%$% %=,Cµ( '5& 4#"5& )%< %=>.8, '%$ "#$% :&F1',/F1)%,%$ )%< -$/F8, / -$-I#=8'-, C8 144%$(F-, (G, C8 8µ1&). ! G7=%& I,4%"8$>-& )%< -$',-C'%,G8> C8 #$- "8$,.(µ8$% I>4% %=>.8'-, µ#C- C'%G7=% )%< #G8, 8,C#4D8, -<'(&, 8$7 % G7=%& '%<C5µ8=,$%@ "#$%< -$',C'%,G8> C8 #$- G7=% #": -)('- (=,- '%< ?,F%@ µ-&.

20

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '%$ "#$%

;G8?($ -)( '5$ -=G/ 5 C<./'5C5 +,- '5 µ8'-$1C'8<C5 8C',1.8,C'% D#µ- '5& «)-=1$%µ5&» µ8'-$1C'8<C5&, 8$7 1448& (J8,& '%<I-,$%µ#$%< ?8$ #G%<$ -)%F'/C8, C5µ-C>- / ?,-I%=8',F1 ?8$I->$8'-, $- -)-CG%4%@$ '5$ 8445$,F/ F%,$:$>-. B C<./'5C5 +,-'5 µ8'-$1C'8<C5 8),F8$'=7$8'-,, F-'1 '5$ )=%CI,4/ #FI=-C5,C'5 «4-D=%µ8'-$1C'8<C5», 5 %)%>- '-<'(G=%$- ?5µ,%<=+8> µ,-,?,->'8=5 F-'5+%=>- -'(µ:$ '- %)%>- ?8$ <)-F%@$ F-, ?8$ C#-9%$'-, '%<& $(µ%<& '%<& %)%>%<& #G8, D8C)>C8, '% F=1'%&. U5-4-?/ F-'5+%=,%)%,8> '5 µ8'-$1C'8<C5 C'5 91C5 '5&)-=-9-',F('5'-& F,$5'%)%,7$'-& 1µ8C- '%<& F-'-C'-4',F%@& µ5-G-$,Cµ%@& '%<& F=1'%<&. (C'% >?,%, C84. 34)B )%4,',F/ +,- '5$ µ8'-$1C'8<C5 8"-$'48>'-, C'5$ <,%D#'5C5-<C'5=%@ $%µ,F%@ )4-,C>%< +,- '5$ 8>C%?%, '5$ )-=-µ%$/ F-,8=+-C>- ':$ µ8'-$-C'7$ -+$%7$'-& ',& ?,-µ%=I:µ#$8& F%,$:$,-F#& C<$D/F8& 8F'(& F-, 8$'(& ':$ 8445$,F7$ C<$(=:$. (C'%>?,%, C84. 36)

!, G:=,F#& CG#C8,&, )%< %=>.%$'-, -)( '% $%µ,F()4->C,%, %=>.%<$ C<µ9%4,F1 F-, ',& -$D=7),$8&CG#C8,&. N-D%=>.%<$ G:=,F#& %µ1?8& / %µ1?8& )%<'- (=,- '%<& 8>$-, (µ%,- µ8 '- G:=,F1 (=,-. Z'-$(µ:& %, G:=,F#& -<'#& C<$D/F8& -$-,=%@$, %,>?,8&, '5 48,'%<=+>- ':$ G7=:$ <)%?%G/&, '('8-$-F-4@)'%<µ8 '5 -?<$-µ>- '%< $%µ,F%@ )4-,C>%<$- %=>C8, G7=%<& I,4%"8$>-& F-, ?=1C5& ':$ "#$:$8),CF8)'7$. !, G7=%, )%< )=%F@)'%<$ µ#C- -)(-<'#& ',& C<$D/F8& -)%'84%@$ “G7=%<& 8"->=8C5&”.;@µI:$- µ8 '%$ Agamben, G7=%<&/.7$8& 8"->=8C5&D8:=%@µ8, µ8 '5$ '8G$,F/ #$$%,-, ',& .7$8& -$--C'%4/& '%< $(µ%<, #'C, ():& -)(4<'5& -$-C'%4/&'%< $(µ%< /'-$ '- C'=-'()8?- C<+F#$'=:C5&, C'-%)%>- “'- )1$'- /'-$ ?<$-'1”, 8)8,?/ -F=,97& %$(µ%& 8>G8 -$-C'-48>8. Q'C, %, G7=%, -<'%>, :&G7=%, 8"->=8C5&, 8),989-,7$%<$ µ,- µ%=I/ '5&<)1=G%<C-& $%µ%D8C>-&, 5 %)%>- -$-,=8> '5$ 48,-'%<=+>- ':$ G7=:$, :& G7=%, <)%?%G/&, F-, 8),-F<=7$8, µ,- µ%=I/ G:=,F%@ F-, F%,$:$,F%@-)%F48,Cµ%@, C'8=7$'-& '%<& '5$ ,?,('5'- '%< )%-4>'5.

% "#$%& '()%&

21

8 “!I8>4%<µ8 )=%)1$':$ $- ?,8=:'5D%@µ8 -$ <)1=G%<$ C/µ8=-C'5$ E<=7)5 «C'=-'()8?-». E)>C5& '8=1C',- C5µ-C>- #G%<$ %,<4,F#& C<$D/F8&. M<'%> %, '()%, D8:=/D5F-$ 8"-=G/& «G7=%,8"->=8C5&». W8:=/D5F-$ :& .7$8& 8"->=8C5& µ8 '5$ '8G$,F/#$$%,-, :& .7$8& -$-C'%4/& '%< $(µ%<, #'C, ():& -)(4<'5&-$-C'%4/& '%< $(µ%< /'-$ '- C'=-'()8?- C<+F#$'=:C5&, C'-%)%>- –():& 8>)8 5 Hannah Arendt- «'- )1$'- /'-$ ?<$-'1»,8)8,?/ -F=,97& % $(µ%& 8>G8 -$-C'-48>.” (Giorgio Agamben,= @LPQ=-O=R-ST=R. MD/$-: E48<D8=,-F/ N%<4'%@=-, C84. 41)“M$ '- <)%F8>µ8$- 8>$-, /?5 -)(945'-, 8>$-, +,- $- '%)%@µ8 #'C, -$@)-=F'- C'% #?-I%& '%< N=1'%<& -)( ?,F-,,F/1)%J5, 5 F-'1C'-C5 8"->=8C5& )%< ?5µ,%<=+8>'-, 8?7 8>$-,(', '- 1'%µ- '- %)%>- F=-'%@$'-, C’ -<'1 '- F#$'=- ?8$#G%<$ F-µ>- ?,F-,,F/ <)(C'-C5.

“: /.,$&6 !'%* ,'#$;.() !&,$<3<,- ,.% <, 722$,=,<, (.(5, +,<7"!-. >* &7'(* .$7.!- ', !5',- ,#7-,<(*, ', µ6' ,',.</??!- +(-'@'-+7* !.,=7*, ,1-1-;* +-'0)'!/!- ', ,.!1,#!5. : !.-A5@?B <()!&,$<3<,- µ%'( ,.% <-* 0-+7* <() .$(?.3#!-!*,µ-,* +,- 0!' .$(?<,<!/!<,- ,.% +,'7',' ?<6' !1-16'-+B +(-'@'5,. 9',?=31!-, +,- =%A(* 0-,+,<7-"()' <()* µ!<,'3?<!*, !'; 6 !#'-+%<6<3 <()* +,-6 #$6?+!5, <()* =,5'!<,- ', .,54()' ()?-,?<-+%$%1( ?<6' ,'<-µ!<;.-?B <()* ,.% <6' ,?<)'(µ5,!5<! ,.% <6' !116'-+B +(-'@'5, 2!'-+%<!$,.”9

22

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '%$ "#$%

E>$-, 48& F-, 5 I<C,F/ '%<& @)-="5 ?,-G:=>.8'-, -)( '5$?,F-,,F/ '%<& <)(C'-C5. Y198 <)(J5 #$- 144% )=-+µ-',F(C'%,G8>%: H)1=G8, F(Cµ%& )%< C'8=8>'-, G-=',7$, F(Cµ%& )%<–+,- $- 8"-CI-4>C8, µ,- 8$?8G(µ8$5 8),C'=%I/ C'5$ A'-4>--?>$8, «J8<?/ C'%,G8>-», ?547$8, -$-µI,9(4:& J8<?/ 8D$,F(-'5'-. MF(µ5 F, -<'( C<$8,CI#=8, 7C'8 C’ -<'($ '%$ )8,D-=-G,F( µ5G-$,Cµ( $- )-=%<C,1.8'-, µ,- +<µ$/ .:/, C'8=5µ#$5'5& -@=-& '%< )%4>'5… U8$ 8>$-, '<G->% (', C'% F8>µ8$% '%<[(µ%< ?8$ -$-I#=8'-, )%'# C8 «"#$% )%4>'5». M$-'=#G8, )1-$'%'8 C8 -F-D(=,C'8& #$$%,8&, %< '@)%< «'% 1'%µ% )%< F=--'8>'-,».” (C'% >?,%, C84. 42)9 MD. O-=91F5& F.-. (8),µ.),%).-$., C84. 48

H)%?%G/ F-, I,4%"8$>- C'5$ E441?-.

M)( -$8)>C5µ- #++=-I- +$:=>.%<µ8 +,- '5$ @)-="5F-, 144:$ G7=:$ <)%?%G/&. ! C$,<-+%* C,<,)1-?µ%*D$(?=/2@' E,)$5() 8>$-, G7=%& <)%?%G/& ':$ -,-'%@$':$ 1C<4%. EF8> %, C<$D/F8& <+,8,$/& F-D7&F-, % G7=%& )%< ?>$8'-, C8 F1D8 “I,4%"8$%@µ8$%”,% %)%>%& -$',C'%,G8> C8 '#CC8=- '8'=-+:$,F1µ#'=- F-'’1'%µ%, -$-,=%@$ '5 48,'%<=+>- '%<G7=%<. MF(µ- +$:=>.%<µ8 '% C7'<$( F.(0("B* D$(-?=/2@' ?<6' D!'<716, '% G?)1( 9?.$(./$2(), '%G?)1( H7,* I3+$6*, '%$ J;$( C$3<6?6* 9?)'%0!)<@'D,50@' ?<( H7( :$3+1!-( F.-.. M)( '5$ 8)>C5µ5$%µ%D8C>- :& G7=%, <)%?%G/& F-, F=1'5C5& ':$ 8,-C8=G(µ8$:$ -44%?-)7$ %=>.%$'-, F-, '- -C'<$%µ,F1'µ/µ-'- '5& F1D8 )8=,%G/&.

U8$ 8>$-, +$:C'( F-'1 )(C% -<'%> %, G7=%, C/µ8=-9=>CF%$'-, C8 48,'%<=+>- F-, F-'1 )(C% µ)%=%@$$- G-=-F'5=,C'%@$ G7=%, -C@4%< F-, I,4%"8$>-& /G7=%, F=1'5C5&. N-'1 )(C% 8>$-, '<G->% '% +8+%-$(& (', -<'%> %, G7=%, -<'%> 8>$-, #": -)( '5$MD/$- F-, '% F#$'=% '5&;

% "#$%& '()%&

23

M)( (4- '- )-=-)1$: )=%F@)'%<$ '- 8"/& 8=:'/-µ-'-.

6:& #G8, ?,-µ%=I:D8> C/µ8=- '% '<),F( '5& I,4%-"8$>-&;B ,CG@%<C- $%µ%D8C>- <)%C'5=>.8, / F-'-=+8> '%$(5µ- F-, '5$ ?,-?,F-C>- '5& I,4%"8$>-&;;',& C5µ8=,$#& F%,$:$,F#& C<$D/F8& F-, ',& G:-=,F#& '%<& )=%8F'1C8,& µ#C- C'5$ )(45, '% .5'%@-µ8$% 8>$-, 5 8$C:µ1':C5 / 5 -)%µ($:C5 ':$ "#$:$8),CF8)'7$;

24

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '%$ "#$%

6-=1='5µ- $%µ%D8C>-&.

[(µ%& 2910 2=D=% 5

3. M44%?-)%> )%< ?8$ #G%<$ <)%G=#:C5 D87=5C5& 8,C(?%<8),'=#)8'-, $- 8,C#=G%$'-, 848@D8=- C'% 8445$,F( #?--I%& F-, $- )-=-µ#$%<$ µ#G=, '=8,& µ/$8& C<$%4,F1 µ#C-C8 ?,1C'5µ- #"5 µ5$7$ -)( '5$ 5µ8=%µ5$>- '5& )=7'5&8,C(?%<.4. !, 8445$,F#& -=G#& 84#+G%< µ)%=8> $- <)%G=87C%<$C8 1µ8C5 -$-G7=5C5 ?,8=G(µ8$% <)/F%% '=>'5& G7=-& -$?,-),C'7C%<$ (', ?8$ #G8, D87=5C5 8,C(?%<, ('-$ -<'/-)-,'8>'-,, F-, 8,C,'/=,% +,- '5 C<$#G,C5 '%< '-",-?,%@ '%<, '(C% +,- '5 G7=- )=%%=,Cµ%@ (C% F-, ',& 8$-?,1µ8C8& G7=8&, -)( '% #?-I%& ':$ %)%>:$ F-'’-$1+F5D- ?,#4D8,.5. O8 -)(I-C5 ':$ H)%<=+7$ E":'8=,F7$, EC:'8=,F7$,U5µ(C,-& U,%>F5C5& F-, M)%F#$'=:C5&, U5µ(C,-& 01"5&F-, !,F%$%µ,F7$ F-D%=>.8'-, 5 ?,-?,F-C>- G%=/+5C5&D8:=/C8:$ 8,C(?%<, '% 8>?%&, %, )=%L)%D#C8,& F-, 5?,-?,F-C>- G%=/+5C5& 8,C(?%< +,- 8,?,F#& )8=,)'7C8,&,F-D7& F-, '% F-'1 )8=>)':C5 8),9-44(µ8$% '#4%& G-=-'%C/µ%<.

2=D=% 50

Z)%,%& 8"#=G8'-, / 8),G8,=8> $- 8"#4D8, -)( '% 8445-$,F( #?-I%& / 8,C#=G8'-, / 8),G8,=8> $- 8,C#4D8, C8-<'( G:=>& ',& $(µ,µ8& ?,-'<)7C8,&, ',µ:=8>'-, µ8)%,$/ I<41F,C5& '%<41G,C'%$ '=,7$ µ5$7$ F-, G=5µ-',F/)%,$/ '%<41G,C'%$ )8$'-F%C>:$ G,4,1?:$ ?=-Gµ7$.

% "#$%& '()%&

25

W8:=8>'-, 8),9-=<$',F/ )8=>)':C5 F-, 8),91448'-, I<-41F,C5 '%<41G,C'%$ #"5 µ5$7$ F-, G=5µ-',F/ )%,$/ '%<-41G,C'%$ 8$(& 8F-'%µµ<=>%< ?=-Gµ7$, -$ -<'(& )%<8),G8,=8> $- -$-G:=/C8, 41D=- F-'-.5'8>'-, -)( ',&?,F-C',F#& / -C'<$%µ,F#& -=G#& / <)#G8, I%=%4%+,F#&/ C<$-44-+µ-',F#& / )1C5& I@C8:& 1448& <)%G=87C8,&)=%& '% U5µ(C,% / 8>$-, <)('=%)%&.

6-=19%4- – M$-)=%C-=µ%+/ )=%C'>µ:$ - E),F<=7C8,&

2=D=% 71

1. B ->'5C5 +,- '5 G%=/+5C5 F-, '5$ -$-$#:C5 -?8,7$)-=-µ%$/& F-, 8=+-C>-& C<$%?8@8'-, -)( )-=19%4%, '%%)%>%, -$ +,- 4(+%<& -µ%,9-,('5'-& ?8$ %=>.8'-, ?,--I%=8',F1, %=>.8'-, :& -F%4%@D:&:%. +,- ',& 1?8,-& ?,1=F8,-& µ#G=,& 8$(& #'%<& C8 )8-$/$'- G,4,1?8& ?=-Gµ#&,E. +,- ',& 1?8,8& ?,1=F8,-& -)( #$- #'%& µ#G=, ?@%8'7$ C8 8F-'( G,4,1?8& ?=-Gµ#&,&. +,- ',& 1?8,8& ?,1=F8,-& -)( ?@% #:& #", 8'7$ C88F-'($ )8$/$'- G,4,1?8& ?=-Gµ#&,?. +,- ',& 1?8,8& ?,1=F8,-& 1$: ':$ #", 8'7$ C8 '=,--F(C,8& G,4,1?8& ?=-Gµ#&.0- )=(C',µ- F-, '- )-=19%4- )%< )=%94#)%$'-, -)( '%$)-=($'- $(µ% 8,C)=1''%$'-, <)#= '%< U5µ%C>%< F-, -$--)=%C-=µ(.%$'-, µ8 F%,$/ -)(I-C5 ':$ H)%<=+7$ EC:'8-=,F7$, U5µ(C,-& U,%>F5C5& F-, M)%F#$'=:C5&,!,F%$%µ,F7$ F-, U5µ(C,-& 01"5&.

26

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '%$ "#$%

*+',-.#/01 2,3$+&&4$+#1 &#% .3 $8µ%.

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '% C7µ- F-, '5 G=/C5'%< +,- '5$ )-=-+:+/ '-<'('5'-& µ#C- C'% G7=%.

;'5$ )48,%J5I>- '%<&, %, "#$%, )%< 8,C#=G%$'-,C'5$ MD/$-, -$-.5'%@$ +,- '5$ 8+F-'1C'-C/ '%<&G7=%<& ,F-$%@& $- '%<& <)%?8G'%@$. O#C: '5&F-'%>F5C5& -<'7$ F-, '5& ?=1C5& '%<& C'% ?5µ(C,%-44548),?=%@$ F-, µ8'-9144%<$ '5$ >?,- '5$'-<'('5'- '%< G7=%<. ! G7=%& ?8 µ)%=8> $- $%5D8>C-$ F1', '% C'-',F(, µ8'-441CC8'-, F-,-$-?5µ,%<=+8>'-, C<$8G7& µ#C: '5& )-=%<C>-& ':$-$D=7):$ )%< '%$ 9,7$%<$. ! '=()%& -$'>45J5& F-,G=/C5& '%< G7=%< 8"-='1'-, -)( '5$ '-<'('5'- )%<I#=%<$ '- 1'%µ- )%< ?=%<$ C8 -<'($. ;'5$'-<'('5'- 8++=1I8'-, % '()%& F-'-+:+/&, %,µ$/µ8& F-, '- 9,7µ-'- '%< F1D8 -$D=7)%<.

O#C- C8 #$-$ -$%>F8,% G7=%, #$-$ ?,-I%=8',F()%4,',Cµ(, 5 -$1+F5 +,- '%$ %=,Cµ( '%< G7=%<µ,-& %µ1?-& F-, '5$ #FI=-C5 '5& '-<'('5'-& '5&8>$-, 8),'-F',F/, 8>'8 )=(F8,'-, +,- µ>-'-<'('5'- )%< %=>.8'-, -)( ',& )-=-?(C8,&, '-/D5 F-, #D,µ- 8$(& )%4,',Cµ%@, 8>'8 +,- '5$)=%C)1D8,- -$8@=8C5& µ>-& $#-& F-, )%44#& I%=#&8I/µ8=5& F-, µ8'-9-44(µ8$5& µ#C- C'%$ "#$% G7=%,'-<'('5'-&.

! 1$D=:)%&, D#4%$'-& $- 8FI=1C8, '5$ '-<'('5'-'%<, C5µ-'%?%'8> '% G7=% )%< 9,7$8,. *#9-,- %)=7'%& G7=%& )%< 9,7$8'-, -)( '%$ 1$D=:)% 8>$-,'% C7µ- '%<, 1=- % )=7'%& G7=%& )%< 8)8µ9->$8,

% "#$%& '()%&

31

+,- $- 8FI=1C8, '5 '-<'('5'- '%< 8>$-, '%F#4<I%& '%< C7µ-'%& '%<, '% ?#=µ- F-, '% #$?<µ-.! '=()%& #$?<C5& '%< F1D8 -'(µ%< 9-C>.8'-, C'-#D,µ- '5& G7=-& '%<, C'%$ '=()% )%< 8),4#+8, $-)-=%<C,1C8, '% C7µ- '%<, F-, #G8, 1µ8C5 CG#C5 µ8'- (=,- )%< '% =%@G% D#'8, C',& F,$/C8,& '%<C7µ-'%& +,- '5$ 8)7$<µ5 #$'-"5 '%< C'% G7=%. 0-8D$%+=-I,F1 F-, D=5CF8<',F1 C'%,G8>- '%< F1D8)%4,',Cµ%@ 8)5=81.%<$ '5 F>$5C5 F-, ?=1C5 '%<C7µ-'%&.

“… 6 ,'3.<)&6 <() ?;µ,<(* µ7?@ +-'B?!@',!'!$26µ3<@', "!-$('(µ-;', !-0-+3 ?! ?"7?6 µ! <6'7µ=)16 ?!&(),1-+%<6<,, ?)'<!1!5<,- µ7?, ,.% µ5,0-,0-+,?5, !.,'316K6*, µ-, .,$,2@2B <,)<%<6<,*µ7?, ?<( 1%2( …”10

W- µ)%=%@C-µ8 $- )%@µ8 ):& '% C7µ- 8>$-, '% µ#C%+=-I/& '%< G7=%< F-, %, F,$/C8,& 8>$-, %+=-I,F(& G-=-F'/=-& '%<, )%< 8"-='7$'-, -441 F-,F-D=8I'>.%<$ '5$ '-<'('5'- '%<. Q'C, '% C7µ--$-?8,F$@8'-, C8 9-C,F( C<C'-',F( '5& '-<'('5'-&F-, '5& ->CD5C5& '%< 8-<'%@.

0% C7µ- ?>$8, µ%=I/ F-, )8=,91448, µ8 -,CD/C8,&'- µ#45 )%< '% -)%'84%@$, %, -,CD/C8,& 8>$-, '-8=+-48>- '%< C7µ-'%& +,- '5$ )=(C45J5 '5&)=-+µ-',F('5'-&. !, /G%,, %, 8,F($8&, %,F,$/C8,&, %, µ<=:?,#& 8>$-, '- C'%,G8>- )%<?5µ,%<=+%@$ '5 '-<'('5'- 8$(& '()%<, % %)%>%&C8 C<$?<-Cµ( µ8 '5 C<µµ8'%G/ 8$(& 8$8=+5',F%@C7µ-'%& 8)-$-)=%C?,%=>.8'-, F-, -$-?5µ,%<=+8,-

32

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '% C7µ-

10 U/µ5'=- O-F=<$,7'5 (8),µ.), O% ;,#% .3B $8µ%.31:K#+2#$.-µ35#/01 2,3$+&&4$+#1. MD/$-: [/C%&, 2004, C84.22.

'-, C<$8G7&.“: µ)$@0-3 ",$,+<6$54!- 7',' <%.(,B 7', 2!2('%* .() ?6µ,0!/!- 7',' <%.(.”11 , '%>?,% F-, %, µ%<C,F#& )=%',µ/C8,&, %, /G%, F-, %4(+%&. O#C: '5& µ<=:?,1& F-, '5& +8@C5&-$-9,7$8, F-, µ8'-I#=8, % 1$D=:)%& '%$ '()%F-'-+:+/& '%<. Q$- C5µ8>% -$-I%=1& '%<)%4,',Cµ%@ 8>$-, '% I-+5'(, µ#C: '5& (CI=5C5&F-, '5& +8@C5& +,$(µ-C'8 F%,$:$%> ':$ )-=-?(C8:$"#$:$ )%4,',Cµ7$. !, µ<=:?,#&, %, ?,-'=%I,F#&C<$/D8,8& F-, %',?/)%'8 144% 8),4#+8'-, $-8F'8D8> F-, $- F-'-'8D8> C8 -<'( '% )-.4'-<'%'/':$, )%< G-=-F'5=>.8, '% ?5µ(C,% G7=%,8),'<+G1$%<$ '5$ µ8'-'=%)/ '%< C8 '()%. O#C:-<'/& '5& C<µ9%4,F/& %,F8,%)%>5C5& '%< G7=%< %,1$D=:)%, %=+-$7$%<$ F-, %=,%D8'%@$ ',& +8,'%$,#&'%<&. B C5µ-'%?('5C5 -<'/ )=%F@)'8, F-, µ8 '5$1µ8C5 )-=#µ9-C5 C'% ?%µ5µ#$% G7=% )%< ?=%<$ F-,F-'%,F%@$. M<'( 8),'<+G1$8'-, µ#C: '5&-I,C%F(445C5&, '5& 8)#µ9-C5& C'- 8":'8=,F1F84@I5 ':$ G7=:$, µ8 8'8=(+4:CC8& ),$-F>?8&, µ8'5$ )=%9%4/ -$',F8,µ#$:$ -)( '%$ ,?,:',F( G7=%C'% ?5µ(C,%.

O3 $8µ% /%# - .%B.;.-.% +45%# ?>3 Aµ+$%$B5?+?+µ05+1 0553#+1 .#1 3234+1 /%# ?+5 µ23,3>µ+5% %5%<>$3Bµ+ %5+6A,.-.% .- µ#% %2; .-5 A<<- &#%5% µ+.%F,%$.3>5 I-.(µ%.% 23B %F3,3>5 .3 ?-µ;$#3:8,3.

% "#$%& '()%&

33

11 ;'-@=%& ;'-<=>?5&, = $BµE3<#/( $:0$- µ+ .3 :8,3. 9813# /3#5'5#/01 %64+1 ?#%µ3,F853B5 /%# +,µ-5+>3B5 .3 :8,3.MD/$-: N149%&, 1990, C84.148.

Z'-$ %, F%,$:$,F#& %µ1?8& F-'%,F%@$ C8 #$- "#$%'()%, 8,?,F('8=- C'5$ )8=>)':C5 )%< -<'#& %,%µ1?8& -)%'84%@$'-, -)( 1'%µ- )%< )=%#=G%$'-,-)( G7=8& µ8 %,F%$%µ,F1 F-, )%4,',F1 )=%94/µ-'-,/ -$/F%<$ C8 F%,$:$,F#& %µ1?8& µ5 -)%?8F'#& -)(%µ%+8$%)%,5µ#$- C@$%4-, '('8 5 G=/C5 '%< C7µ-'%&+,- '5 ?5µ,%<=+>- '()%<-)%4,',Cµ%@ +>$8'-,#$'%$- -,CD5'/. E>$-, )=%I-$#& (', 5 -)%"#$:C5)%< $,7D%<$ %, %µ1?8& -<'#&, -441 F-, 5 -)%<C>-F%,$/& +47CC-&-?,-4(+%<, ?>$%<$ C'% C7µ- F-, C'5G=/C5 '%< #$-$ )%4@ C5µ-$',F( =(4%, +,- $-?547C%<$ '5$ @)-="5 '%<& F-, '5 C<µµ8'%G/ '%<&C'- F%,$1. B ?=1C5 '%< C7µ-'%&, ():& F-, %'=()%& G=/C5& '%< )=:'%+8$%@& -<'%@ 8=+-48>%<,8"-='7$'-, -)( '- 9,7µ-'- )%< I#=8, '% 1'%µ%,#'C,, µ,47$'-& +,- '% C7µ- µ)%=%@µ8 $- 9+14%<µ8C<µ)8=1Cµ-'- +,- F%,$:$,F#& %µ1?8& )%< F-'%,F%@$C8 #$- "#$% G7=% F-, +,- '%$ '=()% )%< '%$-$',4-µ91$%$'-,, '%$ 8)-$-)=%C?,%=>.%<$ F-, '%$C5µ-C,%?%'%@$.

;8 µ>- 8)-I/ ?<% -$D=7):$-C:µ1':$, (48& %,-,CD/C8,& 8>$-, C8 8+=/+%=C5, µ#C: '%<94#µµ-'%&, '5& -F%/&, '5& (CI=5C5& '% F1D8 C7µ-8F)#µ)8, F-, ?#G8'-,, C<$8,?5'1 / (G,,)45=%I%=>8&.

“L( A17µµ, 1(-.%' 0!' !5',- ()07<!$( (/<!061;'!- µ%'( ,',2';$-?6 B ,2'%6?6 <6* .,$()?5,*<() 311(). M5',- =($<-?µ7'( µ! ?)',-?#Bµ,<,,6#-+7* +$5?!-* +,- !.-+$5?!-*. N!' ).3$"!-,'!&3$<6<, ,.% <( ).(+!5µ!'( +,- <-* '(6<-+7*<() 1!-<()$25!* (/<! µ.($!5 ', 25'!- +,<,'(6<%

34

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '% C7µ-

!+<%* +(-'@'-+(/ .1,-?5(). O17.()µ! <()* 311()*+,- (- 311(- µ,* A17.()' !.5?6*, µ-, 0-,0-+,?5,µ! <6' (.(5, ,'<,113??('<,- 311(<! ?)'!-06<3 +,-311(<! %"- (- .$;<!* .16$(=($5!* .() <( +3#!?;µ, ,=B'!- ', 0-,$$!/?()', µ7?@ <6* !µ=3'-?6*,<6* 7'0)?6*, <() <$%.() A,05?µ,<(*, <@'!+=$3?!@' <() .$(?;.() +,- <@' "!-$('(µ-;', <@'<)"%' !µ=,';' µ!-('!+<6µ3<@' B.1!('!+<6µ3<@'.”12

“L!"'-+7* %.@* <( <$7&-µ(, ( <$%.(* A,05?µ,<(*,6 #7?6 <@' "!$-;' +,<3 <( .!$.3<6µ,, ( /.'(*, 6+(1/µA6?6, 6 ?!&(),1-+B ?)'!/$!?6 +.(.+. .,$3<( 2!2('%* %<- !'07"!<,- ', !.-<!1(/'<,-µ6",'-+3, +,- <!5'()' ', !+1,µA3'('<,- @*,)<('%6<, +,- =)?-+3 0!0(µ7',, %.@* ).(?<6$54!-( Marcel Mauss, ?)'-?<(/' +(-'@'-+3 0(µ6µ7'!*!.5+<6<!* <!"'-+7* (Mauss, 1968, +,- ?! ,)<%'<(' <%µ(). P- <!"'-+7* ,)<7* ?)2+$(<(/'+(-'@'-+(/* +;0-+!* µ! !.5+!'<$( <6' +(-'@'-+B7'<,&6 +,- <(.(#7<6?6 <() ?;µ,<(*. !.-A311('<,-!&@<!$-+3, ,+%µ6 +,- ,' ,=($(/' ,.(+1!-?<-+3A-(1(2-+7* 1!-<()$25!*. : +(-'@'-+B .$(71!)?6<@' <!"'-+;' <() ?;µ,<(* ?)'5?<,<,- ?<( 2!2('%*%<- !µ.!$-7"()' +,- +,11-!$2(/' µ-, ($-?µ7'6µ($=B, 7',' ($-?µ7'( <$%.( A,05?µ,<(*,<$!&5µ,<(* +.1.... 9' #!@$B?()µ! %<- 6 µ($=B).(061;'!- 7', +(-'@'-+% .$%<).(, µ.($(/µ! ',0-,.-?<;?()µ! %<- (- <!"'-+7* <() ?;µ,<(*!µ.!$-7"()' ,0-%$,<!* µ($=7* +(-'@'-+(/!172"(), +,#;* !µµ7?@* #7<()' <, %$-, ,'3µ!?,?<( ,.(0!+<% +,- <( µ6 ,.(0!+<%.”13

% "#$%& '()%&

35

12 U/µ5'=- O-F=<$,7'5, %).-$., C84.33.13 C'% >?,%, C84. 31.

!, '=()%, )-=%<C>-C5& F-, G=/C5& '%< C7µ-'%&+>$%$'-, I%=8>& C<µ)<F$:µ#$:$ C5µ-C,7$ F-,F-'-4-µ91$%<$ )%4@ %=,Cµ#$5, -441 F-, -$%,G'/C8 8)-$-'%)%D#'5C5, D#C5 µ#C- C8 #$- C@C'5µ--",7$ '5& 8F1C'%'8 F%,$:$,F/& )=-+µ-',F('5'-&.

“… <( ?;µ, '(!5<,- @* .(1-<-?µ-+% +!5µ!'(,,.!-+('54!- µ! ?)2+!+$-µ7'()* <$%.()* 7','($-?µ7'( .(1-<-?µ% +,- +,<,1B2!- ', #!@$!5<,- (<%.(* %.() ?6µ,?-(0(<(/'<,- (- .$,+<-+7* µ-,*+(-'@'5,*. L( ?;µ, .$(?050!- )1-+B ).%?<,?6 ?<-*,&5!*, .$(0-,#7?!-* +,- ,2@'5!* !'%*.(1-<-?µ(/.”14

B )-=-'/=5C5 '5& C:µ-',F('5'-& µ,-& %µ1?-&-$D=7):$, -441 F-, 5 8)-I/ '%< ?,F%@ C%< C7µ-'%&µ8 '- ?,F1 '%<& µ)%=%@$ $- -$-?8>"%<$ -<'/ '5$-C-I/ F-, -9#9-,5 ?,1C'-C5 '%< C7µ-'%&, '5$,C'%=,F/, '5$ F%,$:$,F/ F-, '5$ )%4,',Cµ,F/ '%<C5µ-C,%?('5C5, '5$ F%,$:$,F/ '%< '%)%D#'5C5,-",%4(+5C5 F-, ,8=1=G5C5. B -$'>45J5 '5&C:µ-',F('5'-& C%< µ#C- C'% "#$% G7=% -I%=1 '%$8)-$-)=%C?,%=,Cµ( '5& '%)%D#'5C5& '%< C7µ-'%&C%< F-, ':$ %=>:$ '%<.

O#C: ':$ D8:=5',F7$ -$-.5'/C8:$ +,- '% C7µ- F-,µ#C: '5& -$-+$7=,C5& '%< )=:'-+:$,C',F%@ '%<=(4%< C'5$ ?5µ,%<=+>- )%4,',Cµ%@, G7=%< F-,'-<'('5'-&, F-'-4-9->$%<µ8 (',, 8,?,F1 µ#C- C8#$- -C',F( )8=,9144%$, %, 1$D=:)%, G=5C,µ%)%,%@$'- C7µ-'1 '%<& +,- $- 8)-$-)=%C?,%=>C%<$, $-8)5=81C%<$ F-, $- C5µ-C,%?%'/C%<$ '% /?5 ?%µ5µ#-

36

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '% C7µ-

14 C'% >?,%, C84.32.

$% )8=,9144%$ F-, '84,F1 $- ?5µ,%<=+5D8> '% F%,-$:$,F( C7µ-.

“: 0-3+$-?6 µ31-?<, ,'3µ!?, ?<( ,'#$;.-'( (' +,-<( 4;( …”-441 F-, '% I@4%, '% G=7µ-, '5 I<4/ F-, '5$ F%,-$:$,F/-%,F%$%µ,F/ D#C5“… ,.,-<!5 ?<6 ()?5, ', 0-!)+$-'-?<!5 <- .!$--1,µA3'!- +,- <- ,.(+1!5!- 6 ,'#$;.-'6 +,<62($5,+,- ,.(<!1!5 7', !&,-$!<-+3 ?6µ,'<-+% 4B<6µ, ?<(2!'-+%<!$( µ716µ, <@' +(-'@'-;' <6* !.("B* ',.$(?0-($5?()' .(-(* µ.($!5 ', ,.(1,µA3'!- <( 0--+,5@µ, <() .(15<6.”15

% "#$%& '()%&

37

15 C'% >?,%, C84.61,62.

38

W8:=5',F#& )=%C8++>C8,& +,- '% C7µ-

= 2+,#3:( &>,' %2; .-5 3?; @+5A5?,3B.

;/µ8=- F%,$:$,F#& %µ1?8& "#$:$, ():& 8>$-, %,µ8'-$1C'8&, -441 F-, <)%9-Dµ,Cµ#$8&, F%,$:$,F1F-, %,F%$%µ,F1, %µ1?8& -$D=7):$ #G%<$, µ8 ?,F/'%<& )=:'%9%<4>-, F-'%,F/C8, )8=,%G#& µ#C- C'5$)(45 '5& MD/$-&, µ8 -)%'#48Cµ- $- ',&%,F8,%)%,5D%@$ F-, $- %=+-$7C%<$ ',& +8,'%$,#&'%<&.

O#C- C'% F#$'=% '5& MD/$-&, 5 )8=,%G/ +@=: -)('5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<, µ)%=8> $- ,?:D8> :& % G7=%&)%< #G8, “<)%?8GD8>” #$- J5I,?:'( )%4,',Cµ,F7$F-, F%,$:$,F7$ '-<'%'/':$. 05$ )8=,%G/ -<'/ µ8'%$ F-,=( '5$ #G%<$ F-'%,F/C8, 1$D=:)%,?,-I%=8',F7$ 8D$,F('/':$, F<=>:& (µ:& -)( G7=8&():& '% 6-F,C'1$, '% A=1$, '% A=1F, '%MI+-$,C'1$, 5 A$?>-, %, G7=8& '5& MI=,F/&, 5N>$- F-, %, G7=8& '%< )=75$ -$-'%4,F%@ µ)4%F˙1$D=:)%, ?,-I%=8',F/& I<4/&, G=7µ-'%& F-,F%,$:$,F/& C'1Dµ5&. M<'( #G8, :& -)%'#48Cµ-, 5)8=,%G/ +@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<, $- I#=8, µ,-)%4<?,1C'-'5 '-<'('5'-, F-, #G8, )4#%$µ8'-I=-C'8> C8 '()% )%< 5 )%4<µ%=I>- 9=>CF8, '5$-)(4<'5 #FI=-C/ '5&. O#C- -)( '5$ -$14<C5 '5&)8=,%G/& D- )-=%<C,1C%<µ8 µ8 )%,% '=()% %,F1'%,F%, '5& #G%<$ %,F8,%)%,5D8> F-,C5µ-'%?%'/C8, '5$ )8=,%G/. B #$'%$5 G=/C5 '%<C7µ-'%& G-=-F'5=>.8, ',& ?=-C'5=,('5'8& ':$F%,$:$,F7$ %µ1?:$ )%< F-'%,F%@$ '5$ )8=,%G/ F-,)=%F@)'8, -)( '5$ -$1+F5 +,- '5$ %,F8,%)%>5C5'%< G7=%<, #G%$'-& :& F@=,% 8=+-48>% '% C7µ-'%<&. O8 91C5 -<'/ '5$ #FI=-C5 D- -$-4@C%<µ8 '5$)%4<?,1C'-'5 '-<'('5'- )%< I#=8, 5 )8=,%G/ +@=:-)( '5$ O8$1$?=%<, '5$ =8<C'('5'- ':$ %=>:$ '5&,

% "#$%& '()%&

43

)%< )=%F@)'%<$ 8"-,'>-& '5& ,?,->'8=5& G=/C5 '%<?5µ%C>%< F-, '5$ -44548)>?=-C5 '%<& µ8 ',&+8,'%$,F#& )8=,%G#&.

B %?(& O8$1$?=%< 9=>CF8'-, µ#C- C'% )%48%?%µ,F('=>+:$% )%< %=>.8'-, -)( ',& %?%@& MD5$1&,68,=-,7&(6.0C-4?1=5) F-, E=µ%@. M<'#& %, '=8,&%?,F#& -='5=>8& 8>$-, -)( ',& 9-C,F('8=8& '5&MD/$-&. B %?(& MD5$1& C<$?#8, '5$ )4-'8>-!µ($%>-& µ8 '5$ )4-'8>- O%$-C'5=-F>%<, #G8,G=/C5 F<=>:& 8µ)%=,F/, -I%@ F-'1 µ/F%& '5&<)1=G%<$ F-'-C'/µ-'-, )%< G-=-F'5=>.%$'-, -)(',& G-µ54#& ',µ#& ':$ )=%P($':$, F-D7& F-, '5$F8$'=,F/ F=8-'-+%=1 F-, J-=-+%=1 '5& MD/$-&. B%?(& E=µ%@ C<$?#8, '5$ )4-'8>- ;<$'1+µ-'%& µ8'% SF1.,. ;'% 'µ/µ- )%< %=>.8'-, -)( ',& '%µ#&':$ %?7$ MD5$1& F-, 68,=-,7& 8>$-, % 9-C,F('8=%&1"%$-& ':$ )8=,%G7$ \<==/ F-, O%$-C'5=1F,, )%<G-=-F'5=>.%$'-, :& )8=,%G#& '%<=,Cµ%@ F-,9=-?,$/& ?,-CF#?-C5&. B %?(& 68,=-,7& C<$?#8,'5$ )4-'8>- !µ($%>-& µ8 '%$ 68,=-,1, F-, C'%'µ/µ- '5& µ8'-"@ '5& )4-'8>-& !µ%$%>-& F-, '5&E=µ%@ ?8$ G-=-F'5=>.8'-, -)( F1)%,- C<+F8F=,µ#$5G=/C5 )#=-$ '%< (', -)%'848> F@=,- %?,F/-='5=>-.

M<'( '% )%48%?%µ,F( '=>+:$% 8µ)8=,#G8,µ,F=('8=8& )8=,%G#& µ8 #$'%$- F-, -$',I-',F1G-=-F'5=,C',F1. B )8=,%G/ '%< \<==/ )%< #G8,<)%C'8> µ8+148& -44-+#& '- '848<'->- G=($,- (µ8-I%=µ/ F-, '5$ ?,8"-+:+/ ':$ !4<µ),-F7$ M+7$:$C'5$ MD/$-), -)( -$8Fµ8'1448<'5 )8=,%G/9,%'8G$,7$ C/µ8=- )-=%<C,1.8, µ,- ?,-I%=8',F/

44

B )8=,%G/ +@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<

8,F($-. M<'/ 5 #$'%$5 )=%C)1D8,- F-44:),Cµ%@ F-,-$1?8,"5& '5& )8=,%G/& '%< \<==/ #G8, :& -)%'#-48Cµ- '5$ µ8+145 8,C=%/ F8I-4->%<. N#$'=-9=-?,$/& ?,-CF#?-C5& #G%<$ -$%>"8, C8 F1D8 ?=(µ%'5& )8=,%G/& F-, '5$ #G%<$ C5µ-'%?%'/C8, :& '()%)=%%=,Cµ%@ F-, ?,-CF#?-C5& ':$ MD5$->:$ -)( F1D8C5µ8>% '5& )(45&. Q'C, 5 )8=,%G/ #G8, -)%F'/C8,#$-$ 8)8F'-',F( G-=-F'/=- )%< -CF8> ),#C8,& C8(48& ',& +@=: )8=,%G#&. B )8=,%G/ '%< N8=-µ,F%@,)%< )8=,4-µ91$8, '%$ -=G-,%4%+,F( G7=%, )%<C/µ8=- #G8, -$-?8,GD8> µ8'1 '- '848<'->- #=+-8$%)%>5C5& -=G-,%4%+,F7$ G7=:$, F-,, C8C<$?<-Cµ( µ8 '5$ )8=,%G/ '%< \<==/, -)%'84%@$)4#%$ '()%<& -<"5µ#$5& )=%C#48<C5& F(Cµ%<. B)4-'8>- E48<D#=,-&(N%<µ%<$?%@=%<) -)%'848> G7=%C'1C5& +,- %=,Cµ#$8& %µ1?8& -$D=7):$, ():& 8>$-,)-=#8& µ8'-$-C'7$, %, %)%>%, -)%'84%@$ F-, '5$)48,%J5I>-, F-, 1C'8+%,. B )4-'8>- N%<µ%<$?%@=%</'-$ % )=7'%& ?5µ(C,%& G7=%& )%< 48,'%@=+5C8 :&G7=%& <)%?%G/& F-, 8I/µ8=5& ?,-µ%$/& "#$:$, ('-$% G7=%& '5& )4-'8>-& 8>G8 )-=-G:=5D8> )=%C:=,$1+,- '5$ F-'-CF/$:C5 N%@=?:$ )=%CI@+:$. B )8=,%G/'5& µ84#'5& µ-& +@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%< -)%<)8=,4-µ91$8, ',& %?%@& O8$1$?=%<, ;%I%F4#%<&,S8=-$>%<, ;-)I%@&, E<=,)>?%<, M=,C'%I1$%<&F.-.- F-, '#4%& '% 'µ/µ- '5& )8=,%G/& )%<C<$%=8@8, µ8 '5$ )4-'8>- !µ%$%>-&, )%<)8=,4-µ91$8, '% U5µ-=G8>%, '5$ )4-'8>- N%'.,1F-, "8$%?%G8,-F#& 8+F-'-C'1C8,&. B )4-'8>-!µ%$%>-& -)%'848> F#$'=% ?,#48<C5& )%447$ )8.7$F-, F@=,- %?,F/ -='5=>-, 8I(C%$ 9=>CF8'-, C8

% "#$%& '()%&

45

F%µ9,F( C5µ8>% ':$ %?,F7$ -"($:$ '5& )(45&,C<+G=($:& G=5C,µ%)%,8>'-, F-, :& '()%& 8=+-C,-&)%447$ µ8'-$-C'7$ F-, '()%& )-=-µ%$/& -'(µ:$8D,Cµ#$:$ C8 '%",F#& %<C>8&.

B )8=,%G/ )%< )8=,4-µ91$8, F-, 8"-)47$8'-, +@=:-)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<, C<$%=8@8, µ8 (48& -<'#&',& )8=,%G#& F-, 8)5=81.8, F-, 8)5=81.8'-, -)('%$ G-=-F'/=- F-, '%<& G=/C'8& '%<&. B)48,%J5I>- ':$ -$D=7):$ )%< F-'%,F%@$ F-,8=+1.%$'-, C'5$ )8=,%G/ 8>$-, "#$%,. !,)8=,CC('8=%, -)( -<'%@& 8>$-, µ8'-$1C'8& F-,<)1=G%<$ F-, F1)%,8& ,?,->'8=8& F%,$:$,F#&µ%=I#& "8$('5'-& ():& %, %µ1?8& ':$ ,8=%?%@4:$,':$ -'(µ:$ 8D,Cµ#$:$ C8 '%",F#& %<C>8& F-, ':$-C'#+:$. !, %µ1?8& -<'#& D8:=%@$'-, "#$8& -)('% F%,$:$,F( C@$%4% 8)8,?/ ?8$ 8>$-, 8$'-+µ#$8&C8 -<'(. B ,?,-,'8=('5'- F-, 5 )%4<µ%=I>- '5&'-<'('5'1& -<'7$ ':$ G=5C'7$ %?5+8> C'5?,-I%=8',F/ G=/C5 '%< ?5µ(C,%< G7=%< C8 CG#C5µ8 '5 G=/C5 )%< +>$8'-, C'%<& ?5µ(C,%<& G7=%<&'5& MD/$-&.

!, µ8'-$1C'8&, )%< F-'%,F%@$ C'5$ )8=,%G/ )%<µ848'1µ8 F-, )=%#=G%$'-, -)( G7=8& µ8 )%4,',F1F-, %,F%$%µ,F1 )=%94/µ-'-, ():& -$-I#=-µ8 C'5$8,C-+:+/ -<'%@ '%< F8,µ#$%< F-, C'5$ )48,%J5I>-'%<& #G%<$ ?,-I%=8',F#& D=5CF8<',F#& F-,F%,$:$,F#& -$',4/J8,&. !, G7=8& F-'-+:+/& '%<&8>$-, G7=8& µ8 ?,-I%=8',F1 )%4,',F1 F-D8C'7'-,?,-I%=8',F#& D=5CF8>8&, /D5 F-, #D,µ-, -F(µ- F-,

46

B )8=,%G/ +@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<

5 +8:+=-I,F/ '%<& D#C5 F-, '% F4>µ- ?,-I#=%<$F-'1 )%4@. Q'C, )-=-'5=%@µ8 C8 -<'#& ',& %µ1?8&':$ µ8'-$-C'7$ ?,-I%=8',F%@&, “"#$%<&” )=%&8µ1&, '=()%<& -$'>45J5& F-, F-'%>F5C5& '%< ?5-µ(C,%< F-, '%< ,?,:',F%@ '%<& G7=%<.

0% ?%µ,F( )8=,9144%$ '5& )8=,%G/&, +@=: -)( '5$O8$1$?=%<, G-=-F'5=>.8'-, -)( '- F-F7& ?,-'5=5-µ#$- F'>=,- )%< C'8+1.%<$ µ-+-.,1 F-, F-'%,F>8&.M<'( #G8, :& C<$#)8,- '5 G-µ54/ -">- -F,$/':$?,8<F%4@$%$'-& #'C, '%<& "#$%<& $- F-'%,F/C%<$'5 )8=,%G/. MF(µ- 5 @)-="5 F-F7& ?,-'5=5µ#$:$"8$%?%G8>:$ ?,8<F%4@$%<$ '5 C'#+-C5 µ,-& 8,?,F/&%µ1?-& "#$:$ ':$ ,8=%?%@4:$, %, %)%>8& 8>$-, F-,-<'#& C'5$ )48,%J5I>- '%<& µ8'-$1C'=,8&. B )--=%<C>- ':$ '%",F%µ-$7$ F-, ':$ -C'#+:$ -$',F--'%)'=>.8'-, C'% ?%µ,F( )8=,9144%$ '5& )8=,%G/&µ#C: ':$ F',=>:$ )%< C'8+1.%<$ '% !.NM.[M F-, '%U5µ%',F( ;<CC>',% MC'#+:$.

UAJ+ /3#5'5#/( 3µA?% 0:+# /%.3#/($+# .- 2+,#3:(µ+ ?#%F3,+.#/; .,;23, %<<A µ+ /3#5; 2%,A&35.%;.# +45%# 3µA?+1 %23µ35'µ05+1 %2; .3 +B,>.+,3/3#5'5#/; $>53<3, µ+ %23.0<+$µ% 5% :%,%/.-,4I3-5.%# 605+1 2,31 %B.;. L# µ+.%5A$.+1 6+,#I'µ053#%2; .35 .;23 /%.%&'&(1 .3B1 /%# +,:;µ+53# $.-5"<<A?% 2,3$2%J3>5 5% /%<B.+,+>$3B5 .- I'( .3B1.K+ F0,3B5 µ%I4 .3B1 /%505% B<#/; 2+,#3B$#%/;$.3#:+43 /%# ?+ &5',4I3B5 .-5 +<<-5#/( &<8$$%,3 23<#.#$µ;1 .3B1, - .%B.;.-.% /%# 3# µ5(µ+1.3B1 +/F,AI35.%# µ0$' .3B $8µ%.;1 .3B1 /%# .-1

% "#$%& '()%&

47

?,A$-1 .3B1, /B,4'1 $.3 ?-µ;$#3 :8,3, ;23B /%#&4535.%# %5.#<-2.34. Lµ34'1 - %23B$4% E%$#/85B<#/85 %&%J85 %2; .-5 3µA?% .'5 A$.+&'5 /%# .'5%.;µ'5 +J#$µ05'5 $+ .36#/01 3B$4+1 3?-&+4 $+ µ4%#?#%4.+,- :,($- .3B $8µ%.31 µ0$% $.35 ?-µ;$#3:8,3.B G=/C5 '%< C7µ-'%& )->.8, ,?,->'8=% =(4% C'%$'=()% F-'%>F5C5& ':$ -C'#+:$ C'%$ ?5µ(C,% G7=%.B -)%<C>- F-'%,F>-& '%<& %?5+8> C'5$ ,?,->'8=5G=/C5 '%< :& ,?,:',F( G7=%. !, 8D,Cµ#$%, C8 '%-",F#& %<C>8& G=5C,µ%)%,%@$ '% C7µ- '%<& :& <)%-?%G#- %<C,7$, µ8 -)%'#48Cµ- $- 48,'%<=+8> C8 #$-I-$'-C,-F( G7=%, % %)%>%& -44548),?=1 µ8 '%$ ?5-µ(C,%. B %µ1?- ':$ ,8=%?%@4:$ G=5C,µ%)%,8> '%$?5µ(C,% G7=% '5& )(45&, F<=>:& ',& 9=-?,$#&7=8&, µ8 CF%)( '% 8µ)(=,% '%< >?,%< '%< C7µ-'(&'5&, )%< -)%'848> F-, '% µ%$-?,F( 9,%)%=,C',F('5& µ#C%. !, µ8'-$1C'8& 8>$-, 8F8>$%, %, %)%>%,F1$%<$ '5$ ),% 8F'8'-µ#$5 G=/C5 '%< ?5µ%C>%<,C8 (45 '5 ?,1=F8,- '%< 8,F%C,'8'=-7=%<. ! ?5µ(-C,%& G7=%& µ8'-I=1.8'-, C8 G7=% <)%?%G/& ':$8µ)%=,F7$ ?=-C'5=,%'/':$ '%<&, -441 F-, C8 '()%C<$8@=8C5& µ8 '%<& <)(4%,)%<& µ8'-$1C'8& F-, F--'%>F%<& '5& )8=,%G/&.

6-=-'5=%@µ8 (', %, F%,$:$,F#& %µ1?8&, )%< F--'%,F%@$ C'5 O8$1$?=%<, ?=%<$ F-, -44548),?=%@$µ8 '%$ ?5µ(C,% G7=%. B #$'%$5 -$1+F5 #FI=-C5&'5& '-<'('5'1& '%<& )=-+µ-'%)%,8>'-, µ#C: '5&8F'8'-µ#$5& G=/C5& '%< C7µ-'%& '%<&, '% %)%>%

48

B )8=,%G/ +@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<

-)%'848> '% ),% ?<$-'( F-, 8FI=-C',F( '%<& µ#C%.O#C- -)( '5 I=1C5 '%< F.Braudel “7',* .(1-<-?µ%*!5',- .$;<, ,.’ %1, 7',* ";$(*”16 -$-+$:=>.%<µ8-'5$ -$1+F5 @)-="5& G7=%< +,- '5$ 8F?/4:C5 '5&'-<'('5'-& '%<& F-, ?5µ,%<=+>-& '%< '()%< '%<&.;'5$ )%=8>- '%< G=($%< )-=-'5=%@µ8 (', 5 )8=,%G/+@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%< #G8, ,?:D8> :& F-'--I@+,% +,- '%<& 8F'%),Cµ#$%<& '5& MD/$-&.

% "#$%& '()%&

49

16 ]=,C'>$- O-=-D%@, V,($+#1 .3B %$.#/3> :8,3B /%#+J5323<#.#$µ#/( .%B.;.-.%: = /3#5;.-.% .'5@2%5&/<%5.+$#%585 $.-5 CJ(5%. (K#2<'µ%.#/( +,&%$4%).MD/$-: 2004, C84. 10.

50

B )8=,%G/ +@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<

C5A<B$- .-1 2+,#3:(1 µ+<0.-1.

!=,Cµ(& .:$7$ F-D’@J%&.K(4%& '%< C7µ-'%& F-, ':$ -,CD/C8:$ C'5$%,F8,%)%>5C5 '%< G7=%<.

S,- $- -$-4@C%<µ8 '% G7=% -<'( D- 8),F8$'=7C%<µ8',& )-=-'5=/C8,& µ-& +@=: -)( ',& ?=1C8,& ':$F-'%>F:$ '5& )8=,%G/& F-, ',& CG#C8,& )%< -$--)'@CC%<$ µ8 ',& +@=: )8=,%G#&˙ F-D7& F-, '5$ C5-µ-C>- )%< -)%F'1 '% C7µ- C'5$ )=%C)1D8,1 '%<& $-%,F8,%)%,5D%@$ '5$ )8=,%G/ F-, %=+-$7C%<$ ',&+8,'%$,#& '%<&.

!=>.%<µ8 '=8,& .7$8& ?=1C8:$ F-D’@J%&, F1': -)('% 8)>)8?% '%< ?=(µ%< (<)(+8,-, 5µ,<)(+8,-), C'%8)>)8?% '%< ?=(µ%< F-, '5 .7$5 ':$ %=(I:$ ':$F',=>:$. ;',& .7$8& -<'#& )-=-'5=%@µ8 ?,-I%=8-',F#& ?=-C'5=,('5'8& )%< %?5+%@$ C8 ?,-I%=8',F#&%,F8,%)%,/C8,& '%< ?5µ(C,%< / F-, ,?,:',F%@G7=%<. ! ?,-G:=,Cµ(& ':$ .:$7$ F-D’@J%& 8)5=81-.8, F-, '5$ )%,('5'- ':$ CG#C8:$ )%< µ)%=%@$ $--$-)'<GD%@$, µ8'-"@ ':$ F-'%>F:$ '5& )8=,%G/&F-, ':$ 8,C8=G%µ#$:$ C'% G7=% -<'(, %, %)%>%,'7=- <,%D8'%@$ '5$ ,?,('5'- '%< “"#$%<”.

% "#$%& '()%&

55

;'5$ 2,8.- I85- C<$-$'1µ8 <)(+8,- F-'-C'/µ-'-µ8'-$-C'7$, 5 #FD8C5 ':$ 8µ)%=8<µ1':$ '%<& +>-$8'-, C'% )8.%?=(µ,%, )=%C?>?%$'-& #'C, C’-<'(µ>- $#- G=/C5. B )=7'5 8)-I/ µ8 '%$ "#$% '()%+>$8'-, µ#C: '5& (=-C5& )%< ?,8+8>=8'-, -)( ',&#$'%$8& G=:µ-',F#& C<$D#C8,& ':$ 8µ)%=8<µ1':$.0- 8µ)%=8@µ-'1 '%<& I-$8=7$%<$ '- C'%,G8>-8F8>$- )%< G-=-F'5=>.%<$ '%$ )%4,',Cµ(, '5$ '-<-'('5'- ':$ µ8'-$-C'7$ F-, )-=-)#µ)%<$ C'%<& '(-)%<& F-'-+:+/& '%<&. B 8>C%?%& ':$ F-'-C'5µ1':$-$',C'%,G8> C8 µ>- 9,:µ-',F/ 8µ)8,=>- C8 #$-"#$% '()%. B )%=8>- '5& 8µ)8,=>-& -F%4%<D8> '=>-C'1?,-, '5$ %)',F/ 8)-I/ µ8 '% 8F'8D8,µ#$%?8>+µ-, '5$ C:µ-',F/ 8)-$-'%)%D#'5C5, +,- '5$8"<)5=#'5C5 '5& F-D%?,F/& )%=8>-& '%< 94#µµ-'%&F-, '5$ 8"8=8@$5C5 '%< '()%< µ#C: '5& 8,C(?%<'%< F-'-C'/µ-'%&, 5 %)%>- -)%'848> '% F-'7I4,+,- '5 C'-?,-F/ µ8'19-C5 C8 µ>- $#- F-'1C'-C5.Q'C, 5 '-<'('5'- '%< )8.%?=%µ>%< 8µ)4%<'>.8'-,F-, )#=- -)( G7=%& F>$5C5& µ8'-I=1.8'-, F-, C8G7=% C'1C5&, C8 G7=% 8µ)%=,F7$ C<$-44-+7$, -441F-, C8 '()% C<$1$'5C5& ':$ ?,-I%=8',F7$ )%4,',-Cµ7$.

MF(µ- #$- C'%,G8>% '5& )=7'5& .7$5& 8>$-, F1-)%,%, F48,C'%> <)(+8,%, G7=%,, )%< ?8$ #G%<$ I--$8=/ G=/C5. !, G7=%, -<'%> 8$7 8>$-,-)=%C)#4-C'%, -)( '%$ ?,8=G(µ8$% I-$8=7$%<$ C<+-G=($:& )%441 C'%,G8>- +,- '5$ ?=1C5 F-, '5$ '-<-'('5'- ':$ "#$:$ C'5$ )8=,%G/ '5& O8$1$?=%<.

56

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

!, µ8'-$1C'8& C'5$ E441?-, -441 F-, %, 8D,Cµ#$%,C8 '%",F#& %<C>8&, %, ,8=(?%<48& F-, %, 1C'8+%,,8"-,'>-& '5& ?,-I%=8',F('5'1& '%<& F-, '5& "8-$%I%9>-&, )%< )=%91448, F1)%,- µ5 -)%?8F'1 -)('% F%,$:$,F( C@$%4% G-=-F'5=,C',F1 '%<&, #G%<$8F?,:GD8> F-, -)%µ%$:D8>. !)('8, 4-µ91$%$'-&<)(J5 '% I(9% F-, '5$ -$-CI148,- -<'7$ ':$ F%,-$:$,F7$ %µ1?:$, µ)%=%@µ8 $- <)%D#C%<µ8 ):&, (C%,-)( -<'%@& '%<& G7=%<& ?8$ 8>$-, 1?8,%,, #G%<$“F-'-45ID8>” F-, F=-'5D8> F=<I%>, -)( '%<& >?,-%<&, µ8 CF%)( $- -)%I@+%<$ '5$ -)(==,J5 F-, '%$-)%F48,Cµ( '%<&, 8>'8 -)( '% F=1'%& 8>'8 -)( '%8<=@'8=% F%,$:$,F( C@$%4%. MF(µ- F-, 5 <)(+8,-D#C5, 5 #448,J5 I:',Cµ%@, -8=,Cµ%@ F-, 9-C,F7$C<$D5F7$ <+,8,$/& ':$ G7=:$ -<'7$ I-$8=7$8, '5D#C5 )%< #G8, ?%D8> C8 -<'#& ',& “"#$8&” %µ1?8&-)( '% F%,$:$,F( C@$%4%. ! I(9%& F-, 5 -)(==,J58>$-, #$'%$- C'%,G8>- '5& '-<'('5'1& '%<&, C'%,-G8>- '- %)%>- 8++=1I%$'-, F-, C'5$ '-<'('5'- '5&>?,-& '5& )8=,%G/&.

% "#$%& '()%&

57

B ?+>.+,- /%J’>W31 I85- -$-)'@CC8'-, C'% 8)>)8?%'%< ?=(µ%<, F-, F<=>:& 8)8F'8>$8'-, C',& %?%@&O8$1$?=%< F-, ;%I%F4#%<&. M<'/ 5 ?,-C'-@=:C/µ)%=8> $- G-=-F'5=,C'8> :& '% F#$'=% -<'/& '5&)8=,%G/& F-, G=5C,µ%)%,8>'-, :& ?5µ(C,%& <)->-D=,%& G7=%& C<$8@=8C5& ':$ )%4,'7$ '5&, G:=>&'5$ @)-="5 =<µ%'%µ,F%@ CG8?,-Cµ%@ )4-'8>-&. BF,$5',F('5'- F-, 5 #$'%$5 C:µ-',F/ ?=-C'5=,('5'-':$ F-'%>F:$ '5& )8=,%G/& #G%<$ 8$8=+%)%,/C8,'% ?5µ(C,% G7=%, -)( '- )8.%?=(µ,- :& F-, ',&%?,F#& -='5=>8&, C',& %)%>8& -F(µ- F-, 5 F>$5C5':$ %G5µ1':$ ?,-F()'8'-, -)( '5$ F,$5',F('5'-':$ -$D=7):$.;'- ,C(+8,- ':$ F',=>:$ C'8+1.%$'-, F-'-C'/µ-'-"#$:$ µ8 8>?5 =%<G,Cµ%@, -+%=#& F,$#.,F/& )=%#-48<C5& ()%< %$%µ1.%$'-, china markets), )-$'%-):48>- µ8 µ%<C%<4µ-$,F1 )-=-?%C,-F1 )=%P($'-(F-=<F8@µ-'-), µ%<C%<4µ-$,F1 '-G<I-+>- (F8µ)1),I-41I84), ,$?,F1 8C',-'(=,-, #$- ,$?,F( ?,CF1-?,F% F-, )-F,C'-$,F1 F-, ,$?,F1 F%<=8>-. 6-=(4%)%< 5 )48,%J5I>- ':$ F-'-C'5µ1':$ '5& )8=,%G/&?8$ 8>$-, <)( '5$ ,?,%F'5C>- '%<&, 8)8$?@%<$-C'%4>.%<$ )%44#& 8":'8=,F#& 8),I1$8,8& F',=>:$µ8 .:+=-I,F#& )-=-C'1C8,& F-, F8>µ8$- C',& +47C-C8& '%<&, )%< #G%<$ ,?,->'8=% $(5µ- +,- '%<&>?,%<& F-, 8F?547$%<$ '%$ )%4,',Cµ( '%<&. B )45-D:=,F/ <4,F/ 8)#$?<C5 ':$ 8),I-$8,7$ ':$ F-'--C'5µ1':$ '%<& µ8 )-=-?%C,-F1 C@µ9%4- F-,)-=-C'1C8,& F-D7& F-, 8),+=-I#& C',& +47CC8&

58

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

'%<& ?547$%<$ '%<& '()%<& F-'-+:+/& '%<&, -441F-, C5µ-'%?%'%@$ F-, %=>.%<$ -<'($ '%$ $#% G7=%:& '%$ '()% '%<&.

;'% G7=% '%< )8.%?=%µ>%< 8FD#'%<$ '- 8µ)%=8@-µ-'1 '%<&, µ8 -)%'#4-Cµ- $- )->=$8, '% G-=-F'/=-<)->D=,-& -+%=1&, µ,-& G:=%D#'5C5& )%4@ C<$5D,-Cµ#$5& F-, G-=-F'5=,C',F/& ':$ µ%<C%<4µ-$,F7$G:=7$. M<'#& %, <)->D=,8& -+%=#& C8 F1)%,8& -)(',& G7=8& F-'-+:+/& '%<& %$%µ1.%$'-, bazaar, )%<C5µ->$8, (4%, µ-.>. B $#- -<'/ F-'%>F5C5 '%< )8-.%?=%µ>%< 8),?=1 C'%<& (=%<& '%)%D#'5C5& F-, F>-$5C5& '%< C7µ-'%& '%< ?,8=G(µ8$%<, 8)%µ#$:& F-,C',& -,CD/C8,&, µ#C: ':$ %)%>:$ )=%C4-µ91$8, '-$#- 8=8D>Cµ-'- '%< )8=,9144%$'%&. !, µ8'-$1C'8&,µ#C: '5& #FD8C5& ':$ )=%P($':$ '%<&, 8FI=1.%<$'5 '-<'('5'- '%<& F-, µ8'-I#=%<$ µ8 -<'( '%$'=()% '% µ-+-.> '%<& C'% ?5µ(C,% G7=% F-, '%?,8=G(µ8$% C8 #$- $#% '()%, G:=>& F-'’-$1+F5 $-8,C#4D8, C8 -<'($.

EI/µ8=-, C8 -<'/ '5 .7$5, ?5µ,%<=+8>'-, #$- ?8@-'8=% 8)>)8?% 8µ)%=,F7$ G=/C8:$, )%< "8)8=$1 '-(=,- ':$ '%>G:$ ':$ F',=>:$ F-, 5 ?=1C5 '%< 8)8-F'8>$8'-, C'%<& ?=(µ%<& F-, '- )8.%?=(µ,-.

;'% 8)>)8?% -<'( C<$-$'1µ8 <)->D=,8& -+%=#&, )%<#G%<$ ?5µ,%<=+5D8> -)( "#$%<&. M<'%> G=5C,µ%-)%,%@$ ',& F-=('C8& ':$ I%='5+7$ '%<& +,- '5$#FD8C5 ':$ 8µ)%=8<µ1':$ '%<&, µ8'-CG5µ-'>.%$'-&-<'#& C8 )1+F%<& )745C5& (%):=%):48>-), / C8 µ,-

% "#$%& '()%&

59

),% 8I/µ8=5 F-'-CF8</ ?5µ,%<=+%@$'-, )1+F%, )7-45C5& -)47$%$'-& #$- F%µµ1', @I-Cµ- )1$: C'% )8-.%?=(µ,%. ;'5$ )8=>)':C5 )%< %, <)->D=,8& -+%=#&#G%<$ $- F1$%<$ µ8 '5$ )745C5 F48µµ#$:$ F-, 4--D=->:$ -$',F8,µ#$:$ % G7=%& C<$-44-+/& )=-+µ--'%)%,8>'-, µ#C: '5& G:=%D#'5C5& F-, F>$5C5& ':$C:µ1':$ '%<& C'% ?5µ(C,% G7=%. O8 '5 C<C)8>=:C5'%<& ?5µ,%<=+%@$ #$- 8$,->%, )%4@ %=,Cµ#$% G7=%,'%$ G7=% '5& 8µ)%=,F/& C<$-44-+/&. 0- C7µ-'1'%<& )45C,1.%<$ '% #$- '% 144%, µ%,1.%<$ $- -)%-'84%@$ #$- C7µ-. M<'/ 5 C<C)8>=:C5 C:µ1':$ ?5-µ,%<=+8> #$- )=:'(+$:=% G:=,F( $(µ%, ('-$ '-C7µ-'- ?%µ%@$'-, µ8 '5$ >?,- )<F$('5'- µ8 -<'/'%< ?%µ5µ#$%< )8=,9144%$'%& )%< '- )8=,F48>8,.O8 -<'/ '5 )<F$/ '%)%D#'5C5 '%<& %, "#$%, ?5µ,-%<=+%@$ #$- G7=% )%4@ ),% ?<$-µ,F( F-, F-D%=,-Cµ#$%, -)( (', 8>$-, % G7=%& 8$(& )1+F%< /F1)%,%< )8=,)'#=%<. 0- 8":'8=,F1 )8=,94/µ-'-,-<'7$ ':$ G7=:$ <)->D=,-& )745C5&, -)%'84%@$'-,-)( '- >?,- '- C7µ-'1 '%<&, '- %)%>- )8=,F48>%<$F-, “)=%C'-'8@%<$” '% 8µ)(=8<µ- F-, '%<& )841'8&'%<&, -441 F-, -)%F48>%<$ F1D8 )-=8>C-F'%, )%<?8$ #G8, F-µ>- D#C5 C8 -<'/ '5$ 8µ)%=,F/ C<$-4-4-+/.

Q'C,, µ8 '%$ F-,=(, (45 5 )8=,%G/ #G8, -)%F'/C8,#$-$ "8G:=,C'( G-=-F'/=- µ#C- C'5$ )(45 '5& MD/-$-& F-, %, 1$D=:)%, )%< F-'%,F%@$ 8F8> #G%<$ %,-F8,%)%,5D8> '% G7=%, '%$ #G%<$ %=+-$7C8, F-,%=>C8,. O#C: '5& C<µ9%4,F/& %,F8,%)%>5C5& '%<

60

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

G7=%< #G%<$ %=+-$7C8, '5$ +8,'%$,1 '%<&, '%$'()% '%<&.

B )<F$('5'- '%< "8$(+4:CC%< +=-)'%@ 4(+%<, )%<I#=%<$ '- -=G,'8F'%$,F1 µ#45 F-, 5 )45D7=-'%,G%F%445µ#$:$ -I,C7$, C8 C<$?<-Cµ( µ8 '%$ "#$%4(+%, '5$ -<"5µ#$5 #$'-C5 F-, '5 µ8+145 C<G$(-'5'- '%<, C8 8,C1+%<$ C8 #$- $#% '()%, µ#C- C'%F#$'=% '5& )(45&. B -)%F:?,F%)%>5C5 '%< 4(+%<?8$ 8>$-, 9-C,Cµ#$5 C'5 F-'-$(5C5 ':$ 4#"8:$,F-, % ?,14%+%& µ8'-"@ E44/$:$ F-, "#$:$ )=-+µ--'%)%,8>'-, F1': -)( C<$D/F8& 8µ)%=,F7$ C<$-44--+7$, -$'-44-+/& F%<4'%@=-& F-, )-=-?%C,-F7$-+-D7$ -441 F-, )%44#& I%=#& F1': -)( C<$D/F8&-)(==,J5& F-, 8GD=('5'-& F-, -)( ',& ?@% )48<-=#&. S,- '%<& µ8'-$1C'8& '5& )8=,%G/&, 5 ?,-'/-=5C5 '5& +47CC-& '%<&, ?8 C5µ-'%?%'8> 1=$5C5 +,-'% $#% '()% F-, '%$ )%4,',Cµ( '5& G7=-& <)%?%G/&'%<&, -441 8>$-, #$-& '=()%& 8F?/4:C5& '5& )--=%<C>-& F-, '5& “F<=,-=G>-&” '%<& C'5$ )8=,%G/,)%< µ8 '%$ F-,=( #G8, ,?:D8> -)( '%<& >?,%<& :&?,F(& '%<& '()%&, F-D7& F-, ?,-'/=5C5& '5& ?,--I%=8',F('5'1& '%<& F-, '5& '-<'('5'1& '%<& )%<$,7D%<$ $- -)8,48>'-,.

B µ<=:?,1 8>$-, #$-& '=()%& $- -$+$:=>C8, '%C7µ- 8$-$ '()%. !, ,?,->'8=8& F-, -$-'%4>',F8&µ<=:?,#& ':$ -=-9,F7$ '-G<I-+>:$ F-, ':$ ,$?,F7$F-, )-F,C'-$,F7$ 8C',-'%=>:$ #=G%$'-, $- C<µ91-4%<$ C'% “1=:µ-” '5& )8=,%G/&. Z):& -$-I#=-µ8

% "#$%& '()%&

61

)=%5+%<µ#$:&, %, µ<=:?,#& G-=-F'5=>.%<$ #$-$'()%, F-, %, -,CD/C8,& 8>$-, '- 9-C,F1 8=+-48>-'%< -$D=7)%< +,- )=(C45J5 '5$ 8=8D,Cµ1':$ F-,8),F%,$:$>- µ8 '% +@=: )8=,9144%$. O#C: '5&(CI=5C5& F-, '5& +8@C5& C<µµ8'#G%<µ8 C8 -<'( '%F%µµ1', '5& F%<4'%@=-& '%<& )%< #G8, $- F1$8, µ8'% I-+5'( F-, '5$ F%<.>$-, C5µ-$',F( µ#=%& '%<)%4,',Cµ%@ F1D8 G7=-&. 0% =%F%F( @I%& '5& ?,--'=%I/& ':$ -$-'%4>',F:$ 4-7$ 8>$-, )%4@ F%$'1C',& µ)-=(F C<$/D8,#& µ-&. !, D=5CF8<',F#& )--=-?(C8,& '%<&, )%< '%<& )8=,%=>.%<$ C'5$ F-'--$14:C5 F=#-'%&, ?>$%<$ C<+F8F=,µ#$8& F-,)4%@C,8& µ<=:?,#& F-, +8@C8,& C'- I-+5'1 '%<&,)45C,1.%$'-& #'C, '5 ?,F/ µ-& )4%@C,- F%<.>$-.M<'( '% F%,$( C5µ8>% :& '()%& C<$1$'5C5& +,- $-8),'8<GD8> ?,14%+%& ?,-I%=8',F7$ )%4,',Cµ7$.

;'5 ?,-C'-@=:C5 ':$ %?7$ O8$1$?=%< F-, ;%I%F4#-%<& <)1=G8, -=-9,F( '-G<I-+>% )%< )-=-CF8<1.8,'% )-=-?%C,-F( +,- '%<& 2=-98& I-41I84, '% )--=-?%C,-F( +,- '%<& 0%@=F%<& F8µ)1), F-D7& F-,'% )-=-?%C,-F( 8445$,F( C%<941F,. ;'5 )84-'8>-'%< -$/F%<$ F-, "#$%, F-, Q445$8&, -<'( #G8, :&-)%'#48Cµ- %, "#$%, $- ?%F,µ1.%<$ 8445$,F#&F-, -$'>C'%,G- %, Q445$8& -=-9,F#&. O8 -<'( '%$'=()% 8),'<+G1$8'-, 5 -$'-44-+/ )%4,',Cµ,F7$C'%,G8>:$, F-, +>$8'-, % Q445$-& F%,$:$(& '5&F%<4'%@=-& '%< "#$%< F-, '% -$'>C'=%I%. 0% µ--+-.> -<'%-$-,=8> '5 '-<'('5'- '%< :& -=-9,F( F-,#G8, µ8'-'=-)8> C8 #$-$ <9=,?,F( '()% -$1µ,"5&)%4,',Cµ7$.

62

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

Q$- -F(µ- C'%,G8>% '5& .7$5& -<'/& 8>$-, %, 8>-C%?%, ':$ )%4<F-'%,F,7$ )%< %?5+%@$ C'%<& %=(-I%<& ':$ F',=>:$. !, 8>C%?%, F=-'%@$'-,)=%C8F',F1 F48,C'#&, F-, µ5 )=%C,'#& C'%$ "#$%)8=-C',F( 8)8,?/ F-'%,F%@$'-, -)( µ8'-$1C'8& /F-, 1448& %µ1?8& “"#$:$”, ',& )8=,CC('8=8& I%=#&)-=1$%µ-, -441 F-, C'8+1.%<$ -)%D/F8& 9,%'8-G$,7$. !, 8>C%?%, F-, %, F8$'=,F%> ?,1?=%µ%, )%<%?5+%@$ C'- F4,µ-F%C'1C,- #G%<$ G-µ54( I:',Cµ(,8F8> C<$8<=>CF%$'-, )%44#& I%=#& %, "#$%,, #'C,'%)%D8'7$'-& '- C7µ-'1 '%<& µ)=%C'1 -)( ',& )(=-'8& ?5µ,%<=+%@$ #$- -$D=7),$% (=,%-'8>G%& µ8'-"@'%< ?5µ(C,%< F-, '%< ?,F%@ '%<& ,?,:',F%@ G7=%<.'5& #448,J5& µ($,µ5& C'#+5& F-, -$-+$:=,Cµ#$5&F%,$:$,F1 '5& ?,F/& '%<& D#C5&, µ#C- C'%$ 8445-$,F( G7=%, -,CD1$%$'-, #$'%$5 '5$ -$1+F5 +,- '5$<)8=1C),C5 '%< )=%C:=,$%@ ,?,:',F%@ '%<& G7=%<,-I%@ 5 F-'%,F>- '%<& 8>$-, '% µ%$-?,F( '%<& F--'-I@+,% µ#C- C8 #$- "#$% '()%.

B C'%1 )%< 8$7$8, '5$ )4-'8>- W81'=%< µ8 '5$ %?(;%I%F4#%<& C'8+1.8, F-'-C'/µ-'- µ8'-$-C'7$, #$-F=8%):48>% F-, G=5C,µ%)%,8>'-, F-, :& C'#F, -'(-µ:$ 8D,Cµ#$:$ C8 %<C>8&. Q$-& G7=%& C'%1& -)( '5I@C5 '%< #G8, #$- G-=-F'/=- F=<J7$-& F-, -CI1-48,-&, +,-'> 8$7 )=(F8,'-, +,- ?5µ(C,% G7=%, )8-.(?=%µ%, 8>$-, F48,C'(&-µ5 %=-'(& -)( ',& ?@%'%< )48<=#&17. B C'%1 C'5$ )8=,%G/ '5& O8$1$?=%<?8$ #G8, µ8+14% µ/F%& F-, #G8, 8)-=F/ I<C,F( I:-',Cµ(, (µ:& 5 )-=%<C>- +8$,F('8=- C'5$ )8=,%G/

% "#$%& '()%&

63

17 ;8 -=F8'#& )8=,)'7C8,& '% µ/F%& µ,-& C'%1&, C8 C<$?<--Cµ( µ8 '5$ #448,J5 I<C,F%@ I:'(&, ?5µ,%<=+8>, -(=-'- C5-µ8>- +,- '%$ ?,8=G(µ8$%. !, G=/C'8& '%<& 8>$-, F<=>:&1C'8+%, F-,1'%µ- 8D5Cµ#$- C8 %<C>8&. Q'C, )%44#& C'%#&C'% F#$'=% '5& MD/$-& #G%$'-& -)%F48,C',F1 '#'%,%<& G=/-C'8&, #G%<$ G1C8, '% ?5µ(C,% '%<& G-=-F'/=-.

-'(µ:$ 8D,Cµ#$:$ C8 %<C>8&, -441 F-, '%< )-=-=-'/µ-'%& '%< !.NM.[M. 8>$-, %, 4(+%, )%< 5 C'%1#G8, +>$8, C'#F, '%<&. M<'( C<µ9->$8, C8 #$-µ,F=( 'µ/µ- '5&, 8I(C%$ 5 )-=%<C>- ':$ F-'-C'5-µ1':$ F-, '%< F=8%):48>%< F-'-4-µ91$8, '% µ8+--4@'8=% '5& 'µ/µ-, -F(µ- 5 C'%1 -)%'848>?5µ%I,4#& )#=-Cµ- +,- '%<& F-'%>F%<& '5& )8=,%-G/&, 8$7$%$'-& '5$ )4-'8>- W81'=%< µ8 #$-$ -)('%<& 9-C,F('8=%<& 1"%$8& '5& )8=,%G/&, '5$ %?(;%I%F4#%<&. !, "#$%, '5& )8=,%G/& ?=%<$ F-, F,-$%@$'-, F<=>:& C'%<& <)->D=,%<& ?5µ(C,%<& G7=%<&'5& )8=,%G/&.

0% C7µ- +>$8'-, % )=:'-+:$,C'/& C8 F1D8 )=%C:-),F/ 8)-I/ F-, 8µ)%=,F/ C<$-44-+/ 8I(C%$ 8>$-,'% F@=,% 8FI=-C',F( µ#C% ':$ "#$:$ )%< F-'%,F%@$'5$ )8=,%G/ '5& O8$1$?=%<. 0% C7µ- +>$8'-, '%µ#C% +=-I/& '%< G7=%<. !, F,$/C8,& 8>$-, % +=--I,F(& G-=-F'/=-& '%< C7µ-'%& F-, 8"-='7$'-, -)('5 '-<'('5'- )%< I#=8, '% 1'%µ%. B ?,-I%=8',F(-'5'- '5& '-<'('5'-& ':$ "#$:$ %?5+8> C8 µ>- ,?,-->'8=5 G=/C5 '%< ?5µ(C,%< G7=%< -)( '%<& >?,%<&.O#C- C8 -<'/$ '5$ G:=,F/ )=-+µ-',F('5'- F-48>C-,$- 8)-$-)=%C?,%=>C8,& ',& F,$/C8,& C%< F-, '%<&(=%<& '%)%D#'5C5& '%< C7µ-'%& C%<. B -$'>45J5'5& C:µ-',F('5'-& C%< µ#C- C8 -<'($ '%$ ?5µ(C,%G7=% -I%=1 '%$ 8)-$-)=%C?,%=,Cµ( '5& G=/C5& F-,':$ %=>:$ '%< C7µ-'(& C%<.

64

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

;'5 )<F$%F-'%,F5µ#$5 -<'/ )8=,%G/ '- (=,- µ8'--'>D8$'-, -)( '%$ 8$?,1µ8C% G7=% ':$ C:µ1':$, )%<8>$-, -$',45)'(& µ#C: '5& ->CD5C5& '5& (=-C5&,C'5$ 8),?8=µ>?-, ?,8+8>=%$'-& '5$ ->CD5C5 '5&-I/&. B F>$5C5 ':$ C:µ1':$ C'% G7=% 8>$-, #$'%$5F-, )<F$/, -<'( #G8, :& -)%'#48Cµ- '- C7µ-'- $-#=G%$'-, C8 8)-I/. 0- C7µ-'- C<$-$',%@$'-,,C)=7G$%$'-,, G-P?8@8, '% #$- '% 144%, C'%,G>.%-$'-, ?5µ,%<=+7$'-& #$- 8$,->% C7µ-, ?8$ <)-F%@$C8 F-$#$- 1+=-I% $(µ% +,- '/=5C5 %=,Cµ#$5& -)(-C'-C5& µ8'-"@ '%<&. Q'C, 8$8=+%)%,%@$'-, '- F@'-'-=- '5& 8),?8=µ>?-& F-, '% C7µ- -$',4-µ91$8'-,µ>- $#- G:=,F/ )=%#F'-C/ '%<, +>$8'-, )%µ)(& F-,?#F'5& '%< G7=%< )%< ?=- F-, 9,7$8,.

% "#$%& '()%&

65

B .,4.- I85- %=>.8'-, -)( '% )=7'% (=%I% #:& '-?7µ-'- ':$ F',=>:$. B )48,%J5I>- ':$ F',=>:$ '5&)8=,%G/& 8>$-, F'>=,- '%< ’70, )=75$ 9,%'8G$>8&F-, -)%D/F8&, <)1=G%<$ F-, )%441 F'>=,- )%< G=5-C,µ%)%,%@$'-, :& "8$%?%G8>--%>F%, -$%G/& F-D7&F-, -=F8'1, )-4-,('8=- '%< ’70, 8+F-'-4848,µ-µ#$-, CG8?($ F-'8?-I,Cµ#$- F'>=,-. ;8 -<'/ '5.7$5, )-=-'5=7$'-& µ#C- -)( '- )-=1D<=- ':$ F',-=>:$ -$',4-µ9-$(µ-C'8 ',& C5µ8=,$#& G=/C8,&'%<&, 5 )48,%J5I>- ':$ %=(I:$ G=5C,µ%)%,8>'-,+,- '5 C'#+-C5 "#$:$ F-, :& -)%D/F8&. B )=(C9-C5C8 -<'%@& '%<& G7=%<& 8>$-, CG8?($ -?@$-'5 F-,F=-'8>'-, F48,C'/ -)( '%<& >?,%<& '%<& F-'%>-F%<&, '%$>.%$'-& #'C, '5$ #$'%$5 -$1+F5 '%<& +,-,?,:',F('5'- F-, )=%C'-C>-, -F(µ- F-, '% 94#µµ-'%< )8=-C',F%@ I,4'=1=8'-, -)( F%µµ1',- <I1Cµ--'%& )%< F-4@)'%<$ '- ()%,- -$%>+µ-'- <)1=G%<$C',& 8),I1$8,8& ':$ F',=>:$. B )=%C#++,C5 -<'/&'5& .7$5& +>$8'-, µ#C: ':$ ,C(+8,:$ 8,C(?:$ ':$F',=>:$ '5& ?8@'8=5& .7$5&, C'% 8)>)8?% '%<?=(µ%< (µ:& -<'#& %, 8>C%?%, #G%<$ )8=,CC('8=%'% G-=-F'/=- µ<C',F/& C'%1&, µ8 G-µ54( I:',Cµ(F-, -<"5µ#$5 C<+F#$'=:C5 -$D=7):$. ;'- "8$%?%-G8>--%>F%<& -$%G/& '- ?:µ1',- ':$ %=(I:$ ':$F',=>:$, )%< ?#G%$'-, '%<& )841'8&, G=5C,µ%)%,-%@$'-, ),D-$($ F-, +,- '5$ C'#+-C5-I,4%"8$>- ':$,8=%?%@4:$.

66

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

;'5$ )8=>)':C5 ':$ ,8=%?%@4:$ F-, ':$ -C'#+:$D- µ)%=%@C-µ8 $- )%@µ8 ):& #G8, G-D8> F1D8 #$-$%,- ,?,:',F('5'-& F-, )=%C:),F%@ G7=%<. B )4/-=5& -)%<C>- ,?,:',F/& C'#+5& %?5+8>, F-, ',& ?@%%µ1?8&, C'%<& 8I/µ8=%<& F-, -$-CI-48>& G7=%<&“I,4%"8$>-&” '%<&, 8>'8 )=(F8,'-, +,- '% <)(-C'8+% C8 #$- ?=(µ%, '% >?,% '%<& '% =%@G% )%44#&I%=#&, 8>'8 +,- '% ?:µ1',% 8$(& %>F%< -$%G/&,)%< )=%CI#=8'-, F-, 84#+G8'-, -)( '%$ 8=+%?('5.

% "#$%& '()%&

67

68

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

L,#$µ;1 I'585 ?,A$+'5.

0% C7µ- :& F@=,% 8=+-48>% +,- '5$ )-=-+:+/G:=,F%'/':$.

;'5$ )8=,%G/ )%< 8)8F'8>$8'-, +@=: -)( '5$ %?(O8$1$?=%<, 5 %)%>- -)%'848> F%µ9,F( C5µ8>% C'%F#$'=% '5& )(45&, F-D7& C<$%=8@8, µ8)%4<C@G$-C'8& )8=,%G#&, F-4%@$'-, %, “"#$%,” $-%=+-$7C%<$ '%$ '()% '%<&. M<'( #G8, :&-)%'#48Cµ-, µ#C- -)( '5$ 8F'8'-µ#$5 G=/C5 F-,%,F8,%)%>5C5 '%< ?5µ(C,%< G7=%<, -441 F-, µ#C:'5& ?5µ,%<=+>-&, )=%C:=,$7$ / F-, µ($,µ:$,,?,:',F7$-F%,$%',F7$ G7=:$, $- -$-)'@CC%$'-,,?,->'8=8& CG#C8,& µ8 ',& +@=: +8,'%$,#&, -441F-, $- ?5µ,%<=+%@$'-, µ8'-"@ '%<& C<$8G7&µ8'-9-44(µ8$- F-, -C-I/ (=,-. N-D%=,C',F(&)-=1+%$'-& +,- '5$ µ8'-9%4/ '%<& 8>$-, %,?,-I%=8',F#& G:=,F#& C<$D/F8& F-, 5 -44-+/ ':$G=/C8:$ F-'1 '5 ?,1=F8,- '%< 8,F%C,'8'=-7=%<C'5$ )8=,%G/ '5& O8$1$?=%<, C8 C<$?<-Cµ( µ8 ',&8$-44-+#& ?=1C8:$ C',& +8,'%$,F#& )8=,%G#&, µ8#µI-C5 C'5$ )8=,%G/ '%< \<==/. B µ8'-9%4/ '%<G-=-F'/=- '5& )8=,%G/& 8"-='1'-, -)( '5 ?=1C5F-, -)( '% G7=% )%< F-'-4-µ91$8, F1D8 µ>- -)(',& 8F'%),Cµ#$8& %µ1?8&. !, (=%, F-'%>F5C5&, '5&F1D8 %µ1?-&, C'% ?5µ(C,% G7=% µ)%=%@$ $-8=8<$5D%@$ µ#C- -)( '5$ )-=-'/=5C5 '%<& C'%$'()% F-, '%$ G=($% )%< ?=%<$.

% "#$%& '()%&

71

!, .7$8& #$'-C5& ?=7µ8$:$ C8 -<'/ '5$ )8=,%G/ D-%=,C'%@$ C@µI:$- µ8 ',& ?=1C8,& ':$ %µ1?:$ F-'1'5 ?,1=F8,- '%< 8,F%C,'8'=-7=%<.

! +8$,F(& F-$($-& ':$ ?=1C8:$ C'5$ )8=,%G/ <)--F%@8, C'%<& (=%<& '5& C<$-44-+/&, ?,1D8C5 F-,)-=-4-9/. !, "#$%, 8"<)5=8'%@$ -<'( '% D8Cµ(,C'% ?5µ(C,% G7=%, -)( '5$ U8<'#=- #:& F-, '5$N<=,-F/. B N<=,-F/, )#=- -)( ',& 8µ)%=,F#& '%<&?=-C'5=,('5'8&, #G8, +,- -<'%@& #$- ,8=( G-=--F'/=- F-, -)%'848> µ#=- "8F%@=-C5& F-, 8"(?%<.“P &7'(* .,$()?-34!<,- µ7?, ?! (1%+16$6 <6'-?<($5, <6* (-+('(µ5,* @* 7µ.($(* +,- ,'<5?<(-",( 7µ.($(* .,$()?-34!<,- @* &7'(*”18 , µ#C- -)(-<'/ '5 I=1C5 '%< G.Simmel -$',4-µ9-$(µ-C'8 '5$,?,->'8=5 CG#C5 '%< "#$%< µ8 '% 8µ)(=,%. 0%8µ)(=,% ?8 µ8'-I=1.8'-, µ8 '%$ >?,% '=()% C'5?<',F/ F%,$:$>-, #G%$'-& µ%$%C/µ-$'5 #$$%,-, C8CG#C5 µ8 '5 4#"5 bazaar. !, 8D,Cµ#$%, C8 %<C>8&)=-+µ-'%)%,%@$ ',& C<$-44-+#& C'% ?5µ(C,% G7=%,C8 C'8$%@& ?=(µ%<&, ()%< 5 )=(C9-C5 ':$ -<'%F,-$/':$ 8>$-, µ8,:µ#$5 F-, C'5 C'%1, ()%< 5 %=--'('5'- -)( '%<& )8=-C',F%@& 8>$-, )8=,%=,Cµ#$5.!, C<$-44-+#& '5& %µ1?-& -<'/& +>$%$'-, µ#C:8µ)(=%<, )%< µ8'-F,$8>'-, C<$8G7& F-, 9=>CF8, %>?,%& '%<& -+%=-C'#&, 8$7 -<'%> 9=>CF%$'-, CG8-?($ µ($,µ- C8 C<+F8F=,µ#$- C5µ8>- '5& )8=,%G/&.!, ,8=(?%<48&, µ8 '5$ )=%CI%=1 '%< C7µ-'%& '%<&,µ8 '% -F>$5'%, C:µ-',F1 F<$5+5'(, +,- '5$ 8@=8C5)84-'7$,

72

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

18 George Simmel, 9+,#2<A5-$- $.- 5+'.+,#/3.-.%.MD/$-: M48"1$?=8,-, 2004, C84.41.

)=%C?>?%<$ C'% G7=% ?=1C5& '%<& µ,- C'-',F/?<$-µ,F/, '- C7µ-'- '%<& C<C)8,=7$%<$ ',&-,CD5'5=,-F#& '%<& ,F-$('5'8&. O8 -<'( '%$ '=()%?5µ,%<=+%@$ #$- )%4@ %=,Cµ#$% G7=% C<$-44-+/&µ8 F#$'=% '% C7µ- '%<&. B ?=1C5 -<'/ "8F,$1 -)(',& )=7'8& 9=-?,$#& 7=8& #:& '% )=:>.6-=-'5=%@µ8, C'5 )8=,%G/, '5$ @)-="5 )%447$?,-I%=8',F7$ '=():$ ?,1D8C5& 8µ)%=8<µ1':$, )%<8"-='1'-, -)( '5$ "8$,F/ µ%=I/ '%< 8µ)%=>%<. B?=1C5 '5& %µ1?-& ':$ -C'#+:$ ?8 +>$8'-,-$',45)'/ µ#C: '5& 8)-I/& µ8 -<'%@&, 8I(C%$ 5?=1C5 '%<& 8>$-, )8=,%=,Cµ#$5, -441 µ#C: '5&)-=%<C>-& '%< F',=>%< )%< C'8+1.8, '% C<CC>',%':$ -C'#+:$.

% "#$%& '()%&

73

B µ#/,;.+,-1 0/.%$-1 -441 C<+G=($:& F-, µ+&%<>-.+,-1 05.%$-1 I85- 8>$-, 5 ?,-C'-@=:C5 ':$ %?7$O8$1$?=%< F-, ;%I%F4#%<&. EF8> C<$-$'1µ8 '- µ8-+-4@'8=- F-'-C'/µ-'- "#$:$, )%44#& <)->D=,8&-+%=#& F-, F-'1 C<$#)8,- '5 µ8+-4@'8=5 C<CC7-=8<C5 F(Cµ%<, ',& 7=8& 48,'%<=+>-& ':$ F-'-C'5-µ1':$. M)( -<'%@& '%<& ?@% %?,F%@& 1"%$8&?,#=G%$'-, %, )8=,CC('8=%, )8=-C',F%> F-D7& F-,'- µ#C- µ-.,F/& µ8'-I%=1&, )%< %?5+%@$ C'5$ )8-=,%G/, F-, '- )8=,CC('8=- -<'%F>$5'-. !, 8),-CF#)'8& #=G%$'-, C'5 )8=,%G/ F<=>:& +,- $--+%=1C%<$ ?,1I%=- )=%P($'-, µ#C: -<'/& '5& ?=1-C5& '%<& <,%D8'%@$ '% =(4% '%< "#$%< )%< 8,C#=-G8'-, C8 #$-$ "#$% +,- -<'%@& '()%. O#C: '%<8µ)%=>%< #G%<$ %, %,F,%)%5D8> '% G7=% C8 '#'%,%9-Dµ( )%< % 8),CF#)'5& 8>$-, "#$%& :& )=%& '5$#- -<'/ G:=,F/ )=-+µ-',F('5'-. M<'( #G8, :&-)%'#48Cµ- '5$ #$'%$5 8)-I/ µ8'-"@ “$'(),:$” F-,“"#$:$”, F-D7& F-, '5$ #$'%$5 8)-I/ µ8'-"@ -$-D=7),$%< F-, µ5G-$,F%@ C7µ-'%&. 6-=-'5=%@µ8 (',,F-, C',& ?<% )8=,)'7C8,&, '- C7µ-'- )%< #=G%$'-,C8 8)-I/ 8>$-, "#$- µ8'-"@ '%<& F-, F-4%@$'-, $-9=%<$ #$- F%,$( '()% C<$8@=8C5& F-, ?,-4(+%<.

0,& )=:,$#& 7=8& 5 -$D=7),$5 )-=%<C>- F-'-F4@.8,'% F#$'=% -<'/& '5& )8=,%G/&, µ8'-$1C'8& F-, '%-",F%µ-$8>& ?5µ,%<=+%@$ µ>- µ1.- C:µ1':$, )%< +>-$8'-, '%>G%& +,- '- "#$- )=%& -<'%@& C'%,G8>-,)=%C'-'8@%$'-& '5$ )8=,%G/ '%<&. M<'/ 5 F-'%>-F5C5 '%< ?5µ%C>%< F-'-?8,F$@8, µ,- -$'>45J5 F-,

74

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

?(µ5C5 '%< G7=%< )%< I-$8=7$8, C'%,G8>- -445-4%8,CG7=5C5& ?,-I%=8',F7$ )%4,',Cµ7$.

;'5$ #$'%$5 C<CC7=8<C5 -$D=7):$ C'5$ F8$'=,F/“)4-'8>-” C<$'848> 5 F,$5',F('5'- ':$ "#$:$ C'%G7=%. 0,& )8=,CC('8=8& I%=#& +$:=>.%<$ % #$-&'%$ 144%, 8),CF#)'%$'-, '% F-'1C'5µ- '%< I>4%<'%<& F-, F-'1 '5 ?,1=F8,- '%< ?,-48>µµ-'%& C<-$-$',%@$'-, C'- )8.%?=(µ,- F-, C'%<& ?=(µ%<& +,-$- J<G-+:+5D%@$ F-, $- C<.5'/C%<$, µ8 ?5µ%I,4#-C'8=5 '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<. EF8> 9=>CF8'-, F-, '%µ%$-?,F( ,$?,F( ?,CF%):48>% '5& )8=,%G/&, '%%)%>% #G8, µ8+145 8µ9#48,- /G%<. B <)8=1C),C5'5& '-<'('5'-& -<'/& '5& )8=,%G/& C<$'848>'-,F-, µ#C: '5& 5G5',F/& 8)#$?<C5& '5&.

0- 1'%µ- 8D5Cµ#$- C8 %<C>8& F-'%,F%@$ '5 )=7'5.7$5 F<=>:& ',& 9=-?,$#& 7=8& ()%< '- F-'-C'/-µ-'- #G%<$ F48>C8, F-, 5 ?,#48<C5 '%< F(Cµ%<8>$-, µ,F=('8=5. ;8 -<'/ '5 .7$5 ?8$ 8>$-, -,-CD5'/ 5 )-=%<C>- ':$ ,8=%?%@4:$ %@'8 F-, 5 )--=%<C>- ':$ -C'#+:$. 0% 9=1?< µ8,7$8'-, % -=,Dµ(&':$ µ8'-$-C'7$, C8 C<$?<-Cµ( µ8 '5$ -<"5µ#$5 )--=%<C>- -C'<$%µ,F7$ %=+1$:$, )%< “84#+G%<$” '5$)8=,%G/.

;'5 ?,-C'-@=:C5 ':$ %?7$ O8$1$?=%< F-, ;%I%F4#-%<& 5 )-=%<C>- ':$ "#$:$ 8>$-, 8$'%$('8=5. !,?=1C8,& )%< )=-+µ-'%)%,%@$'-,, (4% '% 8,F%C,'8-'=1:=%, -$-?8,F$@%<$ '5$ -$1+F5 ?,8F?>F5C5& '%<G7=%< µ#C: '5& #$'%$5& G=/C5& '%< C7µ-'%&.

% "#$%& '()%&

75

R& ?+>.+,- I85- 05.%$-1 ?,8µ+5'5 %=>.%<µ8 #$-?>F'<% %?7$ )%< 8)8F'8>$8'-, -"%$,F1 -)( '% F#-$'=%, )8=,4-µ91$8, '% µ/F%& '5& %?%@ ;%I%F4#%<&,-)( '5$ %?( S8=-$>%< :& '5$ 68,=-,7&, '% µ/F%&'5& O8$1$?=%<, -)( '5$ %?(& ;-)I%@& :& '5 68,-=-,7&, '5$ %?( S8=-$>%<, '5$ %?( ;-)I%@&, '%,)-=-F8>µ8$% C'5$ %?( ;%I%F4#%<&, F%µµ1', '5&)4-'8>-& W81'=%< F-D7& F-, '5 C'%1 )%< ',& C<$-?#8,.

N-'1 µ/F%& ',& %?%@ ;%I%F4#%<& C<$-$'1µ8 '- )8-=,CC('8=- F-'-C'/µ-'- µ8'-$-C'7$, %, 8),+=-I#&,µ8 '%<& "8$(+4:CC%<& G-=-F'/=8& F-, ',& .:5=#&G=:µ-',F1 )-=-C'1C8,& C8 C<$?<-Cµ( µ8 ',& #$'%-$8& µ<=:?,#& I-+5'7$ F-, µ)-G-=,F7$ C8 µ8'-I#-=%<$ C8 #$- "#$% '()%. B ?=1C5 ':$ '%",F%µ-$7$C'5$ )8=,%G/, +>$8'-, -$',45)'/ µ#C: '%< F',=>%<!.NM.[M., '% %)%>% F-, 8),CF#)'%$'-, µ,- I%=1'5 µ#=-19 . B 8,F%C,'8'=1:=5 )-=-µ%$/ '%<& C'5)8=,%G/ ?,F-,%4%+8>'-, -)( '% +8+%$(& (', 5 )8-=,%G/ #G8, 8"84,GD8> C8 G7=% <)%?%G/& F%,$:$,F18F'%),Cµ#$:$ %µ1?:$. B ?=1C5 ':$ -C'#+:$ +>$8'-,-$',45)'/ C8 ?<% G=%$,F#& C',+µ#& ',& µ#=-&.;',& ?@% '% µ8C5µ#=, )=%CI#=8'-, -)( '% ;<CC>',%':$ MC'#+:$ '%< ?/µ%< MD5$7$, )%< C'8+1.8'-, C'5)8=,%G/ µ84#'5& µ-&, '% +8@µ- (C:$ 8>$-, F-'--+8+=-µµ#$%, :& 1)%=%, F-, C',& 6 +8@µ- C8 ()%,%$8),D<µ8>.

76

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

19 O>- I%=1, µ#C- C8 #$- 8,F%C,'8'=1:=%, %=>.8'-,, C@µI:$-µ8 '%<& <)-44/4%<& '%< F#$'=%<, 5 <)%G=8:',F/ 8)>CF8J5 ':$-'(µ:$ )%< #G%<$ 8D,C'8> C8 %<C>8& C'% F#$'=% !.NM.[M.,('-$ C<µµ8'#G%<$ C8 C<+F8F=,µ#$% )=(+=-µµ- -)8"1='5C5&.

B %?(& S8=-$>%<, #:& '5$ ?,-C'-@=:C/ '5& µ8 '5$%?( M$-"-+(=-, #G8, µ8'-I=-C'8> :& '()%& ':$ [,-+5=,-$7$ '5& )8=,%G/&. EF8> C<$-$',%@$'-, F<-=>:& ',& )=:,$#& 7=8& F-, 8F8> 9=>CF%$'-, F-, '-F-'-C'/µ-'1 '%<&. 0% 9=1?< F-'%,F%@$ '% ?=(µ%'%",F%µ-$8>&, ),D-$($ -<'( #G8, 1µ8C5 CG#C5 µ8'% CF%'8,$( )8=,9144%$ '%< ?=(µ%<, )%< ?5µ,%<=-+8>'-, 8"-,'>-& '5& C'8$('5'1& F-, '%< µ5 F-4%@I:',Cµ%@ '%<. !, µ8'-$1C'8& I->$%$'-, 8"%,F8,:-µ#$%, µ8 '5$ )-=%<C>- -'(µ:$ )%< 8µ)%=#<%$<-,F-, G=5C,µ%)%,%@$ '%",F#& %<C>8&, )-=(4% )%<-<'/ +>$8'-, )%44#& I%=#& 8),./µ,- +,- '- F-'--C'/µ-'1 '%<&. ;8 -<'/ '5$ )8=,%G/ 5 F1D8 %µ1?-“"#$:$” #G8, F-'-4198, '% G7=% '5& F-, '%$ <)8-=-C)>.8'-, µ#C: '5& F-'%>F5C5& '5& F-, '5& C5-µ-'%?('5C5& '%< ?5µ(C,%< G7=%<.

B %?(& ;-)I%@&, C8 (4% '5& '% µ/F%&, -)( '5$)4-'8>- N%<µ%<$?%@=%< #:& F-, '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<,#G8, #$'%$5 F,$5',F('5'- F-, 8µ)%=,F/ G=/C5.EF8> 9=>CF%$'-, '% µ%$-?,F( ,$?,F( ?,CF%):48>%'5& )8=,%G/&, C'5 ?,-C'-@=:C5 ':$ ?<% %?7$, #$-,$?,F( video club, 5 C'%1 8)> '5& %?%@ ;-)I%@&,?8$ I->$8'-, $- #G8, F-, F1)%,- 1445 G=/C5, )#=--)( '5$ 8µ)%=,F/, '%<41G,C'%$ ',& )=:,$#& 7=8&,F-D7& F-, #$- F%<=?,F( 8C',-'(=,% F-, )4/D%&144:$ F-'-C'5µ1':$ ':$ "#$:$ '5& )8=,%G/&. ;'5$?,-C'-@=:C5 '5& %?%@ ;-)I%@& µ8 ',& %?%@& N%=>-$5& F-, E),F%@=%< 9=>CF8'-, '% M$%,G'( 6%4<,--'=8>%, '% %)%>% µ#C: '5& ?=1C5& '%<.

% "#$%& '()%&

77

8$,CG@8, '5$ '-<'('5'- '5& )8=,%G/&, :& G7=%&<)%?%G/& F1D8 8F'%),Cµ#$5& F-, )8=,D:=,%)%,5µ#-$5& %µ1?-& -$D=7):$, C'5 )(45 '5& MD/$-&. ;'5$%?( ;-)I%@& <)1=G%<$ F-, 144%, G7=%, )%< I->$8-'-, $- F-'%,F%@$'-, -)( '%<& "#$%<&, %, %)%>%,(µ:& F=-'%@$'-, F48,C'%> F-, -)=%C)#4-C'%, C8F1D8 “"#$%” +,- '%<& >?,%<&. ;'% ?=(µ%, F-'1 ',&)=:,$#& 7=8&, )-=-'5=%@µ8 #$'%$5 F,$5',F('5'-':$ F-'%>F:$, F<=>:& C'5$ F-'8@D<$C5 -)( '5$)4-'8>- N%<µ%<$?%@=%< )=%& '% F#$'=% '5& )8=,%-G/& µ84#'5& µ-&, '5 ?,-C'-@=:C5 ':$ %?7$ O8$1$-?=%< F-, ;%I%F4#%<&. Z45 '5 ?,1=F8,- '5& 5µ#=-&F-, F<=>:& ',& 9=-?,$#& 7=8&, % G7=%& '%< ,$?,-F%@ ?,CF%):48>%< F-, % ?5µ(C,%& G7=%& +@=: -)('% F-'1C'5µ- µ8'-I=1.%$'-, C8 C'#F, F-, G7=% J<-G-+:+>-& ':$ "#$:$ µ8'-$-C'7$ '5& )8=,%G/&. Bµ8+145 8µ9#48,- ':$ ?,F7$ '%<& 5G5',F7$ -F%<-Cµ1':$ F-D7& F-, 5 8F'8'-µ#$5 F-'%>F5C5 '%< ?5-µ(C,%< G7=%<, -)( '% #$- )8.%?=(µ,% :& '%-)#$-$',, C<µ)8=,4-µ9-$%µ#$%< F-, '%< ?=(µ%<,-$-?8,F$@%<$ '5$ "8G:=,C'/ '%<& '-<'('5'- F-,-$'>45J5 +,- '5 ?%µ/ F-, G=/C5 8$(& G7=%<, F-,D#'%<$ $#8& )-=-µ#'=%<& C'%<& (=%<& F>$5C5& F-,G:=%D#'5C5& C'5$ )8=,%G/.

B )4-'8>- W81'=%< 48,'%<=+8> :& F(µ9%&, )%<C<$?#8, '5$ )8=,%G/ µ-& µ8 '5$ )8=,%G/ '%<\<==/. M)( '5$ µ,- )48<=1 '5& '- F'>=,- F-, %?5µ(C,%& G7=%& G=5C,µ%)%,%@$'-, -)( $#%<&, F<-=>:&, MD5$->%<&, :& )=%%=,Cµ%> 9=-?,$/& ?,-CF#-?-C5&, 8$7 -)( '5$ 1445 )48<=1, ()%< F-,

78

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

9=>CF8'-, F-, 5 C'%1, 5 )4-'8>- #G8,“F-'-45ID8>” -)( ',& 8F'%),Cµ#$8& F%,$:$,F1%µ1?8&, )%< F-'%,F%@$ '5$ )8=,%G/ µ84#'5& µ-&.Q'C, 5 '-<'('5'- '5& )4-'8>-& ?,G1.8'-,, F-,F<=>:& '% 9=1?<, ('-$ +8µ>.8, F-, 5 )8=,%G/ '%<\<==/, -$-?8,F$@8'-, 5 ?,-I%=8',F('5'- C'5$-$'>45J5 F-, ?(µ5C5 '%< G7=%< µ8'-"@ ':$ E44/$:$F-, ':$ "#$:$ '5& )8=,%G/& +@=: -)( '5$ %?(O8$1$?=%<.

;8 -<'/ '5 .7$5 #$'-C5& ?=7µ8$:$ )-=-'5=%@µ8 (',5 F@=,- G=/C5 '%< ?5µ(C,%< F-, ':$ ,?,:',F7$G7=:$, C'- ,C(+8,- ':$ F',=>:$, 8"<)5=8'8>F<=>:& '5$ 48,'%<=+>- '%< 8µ)%=>%<. W-µ)%=%@C-µ8 $- )%@µ8 ):& 5 ?,-C'-@=:C5 ':$ %?7$O8$1$?=%< F-, ;%I%F4#%<&, )%< -$/F%<$ C'5$ )=7'5.7$5 #$'-C5& ?=7µ8$:$, -)%'848> '5$ )4-'8>-, '%$'()% C<$1$'5C5& C'5 +8,'%$,1 )%< #G%<$?5µ,%<=+/C8, %, “"#$%,”. E>$-, % G7=%&J<G-+:+>-& C'5 ?,1=F8,- '%< ?,-448>µ-'%& / C'%CG(4-Cµ-, '% C'-D8=( C5µ8>% -$-I%=1& +,- (4%<&'%<& F-'%>F%<& '5& )8=,%G/& · 8$7 8I/µ8=-?5µ,%<=+%@$'-, F-, C8 ?,1I%=- 144- C5µ8>- '5&)8=,%G/& G7=%, C'1C5&-C'#F,- ':$ F-'%>F:$.

% "#$%& '()%&

79

R& .,4.-, F-, '848<'->-, I85- 05.%$-1 ?,8µ+5'5%=>.%<µ8 #$- )4#+µ- %?7$, C'%<& %)%>%<& %, ?=1-C8,& ':$ "#$:$, 8)8F'8>$%$'-, -"%$,F1 F-, µ8µ8>:C5 '5& #$'-C5& '%<&, µ#G=, '5$ C<$1$'5C/'%<& µ8 ',& +@=: )8=,%G#&.

!, ?=1C8,& F-, 5 F,$5',F('5'- ':$ F-'%>F:$ 8)8-F'8>$%$'-, F<=>:& C',& %?%@& E<=,)>?%<, M=,C'%-I1$%<& F-, +@=: -)( '5$ )4-'8>- N%<µ%<$?%@=%<,-441 F-, C',& 8$?,1µ8C8&, -CD8$#C'8=5& F,$5',-F('5'-& F-, F-'%>F5C5&, %?%@& M,CG@4%<, ;-==/,;-G'%@=5, E),F%@=%< F-, M$-"-+(=-.

B %?(& E<=,)>?%<, )-=144545 C'5$ %?( ;%I%F4#%<&I,4%"8$8> -=F8'1 F-'-C'/µ-'- "#$:$, -)( F,$#.,-F#& -+%=#& :& F-, F=8%):48>%, C'5 ?,-C'-@=:C/'5& µ8 '5$ %?( M,CG@4%<. ! ?=(µ%& G-=-F'5=>.8-'-,, F<=>:& ',& )=:,$#& 7=8&, -)( '5$ #$'%$5 )--=%<C>- "#$:$ -441 F-, -=F8'7$ E44/$:$µ8 CF%)('% 8µ)(=,%. B G=/C5 '%< ?5µ(C,%< G7=%< 8"<)5=8-'8> '% 8µ)(=,% F-D7& ?8$ -)%'848> C5µ-$',F( G7=%C'1C5& F-, C<$8@=8C5& ':$ F-'%>F:$. 6#=- -)( '-"#$- F-'-C'/µ-'-, 8?7, F-D7& F-, C'5$ )-=-F8>-µ8$5 )48<=1 '5& )4-'8>-& W81'=%<, I,4%"8$%@$'-,"8$%?%G8>-, )%< 48,'%<=+%@$ )4#%$ :& %>F%, -$%-G/& F-, $<G'8=,$1 )%'%):48>-, #'C, F-'1 ',& 9=--?,$#& 7=8& %, G=/C'8& ':$ %?7$ 8>$-, F<=>:&,8=(?%<48& F-, Q445$8& )%< -)%'8-

80

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

4%@$ '5$ )84-'8>- F-, ':$ ?@%. B %?(& E<=,)>?%<-)%'848> #$- =8<C'( (=,% µ8'-"@ ':$ )8=,%G7$ '%<\<==/ F-, '5& )8=,%G/& ':$ 8F'%),Cµ#$:$ -$D=7):$+@=: -)( '5$ %?( O8$1$?=%<.;'5$ %?( M=,C'%I1$%<&, C'% C5µ8>% '%µ/& '5& µ8'5$ %?( ;-==/ 9=>CF8'-, '% '848<'->% µ-+-.> '5&)8=,%G/&, )=,$ -)( '% %=,C',F( )#=-Cµ- C'%<\<==/. Q$- ,$?,F( )-=-?%C,-F( F%<=8>%, µ8 '%($%µ- Jamina, C5µ-'%?%'8> '% '#4%& '5& )8=,%G/&F-, '%< G7=%< I,4%"8$>-& '5& ?,-I%=8',F('5'-&':$ "#$:$ %µ1?:$.

B )4-'8>- N%<µ%<$?%@=%< -)%'848> G7=% C<$8@=8C5&F-, )8=,)1'%< +,- '%<& "#$%<&, 8I(C%$ 8F8>F-'-4/+8, 5 )48,%J5I>- ':$ %?7$ )%< ?=%<$ F-,F-'%,F%@$, F-D7& F-, <)1=G8, F-, )4/D%&F-'-C'5µ1':$ F-, F-I8$8>:$ ':$ "#$:$, ()%<µ)%=%@$ $- J<G-+:+5D%@$ F-, $- C<$-$'5D%@$ µ8'%<& I>4%<& '%<&.

0- (=,- '5& )8=,%G/& )%< 8)8F'8>$%$'-, :& ',&<)(4%,)8& %?%@&, ?8$ 8>$-, -<C'5=1 %=,Cµ#$-,-441 C<$8G7& µ8'-9-44(µ8$- 4(+: '5& #$'%$5&?=1C5& -441 F-, 8µ)%=,F/& F-, F%,$:$,F/&-$1)'<"5& ':$ "#$:$, (µ:& ()%< <)1=G%<$,-$-?<F$8>%<$ "8F1D-=- '5$ '-<'('5'- '5&)8=,%G/&. ;'5$ )8=,%G/ +@=: -)( '5$ O8$1$?=%<%, µ8'-$1C'8&, %, ,8=(?%<48&, %, 1C'8+%, -441F-,

% "#$%& '()%&

81

F1D8 )8=,D:=,%)%,5µ#$5 %µ1?- -$D=7):$ #G%<$ C<-$-$'/C8, #$- G7=% <)%?%G/& F-, I,4%"8$>-&, #G%<$?5µ,%<=+/C8, '%$ '()% '%<&, µ8 '5$ ?,F/ '%< "8-G:=,C'/ '-<'('5'-.

82

M$14<C5 '5& )8=,%G/& µ84#'5&

"24<3&31

B %,F,C',F/ -$1)'<"5, )%< )=-+µ-'%)%,8>'-, C'%$-C',F( G7=% '5& MD/$-&, C<$8G>.8'-, µ8 +%=+%@&=<Dµ%@&. Z48& -<'#& %, %µ1?8& -$D=7):$, µ#C- -)('5$ ?,-I%=8',F/ -$'>45J5 +,- '5$ F-'%>F5C5 F-,'5 ?=1C5 C'% ?5µ(C,%, C5µ-C,%?%'%@$ '%$ G7=% )%<?=%<$. O#C: '5& ?,F/& '%<& '-<'('5'-&, )%< I#=8,C'%,G8>- '5& F%<4'%@=-&, /D5 F-, #D,µ- ':$ G:=7$F-'-+:+/& '%<& 8)5=81.%<$ F-, 8)-$-)=%C?,%=>-.%<$ '5$ <)1=G%<C- '-<'('5'- '5& )8=,%G/& -<'/&µ#C- C'% F#$'=% '5& )(45&.

B %,F,C',F/ -$1)'<"5, )%< )=-+µ-'%)%,8>'-, C'%$-C',F( G7=% '5& MD/$-&, C<$8G>.8'-, µ8 +%=+%@&=<Dµ%@&. Z48& -<'#& %, %µ1?8& -$D=7):$, µ#C- -)('5$ ?,-I%=8',F/ -$'>45J5 +,- '5$ F-'%>F5C5 F-,'5 ?=1C5 C'% ?5µ(C,%, C5µ-C,%?%'%@$ '%$ G7=% )%<?=%<$. EFI=1.%<$ '5$ '-<'('5'- '%<&, )%< I#=8,C'%,G8>- '5& F%<4'%@=-&, /D5 F-, #D,µ- ':$ G:=7$F-'-+:+/& '%<&, µ#C: '5& #$'%$5& G=/C5& '%< C7-µ-'%& F-, 8)5=81.%<$ '5$ <)1=G%<C- '-<'('5'- '5&)8=,%G/& -<'/&, µ#C- C'% F#$'=% '5& )(45&, 8)--$-)=%C?,%=>.%$'-& '5$.

B )%4<µ%=I>- '5& MD/$-& C<$-$'1'-, C'% -=G,'8-F'%$,F( '%)>%, C'%<& -$D=7)%<& )%< '5 9,7$%<$F-, C'5 ?=1C5 '%<&.

“B )(4,& 8>$-, )%44-)4/”20. B -$1+F5 +,- ?,-G:-=,Cµ( )=%?>?8, '5$ -?<$-µ>- F-'-$(5C5& '5& )%-4<µ%=I>-&. B )%4<µ%=I>- 8>$-, '% C<$D8',F(C'%,G8>% '5& )(45&, %)('8 +,- $- 9,7C8,& '5$

% "#$%& '()%&

87

20 Massimo Cacciari, C,:#20<%&31. MD/$-: 0=-<4(&,0001999, C84.29.

)(45, $- +>$8,& F%,$:$(& '5& ?5µ(C,-& .:/&, )=#-)8, $- F-'-$%/C8,& '5$ )%4<µ%=I>- -<'/, #'C,7C'8 $- 8),'8<GD8> % “?,14%+%&” µ8 '5$ )(45. !?,14%+%& 8µ)8=,#G8, '% 4(+%, 8>$-, CG#C5 F-,-$-4%+>- µ8'-"@ ?@% '():$. !, F-$($8& 8$(& “?,--4(+%<” 8>$-, 5 C<µµ8'%G/ 8)> >C%,& (=%,& ':$8µ)48F%µ#$:$.

! 4(+%& 8>$-, '% 8=+-48>% '%< C7µ-'%& +,- '5$-)%F:?,F%)%>5C5 F-, C5µ-'%?('5C5 '%< G7=%<. O#C:':$ -,CD/C8:$ '% C7µ- -$-+$:=>.8, #$- G7=% F-,'%)%D8'8>'-, µ#C- C8 -<'($. Z'-$ 5 G=/C5 '%< C7-µ-'%& C'% '=()% F-'%>F5C5& 8$(& G7=%< 8>$-,#$'%$5, '('8 -<'( -$-?8,F$@8'-, C8 F<=>-=G% µ#C%+,- '% µ8'-CG5µ-',Cµ( '%< C8 '()%.

88

"24<3&31

D#E<#3&,%F4%

XY Eurostat, 2003, <http://www.eurostat.eu>,population and social conditions.

Z[ U/µ5'=- O-F=<$,7'5 (8),µ.), O% ;,#% .3B $8µ%.31:K#+2#$.-µ35#/01 2,3$+&&4$+#1. MD/$-: [/C%&, 2004.

\] ;'-@=%& ;'-<=>?5&, = $BµE3<#/( $:0$- µ+ .3 :8,3.981 3# /3#5'5#/01 %64+1 ?#%µ3,F853B5 /%#+,µ-5+>3B5 .3 :8,3. MD/$-: N149%&, 1990

^_ Henry G. Liddell-Robert Scott, @0&% <+6#/;5 .-1+<<-5#/(1 &<8$$-1. MD/$-: A. ;,?#=5&.

`a U.O.O-=:$>'5& (µ8'1I=.), S.O.A+$-',1?5& F.-.,Lµ(,3B L?>$$+#%. MD/$-: !=+-$,Cµ(& EF?(C8:$U,?-F',F7$ *,94>:$, 2006 (#F?%C5 X)

__ Massimo Cacciari, C,:#20<%&31. MD/$-: 0=-<4(&,0001999.

bc U.O.O-=:$>'5& (µ8'1I=.), S.O.A+$-',1?5& F.-.,Lµ(,3B L?>$$+#%. MD/$-: !=+-$,Cµ(& EF?(C8:$U,?-F',F7$ *,94>:$, 2006(#F?%C5 X).

^Z MD. O-=91F5&, @+.%5A$.+1 $.-5 "<<A?%. MD/$-:E445$,F1 S=1µµ-'-, 2001.

de S. O)-µ),$,7'5, N+6#/; .-1 50%1 +<<-5#/(1 &<8$$%1.MD/$-: N#$'=% 48",F%4%+>-& E.6.E,1998.

fg Giorgio Agamben, = @LPQ=-O=R-ST=R. MD/$-:E48<D8=,-F/ N%<4'%@=-.

hi ]=,C'>$- O-=-D%@, V,($+#1 .3B %$.#/3> :8,3B /%#+J5323<#.#$µ#/( .%B.;.-.%: = /3#5;.-.% .'5@2%5&/<%5.+$#%585 $.-5 CJ(5%. (K#2<'µ%.#/(+,&%$4%). MD/$-: 2004

!7) George Simmel, 9+,#2<A5-$- $.- 5+'.+,#/3.-.%.MD/$-: M48"1$?=8,-, 2004.