the islamic community + caliphs
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every thing about khalifas and whole islamic community syllabus of olevelTRANSCRIPT
THE FIRST ISALMIC COMMUNITY INCLUDING THE CALIPHS
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHYMUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHYMUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHYMUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY----UDUDUDUD----DINDINDINDIN
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:TABLE OF CONTENTS:TABLE OF CONTENTS:TABLE OF CONTENTS:
The First Muslim Community
Sr. No Topic Page No.
1) Hazrat Abu Talib (3)
2) Hazrat Bilal (3)
3) Hazrat Abu Sufiyan (4)
4) Hazrat Hamza (7)
5) Hazrat Zaid bin Sabit (7)
6) Hazrat Abu Huraira (18)
7) Hazrat Sulaiman Farsi (19)
8) The Ansar (4)
9) The Muhajireen (6)
10) Wives of the Holy Prophet (14)
11) Scribes of the Holy Prophet (12)
12) The Ten Blessed Companions (9)
13) Descendants of the Holy Prophet (20)
The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs
14) Hazrat Abu Bakar Saddique (23)
15) Hazrat Umar Bin Khattab (26)
16) Hazrat Usman Ghani (31)
17) Hazrat Ali Al-Murtaza (33)
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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Explain the importance of the following personalities during the lifetime of the Prophet:
i. Abu Talib [4]
ii. Bilal [4]
iii. Abu Sufiyan [4]
iv. The Ansar [4]
(May 2005)
i) Abu Talib was the Prophet's paternal uncle. He brought up the Prophet after the death
of his grandfather Abdul Muttalib. Abu Talib showed him immense love and affection like a
real father, while bringing him up and at times even preferred Muhammad over his own sons.
The Prophet never felt an orphan when he was in Abu Talib's home. Abu Talib not only
looked after him but also canned him as a merchant. He took him with him to his trade
journeys where the Prophet learnt the art of trading during these journeys. One such journey
was to Syria, when the Prophet was twelve years old and they met a Christian monk Mahaira
at Musra, who told Abu Talib to take care of Muhammad and to keep him away from Jews.
Abu Talib also made arrangements for the Prophet's marriage with Khatijah. When the
Prophet started preaching openly at Makkah, the people of Makkah turned against him and
his followers, the Prophet was saved from physical torture due to the political support he had
from Abu Talib. The people of Makkah asked Abu Talib to let go of his support of his
nephew or refrain him from preaching Islam. But on seeing the devotion of Muhammad
towards preaching Islam he said to Muhammad, 'Go and preach what you please, by Allah I
will not forsake you." He continued to support the Prophet during the persecutions and did
not let go of his support even during the boycott of Banu Hashim which lasted for three years
during which they were forced to live in a narrow gorge by the name of Shib Abi Talib and
no one was allowed to talk, send food or drink, intermarry or trade with any person of Banu
Hashim. When Abu Talib died in the 10th year of Prophethood, the Prophet declared it a
Year of Sorrow he no longer received the support of his loving uncle. Although Abu Talib
never openly accepted Islam but Shias believe that he had converted to Islam secretly.
ii) Bilal was amongst the first seven converts to Islam. When his master Umaiyah bin
Khalaf came to know of his conversion he persecuted him mercilessly by making him lay
down on the hot desert under the scorching sun and placing huge rocks on his chest but Bilal
never renounced his faith but instead he would shout, "Allah is One, Allah is One." And his
master would lash him at night. He migrated with the Prophet to Madinah. He had a fine
Biological Account
Real name: Abd Munaf
Date of Birth: 536 AD
Relationship with the Prophet: Paternal Uncle
Sons: 4 sons; Talib, Jafir, Aqueel, Ali
Daughters: 2 daughters; Umm Hani, Jamana
Died in: 621 AD
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voice and was the first Muezzin to call Muslims for congregational prayer at Masjid-e-Nabvi.
He took part in all the battles fought during the lifetime of the Prophet including the battle of
Badr during which he killed his master Umaiyah bin Khalaf and his son Ali. He was a
witness of the Treaty of Hudabiya. He was amongst the three with whom the Prophet entered
Makkah after its conquest in 10 AH. The Prophet then ordered Bilal to climb up the Ka'aba
and call the Muslims for congregational prayer. He was appointed by the Prophet as the first
in charge of Bait-ul-Maal and his household. He was a body guard of the Prophet and one of
his fourteen escorts. He was one of those who performed the funeral rites of the Prophet.
.
iii) Abu Sufiyan was a leader of Banu Umayyah. He was a rich and respected merchant
who often led caravans for trade to other countries particularly Syria. He was one of the
bitterest enemies of the Prophet and very hostile towards Islam in its early stages. He
indirectly brought about the battle of Badr in 2 AH. He asked the Quraish for protection
against a possible interception by the Prophet to his trade caravan from Syria which belonged
to the Quraish. Although the caravan was safe, the Quraish insisted on fighting. He led the
Quraish armies at the battles of Uhad in 3 AH and Trench in 5 AH. On his request the
Prophet granted the Quraish 500 gold coins and asked the chief of Najad, Thamana bin Uthal
to provided them with wheat and other eatables when Arab was struck with a terrible famine.
He went to Madinah and tried to convince first Umm Habiba, then Abu Bakar, Umar, Usman
and Ali and finally to the Prophet to renew the Treaty of Hudabiya in 8 AH. At the conquest
of Makkah those assembled in the House of Abu Sufiyan were granted security. He finally
accepted Islam after much opposition, after the conquest of Makkah in 8 AH. He took part in
the expeditions to Hunain, Ta’if and Tabuk. He was given one hundred camels and forty
ounces of gold from the booty of the Battle of Hunain by the Prophet. His daughter Umm
Habiba was married to the Prophet.
iv) Ansar were the people of Madinah, mainly form the tribe of Khazraj, who received
and helped the Prophet after his migration to Madinah. They accepted Islam and the Prophet
as their leader and invited him and his followers to live in Madinah. They were given the title
of Ansar to distinguish them from the emigrants (Muhajireen), who were mainly dependant
upon their help and support after their migration to Madinah. The Ansar accepted the
Muhajireen as their brothers in the bond of brotherhood established by the Prophet which
came to be known as Maukhat. Abu Ayub bin Ansari accepted Musab bin Umair from the
Biological Account
Real name: Sakhr bin Harb
Date of Birth: 561 AD
Died in: 33 AH
After the Prophet’s death
He heard and reported 100 traditions. During the reign of Abu Bakar, he was made the
governor of Najran and Hijaz. He took part in the battles of Yarmuk and Ajnadin during
the Caliphate of Umar.
After the Prophet’s death
After the Prophet’s death, he distanced himself from the affairs of the time except for
when Bait-ul-Maqadas was conquered during the reign of Umar, he called the Azan there.
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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Muhajireen as his brother, Utban bin Malik accepted Umar from the Muhajireen as his
brother and Aus bin Thabit accepted Usman from the Muhajireen as his brother as his
brother. Each Ansar helped his Muhajireen brother and shared his wealth and property with
him. The Muhajireen who were in a dire economic state were financially uplifted. At
Madinah they helped the Prophet in the battles fought against the unbelievers i.e. the Battle of
Badr in 2 AH, Uhad in 3 AH, Trench in 5 AH, Expedition to Khyber in 7 AH, Conquest of
Makkah, Battle of Hunain and the Siege of Ta’if in 8 AH and the Tabuk Expedition in 9 AH.
After the Prophet’s death
They gave up their claims that the first Caliph should be an Ansar and pledged their
loyalty to Abu Bakar who was from the Muhajireen.
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Muhajireen (The Emigrants)
Muhajireen is the term applied to those followers of the Holy Prophet who migrated from
Makkah to Madinah with him. The term Muhajireen does not apply to the Prophet himself.
They accepted Islam during its initial stages. They included the people of Makkah as well as
people form other places e.g. Sohaib Rumi form the Roman Empire and Sulaiman Farsi from
the Persian Empire. They were tortured and persecuted by the unbelievers specially those
who were socially or financially week. Bilal was made to lie under the scorching sun on the
hot desert sands and lashed at night by this master Umaiyah bin Khalaf and he used to lash
him at night. Khubab bin Arat was made to lie on burning coals. But the Muhajireen
remained steadfast and did not abandon their faith. They migrated to Abyssinia twice when
the persecutions of the Quraish became unbearable. In the 5th
Year of Prophethood, 11 men
and 4 women migrated followed by 18 women and 83 men in the next year. They secretly
migrated to Madinah in small batches leaving behind their properties, riches and houses. At
Madinah they helped the Prophet in the battles fought against the unbelievers i.e. the Battle of
Badr in 2 AH, Uhad in 3 AH, Trench in 5 AH, Expedition to Khyber in 7 AH, Conquest of
Makkah, Battle of Hunain and the Siege of Ta’if in 8 AH and the Tabuk Expedition in 9 AH.
The Quran says, “Those who believed and those who suffered exile and fought in the path of
Allah, they have the hope of mercy of Allah.” The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs i.e. Abu
Bakar, Umar, Usman and Ali were also from the Muhajireen.
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Hazrat Hamza
When Hamza on come to know that Abu Jahl insulted the Prophet, he became enraged, went
to Abu Jahl, hit him on the head and accepted Islam during the 6th year of Prophethood. He
was known for his bravery throughout Arabia and his conversion encouraged the Muslims.
Hamza used to pray openly at Ka'aba along with Umar. He shared the persecution and
hardships with the Prophet at Makkah. He migrated with the Prophet to Madinah. His bond of
brotherhood was with Zaid bin Haritha. He was the first person to be entrusted with the
Banner of Islam when the Prophet sent an expedition of 30 men to check a caravan of the
non-believers in 2 A.H. He was appointed the leader of the army by the Prophet which laid
siege to the Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuka for fifteen days. During the battle of Badr in 2.A.H
he participated in the individual combat and killed Utbah, Sh’aybah, Aswad bun Abu-ul-Asad
and Tuaiyna (uncle of Jabar bin Multin) during the course of the battle. Hamza also fought
courageously in the battle of Uhad in 3.A.H during which he killed Arat bin Shurahbil, Siba
bin Abul Huza before he was killed by Washi, a slave of Jabar bin Multin. He was given the
title of Syed-us-Shuhada by the Prophet when he gave the funeral prayer of the martyrs of
Uhad.
Zaid bin Sabit
He accepted Islam at the tender age of 11. He was forbidden by the Prophet from taking part
in the battles of Badr in 2 AH and Uhad in 3 AH due to his young age and therefore did not
take part in them. He participated in the digging of the Trench at the battle of Khandak. He
was a witness of the signing of the Treaty of Hudabiya in 6 AH. He was the standard bearer
of his tribe Banu Najam, when Makkah was conquered. He also took part in the battle of
Tabuk. He learnt foreign languages such as Persian, Hebrew and Syriac corresponded with
the Jew on the Prophet's behalf. He was the chief scribe of the Prophet and learnt the Holy
Quran by heart. He was the first Ansar to take pledge of alliance to Abu Bakar as the
Prophet's Caliph. He took part in the Battle of Yamamah fought against false prophet
Musailamah after which he was appointed head of commission by Abu Bakar to compile the
Holy Quran in the form of a single book to preserve the Holy Quran for generations to come;
and later by Usman to make a revised and accurate collection of the Holy Quran during his
regime to remove the conflicts and misunderstandings which may have risen in the Muslim
Community with regards to the difference in dialect of the Holy Quran in the newly
conquered areas. His knowledge of the Quran is confirmed by this statement of Umar. "O
people! Whosoever wants to ask about Quran, let him go to Zaid bin Sabit." He was made
judge of Madinah during Umar's Caliphate. During the time of the draught he was appointed
by Umar to prepare a survey if the famine struck families and to distribute provisions to
Biological Account
Titles: Asadullah (Lion of Allah); Syed-us-Shuhada (Prince of the Martyrs)
Date of Birth: 569 AD
Relationship with the Prophet: Paternal uncle; maternal cousin; foster brother
Father’s Name: Abu Muttalib
Mother’s Name: Hala bint Wahab
Died in: 3 AH
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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them. He was made the in charge of Bait-ul-Maal by Usman during his regime as Caliph.
When he died in 665 AD Abu Hurayrah said "Today a scholar of this Ummah has died."
Biological Account
Date of Birth: 619 AD
Tribe: Khazraj
Died in: 665 AD
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a) Identify the ten blessed companions. [8]
b) Explain why they were known by this name. [2]
c) Write brief notes on the lives of any three of these companions who did not
become Caliphs. [2×3]
(Nov 2005) a) 1)- Abu Bakar, the First Caliph
2)- Umar, the Second Caliph
3)- Usman, the Third Caliph
4)- Ali, the Fourth Caliph
5)- Abdur Rehman bin Auf
6)- Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah
7)- Tulha bin Ubaidullah
8)- Zaid bin Al-Awwam
9)- Saad bin Abi Waqas
10)- Saeed bin Zaid
b) They were all from the Quraish who were amongst the early converts to Islam and
had therefore experienced persecution at the hands of the Makkans. When these persecutions
became unbearable all of them migrated either to Abyssinia or Madinah. They took part in
most battles fought during the lifetime of the Prophet, particularly during the Battles of Uhad
and Hunain where they formed a protective guard around the Prophet. Once while all of them
were with the Prophet at the Mount of Uhad he promised them they would be spared the final
judgment and gave them the glad tidings of Paradise after this life. They were therefore called
the Ten Blessed Ones, Ashara mubashshara.
c) Tulha bin Ubaidullah:
He was amongst the early converts who accepted Islam at the hands of Abu Bakar. He
endured the persecutions of the Quraish at Makkah in particular when he and Abu Bakar
were left tied together on the ground. He migrated to Madinah shortly after the Prophet’s own
migration and accompanied Prophet’s wife and his two unmarried daughter Umm Kulthum
and Fatima. He took part in battles fought during at lifetime of the Prophet except for the
battle of Badr in 2 AH as he and Syed bin Zaid were sent to inquire the whereabouts of the
caravan of Abu Sufiyan. At the battle of Uhad in 3 AH, helped the Prophet get out of a tunnel
he had fallen into and protected the Prophet from sword piercing his head during which he
permanently wounded two fingers of his hand. He was therefore given the unique title of the
“living martyr” by the Prophet. He was a successful merchant and spent his wealth in the way
of Allah which earned him the title of Fayyaz, the generous. He also protected the Prophet at
the battle of Hunain in 8 AH. During the Caliphate of Abu Bakar he was commander of one
of the 11 armies assembled to crush the apostasy movement. He was on the panel of six
appointed by Umar to appoint the next Caliph on his death bed. He initially swore his alliance
to Ali as the fourth Caliph but then turned against him for delaying the punishment for the
assassins of Usman and together with Zubair bin Awwam raised an army. He was martyred
by one of the rebels in 35 AH in the Battle of Camel in the clash between the two sides.
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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Zubair bin Al-Awwam: He was amongst the early converts who accepted Islam at the hands of Abu Bakar. He
endured the persecutions of the Quraish at Makkah and was forced to migrate to Abyssinia
and then to Madinah. He took part in the battles fought during the lifetime of the Prophet
including the Battles of Uhad in 3 AH and Hunain in 8 AH where he protected the Prophet.
He also took part in the individual combats at the Battle of Uhad. He was given the title of
Hawari-e-Rusool or helper of the Prophet on account of his services as a spy at the Battle of
Trench. At the Khyber Expedition in 7 AH, he killed the well-known warrior Yasir. He was
amongst the leaders of the Muslim army at the Conquest of Makkah in 8 AH. During the
regime of Abu Bakar, he was appointed as the commander of one of the 11 armies assembled
to crush the apostasy movement. He was made Amir-ul-Hajj by Umar during his Caliphate.
Although he had supported Ali’s appointment as the first Caliph of Islam, but he turned
against him for delaying the punishment for the assassins of Usman and together with Tulha
bin Ubaidullah raised an army. He was martyred by one of the rebels in 35 AH in the Battle
of Camel in the clash between the two sides.
Saeed bin Zaid: He was amongst the early converts to Islam. He endured the persecutions of the Quraish at
Makkah and migrated north to Madinah. He took part in battles fought during at lifetime of
the Prophet except for the battle of Badr in 2 AH as he and Tulha bin Ubaidullah were sent to
inquire the whereabouts of the caravan of Abu Sufiyan. He participated in the Battles of Uhad
in 3 AH and Hunain in 8 AH where he protected the Prophet. He took part in the conquest of
Palestine and Syria during the reign of Umar as Caliph. He was also appointed as the
governor of Syria but he resigned from his post due to his love for Jihad. He suggested to
Umar to nominate his successor as Caliph on his death bed. He died in 50 AH.
Abdur Rehman bin Auf
His real name was Abu Amr. He was amongst the early converts who accepted Islam at the
hands of Abu Bakar. He endured the persecutions of the Quraish at Makkah and was forced
to migrate to Abyssinia twice and then to Madinah. At Madinah he did not take anything
from his brother Saad Ibn al-Rabi after the bond of brotherhood but choose to sell cheese and
butter in the market and eventually became wealthy enough to send out trading caravans. He
is reported to have donated 40,000 dirhams to charity. He took part in all the battles fought
against the Quraish at Madinah. At the Battle of Badr in 2 AH, he shared a joint camel with
Abu Bakar and Umar and also killed Umair bin Usman. He received 21 wounds while
protecting the Prophet in the battle of Uhad in 3 AH and also protected him at the Battle of
Hunain in 8 AH. He led the expedition of 700 men against Damut al-Jandal in 6 AH. He
consoled the Prophet after the passing away of his son Ibrahim. He donated 8000 dinar at the
expedition to Tabuk in 9 AH. He led the Fajr prayer at the expedition of Tabuk in the
Prophet’s absence. When the Prophet arrived late, he was content to take his place behind
Abdur Rehman. After the Prophet’s death, he played a prominent part in electing Abu Bakar
as the first Caliph of Islam. He was appointed Amir-ul-Hajj during the Caliphates of Abu
Bakar, Umar and Usman. He led prayer during Umar regime when Umar became seriously
injured. He has amongst the six members appointed by Umar to succeed him as Caliph. He
later pulled out of the commission and instead became election commissioner and honestly
and fairly appointed Usman as the next Caliph. He died in 31 AH.
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Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah
His real name was Amir. He was amongst the early converts who accepted Islam at the hand
of Abu Bakar. He endured the persecutions of the Quraish at Makkah and was forced to
migrate to Abyssinia and then to Madinah. He took part in the battles fought during the
lifetime of the Prophet including the Battle of Badr in 2 AH during which he first took part in
the individual combats and then killed his own father. He protected the Prophet at the Battle
of Uhud in 3 AH and lost two of his teeth while extracting metal links form the body of the
Prophet with his teeth. He also protected the Prophet at the Battle of Hunain in 8 AH. He was
the commander of one of the four squadrons at the Conquest of Makkah. In the last year of
the Prophet’s life, he led expeditions to Dhu- al Qassa and al-Khabat. He took part in the
expedition to Syria just before the Prophet’s death. The Prophet gave him the title of Amin-
ul-Ummat and sent him to act as a judge in disputes for the Christian delegation of Najran
after their visit to Madinah. He was one of the scribes of the Holy Prophet. After the
Prophet’s death he played a major role in ensuring the election of Abu Bakar as Caliph
although Abu Bakar nominated his name along with Umar as the Caliph. He led successful
expeditions to Syria and Iran during Abu Bakar’s reign as Caliph. During the Caliphate of
Umar, he was the commander of the Muslim armies at the Conquest of Palestine and Syria.
He died in Syria in 18 AH because of plague.
Saad bin Abi Waqas
He was one of those who accepted Islam at the hands of Hazrat Abu Bakr at early stage.
He accepted Islam at the age of 17. He was the maternal uncle of Prophet. The Prophet said:
“Saad is my uncle. Let a man show his maternal uncle to me”. His mother, Hamna, had
threatened that she would die of starvation if he had not abandon his new faith i.e. Islam, but
he remained steadfast. In early years of Islam, he was among those Muslims who went to
pray outside the Makkah in order to avoid Quraish’s persecution. They were interrupted by
some people of town and when the two groups came to blows, Saad wounded an opponent
and drew the first blood in the Islamic history. He supported the Prophet and all the members
of Banu Hasim during the days of social boycott. And he was also one of those who migrated
to Medina. After the migration, he took part in all early battles and fought bravely in all those
battles. In Battle of Badr, he killed Saeed bin Aas. In Uhad he was one of those who
protected the Prophet when the other fled from ground. Abdullah bin Qama struck Prophet
with stones and he fell in cave. The Prophet said Saad to throw arrows on enemies. Saad
threw a thousand arrows on enemies. Then the Prophet said: “O’ Saad shoot arrows, my
father and mother will be sacrificed on you”. He was present at the occasion of Bait-e-
Ridwan, and took pledge of it, and Treaty of Hudaibiya and Conquest of Makkah and took
part in it. He was a wealthy and generous man. During Farewell Hajj, he felt ill and when the
Prophet visited him, he said to Prophet that he wanted to give two-third of his wealth in the
way of Allah but the Prophet advised him to give one-third.
After the death of Prophet, he was a member of Majlis-Shura - (advising council) set
by Abu Bakr. He took part in battles fought against Apostasy Movement. He was a Scribe of
Prophet. During the reign of Umar, he was commander in chief of the forces sent for Battle of
Qadsia and Madain and conquered. He was one of the six members appointed by Umar to
choose new caliph. He founded Kufa and was appointed its governor by Usman. After the
death of Usman, he was requested to become Caliph but he refused. During Ali’s caliphate,
he remained impartial during civil war. He died in 54 AH at the age of about 80.
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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a) Briefly explain the importance of the scribes of the Holy Prophet. [4]
b) Outline the work they carried out in writing down the revelations. [4]
c) Describe the part played by Zaid bin Sabit in preserving the revelations after the
Prophet’s death. [8]
(May 2006)
a) The scribes of the Holy Prophet played a very important role in preserving the Islam
for generations to come. They were approximately 41 in number. They included the Four
Rightly Guided Caliphs i.e. Abu Bakar, Usman, Ali and Umar as well as Zaid bin Sabit,
Khalid bin Saeed, Ma’az bin Jabl, Ubaiy bin Kaab, Muawyia bin Abi Sufiyan, Shuarheel bin
Hasama and Abdullah bin Masud. Amongst these Umar, Ai, Zaid bin Sabit, Ma’az bin Jabl
and Ubaiy bin Kaab learnt the Holy Quran by heart on the Prophet’s persuasion. Female
scribes of the Holy Prophet included Ayesha, Hafsa, Umm Salama and Umm Warqa. They
remained close to the Prophet and became one of his dearest companions. It was due to this
close companionship that they became authorities on religious knowledge and were later able
to check the truthfulness on the copies of the Quran. Abdullah bin Masud was regarded as an
expert on reciting and interpreting the revelation. Zaid bin Sabit was appointed by Abu Bakar
as the head of the committee to make the first compilation of the Quran and then again by
Usman to make a revised collection of the Quran. The scribes were skilled in art of accurate
reading, science of phonetics and in shapes and forms of letters. Apart form the revelation,
they also wrote down the judgments made by the Prophet and the letters he sent out to the
emperors and the kings e.g. to Khusrau Pervez of Persia and Negus of Abyssinia, the treaties
such as the treaty of Hudabiya and the treaty of Najraur and other administrative measures
taken by the Prophet. The Quran says, “(It is) books held (greatly) in honor, exalted (in
dignity), kept pure and holy, written by the hands of scribes, honorable, pious and just.”
b) The Quran was revealed on the Prophet in a span of 23 years. During this period 114
Surahs were revealed on the Prophet and all of these were written by the scribes of the Holy
Prophet. The Prophet himself couldn’t write down the revelations because he was illiterate so
whenever a verse was revealed the Prophet learnt it by heart and then conveyed it to scribes
who were always near the Prophet to write down the revelations as soon as they heard it. The
Prophet also told them to write the verses after such and such Surah. This is called Tarteeb-e-
Tauqeefi. The scribes wrote down the revelations on different writing materials including
pieces of papyrus and leather, flat stones, palm leaves, shoulder blades and ribs of animals
and were memorized by men. The scribes tried their level best to preserve these revelations as
they were revealed as accurately as possible. They sacrificed their family, personal life and
worldly pursuits to achieve this.
c) Zaid bin Sabit was made head of the committee which included Umar, Ma’az bin
Jabl, Ubaiy bin Kaab and Abu Zaid by Abu Bakar during his Caliphate after the battle of
Yamamah against the false prophet Musailmah where 360 Huffaiz were martyred. Zaid
retrieved the revelations from pieces of papyrus and leather, flat stones, palm leaves, shoulder
blades and ribs of animals as well as from hearts of men and wrote them down on sheets
known as Suhuf. He also asked anyone who had any fragment of the Holy Quran to bring it
to Masjid-e-Nabvi. The person had to swear and bring two eye witnesses to that fact that the
verse was written down during the Prophet’s lifetime and at least two persons needed to have
that verse. The work was completed in one year. On Abu Bakar’s death, Umar took
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possession of them. After Umar’s death in 644 AD, they were passed on to his daughter
Hafsa and the sheets came to be known as Mushuf-e-Hafsa.
During the reign of Usman, the Muslim Empire expanded. In 27 AH following the Battle of
Armenia, Huzaifa bin Yaman observed the difference in the dialect of Quran in newly
conquered areas and reported this to Usman. Usman entrusted Zaid bin Sabit to make an
accurate collection of the Quran. He was assisted by Abdullah bin Zubair, Abdur Rehman bin
Harith and Syed bin al-Aas. They carefully collected full text using methods that ensured the
authenticity of their work like preferring passages in Makkan dialect in case of conflict, as the
Quran ha been revealed in that dialect. They also consulted leading Muslims and finally
compared their work to the Suhuf of Hafsa to further ensure the correctness of what they
collected. They compiled their work in the form of a book and kept the original order of the
verses which were instructed to the Prophet by the angel Gabriel. The work was completed in
five years. One was kept at the capital, Madinah, and the remaining six were distributed to all
the provinces of the Muslim empire.
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Identify the Wives of the Prophet [6]
b) Explain the importance of:
i. Khadijah during the lifetime of the Prophet [4]
ii. Ayesha in the years following the Prophet’s death [4]
(October 2004)
1) Hazrat Khatijah bin Khawalid
2) Hazrat Sawdah bint Zama’a
3) Hazrat Ayesha bint Abu Bakar
4) Hazrat Hafsa bint Umar
5) Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzayma
6) Hazrat Umm Salama
7) Hazrat Zaynab bint Jahsh
8) Hazrat Juwayriyya bint Harith
9) Hazrat Umm Habiba
10) Hazrat Safiyya bint Huyayy
11) Hazrat Maymuna bint al-Harith
12) Hazrat Rayhana bint Zaid
13) Hazrat Maria bint Qibtiya
i) Hazrat Khadijah inherited the wealth left for her by her father Khawalid bin Asad.
She had married twice before her marriage with the Prophet and had been widowed. Her first
interaction with Muhammad was when he took her merchandise to Syria and brought back
huge prophets. Maisra, the slave who accompanied him on his trip spoke highly of
Muhammad. She was so impressed that she proposed to him through her friend Nafeesa
which he accepted. At the time of marriage Muhammad was 25 years old while she was 40
years old. The Prophet and Khatijah were blessed with 6 children, two sons Qasim by whom
the Prophet had his kuniyat (Abul Qasim) and Abdullah and four daughters Zaynab,
Ruqayah, Umm Kulthum and Fatimmah and therefore had the honor of being the mother of
his only surviving children. Following her marriage to the Prophet, she provided him with the
financial support by placing his wealth at his disposal which enabled the Prophet to spend
more time meditating in the cave of Hira. She was a loving and devoted wife. She stood by
him in times of trouble. When the first revelation came she supported and comforted him and
took him to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufal who assured the Prophet that he had been ordained
by Allah to be His messenger. She supported the Prophet’s mission and was the first person
to accept Islam. She was the only wife of the Prophet who endured the persecutions of the
Makkans particularly during the Boycott of Banu Hashim from the seventh to the tenth year
of Prophet Hood. She died in 10th
year of Prophet Hood and that year is marked in the Islamic
calendar as the “Year of Sorrow”. The Prophet said about Hazrat Khatijah, “She was the only
wife who believed in me when others rejected me. When people refused to believe me she
affirmed my truthfulness. When people refused to believe me, she affirmed my truthfulness.
When I stood forsaken, she spent my wealth to lighten the burden of my sorrow.
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ii) Hazrat Ayesha is one of the most prominent wives of the Holy Prophet. The
Prophet spent a lot of time with her and even died in her lap and was buried in her apartment.
This enabled Hazrat Ayesha to become an authority on religious matters. She heard and
reported 2,210 Hadith. She had an excellent memory. When Saad in Abi Waqas died, Hazrat
Ayesha suggested that his funeral prayers should be offered in the Prophet’s mosque. People
objected but Hazrat Ayesha said, “How week is peoples’ memory. The Prophet offered the
funeral prayer of Suhail bin Baidha in his mosque. Companions of the Prophet would ask her
if they had any difficulty in religious matters. Abu Mus Al Ashar said, “It never happened
that the companions of the Prophet had asked Ayesha about difficult religious and she had
not given us knowledge about it.” Speaking of her knowledge Imam Zuhri said, “If the
knowledge of all wives was put together, the knowledge of Khatijah would exceed them.”
She was an important advisor to Abu Bakar and Umar, the first two Caliphs of Islam. She
disagreed with some polices of Usman that he appointed inefficient relatives as governors in
four provinces and was too lenient towards them. She also alleged Usman that he had spent
on his relatives from the Bait-ul-Maal. But when Akhter Nakhai, the rebel leader suggested
that Usman should be killed, she strongly opposed it. She disagreed with Ali over the
punishment of the assassinators of Usman when he delayed taking action against them. She
supported Tulha and Zubair when they raised an army in the cry of vengeance for Usman’s
killers and met Ali’s armies at Basra. She participated in the battle while riding on a camel.
The battle is therefore known as the Battle of Camel in which 10,000 Muslims were killed
from either side. Many Muslims, particularly the Shias believe that this caused the first major
conflict amongst the Muslim Community.
Biological Account
Titles: Tahira (the pure)
Date of Birth: 556 AD
Father’s Name: Khawalid bin Asad
Mother’s Name: Fatima bint Za’dah
Kuniyat name: Umm Hind
First Marriage: Abu Hala bin Zurarah
Second Marriage: Ateeq bin Aidh Makzumi
Died in: 621 AD
Buried in: Makkah
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Hazrat Ayesha (during the Prophet’s lifetime)
(May 2004)
Hazrat Ayesha was the daughter of Abu Baker, the fist Caliph of Islam. The Prophet knew
her due to his frequent visits to her father’s home and she was only 9 years old at the time of
her marriage to Muhammad, though the couple did not become man and women until later.
Khawala bin Ateeq suggested the marriage. The marriage further strengthened the ties of the
Prophet with his close friend Abu Bakar The marriage took place in the month of Shawal
which swept away a superstition that prevailed in ht Arab society of not marrying their
daughters in the month of Shawal because a plague had broken out during this month in
previous time. She was always a strong personality and her beauty and lively character
attracted the Prophet towards her. One occasion, however, she caused him embarrassment
when she got lost while accompanying the Prophet in the expedition of Banu Mustaliq while
looking for her locket, she had lost. She was eventually brought home by a young, handsome
man by the name of Safwan bin Muattal who came across her while she was waiting in the
desert which caused scandal in the Muslim society, mainly propagated by Abdullah bin
Ubaiy. But Allah in Surah-al-Nur proved her innocence. She participated in the Battle of
Uhad where she fed water to the wounded Muslims. She was one of the scribes of the
Prophet. She nursed him during his final days and he even died in her lap. Many chapters of
the Holy Quran were revealed in her apartment and the Prophet was also buried there. She
was an authority on religious knowledge and narrated 2,210 traditions. Speaking of her
knowledge Imam Zuhri said, “If the knowledge of all the wives was put together the
knowledge of Ayesha would exceed them all.
Hazrat Hafsa
(October 2007)
Hazrat Hafsa was the daughter of Umar, the second Caliph of Islam. She first migrated to
Abyssinia and then to Madinah for the sake of Islam with her husband, Khunais. The Prophet
marred her in 3 AH in order to cement his ties with Umar. She was one of the scribes of the
Prophet and amongst the four women who had committed the Holy Quran to memory. She
was a custodian of the Quran which was compiled during the caliphate of Abu Bakar. Hafsa
was entrusted with this duty because she was illiterate (could read and write), a hafiz,
daughter of Umar who was the custodian of the Quran before her and a wife of the Prophet.
The collection came to be known as the Mushuf-e-Hafsa. Much of her time was spent in
reading and writing. Among the wives of the Prophet her knowledge was next to Ayesha
only. She used to impart education to those who came to her for this purpose. She heard and
narrated 60 traditions before her death in 45 AH.
Biological Account
Titles: Humaira (complexion was bright red); Sadiqa (daughter of Abu Bakar who was
known as Sadique)
Date of Birth: 604 AD
Father’s Name: Abu Bakar
Mother’s Name: Zainab
Kuniyat name: Umm Abdullah
Mehr: 500 dirhams
Died in: 58 AH
Buried in: Jannat-al-Baqi in Madinah
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Biological Account
Date of Birth: 606 AD
Father’s Name: Umar bin Khattab
Mother’s Name: Zainab bin Muzuan
First Marriage: Khunais
Died in: 45 AH
Buried in: Jannat-al-Baqi in Madinah
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He belonged to a poor Yamanite family. He used to tend the herds of a wealthy lady, Busra.
One day, he found a cat in the forest and enjoyed its company. The companionship of the two
became known to the people and people called him Abu Huraira, Father of cat. His real name
was Abd Shams before his conversion to Islam. He was given the name of Abdur Rehman by
the Prophet after his conversion to Islam. He accepted Islam at the preaching of Tufal bin
Amr Dousi in 7 AH at the time of Battle of Khyber. He was one of the people of Suffaa and
spent most of his time in learning. He learnt Persian and Coptic languages. The Prophet said,
‘Abu Huraira is a reservoir of knowledge of my Ummah’. He used to write the sayings of
the Prophet and narrated 5374 Ahadiths that is the highest record. Abu Huraira also
responded to the criticism made by people on him that how he learnt so much Ahadiths in
just 4 years by saying, ‘The people are critical of my reports. They say I narrate reports
which Muhajreen and Ansar have no knowledge but they ignore an important point.
Muhajreen were busy in their business and Ansar in farming. I being a poor person spent
whole of my time in the company of Prophet as I have no family’. Moreover his memory
was excellent. He had a habit of questioning. One of his students, Humam bin Munnabih,
collected and compiled Ahadiths reported by Abu Huraira. This is known as Sahjfa-Sahiha
Humam bin Munabih (contains 138 Ahadiths). He taught Hadith in Prophet’s mosque after
Prophet’s death. He was appointed governor of Baharain during Umar’s caliphate and
governor of Medina during Mawia’s regime. He was pious, generous and a contended person.
He died in 678 AD in the age of 75 years.
HAZARAT ABU HURAIRA
Real name before accepting Islam: Abd Shams
Real name after accepting Islam: Abdur Rehman
Kuniat: Abu Huraira
Tribe: Dous
Death: 678 AD
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Sulaiman was born in Jayy near Isphan in the house of Yuzakhsan. Therefore he was known
as Farsi. His parents were fire worshipper. He was true seeker of true religion. He travelled
many cities and countries for this purpose. He first of all adopted Christianity and read all the
books of Christianity. He went to Syria and met bishop of Damascus, then Musal and its
bishop, then Nasiben and its bishop and then Amuria and the bishop of Amuria told Sulaiman
that the last prophet will come in Arab and you should go there. He travelled with a great
caravan and he was sold as a slave to a Jew of Banu Quraiza. Then he arrived Medina and
met the Prophet and accepted Islam. The Prophet denoted 40 ounces gold and asked his
companions to plant 300 date palm trees and he was set free by his slave as he wanted 40
ounces gold and 300 date palm trees to free him. He was one of the people of Suffaa. He did
not participate in the battle of Badr and Uhad on account of his slavery because his master
did not allow him to participate in those battles. Sulaiman suggested to dig a trench around
Medina to protect it from the Quraish attack. The Prophet accepted his advice and dug trench.
Sulaiman took part in all the remaining important battles. He was present at the Bait-e-
Ridwan, Treaty of Hudabiya, Farewell Hajj and Conquest of Makkah. The Prophet said about
him, ‘Sulaiman is a member of my family’. Sulaiman was a very learned person and
knowledgeable companion and narrated 60 Ahadiths. He was one of the Prophet’s
bodyguards. The Prophet said, ‘Every Prophet had 7 guardians but I have been given 14
and Sulaiman was one of them’.
After the Prophet’s death, he was a member of advisory council of Abu Bakr and Umar. He
participated in the battles fought against Iranians during the caliphate of Umar ( Qadsiya,
Madain ). After the conquest of Madain, he was appointed the governor of Madain. He died
in 35 AH in Madain.
Hazrat Sulaiman Farsi
Real name: Maabah
Kuniat: Abu Abdullah
Tittle: Sulaiman Al Khair (virtuous)
Bond of Brotherhood: Abu Darda
Death: 35 AH
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Fatimah
Fatima was born in 605 AD and was the fourth and youngest daughter of the Prophet. She
was brought up by the Prophet and she stood beside him during stressful time at Makkah and
Madinah. She would to wash the Prophet’s head when the unbelievers threw dirt on him, and
after Uqba bin Abu Muyeet placed the fetus of a she camel on the Prophet’s back while he
was prostrating at the Ka’aba. She tended to the Prophet’s wounds when he was wounded in
the battle of Uhad in 3 AH. The Prophet once said to her, “You are the highest of the women
in the people in Paradise, except for Maryam, daughter of Imran.” When Jami bin Omair
asked her aunt Ayesha who amongst the people was dearest to the Prophet she replied Fatima
and when he asked about men she replied Her husband. Ayesha said, “The Prophet loved
Fatimah dearly: whenever he went on a journey he came to her first and whenever he
returned, he returned to her first, he rose whenever Fatimah came and would make her sit by
his side.” She migrated to Madinah with her stepmother Sawdah bint Zama’a and two sisters
Ruqqiya and Umm Kulthum. She was married to Hazrat Ali, a cousin of the Prophet in 2 AH.
Like other Muhajireen they too faced extreme poverty. She gave birth to the Prophet’s only
surviving descendants, Hasan in 3 AH and Husain in 4 AH, from where the line of Shia
Imams began. She was also the mother of Mushin, who died in childhood and three daughters
Ruqqiya who died in infancy, Umm-e-Kulthum and Zainab. She was given the title of al-
Zuhra, the Shinning One. When the Prophet heard of Ali re-marrying she said, “Fatimah is
part of my flesh, whosoever causes her anger, causes my anger.” After the Prophet’s death
she argued at the election of Abu Bakar over her husband Ali. She had, however, been
foretold by the Prophet, in his last illness that she would be the first one form his family to
follow him and accordingly she died on 3rd
Ramadan 11 AH, just six months after her father.
Shias have given her the title Sayyadun Nissa, the model of womanhood and believe that
after the final judgment she will secure entry into Paradise for her supporters. She has been
attributed with the Tasbeeh-e-Fatimah i.e. Subhan Allah 33 times, Al-hamad-ul-illah 33 times
and Allah-hu-Akbar 34 times.
Hasan
Hasan was born to Ali and Fatimah on 15th
Ramadan, 3 AH and was named by the Prophet
himself, meaning the beautiful one. He is also known as “Shabbar” which in Herbew
language means handsome. His early childhood was spent in the company of the Prophet and
would listen to him reciting the Quran and would immediately learn it by heart. The Prophet
loved him dearly and would allow him to climb on his back while prostrating and would
interrupt his sermon to some down from the minar to pick him up when he tripped over. He
would also pick him up on his shoulder and say “O Allah I love him so love him.” He was
just eight years old when the Prophet and his mother passed. He was therefore brought up by
Ali. He took part in the expeditions to Central Asia and North Africa during Usman’s reign as
Caliph. He and his brother Husain were sent by their father to provide Usman with food when
he was besieged in his house in 35 AH. During his father’s Caliphate he was sent to Kufa to
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seek reinforcements during his struggle against Tulha, Zubair and Ayesha. He also supported
his father in the Battle of Siffin and Naharwan and was also in charge of the Bait-ul-Maal
during Ali’s regime. After the assassination of Ali in 40 AH he was proclaimed Caliph and
nearly 40,000 people took oath of loyalty to him but Muawiya, the governor of Syria and
Egypt rejected and went in battle against him on the border of Syria. Due to his reluctance to
fight against fellow Muslims, and desertions of his army which continued even after his
20,000 men reached the borders of Syria who were bribed by spies of Muawiya, he was
forced to abdicate the office of Caliphate after negotiations with Muawiya, spending less then
a year in office thereby fulfilling the following prophecy of the Prophet who said, “Verily this
progeny of mine is Sayyad and perchance Allah will bring out compromise between two big
parties of the Muslims through him.” He settled in Madinah and died in 50 AH. It is said that
he was poisoned by one his wives Judah who was been bribed with promises to money and
marriage to his son, Yazid by Muawiya. Shias regard him as the second Imam and accept that
he is sinless and perfect in all his actions. They also credit him with miracles.
Husain
Husain was born to Ali and Fatimah on 4th
Shawal, 4 AH and was named by the Prophet
himself, meaning the little beautiful one. His earl childhood was spent in the company of the
Prophet. The Prophet loved him dearly and would allow him to climb on his back while
prostrating and would interrupt his sermon to some down from the minar to pick him up
when he tripped over. The Prophet said, “Husain belongs to me and I to Husain. May Allah
love him who loves Husain.” He further said, “Hasan and Husain are my flowers in the
world.” He was just seven years old when the Prophet and his mother passed. He was
therefore brought up by Ali. He took part in the expeditions to Central Asia and North Africa
during Usman’s reign as Caliph. He and his brother Hasan were sent by their father to
provide Usman with food when he was besieged in his house in 35 AH. He supported his
father in the Battles of Camel, Siffin and Naharwan. He was against the Hassan’s abdication
of the office of Caliphate to Muawiya. In 60 AH Yazid, succeeded his father Muawiya on his
death as Caliph. But Husain refused to take oath of allegiance to him and left Madinah for
Makkah since he did not want his grandfather’s city to become a battlefield. He reached
Makkaho0n 3rd
Shaban 60 A.H. Here se sent his cousin Muslims bin Aqil to Kufa to check on
the support from Kufa, who invited him into their city. He replied positively and said that the
people of Kufa wanted him to come and offered him all their support, but immediately after
sending the reply he was killed by the Umayyad Governor loyal to Yazid. Yazid bribed the
leaders of the town and they withdrew their support form Husain. Although leading Muslims
advised against this, Husain, when he knew of this, went to Kufa with his 72 supporters and
on 2nd
Muharram 61 AH, camped at a desert called Kabala. He was heavily outnumbered by
Yazid’s 4,000 men. On 7th
, Yazid’s forces cut off all supplies of water to them and did not
allow even a single drop of water to reach them. After three days all of Hussains’s supporters
were martyred and he was left alone in the battlefield. He went to his sick son Zain-ul-
Abideen to hand over the charge of Imamat to him and went back into the battlefield and was
brutally martyred.
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Write an account of the major contributions made to Islam by Abu Bakar
i. during the lifetime of the Prophet [6]
ii. during his caliphate [6]
b) Explain why he was known as the Honest One (al-Siddiq), and the Savior of
Islam. [4]
(May 2005)
i) He had been the prophet’s friend since childhood and accompanied the Prophet during
his trade journeys. He became the first free adult male to accept Islam. After his conversion
he convinced his friends including Usman, Zubair, Tulha, Abdur Rehman, Saad bin Abi
Waqas and Abu Ubaidullah bin Jarrah to embrace Islam. He used his wealth to free slaves
including Bilal, Amir bin Fuhaira, Nahdra and Lubaina who were persecuted by their masters
for accepting Islam. He was the first person to confirm the Prophet’s statement about Miraj.
He also accompanied the Prophet during his migration from Makkah to Madinah and carried
all his wealth 5 to 6 thousand dirhams along. The Quran confirms this statement by saying,
“He being the two of them when they were in a cave.” He gave his daughter Ayesha to be the
Prophet’s wife. He remained loyal to the Prophet in all situations both in Makkah and in
Madinah. He paid the price for the land of the Prophet’s mosque in Madinah. He supported
the Prophet after the signing of the Treaty of Hudabiya even others including Hazrat Umar
were critical of some of the terms of the treaty. He took part in all the battles fought during
the lifetime of the Prophet including the Battle of Badr in 2 AH where he shared a joint camel
with Umar and Abdur Rehman bin Auf. He protected the Prophet at the Battle of Uhad in 3
AH and Hunain in 8 AH. At the Battle of Khandak in 5 AH where he was one of those
appointed at different spots by the Prophet to ensure that the pagans could not cross. At the
battle of Tabuk in 9 AH, he placed all his wealth at the disposal of the Prophet. He was
appointed Amir-ul-Hajj in when it first became obligatory and was appointed by the Prophet
as the leader of the Congregational prayer when the Prophet became ill. He was one of the
scribes of the Prophet and amongst the ten blessed companions.
ii) He exercised remarkable self-control while announcing the Prophet’s death and
consoled the Muslim community after his passing away. His first major decision as Caliph
was to continue the Prophet’s intention of sending an expedition north to Syria under Usama
despite opposition from the Muslims that Usama was inexperienced. But Abu Bakar chose
not to defy the Prophet’s commands and sent the expedition which proved to be very
successful. He forced the tribes who refused to pay Zakat e.g. Banu Asad, Banu Ghaftan and
Banu Abbas to pay Zakat. Abu Bakar had to face the appearance of false prophets. Four
persons namely Musailamah in central Arabia, Aswad Anasi in Yemen, Tulaiha in northern
Arabia who belonged to the tribe Banu Asad and Sijjaha, who belonged to the tribe Banu
Tamim, all declared their Prophethood but Abu Bakar fought them off and crushed their
rebellions. Some tribes of the Muslim community had apostatized. Abu Bakar collected his
troops divided them into 11 battalions each under the command of an experienced
commander and sent them to fight off the movement. The wars fought proved to be very
successful for the Muslims and the Apostasy Movement was crushed within a year. Abu
Bakar’s greatest contribution to Islam was the compilation of Quran after the death of many
Huffaiz in the various battles that took place to suppress the rebellions in the Muslim Empire
particularly during the Battle of Yamamah during which 360 Huffaiz were martyred. He took
Umar’s advice of compiling the Quran in the form of a book and entrusted Zaid bin Sabit,
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one of the chief scribes of the Prophet, with this task. The compilation of the Quran was
completed in one year.
b) The Prophet claimed that he had been taken to the Ka’aba, Jerusalem and the heavens
all in one night and then back to his house at Makkah. When Abu Bakar came to know of this
he believed the Prophet without any hesitation. So on the account of confirming the Prophet’s
Night Journey and showing loyalty to him in all circumstances like accepting Islam without
any kinds of reluctance, showing trust in the Prophet at the Treaty of Hudabiya when many
were critical of the terms established and donating all his wealth at the time of Tabuk
expedition, the Prophet gave him the title of al-Siddiq i.e. the Testifier to the Truth.
Abu Bakar took the office of Khilafat at a critical time of Islamic history. He encouraged the
Muslims after the death of the Holy Prophet. Disunity amongst the Muslims, rise of false
prophets and rebellions in the Peninsula, threatened the existence of the newly established
Islamic State. But Abu Bakar fought of all these problems. He united the Muslims, eliminated
the false prophets, crushed the apostasy movement, put an end to the rebellions and forced
the tribes who had refused to pay Zakat, to pay Zakat. On the accounts of these services, Abu
Bakar was known as the Savior of Islam.
Mark Scheme:
(a) (i)
• He was the Prophet’s friend from childhood.
• He was one of the first to accept Islam.
• He brought others to accept Islam.
• He remained loyal to the Prophet at all times, good and bad.
• He expressed belief in the Prophet’s Night Journey.
• He bought slaves who were Muslim and freed them.
• He accompanied the Prophet on the hijra.
• He gave his daughter `A’isha to be the Prophet’s wife.
• He made a financial contribution to the expedition to Tabuk.
(ii)
• He steadied the mourning community after the Prophet’s death.
• He continued the Prophet’s intention to send expeditions to the north. [1 mark for the
basic point, and 1 extra mark for details]
• He fought against the tribes who withheld Zakat.
• He fought against the false prophets.
• These were Musaylima, Tulayha, Aswad al-Ansi and Sajjah. [1 mark, but 2 marks if
all four names are given]
• He arranged to have the first collection of the Qur’an made. [1 mark, but 2 marks for
details of how this happened]
(b)
• He was given the title of al-Siddiq after he declared without hesitation that he
believed the Prophet had been taken to Jerusalem on the Night Journey.
• It also suits his conduct of showing complete loyalty towards Muhammad.
• He was acknowledged as the Savior of Islam because of his efforts to keep the
community united, to resist the threat from tribes withdrawing from Islam, and to
destroy the false prophets. [1 mark, but 2 marks for all of these points]
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Examiner’s Report:
This was a popular question, and it brought some very good answers, though there were also
some common errors.
(a) Most candidates were able to describe the two parts of Abu Bakr’s career very fully.
The best answers included the following points: he brought others to Islam, he accompanied
the Prophet on the hijra (this is referred to in the Qur’an), he remained loyal to the Prophet at
all times, during his caliphate he fought against the apostate tribes and against the false
prophets (three marks were allowed for details of this point, and some candidates gained
them by naming the four best-known false prophets and saying a little about them), and he
arranged a collection of the Qur’an. Some candidates seemed to mix him up with ‘Umar, and
so wrote about his financial arrangements for the empire, and about conquests that were made
not under him but under his successor.
(b) Few candidates answered this part well. While many explained how he earned the title
Savior of Islam by his quick actions to put down dissent and opposition to the young state,
very few linked the title al-Siddiq with his unhesitating expression of belief in the Prophet’s
Night Journey, though some linked it with his general character of trustworthiness.
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Explain the importance of Umar
i. during the lifetime of the Prophet [6]
ii. during his caliphate [6]
b) What does the manner of Umar's death tell us about his character? [4]
(Nov 2006)
i) Following the declaration of Prophethood, Umar became the Prophet's bitterest
enemies. During the 6th Year of Prophethood, the Prophet prayed to Allah to strengthen
Islam by giving him Umar or Abu Jahl. Allah answered the Prophet's prayer during that same
year when Umar set out to kill the Prophet. On the way he heard the news of her sister Fatima
and her husband's conversion to Islam. He became furious and went to her sister's home and
attacked her and her husband while they were reciting the Holy Quran. On his insistence her
sister recited a few verses form Surah Taha. Immediately after listening to them, tears began
to flow from his eyes. He went to the Prophet and accepted Islam. Due to his reputation as a
strong and fearless fighter, his conversion encouraged the Muslims to pray openly in
Makkah. The Prophet therefore gave him the title of al-Farooq, i.e. the distinguisher between
right and wrong. He also protected the Prophet from attacks in Makkah and in doing so
became his close companion. Their ties were further strengthened when he gave his daughter
Fatima in marriage to the Prophet. Umar migrated to Madinah shortly before the Prophet's
own migration and openly declared that he was going to migrate. Even after migration he
stood beside the Prophet as a close companion. His bond of brotherhood was formed with
Utban bin Malik. He dreamt the word and method of Azan. He took part in all the battles
fought during the lifetime of the Prophet including the Battle of Badr in 2 AH where shared a
joint camel with Abu Bakar and Abdur Rehman bin Auf and killed his maternal uncle Aas-
bin-Asham. At the Battles of Uhad in 3 AH and Hunain in 8 AH he defended the Prophet. He
initially objected to terms and conditions of the Treaty of Hudabiya because they
disadvantaged the Prophet but eventually submitted to the Prophet's will. At the Tabuk
Expedition in 9 AH, he donated half of his entire wealth as war funds. He was one of those
scribes of the Prophet who learnt the Holy Quran by heart and amongst the ten blessed
companions.
ii) Umar was able to extend the Muslim empire to Persia following a series of battles. In
634 AD, Muslims under the command of Muthanna bin Harith and Khalid bin Waleed
defeated the Persians at the battle of Nammaraq. Muslims under Abu Ubaid-ath-Thaqafi lost
to the Persians that same year at the Battle of Bridge, they were again defeated by Saad bin
Abi Waqas at the Battle of Qadisiya in 637 AD following which Muslims captured Babal,
Kutha, Bahrahsher and Madain, the capital of Persia. The Persians were again defeated in the
same year by Nauman bin Maqqarin. The Persian threat was finally eliminated by Saad bin
Abi Waqas at the Battle of Nahawand in 642 AD. Syria was also added to the Muslim empire
during the reign of Umar when an army led by Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah, who replaced Khalid
bin Waleed during the battle, crushed the Romans in 636 AD at the Battle of Yarmuk. In 638
AD Amar bin al-Aas further extended the Muslim empire after the conquest of Egypt. Khalid
bin Waleed, Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah and Amr bin al-Aas also captured Jerusalem during the
reign of Umar. A peace treaty was signed between them and Muslims under which they were
given full religious and complete security of their life and property as long as they paid
Jiziya. Umar personally accepted the treaty and the agreements made formed the basis of the
later legislation about Dhimmies (non-Muslims living in Islamic state). Umar also brought
many other effective administrative changes to the Muslim empire such as the establishment
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of a regular Majlis-e-Shura'a. Prominent companions attended the meetings of the council
where important issues were discussed. They included, Usman, Ali, Abdur Rehman bin Auf,
Zaid bin Sabit, Ma'az bin Zubair and Tulha. Other administrative changes brought up by
Umar included the division of the Muslim empire into provinces, separation of the judiciary
from the executives, organization of the army and Bait-ul-Maal, introduction of a vast and
effective Educational System, land reforms to promote agriculture, the departments of police,
jail post office, pension and allowance and the Islamic Calendar.
b) Umar was killed by a Persian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a who was known as Feroz. He
was the slave of Mugheera bin Shuba. The reason for killing Umar was that did not accept his
appeal to excuse him from paying a tax. Umar rejected this because he thought that the tax
could be paid by him since it was not that much. This incident completely describes Umar's
character. While he was extremely kind and generous towards the poor and needy he was also
very strict and refused to give anyone any concession if he felt that they were unnecessary
and not within the folds of Islam. He was stern about the observance of all religious duties.
Whatever he did was based on the teachings of Islam and did not hesitate for even a single
second to punish anyone who did not follow the teachings of Islam without thinking about
the consequences of his actions. Umar once imposed a punishment of 80 lashes on his own
son, Abu Salma for drinking wine. The punishment resulted in his son's death. On another
occasion when Umar met the Muslim commanders at Palestine who were dressed in silk, he
started throwing stones at them. It was these fearless tactics of Umar which caused his death
but because of these fearless tactics he also became one of the greatest rulers of the history of
mankind. The fact that Hazrat Ayesha sacrificed her own place of burial alongside the
Prophet for Umar further signifies that Umar was acknowledged by the whole Muslim
community as a great leader.
Mark Scheme:
(a) (i)
• He converted to Islam when he heard a passage of the Qur’an being recited [here
allow 1 mark for the basic point, and allow a further 1 mark for details, e.g. that he
was on his way to kill the Prophet; that he surprised his sister and her husband hearing
the Qur’an recited; that he was going to destroy this passage, but relented when he
read it].
• In Makka he had a reputation as a fierce and strong fighter.
• His conversion gave courage to the Muslims in Makka.
• In Makka he proved a great help because he was able to protect the Prophet from
attacks.
• He made the Hijra to Madina with the other Muslims.
• There he was always close to the Prophet in battles [allow a further 1 mark for details,
such as his defending the Prophet at Uhud, and his digging the trench before
Khandaq].
• His ties with the Prophet were strengthened when the Prophet married his daughter
Hafsa.
• He objected to the terms of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya because they disadvantaged
the Prophet.
• He took part in the expeditions to the north that were organized towards the end of the
Prophet’s life.
(ii)
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• He oversaw the expansion of the empire into Syria, Persia, Iraq and Egypt [allow 1
mark for the basic point, a further 1 mark for details, and an additional 1 mark for
names of battles and dates].
• He personally accepted the surrender of Jerusalem [1 mark for the basic point, and a
further 1 mark for details].
• The agreements he made with conquered non-Muslims formed the basis of later
legislation about Dhimmis.
• He oversaw many important administrative measures [1 mark for the basic point, a
further 1 mark for details such as the diwan which listed those entitled to pensions
from the state, the institution of the position of judge, and a further 1 mark for full
details of more than one of his measures].
(b)
• `Umar was killed by his slave (Abu Lu’lu’a).
• The reason was that he refused to excuse him from paying a tax.
• This is characteristic of `Umar’s total impartiality and refusal to allow concessions
even to those close to him.
• He was stern about the correct observance of all regulations [allow 1 mark for any
examples that illustrate this characteristic].
• He was buried near the Prophet, which shows he was held in high honor.
Examiner’s Report:
This was about the Caliph ‘Umar. In part (a) candidates were asked to describe his life (i)
during the Prophet’s lifetime, and (ii) during his caliphate. While there were some very
thorough answers, a surprising number of candidates did not appear to have a clear idea of
what distinguished ‘Umar. Some thought he was one of the earliest converts, or had married
two of the Prophet’s daughters (that was ‘Uthman). Others thought he had fought the false
prophets (that was Abu Bakr), or compiled the Qur’an. Through such mistakes they missed
easy marks.
Part (b) was more demanding, requiring candidates to know how ‘Umar died, and also to
suggest what this indicates about his character. A few did explain that his assassination by his
slave was the result of his refusal to give his slave special concessions, which shows his
unflinching fairness in treating everyone in exactly the same way (a trait that is exemplified
in a great number of his actions in his earlier life). But most either did not know how he had
died or failed to show how his assassination bore any significance as an indication to his
character.
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Administration of Umar
Establishment of Majlis-e-Shura'a
Umar established a regular Majlis-e-Shura'a. Prominent companions attended the meetings of
the council where important issues were discussed. They included, Usman, Ali, Abdur
Rehman bin Auf, Zaid bin Sabit, Ma'az bin Zubair and Tulha.
Provinces and Governors For the smooth functioning of the administrative system, Umar divided the Islamic state into
several provinces; provinces into districts, districts into towns, Names of provinces were
Makkah, Basra, Kufa, Palestine and Egypt. He appointed experienced personnel as
administrators of the provinces and magistrate to run the affairs if the districts and towns.
Umar imposed certain restrictions on them and they were called during Hajj season.
Separation of Judiciary form Executives Umar was the first ruler who separated judiciary from executives. He was known as Al-
Farooq i.e. distinguisher between right and wrong. Judges were paid extra salaries. Names of
judges included Zaid bin Sabit, Abdullah bin Masud, Shuraih, Salman bin Rabiah.
Organization of Bait-ul-Maal Umar reorganized the entire system of Bait-ul-Maal on sound principals. Major resources of
Revenue were Zakat, Jiziya, Kharaj (land tax), Spoils of War, Ushar, Ashoor (custom duty).
Organization of the Army Umar encouraged the Muslims to enlist in the regular army of the
state. He also divided the army into regular and irregular personnel. They ere paid good
salaries and their families were given funds Umar did not allow military personnel to possess
land in conquered areas. Cantonments and Barracks were built in Madinah, Makkah, Kufa,
Damascus, Jordan, Palestine and Mosul. They were given holiday every four months to visit
their homes.
Education System Umar founded many schools in all provinces and towns for the promotion of knowledge in
Muslims. These schools were located in mosques where Quran, Hadith and Islamic law were
taught. Umar appointed Ubada bin Sabit, Ma'az bin Jabl, Adu Darda as teachers. They were
paid excellent salaries.
Administration of Land Umar introduced various land reforms for the promotion of agriculture. He ordered a
thorough survey of the lands and divided hem into plots and fixed taxes according to the
fertility of the soil and location of the land. Many canals were constructed for irrigational
purposes e.g. the Canal of Saad, Amir-ul-Momineen and Abu Musa Canal. Police, jail, post
office Umar introduced department of police, jail and post office for the smooth running of
the government.
Rights of Dhimmies Non-Muslims who were living in Islamic state were called Dhimmies and were given equal
rights, full security and freedom of religion as long as they paid Jiziya. Umar showed
kindness and charity to the non-Muslims. Once Umar saw as aged Christian begging to pay
Jiziya, Umar exempted him from paying Jiziya and granted him an allowance form Bait-ul-
Maal.
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Pension and Allowance Umar introduced for the first time in the history of mankind, the allotment of pension to the
retired officials and disabled soldiers. He fixed allowances for the needy and physically
handicapped. This Department was called the "Department of Diwan."
Introduction of Islamic Calendar Umar introduced Islamic calendar concerning prayer, fasting, Zakat, Hajj and other religious
practices.
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Importance during the lifetime of the Prophet
Usman was amongst the early converts, first amongst the Umayyads to Islam at the hands of
Abu Bakar and experienced persecutions from the Quraish, particularly from his uncle
Hakam who use to tie him up with a rope and beat him. The Prophet gave his daughter
Ruqayya in marriage to Usman. When the persecutions became unbearable, he decided to
migrate to Abyssinia and then to Madinah along with his wife, and at both places he worked
as a merchant and became quite rich. He purchased a well named Bir-i-Rumah from a Jew
for 20,000 dirhams and devoted it as free for use for the Muslims, following which the
Prophet gave him the glad tidings of Paradise. When Prophet’s mosque became too crowded
for the growing Muslim population, Usman answered the Prophet’s call and bought land for
its extension. He was given the title of al-Ghani, the Generous one, by the Prophet for
spending his wealth in the way of Islam. He took part in all the major battles fought during
the lifetime of the Prophet except for the Battle of Badr in 2 AH when he stayed behind to
take care of his sick wife, on the Prophet’s request. He also told him that he would get the
reward of participating in the battle. Following the death of Ruqayya, during the time of the
battle at Badr, the Prophet decided to marry his daughter Umm Kulthum in 2 AH to Usman
and he is therefore known as Zun Naorrain, the carrier of two lights. The Prophet said, “For
every apostle of Allah there was a constant companion and my companion in Paradise will be
Usman.” He protected the Prophet at the battle of Uhad in 3 AH and Hunain in 8 AH. When
Muslims went to perform Umra at the Ka’aba in 6 AH, he was appointed to negotiate with
the Quraish on the behalf of the Prophet. The unbelievers wrongly informed Muslims of
Usman’s murder following which the Prophet took the Bait-e-Ridwan form his companions
to avenge the murder of Usman. At the conquest of Makkah in 8 AH he rode beside the
Prophet on his entry in Makkah. At the Tabuk Expedition in 9 AH, he bore the expenses for
one third of the Muslim army and also gave away 1000 camels, 1000 Dinars and 50 horses,
following which the Prophet said, “Nothing will do any harm to Usman from this day,
whatever he does.” During the farewell pilgrimage in 10 AH, he was given the task of
escorting the Prophet’s wives. He could both read and write and was amongst the scribes of
the Holt Quran and the first one who learnt it by heart. He is also amongst the ten blessed
companions.
Biological Account
Date of Birth: 573 AD
Real Name: Abu Amr
Father’s Name: Affan bin Abul-As
Mother’s Name: Fatima
Kuniyat name: Abu Abdullah
Bond of Brotherhood: Aus bin Sabit
Died in: 35 AH
Importance during the first two Caliphs
He was the second person after Umar to take an oath of allegiance at Abu Bakar’s hand at his
election as first Caliph of Islam. He served in the army sent by Abu Bakar under Usamah’s
command to Syria. During the apostasy movement, he remained by Abu Bakar’s side as his
advisor. He was a member of the Majlis-e-Shura’a during the time of both Abu Bakar and
Umar’s Caliphates. During the Caliphate of Umar, when his caravan carrying large supplies
of food arrived in Madinah at the time of famine, he distributed them for free amongst the
Muslims.
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Importance during his Caliphate Usman took over the office of Caliphate and not only consolidated the areas conquered
during Umar’s regime by crushing the Roman rebellions in Alexandria (Egypt) and Syria
within a year but also extended the Muslim Empire by capturing and consolidating
Azerbaijan and Armenia by crushing the revolts in these areas. The Empire also extended
into North Africa in 27 AH when the Muslims conquered Tripoli, Tunisia, Morocco and a
part of Algeria under the rule of Abdullah bin Sarah. New areas like Hisraf, Gazni, Herat,
Kabul, Balkh, Samarkand, Tashkent, Sajestan, Arghiyan, Tukemanistan, Khurasan, Tabrastan
and Jarjan were conquered by 31 AH. The Island of Cyprus and a part of Spain was also
conquered during his reign. He built the first Muslim Naval fleet consisting of 500 ships to
fight the Greeks and appointed Abi Sara as its first Admiral. He built a dam to protect
Madinah from floods and extended the mosque of the Prophet. But the expansion of the
Muslim Empire resulted in the Quran being recited in many different dialects. So therefore,
on the suggestion of Huzaifa bin Yaman, he appointed Zaid bin Sabit as head of a committee
which also included Abdullah bin Zudair, Saeed bin al’Aas and Abdur Rehamn bin Harith to
compile the Holy Quran in the form of a single, accurate and authoritative book. The task was
completed in five years and the Quran was distributed to all the seven provinces of the
Muslim empire. He was therefore known as Jame-al-Quran. He destroyed all the previous
versions of the Quran by fire, which resulted in much criticism form the Muslim Community.
He also appointed his relatives as governors of the provinces such as Waleed bin Uqbah at
Kufa, Abdullah bin Amir at Busra and Abdullah bin Saad at Egypt and trusted them and gave
them a free hand in running their provinces and they proved to be quite competent but
opposition came form the public on the basis that Usman was too lenient on them and they
were inefficient. Usman’s lenient hand however, caused the provincial governors particularly
those at Kufa, Basra and Egypt to become too bold and unrest in the provincial capitals grew
which spread to the whole Muslim State and led to rebellions up and down the Empire. There
were rivalries between Arabs and non-Arabs in newly conquered areas because newly
conquered areas had not been hired in respectable positions in the army or the government
and between Ban Hashim and Ban Ummayiah which further weakened the power of the
Caliph.
Why were there allegations against Usman during the later years of his Caliphate
He had appointed relatives as governors such as Waleed bin Uqbah at Kufa, Abdullah bin
Amir at Busra and Abdullah bin Saad at Egypt which was seen as favoritism by the Muslims
Community and there were allegations of them being inefficient and Usman being too lenient
towards them and even spent on them from Bait-ul-Maal, even though he had spent on the
welfare of Muslims form his own pocket in the early stages of Islam. Although he destroyed
older versions of the Quran to ensure the authenticity of the book but many regarded this as a
huge sign of disrespect to Allah and his book. He was also alleged of ill-treating major
companions such as Abuzar Ghaffari, Amar bin Yair and Abdullah bin Masud. He has been
accused of making changes in the rites of Hajj by offering complete prayer instead of the
Qada prayer offered by the Prophet and the first two Caliphs. Abdullah bin Saba, a Yeminte
Jew who claimed that he had accepted Islam but on the orders of the Persians and Romans
created discretion amongst the Muslims by propagating against Usman and his officials.
Usman failed to take a timely action against him. He pacified a force of rebels from Egypt by
making concessions like agreeing replace Abdullah bin Saad with Muhammad bin Abi Bakar
as governor of Egypt but he secretly sent word to have them killed on their return back to
Egypt. The same rebels, on intercepting the messenger carrying the message to the governor
of Egypt, returned to Madinah, besieged Usman’s home for fifty days and even though he
denied sending the letter and claimed that it had been forged, they martyred him in 35 AH
while he was reciting the Holy Quran.
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Importance during the lifetime of the Prophet Ali was the son of Abu Talib who was the Prophet’s grandfather. His name was selected by
the Prophet who took him under his own care and protection from early life. Ali used to
accompany the Prophet on his trade journeys to Syria. He was the second person who
accepted Islam after Hazrat Khatijah and did that at the tender age of eleven. Ali was
amongst those who could read and write and performed the duty of a scribe of the Prophet by
memorizing and recording the revelations as they were revealed as well as the Prophet’s
Hadith and was the scribe of the Treaty of Hudabiya. In the process he became a highly
knowledgeable scholar. The Prophet said, “If I am the city of knowledge Ali is its gate.” He
was also amongst the ten blessed companions. When the Prophet migrated to Madinah in 622
AD, he left Hazrat Ali as decoy in his bed to allow the Prophet a safe and unnoticed escape
from the Quraish who had surrounded his house with the intentions to kill him and to return
the valuables entrusted to him by the people. The Prophet declared Ali to be his brother at the
time of Maukhat and when he the inquired the reason for this the Prophet replied, “You are
my brother in this world and the Hereafter.” The Prophet also married his youngest daughter
Fatimah to him who gave birth to Hasan and Husain from where the Prophet’s line of
descendants continued and the line of Shia Imams continued. He took part in almost all the
battles fought during the lifetime of the Prophet including the battle of Bard 2 AH where he
shared a joint camel with Marthad Ibn Abi Marthad, was chosen as one of the scouts to
discover enemies’ movements, carried the Muslim standard and also took a successful part in
the indivual combats by killing Waleed bin Shaibah. At Uhad in 3 AH, he once again took
part in the individual combats, by killing Abu Saad, carried the Muslim standard when Musab
bin Umair was martyred and protected the Prophet when he was attacked. He also protected
the Prophet in Hunain in 8 AH. At Khandak he again successfully took part in the individual
combats by killinh his foe and was amongst the leaders of the siege of the Jewish tribe Banu
Qaynuka. He was also sent by the Prophet to conquer Khyber in 7 AH, when the Muslims
were unable to conquer the Fort of Kamoos, which he successfully completed during which
he courageously used a door as a shield and killed the famous warrior Marhab. He was also
sent as commander of the Muslims forces in the expeditions to Fadak and to Yemen. He also
carried the Muslim standard at the Conquest of Makkah in 8 AH. He, however, did not take
part in the battle of Tabuk in 9 AH, where he was left to be the incharge of Madinah. Upon
this rumors of the Prophet’s displeasure with Ali spread, but on knowing this the Prophet
replied, “You are to me as Haroon was to Moses, except that there will be no Prophet after
me.” The Prophet gave him the title of Asadullah, the Lion of Allah, because of his bravery in
the battles fought against the non-believers and Abu Turab, the father of dust. When Abu
Bakar led the Hajj in 9 AH when the Prophet fell sick, he was sent by the Prophet to read out
the new teachings revealed which can be found in Surah al-Tawba. He was also a great jurist
and the Prophet sent him to Yemen in 10 Ahh as the Qadi (Judge). He tended the Prophet day
and night during his last illness and some claim that the Prophet even died in his house. He
was amongst those who performed the funeral rites of the Prophet and lowered him into the
grave. He is held highly in honor amongst the entire Muslim Community and particularly the
shies who consider him to be sinless and their first Imam. They also agree and that when the
Prophet said, “Of whomsoever I am lord, Ali is also his lord. O Allah be supporter of
whoever supports Ali and the enemy of whoever opposes him,” at Ghadir Khumm, he should
have been declared the first Caliph of the Muslims. Numerous other traditions can be quoted
which show the Prophet’s love, affection and respect for Ali. The Prophet said, “When I am
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patron of anyone, Ali is his patron too.” The Prophet further said, “You pertain to me and I
pertain to you.” He also said, “I am from Ali and Ali is from me.”
Importance during the First Three Caliphs
He took pledge of loyalty to the first three Caliphs, however he late in taking pledge at the
hand of Abu Bakar. He was an important member of the Majlis-e-Shura’a during the reign of
the first three caliphs and remained the judge (mufti) of madina during this time. He was also
amongst the panel of 6 appointed by Umar on his deathbed to succeed him as caliph. He also
narrated 540 tradtions.
Importance during his Caliphate
Ali took the office of Khilafat on 21st Dhul-Hajj and his first action as Caliph was to remove
the reltives of Usman from duty. He appointed Suhail bin Hanif as governor of Syria, Sa’ad
bin Ubaidullah as the Governor of Egypt, Ummara bin Shahab as the Governor of Kufa,
Usman bin Hanif as Gvernor of Kufa and Abdullah bin abbas as Governor of Yemen.
Muawiya, the governor of Syria, however, refused and demanded that the assassins of Usman
be punished first. He also distributed the wealth that Umar and Usman had kept aside. Before
being able to take action against him Tulha, Zubair and Ayesha also raised cry for vengeance
of Usman murder and went against him in war at Busra. Although agreement between the
two parties was reached before the battle, but since Ali’s forces contained people responsible
for the murder of Usman, they felt that the solution would be against their interests and killed
Tulha and Zubair as they left the battlefield. So the two parties took to battle in Rabi al
Awwal 36 AH. Ali’s 20,000 fared off against Ayesha’s 30,000. Ayesha personally took part
in the battle and the camel she rode became the centre of attention. The battle is accordingly
called the battle of Camel. This was the first civil war amongst the Muslims in which 10,000
Muslims were killed. Ali won the battle and Ayesha was treated with the due respect and sent
back to madina and was escorted by her brother Muhammad bin Abi Bakar. After the battle
Ali shifted his capital from madina to Kufa where his support was strongest.
Muawiya continued to investigate the Muslims against Ali by blaming him to be responsible
for Usman’s death and showing the blood stained shirt of Usman and chopped fingers of his
wife at a mosque in Damascus. Ali was forced to declare war against him and marched his 80
thousand followers against Muawiya’s 90 thousand to Siffin in 37 AH. The battle started on
8th
Safar and lasted for 7 days and as many as 90 thousand Muslims were killed. Ali gained
the upper hand in battle and as a last resort, on the advice of Amr bin al-Aas, Muawiya
ordered his men to raise the Quran on their lances to show that the decision should be
referred to Quran. Ali however was to clever to fall for this and ordered his army to continue
fighting.10 thousand from Ali’s army however refused to fight and Ali was therefore forced
to accept the truce offered by Muawiya.
On his way back Ali’s army insisted on fighting the Syrians Ali refused saying that he had
signed a peace treaty with the Syrians and would not break it.3,000 to 4000 of Ali’s men
turned against him who were enraged at Ali for accepting Muawiya’s truce. They came to be
known as the kharijits or Seceders (derived form the verb Kharaja meaning to depart or
separate) and their leader was Abdullah bin Wahab.
According to the terms of the truce with Muawiya their dispute was referred to two
arbitrators, Abu Musa Al Ashari who represented Ali and Amr Bin Al As who represented
Muawiya. The arbitration took place at Damut al Jandal. Both the arbitrators agreed to depose
Ali from duty but Amr Bin Al As did not agree with Abu Musa in his decision to depose
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Muawiya as well. The arbitration therefore failed. After this Ali prepared to wage war against
Muawiya but the Kharijits who had encamped at Naharwan plotted against Ali but Ali
inflicted a crushing defeat on them in 37 AH following which Ali ordered his troops to march
to Syria but they refused and deserted him. Muawiya quickly seized on the opportunity and
sent Amr bin al-Aas to successfully invade Egypt. This came as a big shock to Ali following,
which many rebellions broke out in his empire. Finally negotiations took place between the
two parties and it was agreed that Muawiya would rule Egypt and Syria whereas Ali will
remain the caliph of the rest of the Muslim empire.
Detailed Description of:
Battle of Camel
Tulha, Zubair who were amongst the first who took pledge of loyalty to Ali became enraged
with Ali not taking positive steps to punish the assassins of Usman after almost a year in
office. They prevailed upon Ayesha who was herself deeply aggrieved of Usman’s death and
raised cry for vengeance of Usman’s murder and marched against him to Basra. Ali sent his
son Hasan to Kufa and successfully prepared an army 20,000 to fight against Ayesha’s
30,000. Before the battle negotiations took place between the two parties. Abdullah Ibn
Abbas who was from Ali’s side successfully convinced Ayesha’s representative Abdullah bin
Sabaa that due action against Usman’s murderers would be taken as soon as possible and was
only being delayed due to lack of evidence, the large number of people involved and the
political unrest in the Muslims empire. Although agreement between the two parties was
reached before the battle, but since Ali’s forces contained people responsible for the murder
of Usman, they felt that the solution would be against their interests and killed Tulha and
Zubair as they left the battlefield according to the terms of the treaty. So the two parties took
to battle in Rabi al Awwal 36 AH. Ayesha personally took part in the battle and the camel she
rode became the centre of attention. The battle is accordingly called the battle of Camel. This
was the first civil war amongst the Muslims in which 10,000 Muslims were killed. Ayesha
fought off the rebels valiantly until her camel was wounded and brought down. Ali, therefore,
won the battle and Ayesha was treated with the due respect and sent back to madina, escorted
by her brother Muhammad bin Abi Bakar. After the battle Ali’s Khilafat was recognized by
the whole Muslim community, except Syria but he shifted his capital from madina to Kufa
where his support was strongest.
Battle of Siffin
When Ali dismissed the Governors who came under scrutiny during Usman’s reign, Ameer
Muawiya the Governor of Syria refused to step down from his post and under his pressure no
one from Syria took oath of loyalty to Ali. Usman began instigating the Muslims against Ali
by blaming him to be responsible for Usman’s death and showing the blood stained shirt of
Usman and chopped fingers of his wife at a mosque in Damascus. He won over Iraq and by
portraying Tulha and Zubair as martyrs for the cause of revenge of Usman’s murder and
blaming Ali of mistreating Ayesha. Ali sent messengers asking Muawiya to accept him as
Caliph or be prepared to face him in battle. Muawiya stated outright that any further
negotiations would only take place if Ali punished the assassins of Usman first. Ali was
forced to declare war against him and marched his 80 thousand followers against Muawiya’s
90 thousand to Siffin in 37 AH which were the largest armies so far assembled in the history
of Islam. For several months rival soldiers stood facing each other, and during this time no
fighting took place except for the occasional skirmishes, no battle took place as Ali tried to
send messengers to Muawiya to accept his Caliphate but he remained firm in his earlier
claim. The battle started on 8th
Safar and lasted for 7 days and as many as 90 thousand
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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Muslims were killed. Ali gained the upper hand in battle and as a last resort, on the advice of
Amr bin al-Aas, Muawiya ordered his men to raise the Quran on their lances to show that the
decision should be referred to Quran. Ali however was to clever to fall for this and ordered
his army to continue fighting.10 thousand from Ali’s army however refused to fight and Ali
was therefore forced to accept the truce offered by Muawiya according to which the dispute
was to be referred to two arbitrators and their decision would have to be acknowledged by
both parties.
Why did Muawiya refuse to accept Ali as Caliph
Usman was killed by rebels from Egypt who thought that he had tried to trick them to death.
After his assassination unrest spread throughout the Muslims Empire and Ali was appointed
as the next Caliph. Many Muslims took oaths of loyalty to him. Amongst these the
unanimous decision was that Ali should punish these assassins. But Ali delayed taking action
against them due to lack of evidence, the large number of people involved and the political
unrest in the Muslims empire. Muawiya was a loyal supporter of Usman and his nephew. He
had also sent troops to rescue him when his was surrounded by the rebels but aid could not
arrive in time. So therefore Muawiya led the opposition against Ali to seek justice for Usman.
But there was also a hidden motive of Muawiya. He did not want to leave his governorship of
Syria and even wanted the Caliphate of the whole of the Muslim empire. So he also led the
opposition against Ali in his quest for power, which became evident again when he was also
ready to march to the battlefield to force Ali’s son Hasan to abdicate the office of Caliphate
after Ali’s death.
Why did some supporters of Ali turn against him after the Battle of Siffin?
During the battle of Siffin in 37 AH fought between Ali and Muawiya, Ali gained the upper
hand in battle and as a last resort, on the advice of Amr bin al-Aas, Muawiya ordered his men
to raise the Quran on their lances to show that the decision should be referred to Quran. After
desertion of 10 thousand from his army, Ali was therefore forced to accept the truce offered
by Muawiya according to which the dispute was to be referred to two arbitrators and their
decision would have to be acknowledged by both parties. Some people on Ali’s side violently
disagreed with his decisions to accept the arbitration. They claimed that since he was the
leader of the community he does not have to submit to the decision of others. They claimed
that the Quran in Surah al-Hujarat clearly gave instructions on how to treat rebels and so it
was wrong even to acknowledge that Muawiya had any right against the ruler of the
community. Their cry was “No decision except Allah’s” and only Quran could be taken as
the arbitrator. They insisted that Ali would fight against the Syrians on his way back but
when Ali refused saying that he had signed a peace treaty with the Syrians and felt that he
had to acknowledge. Angry at Ali’s move 3,000 to 4,000 of these men marched to Naharwan
claiming that only the first two Caliphs were rightly guided. They came to be known as the
kharijits or Seceders (derived form the verb Kharaja meaning to depart or separate) and their
leader was Abdullah bin Wahab.
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY
THE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITYTHE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITYTHE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITYTHE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITY
IT IS RECOMMENDED TO ALL THAT MARKS SCHEMES AND EXAMINER
REPORTS SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR EVERY QUESTION
FOR THE
COMPLETION
OF THESE
NOTES
MUHAMMAD SHUMAIL MOHY-UD-DIN
THE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITYTHE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITYTHE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITYTHE FIRST ISLAMIC COMMUNITY PAPER-2 Q NO.4/5
IT IS RECOMMENDED TO ALL THAT MARKS SCHEMES AND EXAMINER
REPORTS SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR EVERY QUESTION FOR ACCURACY.
THANKSTHANKSTHANKSTHANKS
ALSO TO
• SIR NAZIR
• NAUMAN
• AND
CLASSFELLOWS
IslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyatIslamiyat Notesotesotesotes
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IT IS RECOMMENDED TO ALL THAT MARKS SCHEMES AND EXAMINER
FOR ACCURACY.
ALSO TO
SIR NAZIR
NAUMAN
AND ALSO TO MY
CLASSFELLOWS