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The Long 19 The Long 19 th th Century Century 1789-1914 1789-1914

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Page 1: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

The Long 19The Long 19thth Century Century

1789-19141789-1914

Page 2: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Dual RevolutionsDual Revolutions

Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter, using what he calls the thereafter, using what he calls the twin twin revolution thesisrevolution thesis. .

This thesis recognized the dual importance of This thesis recognized the dual importance of the French Revolution and the Industrial the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution as having given rise to modern Revolution as having given rise to modern European history, and – through the European history, and – through the connections of colonialism and imperialism – connections of colonialism and imperialism – all of world history.all of world history.

Page 3: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Hobsbawm, Hobsbawm, The Age of RevolutionThe Age of Revolution

The great revolution of 1789–1848 was the The great revolution of 1789–1848 was the triumph triumph

not of liberty and equality in general, but of not of liberty and equality in general, but of the middle class or ‘bourgeois’ liberal societythe middle class or ‘bourgeois’ liberal society

not of ‘industry’ as such, but of ‘capitalist not of ‘industry’ as such, but of ‘capitalist industry’; industry’;

not of the ‘modern economy’ or of the not of the ‘modern economy’ or of the ‘modern state’ but of the economies and ‘modern state’ but of the economies and states in a particular region of the worldstates in a particular region of the world

Page 4: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Hobsbawm, Hobsbawm, The Age of RevolutionThe Age of Revolution

But it is not unreasonable to regard this dual But it is not unreasonable to regard this dual revolution – the rather more political revolution – the rather more political (French) and the industrial (British) (French) and the industrial (British) revolution – not so much as something revolution – not so much as something which belongs to the history of the two which belongs to the history of the two countries which were its chief carriers and countries which were its chief carriers and symbols, but as the twin crater of a rather symbols, but as the twin crater of a rather larger regional volcano.”larger regional volcano.”

Page 5: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Evolution or Revolution?Evolution or Revolution?

11stst Phase: 1740-1860 Phase: 1740-1860in Britain…in Britain…

Page 6: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Why Britain?Why Britain?Lack of war/conflict within BritainLack of war/conflict within BritainVast market colonial system – excess Vast market colonial system – excess

capitalcapitalStrong, sizeable Navy, merchant fleet Strong, sizeable Navy, merchant fleet Access to ports & Internal water trade Access to ports & Internal water trade

routesroutesFavorable government policiesFavorable government policiesPrivate landownership – enclosure actsPrivate landownership – enclosure actsMobile society – labor forceMobile society – labor forceCoal & iron resourcesCoal & iron resources

Page 7: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,
Page 8: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,
Page 9: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Spinning JennySpinning Jenny

Page 10: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Power LoomPower Loom

Page 11: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Newcomen , then WattNewcomen , then Watt

Steam Engine

Page 12: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Evolution…Evolution…Proto-industrialization to factory systemto factory system

Worker/employer relations & imbalance in Worker/employer relations & imbalance in productionproduction

simple, common items (textiles)– mass simple, common items (textiles)– mass productionproductionBig profits, unlike France – luxury itemsBig profits, unlike France – luxury items

Automation: spinning jenny, power loom, steam Automation: spinning jenny, power loom, steam engineengine

Internal Improvements: canals (Suez 1869), Internal Improvements: canals (Suez 1869), steamboats (trans-Atlantic 1838), railroadssteamboats (trans-Atlantic 1838), railroads

““Agricultural Revolution” reaper thresher, steel-Agricultural Revolution” reaper thresher, steel-tipped plow (canning, refrigeration)tipped plow (canning, refrigeration)

Rise of Corporations (easier to raise capital)Rise of Corporations (easier to raise capital)

Page 13: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,
Page 14: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,
Page 15: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

ManchesterManchester

Page 16: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Impact …Impact …

Population growth (poverty)Vertical to horizontal stratification

of societyNew urban centers: Manchester

Unsanitary, overcrowded, polluted, Child labor

Laissez Faire ideology among most middle class (unless favorable to business)

Page 17: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Impact on Impact on Economics & Economics & Sociology Sociology

David Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages

Thomas Malthus: Food supply & population growth

Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism

Page 18: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Ricardo’s Ricardo’s Iron Law of WagesIron Law of Wages

Page 19: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Charles Darwin, from his Charles Darwin, from his autobiography. (1876) autobiography. (1876)

"In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun "In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for

amusement Malthus amusement Malthus On PopulationOn Population, and being well , and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which

everywhere goes on from long- continued observation of everywhere goes on from long- continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would under these circumstances favourable variations would

tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The results of this would be the formation of a destroyed. The results of this would be the formation of a

new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by which to work".which to work".

Page 20: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Starting at 1750, 50 year intervals

Measure in Billions

Page 21: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Malthus, Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Essay on the Principle of PopulationPopulation (1798) (1798)

In nature plants and animals produce far more In nature plants and animals produce far more offspring than can survive, and that Man too is offspring than can survive, and that Man too is capable of overproducing if left unchecked.capable of overproducing if left unchecked.

Concluded that unless family size was regulated, Concluded that unless family size was regulated, man's misery of famine would become globally man's misery of famine would become globally epidemic and eventually consume Man. epidemic and eventually consume Man.

Not popular among social reformers who believed Not popular among social reformers who believed that with proper social structures, all ills of man that with proper social structures, all ills of man could be eradicated. could be eradicated.

Page 22: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Page 23: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Reform?? Reform?? The “Condition The “Condition of England” Questionof England” Question

Aristocracy: Aristocracy: noblesse obligenoblesse obligeSocial Gospel/Christian SocialismSocial Gospel/Christian SocialismRobert Owen: Utopian CommunitiesRobert Owen: Utopian CommunitiesTemperance MovementsTemperance Movements11stst Phase reform: ( Phase reform: (Sadler Commission, 1832))

Factory Act of 1833Factory Act of 1833Repeal of Combination Acts 1824Repeal of Combination Acts 1824

Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism (late 18Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism (late 18thth C) C) Socialism: Karl Marx & Frederich Engels Socialism: Karl Marx & Frederich Engels

(1848)(1848)

Page 24: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

It is the greatest good to the greatest number of people which is the measure of right and wrong.

It is vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual.

Read more: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/jeremy_bentham.html#ixzz1nsOBW07S

Page 25: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

On the Continent?… On the Continent?…

Britain had little competition until 2Britain had little competition until 2ndnd phasephase

Slow to change, picked up after Slow to change, picked up after 18601860Napoleonic warsNapoleonic warsPoor transportPoor transportFewer raw materialsFewer raw materialsInternal tools/tariffsInternal tools/tariffsInvestment ‘ungentlemanly’Investment ‘ungentlemanly’

Required more government Required more government involvementinvolvement

Page 26: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Second PhaseSecond Phasemid 19th century , Technological Revolution rapid growth of railroads, steel, steamships, rapid growth of railroads, steel, steamships,

electricity, chemicals, telecommunications electricity, chemicals, telecommunications End of British leadership End of British leadership

US, Germany leadershipUS, Germany leadershipJapan, France, Low CountriesJapan, France, Low Countries

larger scale investment in more industries beginnings of big corporations dominating industries, able to

invest more money in new technology capital industries which produce goods for other industries, not

for consumers

Page 27: The Long 19 th Century 1789-1914. Dual Revolutions Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter,

Impact…Impact…

What do the documents tell us about the What do the documents tell us about the impact industrialization had on …impact industrialization had on …

The people and politics of Europe?The people and politics of Europe?

The World?The World?


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