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The Molecular Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초)

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Page 1: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

The Molecular

Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초)

Page 2: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick
Page 3: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

In 1928, Frederick Griffith : Transformation (형질전환)

살아있는S 세포

(대조군)

치사

Living S cells RESULTS

EXPERIMENT

살아있는R 세포

(대조군)

열처리로 죽은 S 세포

(대조군)

열처리로 죽은 S 세포와 살아있는R 세포의 혼합물

치사 건강 건강

Page 4: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

In 1944, Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod

; 형질전환을 일으킨 물질은 DNA

In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Bacteriophage T2

Page 5: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

Erwin Chargaff (1947)

; 생물종에 따라 DNA 염기조성은 다양

Chargaff’s rule

; A = T , G = C

A + G = T + C

당-인산 골격

5 말단

질소함유 염기들

Thymine (T)

Adenine (A)

Cytosine (C)

DNA nucleotide

당 (데옥시리보스) 3 말단

티민

아데닌

시토싞

구아닌 Guanine (G)

Page 6: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

Linus Pauling, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

; X-ray crystallographic images

Page 7: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

DNA 구조에 대한 모델 ; 이중나선 구조

1953, Watson and Crick

Page 8: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick
Page 9: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

Cytosine (C)

Adenine (A) Thymine (T)

Guanine (G)

티민 아데닌

시토싞 구아닌

Page 10: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

DNA replication (복제) – 반보존적(Semiconservative)

; DNA의 두 가닥은 상보적,

각 가닥은 복제시 주형으로 작용

A T

G C

T A

T A

G C

(a) Parent molecule

A T

G C

T A

T A

G C

A T

G C

T A

T A

G C

(a) Parent molecule (b) Separation of

strands

A T

G C

T A

T A

G C

(a) 부모 분자

A T

G C

T A

T A

G C

(c) “딸” DNA 분자들, 각각은 부모가닥(진한 파란색)과 새로 생성된 가닥(연한 파란색)으로 구성

(b) 가닥 분리

A T

G C

T A

T A

G C

A T

G C

T A

T A

G C

Page 11: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

A

C

T

G

G

G

G C

C C

C

C

A

A

A

T

T

새 가닥 5 말단 5 end 3 end

3 end

5 end 5 말단

3 end

인산

Nucleoside

triphosphate

Pyrophosphate

DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase (중합효소)

주형 가닥 3 말단

피로2인산

염기

뉴클레오시드 3인산

Page 12: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

Overview

Origin of replication

Leading strand

Leading strand

Lagging strand

Lagging strand Overall directions

of replication

Leading strand

Lagging strand

Helicase

Parental DNA

DNA pol III

Primer Primase

DNA ligase

DNA pol III

DNA pol I

Single-strand

binding protein

5

3

5

5

5

5

3

3

3

3 1 3

2

4

(a) Leading strand (선도가닥)

(b) Lagging strand (지체가닥)

Page 13: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

DNA

이중나선

(지름 2 nm)

Nucleosome

(지름 10 nm)

Histone Histone tail

H1

1. DNA, 이중나선 2. Nucleosome (10-nm fiber)

진핵세포의 염색질(chromatin) 응축

히스톤 단백질

뉴클레오솜 섬유

Page 14: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

30-nm fiber

염색분체 (700 nm)

Loops Scaffold

300-nm fiber

복제된 염색체

(1,400 nm)

3. 30-nm fiber 4. 고리 모양 도메인

(300-nm fiber) 5. 중기 . 염색체

섬유

골격 고리

Page 15: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

Nucleolus 인

Heterochromatin

이질염색질

Euchromatin

진정염색질

갂기(interghase)의 핵

Page 16: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

From Gene to Protein (유전자에서 단백질로)

Page 17: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

One gene – one protein 가설

One gene – one polypeptide 가설

One gene – one RNA 가설

One gene – one enzyme 가설 유전자 효소

단백질

폴리펩티드

유전자(gene)의 개념

Page 18: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

DNA (핵)

Protein 합성 (세포질의 리보솜)

RNA

분자생물학의 Central Dogma

Gene expression (유전자 발현)

유전정보의 흐름

(중심원리)

DNA 이중나선

DNA 복제 전사

번역

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Transcription (전사) and Translation (번역, 해독)

전사 DNA

mRNA

원핵세포에서의

Page 20: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

mRNA

리보솜

Transcription (전사) and Translation (번역, 해독)

전사 DNA

원핵세포에서의

번역

폴리펩티드

Page 21: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

핵막

DNA

Pre-mRNA

진핵세포

전사

Page 22: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

DNA

Pre-mRNA RNA 가공 과정

mRNA

진핵세포 핵막

전사

Page 23: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

번역

폴리펩티드

진핵세포 핵막

전사

RNA 가공 과정

리보솜

Page 24: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

The Genetic Code

(유전암호)

DNA molecule

Gene 1

Gene 2

Gene 3

DNA 주형가닥

mRNA

Protein

Codon

Amino acid

전사

번역 코돈

Page 25: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

Second mRNA base

Fir

st

mR

NA

ba

se

(5

en

d o

f c

od

on

)

Th

ird

mR

NA

ba

se

(3

en

d o

f c

od

on

)

Page 26: The Molecular Basis of Inheritanceelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2012/Sungsin/... · 2013. 7. 31. · Basis of Inheritance (유전의 분자적 기초) In 1928, Frederick

Protein Folding and Post-Translational Modifications

(단백질의 접힘과 번역후 변형)

mRNA

싞호 펩티드

싞호- 인식 인자 (SRP)

세포질 이동 복합체

SRP

수용체 단백질

소포체 내강

소포체 막

Protein

Targeting Polypeptides to Specific Locations

(폴리펩티드의 특정 장소로의 이동)

리보솜

싞호 펩티드의 제거