the neuron the building block of the nervous system. neuron – a cell specialized to receive,...
TRANSCRIPT
The NeuronThe building block of
the nervous system.Neuron – A cell
specialized to receive, process, and transmit information to other cells.Bundles of neurons
are called nerves.
Types of NeuronsSensory (afferent) Neurons – Act like one-way
streets that carry traffic from the sense organs toward the brain.Treat the brain to sight, taste, hearing, touch,
smell, pain, and balance.Ex. – When you test the water temperature in
the shower with your hand, afferent neurons carry the message toward the brain.
Types of NeuronsMotor (efferent)Neurons – Form the one-way
routes that transport messages away from the brain to the muscles, organs, and glandsEx – In our shower example, motor neurons
deliver the message from the brain that tells your hand just how much to move the shower control knob.
Types of NeuronsInterneurons –
Relays messages between other neurons, especially in the brain and spinal cord.Brain is basically a
network of billions of intricately connected interneurons.
How Neurons WorkDendrites – A
branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body and carries information into the neuron.Act like a net that
collects messages.
How Neurons WorkSoma – Part of the
neuron containing the nucleus.Receiving
information from the dendrites and then makes the decision to either pass the information on or stop it.
How Neurons WorkAxon – An extended
fiber that conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons. Information travels along the axon in the form of an electric charge called the action potential.
The Resting PotentialResting Potential – The electrical
charge of the axon in its inactive state, when the neuron is ready to fire.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP_P6bYvEjE
The Action PotentialAction Potential – The
nerve impulse caused by a change in the electrical charge across the cell membrane of the axon. When the neuron fires,
this charge travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released by the terminal buttons.
Sets off a chain reaction like a set of falling dominos.
The Action PotentialAll-or-None Principle – Refers to the fact that
the action potential in the axon occurs either full-blown or not at all.
Synaptic TransmissionSynapse – The
microscopic gap that serves as a communications link between neurons. Synapses also occur
between neurons and the muscles or glands they serve.
Synaptic TransmissionTerminal Buttons –
Tiny bulblike structures at the end of the axonContain
neurotransmitters that carry the neuron’s message into the synapse.
Synaptic TransmissionSynaptic Transmission – Sequence of events
in which the electrical message morphs into a chemical message that easily flows across the synaptic gap or cleft between neurons.
NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters –
Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse. Many neurotransmitters are also hormones.
PlasticityPlasticity – The nervous system’s
ability to adapt or change as the result of experience. Plasticity may also help the nervous
system adapt to physical damage.Hugely important in helping us survive.
Glial CellsGlial Cells – Cells
that bind the neurons together. Also provide an
insulating cover (the myelin sheath) of the axon for some neurons, which facilitates the electrical impulse.