the presidencies of thomas jefferson, james madison, james monroe and the market economy (unit ii,...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Presidencies of Thomas Jefferson,
James Madison, James Monroe and the
Market Economy(Unit II, Segment 1 of 3)
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■Essential Question:–How did Jefferson’s presidency
change American government, territory, & foreign policy?
■Warm-Up Question:–How will the fact that Jefferson
was a Democratic-Republican influence his policies as America’s third president?
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The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the
Antebellum Era (1800-1860)–Early Antebellum (1800-1840)
•American nationalism•Age of the “common man” • Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy
–Late Antebellum (1840-1860)•Manifest Destiny into the West•Sectionalism divided North & South
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1. George Washington
2. John Adams3. Thomas
Jefferson4. James
Madison5. James
Monroe6. John Q.
Adams7. Andrew
Jackson
Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the
“Revolution of 1800”:–For the first time, a new
political party took the presidency
–Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-Republicans
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Jefferson as President■As a Democratic-Republican,
Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t:–He reduced the size of the
army
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Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty
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The United States in 1800
From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA
Kentucky (1792)
Ohio (1803)
Tennessee (1796)
In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell
Louisiana
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The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
In 1803, Jefferson authorized the
Louisiana Purchase from France
for $15 million
Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory; Their
findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America
As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but he did it
anyway
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Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804
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Jefferson’s Legacy■ Jefferson came into office trying to
reduce the size & power of the national government, but:–By buying Louisiana, he
expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution
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1. George Washington
2. John Adams3. Thomas
Jefferson4. James
Madison5. James
Monroe6. John Q.
Adams7. Andrew
Jackson
James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
–Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP
–Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t
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The War of 1812Unfortunately, the war between England & France continued to cause problems for Americans:–England & France continued to
violate American free trade–The British navy continued to
“impress” American merchants–Many Congressmen, called “War
Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor
“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry
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Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave
in & asked Congress for a declaration of
war in June 1812
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The War of 1812 (1812—1814)
• The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began–Had a weak
navy & poorly trained army
–The war went badly at first
…and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star
Spangled Banner”
The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
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The War of 1812 (1812—1814)
• Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly
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The War of 1812 (1812—1814)
• In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war
• Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans
The Americans were led by
Andrew Jackson who became a national heroThe victory at
New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war
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Treaty of Ghent■ Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it
did not address trade rights or other causes of the war
■ Effects of the War of 1812:–Americans were united in a sense of
nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British
–America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy
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1. George Washington
2. John Adams3. Thomas
Jefferson4. James
Madison5. James
Monroe6. John Q.
Adams7. Andrew
Jackson
James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals:–To promote national unity –To promote America’s
power in the world• Monroe was a Democratic-
Republican, but by 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Republicans could do almost anything
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The Era of Good Feelings■ After the War of 1812, America
experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825:–Monroe & the Democratic -
Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism
–Nationalism—the interests of the USA should be placed ahead of regional interests
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American Nationalism■Monroe & the Democratic -
Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity through the –Economy: Encourage industry &
build better transportation to link the South, North, & West
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The American System■In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay
proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West–Created a tariff to promote U.S.
industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods
–A nat’l system of roads & canals
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The Market Revolution■ From 1800 to 1840, the U.S.
developed a “national” economy:–New technologies allowed the
North (industry), South (cotton), & West (commercial farming) to develop specialized economies
–Improved transportation reduced travel time & cost to ship goods which helped connect the country
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The National Economy: The North
Technology:By 1840, Eli Whitney’s
interchangeable parts & other textile technology led to an Industrial Revolution
in the North
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Eli Whitney’s Other Major Invention:Interchangeable Parts
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Samuel Slater:Father of the American Factory System
Spinning Mule
Power LoomSewing Machine
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The National Economy: The North
Specialized Regional Economy: By 1840, Northern factories mass produced textiles, farm
equipment, other finished goodsThe growth of factories in
the North led to an increase in cities (urbanization)
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Textile Production Before the Industrial Revolution
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The Lowell Mill in Massachusetts was the most famous textile mill
Lowell managers hired young, single girls to work & live
at the factory
Textile Production During the Industrial
Revolution
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American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
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The National Economy: The West
Technology:Cyrus McCormick’s reaper &
John Deere’s steel plow allowed western farmers to
grow enough food to sell
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Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper
John Deere & the Steel Plow
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The National Economy: The West
Specialized Regional Economy: The West became a network of cash-crop farms producing
wheat, corn, hogs, & cattle
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Commercial Farming in the West
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The National Economy: The South
Technology:In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin making cotton
easy to refine & very profitable
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The Cotton Gin
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The National Economy: The South
Specialized Regional Economy: By 1820, cotton became the dominant cash crop
of the Deep South
The spread of cotton increased slavery &
plantation agriculture in the
South
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The Rise of “King Cotton”■ Southern cotton was so important
to the antebellum economy that it was known as “King Cotton”–The South provided 75% of
world’s cotton–Southern cotton stimulated the
growth of Northern textile industry, shipping, & marketing
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Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1860
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Connecting Regional Economies Into
a National Market Economy
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The Market Revolution■ During the antebellum era, these
3 regional economies became connected as a result of: –Henry Clay’s American System
(tariff on foreign manufacturing, & national funding for transportation)
–A transportation revolution of roads, canals, & early railroads that built America’s infrastructure
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Transportation Revolution 1820-1860
Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads
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Steamboats & Canals■ Canals & steamboats helped
connect the West & East:–Western farmers could now get
industrial farm equipment–Canals & Robert Fulton’s
steamboat helped cut shipping costs by 90% for farmers
–As a result, western farmers could produce more food & make more profits
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Major Canals by 1840
Because the Erie Canal brought so much trade down the Hudson River, New York City became the commercial capital of the U.S.
The most important canal was the Erie Canal (1825) because it
provided the 1st major link between the East & West
Robert Fulton’s The Clermont, the 1st steamboat
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Inland Freight Rates
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Railroads• In the 1830s,
railroad construction first began
• By 1860, railroads had become the greatest transportation network in America
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Immigration■ In the 1840s, millions of Irish & Germans
immigrated to the U.S.– Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in
Northern factories or moved west (Swedes and Norwegians to MN) to become farmers
– Immigrants, especially Catholics, faced prejudice from native-born Americans (this was called Nativism)
– The Know-Nothing Party was formed to limit immigration & keep immigrant men from voting
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Immigration to the US 1820-1860
Where did antebellum immigrants go?
Industrial workers
Farmers
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Propaganda from the Know-Nothing Party attacking German & Irish immigrants
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Closure■Chart:
–Big picture—where do we go from here?
–Map background—what’s keeping the country together (nationalism?)
–What is going to start breaking the country apart (sectionalism?)
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