The Second World War

The Second World WarChapter 22Global TensionDictators Defy the League of NationsJapan expands in Asia.Meiji Period modernization & westernizationSpread of militarism after WWIWanted to dominate the Asian Sphere of InfluenceImperialist expansionHideki Tojo military-style dictatorWeaknesses in China1911 overthrow of the Manchu DynastyChinese republic Sun Yat-sen, organizer of the Kuomintang or Nationalist Party.Chiang Kai-shek leads after Sun Yat-sen dies.Civil war breaks out when communists under Mao Zedong challenge the Nationalist Republic.

Chaing Kai-shekMao ZedongWeaknesses in ChinaThe two sides suspend their civil war when Japan takes advantage of the strife to invade China in 1937.They join together to fight Japan, but Japan is prepared and strong.U.S. sends aid through the Flying Tigers.League of Nations condemns the invasion but has no enforcement authority.Flying Tigers News Reels

The Flying TigersItalian Revenge in AfricaItaly is forever trying to return to the glory of the Roman Empire.Expand by invading Ethiopia which had defeated Italy in the 19th century.Italy had advanced weapons; Ethiopia didnt.League of Nations imposed economic sanctions, but to no real effect.

German Rearmament in EuropeHitler has established the Third Reich.Sought lebensraum living space for the Aryan nation.Rebuild German military; establish draftSeize & fortify the Rhineland.France was upset but did nothing to intervene.

Photo: www.bbc.co.ukGlobal TensionHitler Challenges European SecurityAXIS POWERSRome-Berlin Axis 1936Line not a partition but an axis around which all European states can revolve.Anti-Comintern Pact (Germany & Japan)Axis PowersGERMANYITALYJAPAN

Spanish Civil War

Fascist Francisco Franco revolted against Spains republican government. (1936)Supported by Germany & ItalyTried out new weapons and tactics.Guernica, Picassos depiction of the Spanish Civil WarHitler takes Austria - AnschlussAnschluss is forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.1938 Hitler demands a Nazi chancellor for Austria & gets one.New chancellor requests Hitler to send German troops to reestablish order.

Appeasement - CzechoslovakiaSudetenland with many German speakers, some of whom had fled Nazi aggression.Hitler demanded it.Neville Chamberlain, PM of Britain tries to resolve.

Appeasement - CzechoslovakiaHitler promises not to make further territorial claims.Munich Conference, September 1938Chamberlain and the French PM Daladier give the Sudetenland to Hitler. Note: Czechoslovakia had no representation at the conference.

Chamberlain & Hitler @ Munich 1938Chamberlain justified appeasement, claiming victory because they had avoided war.Winston Churchill said it was a total defeat and would lead to European subjugation by the Nazis.

Winston ChurchillOn to Poland

A week after Munich, Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor.British and French resist and agree to defend Poland. They also get Russia to agree.Hitler expected them to give in since they had before.Global ConflictAxis SuccessesSeptember 1, 1939WWII begins with the German invasion of Poland.Britain & France declare war on Germany.Hitler took Poland in less than 4 weeks.How?Conquest of PolandPanzers tank divisionsWehrmacht German ArmyBlitzkrieg lightning warfare, fast and decisive strikesLuftwaffe German air force

The Phony WarAfter the takeover of Poland, a lull or sitzkrieg (sitting war) occurred in which neither side launched an offensive.April 1940 Germany attacked Denmark and Norway to prevent England and France from using them as bases.The Fifth Column or traitors helped the Nazis take Denmark & Norway.

Fall of FranceMaginot LineGermans simply trek through the Ardennes Forest using blitzkrieg. (map page 577)Allies are pushed back to Dunkirk.Miracle at Dunkirk (page 578)Dunkirk Evacuation

FranceMany French flee to Britain in the Dunkirk evacuation.French government under Field Marshal Henri Petain surrenders on June 22, 1940.Most of France is occupied by NazisSouthern France is governed by Petain for the Germans at Vichy. (Vichy France)

North Africa

Mussolini invades Egypt and is repelled.Hitler sends in help: Field Marshall Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox.Lacks supplies but almost conquers Alexandria, Egypt.Erwin RommelAxis BlundersBattle of BritainDay bombingNight bombingTotal warfare targeting civilians in citiesNarnia cliphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ0fGS01Pdg

Battle of Britainhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsKDGM5KTBY Our Finest Hour Churchillhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkTw3_PmKtc&feature=related Fight them on the Beaches - ChurchillU.S. NeutralityGave Britain 50 WWI destroyersLend-Lease Act 1941Atlantic Charter (see text page 581)

Axis BlundersGermany could not manage to defeat the British navy or gain control of the French navy, whose ships had been scuttled or captured by the British so they Germans couldnt get them.An invasion of a well-defended island would be difficult without a strong navy. Ultimately, Hitler chose not to invade Britain after he had bombed it because he turned his attention to Russia.

Axis BlundersInvasion of RussiaGermany & RussiaGerman-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939. Germany invaded one part of Poland and Russia invaded the other.

Operation BarbarossaGermans betrayed the Russians.Spring 1941 invasion.Reasons:LebensraumOil

Operation BarbarossaNazis underestimated the Russians.Russian industryLength of time it would takeRussian winterGerman army unpreparedOperation BarbarossaRussians retreat before the Germans.Scorched earth tacticsRussian casualties: 4-5 million by DecemberGermans almost reached Moscow.Winter arrived first.-40 degrees fahrenheitOperation BarbarossaStalingrad Russians are heavily assaulted but refuse to surrender.Russians defeat the Germans after months of fierce fighting.Russians began receiving supplies from the other Allies through Iran, which helped them greatly.PacificPearl HarborUnited States held the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, and some other small Pacific islands.Japanese could not dominate Asia with the U.S. presence in the Pacific.Plan to cripple the U.S. fleet so Japan could gain dominance.Pearl HarborJapanese were angry at U.S. interference with their plans in China.They were also offended by the embargo the U.S. had placed on Japan preventing the country from getting badly needed oil. (Typically viewed as an act of war)Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941 surprise attack.Battleships damaged and destroyed.Airfields wrecked.Aircraft carriers are out to sea instead of in port.

Pearl HarborCaused the American people to support U.S. entry into WWII.President Roosevelt makes his date which will live in infamy speech.Congress officially declares war on Japan.Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. Japan had awakened a sleeping giant.Allied AdvancesNorth Africa to ItalyMonty (British General Bernard Montgomery) defeated the Nazis in North Africa in 1942.U.S. sent forces to Algeria to defeat the Nazis under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Invasion of ItalyFirst invaded the island of Sicily under Eisenhower.Mussolini resigned.Allies land on mainland Europe in the Italian peninsula in Sept. 1943.Italy surrenders, but German troops keep fighting in Italy.Mussolini was captured then rescued by the Nazis.Then Italian partisans who opposed the Nazis recaptured Mussolini and executed him.Allied AdvancesFrom Britain to NormandyAllied Summit ConferencesCasablanca in January 1943 Churchill & RooseveltTehran in late 1943 Big Three Churchill, Roosevelt, & StalinDecide to demand the unconditional surrender of Germany.Decide that U.S. & Britain would retake Europe through France and that USSR would close in on Germany from the east.The Normandy InvasionOperation Overlord Allied plan to invade France and begin the reconquest of Europe.Fake landing site @ Calais.Dummy basesDummy tanksDummy invasion forceFalse messagesNaval maneuvers off CalaisThe Normandy InvasionReal landing @ Normandys beaches.Five beachesOmaha U.S.Utah U.S.Sword - BritishGold - BritishJuno - BritishThe Normandy InvasionD-Day June 6, 1944Bombed the coastal targetsThousands of shipsParatroopers dropped behind enemy linesHelp of the French Resistance

Massive invasion force: 1 million men; 177,000 vehicles; 500,000 tons of suppliesAllied victory seemed assured, but the Germans continued to resist for another year.Why?Miracle weapons: V-1 rockets, jet aircraft, promise of the atomic bombExpected division among the AlliesNazi fear of Communism strengthened the German resistance.Allied AdvancesIsland to IslandFall of the PhilippinesAfter Pearl, Japanese attack Pacific islands.PhilippinesOutnumbered, Americans try to defend a small section @ Luzon.Put up a strong defense, but ultimately captured..Fall of the PhilippinesGeneral Douglas MacArthur escapes at the orders of President Roosevelt.I shall return.Troops forced to march some 70 miles under inhumane conditions. Hundreds die along the way.Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

Japanese SuccessThe Japanese capture many Pacific islands:Hong KongMalaysiaSingaporeBurma (not an island, but a British colony in SE Asia)Dutch East Indies

Japanese get over-extended.U.S. war production gets up to speed.U.S. starts to advance across the Pacific.Island-Hopping CampaignBattle of the Coral SeaPrevented the Japanese from invading AustraliaFirst naval battle in history in which the ships involved never saw each other.Why?All the damage was done by aircraft launched from carriers.Island-Hopping CampaignBattle of Midway IslandMidway Island is about in the middle of the Pacific.Japanese were planning to attack the U.S. bases there.U.S. broke the Japanese codes and launched the offensive first.U.S. gained a decisive victory.Turning point in the war: Japanese never went on the offensive again.

Island-Hopping CampaignU.S. begins its island-hopping campaign.Recaptures islands held by JapaneseSkips some islands; takes the ones which make good airbases.Trying to get within bombing reach of the Japanese mainland.Island-Hopping CampaignWar in the Pacific was brutal.Banzai chargesKamikazi pilotsJapanese refusal to surrenderSurrender = Loss of honor/faceBetter to commit suicide or die fightingIsland-Hopping CampaignGeneral MacArthur fulfills his promise.Returns to liberate the Philippines in fall of 1944.

Island-Hopping Campaign1945 SuccessesIwo Jima: sulfurous island described by Marines as hell on earth. 216 Japanese finally surrender after two months of brutal fighting. They originally has 21,000-23,000 troops on the island.Okinawa: puts our bombers within reach of the Japanese mainland. (Map p. 591)

U.S. Marines raise the U.S. flag on Iwo Jima.Allied VictoryAllies on the Move1943-44 Soviets push the Germans back toward Germany.As they go, they establish communist totalitarianism over the formerly Nazi dominated areas they have liberated.

Allies on the MoveAllied troops liberate Paris.Bombing of German cities.http://video.pbs.org/video/1405744809/

Allies on the MoveBy December 1944 the Allies reach the border of Germany.Germanys last advance: The Battle of the Bulge

Big Three @ Yalta (Crimea)Germany to pay reparationsGerman war criminals to be tried in courtGerman military disarmed and disbandedGerman divided into zones of occupationStalin & USSR to join the effort against Japan.

Advance to BerlinEisenhower orders allied troops to halt at the Elbe River.The Big Three had agreed at Yalta to allow the Russians to move into Berlin.April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide.May 7, 1945 Germans surrender.May 8, 1945 VE Day (Victory in Europe)Allies liberate the concentration camps.They realize the extent of the holocaust.

Liberation of Dachau29 April 1945Potsdam ConferenceThe Victorious Allies meet again & issue an ultimatum to Japan: Surrender or face serious consequences.New CrewU.S. President Harry TrumanU.K. PM Clement AttleeUSSR Premier Josef StalinVictory in the PacificAlthough the war ended in Europe, the war in the Pacific continued.U.S. incendiary bombing of Tokyo.One night 80,000 people died.Japan refused to surrender.

Incendiary bombing of TokyoAllies dreaded invading Japan.They had been so fierce in resisting in the Pacific islands.They would rather die than surrender.They had prepared their civilian population to resist an Allied invasion.Prediction of a million Japanese casualties and perhaps that many Allied casualties.Manhattan ProjectDevelopment of the atomic bomb.Hope that it would shorten the war and prevent the massive loss of life from invasion.

Atomic BombDropped on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 194570,000 people died.

Rubble of HiroshimaAtomic BombJapanese still did not surrender.Second bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 8, 1945.Soviets declare war on Japan on Aug. 8.Why?

SurrenderJapan surrenders on August 14, 1945.They ask only that their Emperor Hirohito retain his throne.

General MacArthur and Emperor HirohitoV-J (Victory in Japan) Day: September 2, 1945World War II ends.Efforts for World PeaceUnited NationsSan Francisco Conference of the Allied Powers in 1945.Fifty governments agree to form the United Nations.Purpose: maintain international peace & security.United NationsUnited Nations headquarters is in New York City.

United NationsOrganized into 3 major bodies:Secretariat headed by the Secretary-General; administrationGeneral Assembly representative body which debate world issues annuallySecurity Council executive power with 5 permanent members (US, Great Britain, France, China, Russia) and 10 nonpermanent members.United NationsAlso has a bureaucracy made up of special agenciesWorld Health OrganizationUNESCOInternational Labor OrganizationUNICEFEtc.Lasting Peace?No more world wars so farThreat of M.A.D. (mutually assured destruction) may have been more of a preventer of war than the U.N.

Lasting Peace.Matthew 5:9Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God. ---JesusJohn 14:27-28Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid. ---JesusPeace ForeverIsaiah 9:7Of the greatness of his government and peace there will be no end. He will reign on Davids throne and over his kingdom, establishing and upholding it with justice and righteousness from that time on and forever. The zeal of the LORD Almighty will accomplish this.