the skeletal system chapter 36 section 1 notes. keys lecture outline – the skeletal system...
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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Chapter 36Chapter 36Section 1Section 1
NotesNotes
Skeletal System FunctionsSkeletal System Functions
Makes up body Makes up body framework - framework - gives body gives body shapeshape
Supports the Supports the bodybody
Protects vital Protects vital internal organsinternal organs
Functions continued…Functions continued…
Provides for Provides for movementmovement
Stores mineral Stores mineral reservesreserves
Produces red Produces red blood cellsblood cells
Bone CompositionBone Composition
Bone is living tissue.Bone is living tissue. It is a solid network of cells and protein fibers It is a solid network of cells and protein fibers
surrounded by deposits of minerals. surrounded by deposits of minerals. Components:Components:
32% Organic materials32% Organic materials(collagen and bone cells)(collagen and bone cells)
43% Minerals43% Minerals(calcium and(calcium and phosphorous) phosphorous)
25% Water25% Water
Bone CellsBone Cells There are four main types of bone cells in bone tissue. There are four main types of bone cells in bone tissue.
Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to osteoblasts and osteoclasts.giving rise to osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) synthesize and secrete Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone. high metabolism within the bone.
Osteocytes are mature bone cells made from osteoblasts Osteocytes are mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. that have made bone tissue around themselves.
Osteoclasts are large cells that break down bone tissue. Osteoclasts are large cells that break down bone tissue. They are very important to bone growth, healing, and They are very important to bone growth, healing, and remodeling. remodeling.
Skeletal TissueSkeletal Tissue 4 main types4 main types Compact boneCompact bone Spongy boneSpongy bone CartilageCartilage FibroblastsFibroblasts
spongyspongy
compactcompact cartilagecartilage fibroblastsfibroblasts
LigamentLigament
Anatomy Anatomy of a of a
Typical Typical Long Long BoneBone
Femur
Structure of BoneStructure of Bone
Structure of boneStructure of bone
Taking a Taking a closer closer look: look: A cross-A cross-section of section of the long the long bone. bone.
Periosteum Periosteum covers bone, covers bone, is a place for is a place for tendon and tendon and ligament ligament attachment, attachment, and brings and brings blood, lymph blood, lymph vessels and vessels and nerves into nerves into the bone.the bone.
Compact boneCompact boneis a dense layer is a dense layer of bone tissue of bone tissue composed of composed of cylinders or cylinders or tubes of mineral tubes of mineral crystals and crystals and protein fibers,protein fibers, that give bone that give bone its strength.its strength.
Spongy bone is Spongy bone is the inside layer the inside layer of compactof compactbone that is bone that is actually quiteactually quitestrong but lacy strong but lacy in appearance in appearance and contains and contains red marrow red marrow which produces which produces blood cells.blood cells.
Bone marrow Bone marrow (primarily yellow (primarily yellow marrow) stores marrow) stores fat that serves fat that serves as an energy as an energy reserve and reserve and contains blood contains blood vessels and vessels and nerve cells.nerve cells.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Structure of BoneStructure of Bone
Here is Here is another another diagramdiagram
Just to Just to help give help give you that you that visual to visual to rememberrememberall of this!all of this!
Haversiancanal
HaversianHaversiancanal are canal are interconnectedinterconnectednetworks of networks of tubes that tubes that blood vessels blood vessels and nerves and nerves run through.run through.
Blood vesselsBlood vesselscarry carry nourishment nourishment to the livingto the livingbone tissuebone tissueas well as as well as removing removing wasteswastes
Osteocytes are Osteocytes are responsible for responsible for bone growth bone growth and changes and changes in the shape of in the shape of bone and can bone and can either deposit either deposit or absorb or absorb calcium saltscalcium salts
Structure of BoneStructure of Bone
Notice…Notice…Hyalin cartilage Hyalin cartilage covers the ends of covers the ends of bones where they bones where they articulate (join) with articulate (join) with other bones.other bones.
As adulthood is As adulthood is reached, the reached, the epiphyseal plateepiphyseal plate(growth plate) is (growth plate) is replaced by bone and replaced by bone and fuses, thus fuses, thus completing growth.completing growth.
Structure of BoneStructure of BoneWhat parts do you remember? Let’s Quiz Ourselves!What parts do you remember? Let’s Quiz Ourselves!
Blood vesselsBlood vessels Bone marrowBone marrow Compact boneCompact bone HaversianHaversian
canalcanal OsteocyteOsteocyte PeriosteumPeriosteum Spongy boneSpongy bone
4
6
7
1
3
2
5 1
{ 23
5
6
7
4
Structure of BoneStructure of BoneBones of the skeleton contain a combination of spongy and compact bone.
Do you recognize the bone at the left?
What classification (type) of bone is it?
What type of bone marrow is found within the spaces of the spongy bone?
Skull Bone
A flat bone
Red Marrow
Bone FormationBone Formation Called Ossification-Called Ossification-
Process of producing bone from cartilageProcess of producing bone from cartilage ________ is replaced by ________ is replaced by
_________ which secrete _________ which secrete ________deposits and ________deposits and then mature into then mature into __________(bone cells). __________(bone cells).
___________ break ___________ break down bone and removedown bone and remove_________bone tissue _________bone tissue when a bone is broken. when a bone is broken.
CartilageCartilageosteoblastsosteoblastsmineralmineral
osteocytesosteocytesOsteoclasts Osteoclasts
damageddamaged
x
Bone FormationBone Formation
The _______The _______plate (epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal disc) is an area of disc) is an area of _______ in the _______ in the _____of long _____of long bones where bones where bone _________ bone _________ occurs. occurs.
lengtheninglengthening
growthgrowth
cartilagecartilageendsends
Growth in LengthGrowth in Length
10 week fetus10 week fetus
Cartilage boneof the skull
Intramembranousossification
produces theroofing bones
of the skull
Primaryossification
centers of thediaphyses
(skeleton of thelower limb)
Futurehip bone
Bone FormationBone Formation
The basic shape The basic shape of a long bone, of a long bone, such as an arm such as an arm bone, is first bone, is first formed as formed as cartilagecartilage
Bone Bone growth growth begins long begins long before birth.before birth.
Bone FormationBone Formation
12 week fetus12 week fetus
16 week fetus16 week fetus
Ossification Ossification begins to take begins to take place up to place up to seven months seven months before birthbefore birth
Bone FormationBone Formation Babies are born with 350 bones, Babies are born with 350 bones,
many are composed almost entirely many are composed almost entirely of cartilage.of cartilage.
Latter the cartilage cells will be Latter the cartilage cells will be replaced by cells that form the replaced by cells that form the
bones.bones. (ossification) (ossification)
Long bones develop and grow through out Long bones develop and grow through out childhood at the centers of ossification childhood at the centers of ossification (growth plates)(growth plates)
The SOFT SPOT of a babie’s skull The SOFT SPOT of a babie’s skull will fuse around age will fuse around age 2, but growth of the 2, but growth of the skull continues until skull continues until adulthood. adulthood.
Bone FormationBone Formation
Between the ages of Between the ages of 16 and 25 years, all of 16 and 25 years, all of the cartilage of the the cartilage of the epiphyseal disc is epiphyseal disc is replaced by bone. replaced by bone. This is called closure This is called closure of the epiphyseal disc, of the epiphyseal disc, and the bone and the bone lengthening process lengthening process stops. stops.
Stages of OssificationStages of Ossification
Bone FormationBone FormationGGRROOWWTTHH
IINN
WW IIDDTTHH
Bones of the SkeletonBones of the Skeleton
The The adult adult
skeleton skeleton contains contains
_____ _____ bonesbones
206206
Name That BoneName That Bone
carpalscarpals clavicleclavicle coccyxcoccyx femurfemur fibulafibula humerushumerus mandiblemandible metacarpalsmetacarpals metatarsalsmetatarsals patellapatella phalangesphalanges
pelvispelvis radiusradius ribsribs sacrumsacrum scapulascapula skullskull sternumsternum tarsalstarsals tibiatibia ulnaulna vertebraevertebrae
Do you recognize these 22 bones?
21
22
20
15
19
14 17
18
13
1
4
32
7
6
5
9
8
10
16
1111
2122
20
19
12
18
15
16
17
13
14
109
8
65
4
3
2
1
11
7 12
Divisions of SkeletonDivisions of Skeleton
Axial and AppenicularSkeletons
Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton THE AXIAL SKELETON - CONSIST THE AXIAL SKELETON - CONSIST
OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGECOLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE
SkullSkull Vertebral columnVertebral column Rib cage (ribs + sternum)Rib cage (ribs + sternum)
Skull
Skull BonesSkull Bones* * The Skull consists of The Skull consists of
8 CRANIAL BONES + 8 CRANIAL BONES + 13 FACIAL BONES13 FACIAL BONES* The Ears consists of* The Ears consists of 6 BONES and6 BONES and* Floating in the throat is * Floating in the throat is
1 HYOID BONE1 HYOID BONE
Inner Ear
Rib CageRib Cage
Also called the Thoracic CageAlso called the Thoracic Cage 12 pairs of RIBS12 pairs of RIBS
7 true ribs7 true ribs 5 false ribs5 false ribs 2 floating ribs2 floating ribs
1 STERNUM1 STERNUM
(breastbone)(breastbone)
Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column The Vertebral The Vertebral
Column (Spinal Column (Spinal Column or Column or Backbone)Backbone)
7 CERVICAL (NECK) 7 CERVICAL (NECK) VERTEBRAE,VERTEBRAE,
12 THORACIC12 THORACIC 5 LUMBAR,5 LUMBAR, 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE
INTO 1 SACRUM, INTO 1 SACRUM, 4 SMALL FUSED 4 SMALL FUSED
VERTEBRAE INTO 1 VERTEBRAE INTO 1 COCCYX (YOUR TAIL COCCYX (YOUR TAIL BONE)BONE)
Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
THE APPENDICULAR THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON – consists SKELETON – consists of bones of the:of bones of the: ARMS (upper limbs) ARMS (upper limbs) LEGS (lower limbs) LEGS (lower limbs) SHOULDER GIRDLE SHOULDER GIRDLE
(pectoral girdle)(pectoral girdle) HIP GIRDLEHIP GIRDLE
(pelvic girdle)(pelvic girdle)
Shoulder Girdles and ArmsShoulder Girdles and Arms
The Shoulder girdle is also The Shoulder girdle is also called the pectoral girdle called the pectoral girdle
Consists of 4 bonesConsists of 4 bones Upper limbs consist of 60 Upper limbs consist of 60
bones (the hands and wrist bones (the hands and wrist contain 54 contain 54 separate separate bones).bones).
Hip Girdles and LegsHip Girdles and Legs
The hip girdle is also called the pelvic girdle The hip girdle is also called the pelvic girdle Consists of Consists of 2 bones 2 bones Lower limbs consist of Lower limbs consist of
60 bones (the ankles60 bones (the anklesand feet contain 52 and feet contain 52 separate bones)separate bones)
Comparison of SkletonsComparison of Skletons
The Human Skeleton is homologous to The Human Skeleton is homologous to skeletons of other animals. Once you learn the skeletons of other animals. Once you learn the bones in a human, you can identify the bones in bones in a human, you can identify the bones in other animals. other animals.
catrat
horse
Bone Classification by ShapeBone Classification by Shape
5 Types5 Types LongLong ShortShort FlatFlat IrregularIrregular sesamoidsesamoid
Shapes of BonesShapes of Bones Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers. Long bones are longer than they are wide and work as levers.
The bones of the upper and lower extremities (ex. humerus,The bones of the upper and lower extremities (ex. humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals, etc.) are of this type. tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals, etc.) are of this type.
Short bones are short, cube- shaped, Short bones are short, cube- shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles. and found in the wrists and ankles.
Flat bones have broad Flat bones have broad surfaces for protection of organs surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles (ex. cranial and attachment of muscles (ex. cranial bones, ribs, and bones of hip and shoulder girdles).bones, ribs, and bones of hip and shoulder girdles).
Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into Irregular bones are all others that do not fall into the previous categories. They have varied shapes, the previous categories. They have varied shapes, sizes, and surface features and include sizes, and surface features and include the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull. the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull.
Types of BonesTypes of Bones
1. The humerus and femur1. The humerus and femur are examples of _______ are examples of _______ bone. bone.
2. Tarsal and carpal bones 2. Tarsal and carpal bones are examples of _______ are examples of _______ bone. bone.
3. Sternum and many skull 3. Sternum and many skull bones are examples of bones are examples of ________bone. ________bone.
4. Vertebrae and the patella 4. Vertebrae and the patella are examples of _______ are examples of _______ bone. bone.
longlong
shortshort
flatflat
irregularirregular
JointsJoints JOINTS: WHERE TWO or JOINTS: WHERE TWO or
MORE BONES MEET MORE BONES MEET Joints are responsible forJoints are responsible for
keeping bones far enoughkeeping bones far enoughapart so they do not rub apart so they do not rub against each other as theyagainst each other as theymove, preventing damage.move, preventing damage.
At the same time, joints At the same time, joints hold the bones in place.hold the bones in place.
Different joints permitDifferent joints permitdifferent amounts of different amounts of movement.movement.
Joints are classified by the Joints are classified by the amount and type of movement they permit.amount and type of movement they permit.
Classification of JointsClassification of Joints
Three Main TypesThree Main Types Immovable- A fixed joint, one Immovable- A fixed joint, one
that allows no movementthat allows no movement bones of skull, pelvis, and sacrumbones of skull, pelvis, and sacrum
Slightly movable- joint that Slightly movable- joint that permits a small amount of permits a small amount of restricted movementrestricted movement between vertebrae, two bones of between vertebrae, two bones of
lower leglower leg Freely movable- Permit Freely movable- Permit
movement in one or more movement in one or more directionsdirections
Classification of JointsClassification of Joints ImmovableImmovable
bones of skull,bones of skull,
pelvis, and sacrumpelvis, and sacrum
Slightly movableSlightly movable between vertebrae, between vertebrae,
two bones of lower legtwo bones of lower leg
Tibia and FibulaskullPelvis
Vertebra
Ribs
Freely Movable JointsFreely Movable Joints TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTSTYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS A. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – A. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT –
Permits circular movement - the Permits circular movement - the widest range of movement.widest range of movement. SHOULDER Joint- which enables you to move your SHOULDER Joint- which enables you to move your
arm up, down, forward and backward, as well as to arm up, down, forward and backward, as well as to rotate it in a complete circle.rotate it in a complete circle.
HIP Joint- same range of motion.HIP Joint- same range of motion.
Types of Freely Movable Joints Types of Freely Movable Joints ContinuedContinued
B. HINGED JOINT -B. HINGED JOINT - Permits a back-Permits a back- and-forth motion. and-forth motion. The Knee- enables your leg The Knee- enables your leg
to flex and extend.to flex and extend. The Elbow -allows you to The Elbow -allows you to
move your forearm move your forearm forward and backward.forward and backward.
The Phalanges The Phalanges
C. PIVOT JOINT -C. PIVOT JOINT - Permits rotation Permits rotation
of one bone around another. of one bone around another. The elbow enables your The elbow enables your
hand to turn over. (radiushand to turn over. (radiusrotates around ulna)rotates around ulna)
It also allows It also allows you to turn youryou to turn yourhead from side to side. head from side to side. (atlas rotates around axis)(atlas rotates around axis)
Types of Freely Movable Joints Types of Freely Movable Joints ContinuedContinued
D. GLIDING JOINT - Permits a D. GLIDING JOINT - Permits a sliding motion of one bone over sliding motion of one bone over another.another. Found at ends of the collarbones, Found at ends of the collarbones, between wrist bones, between wrist bones, and between anklebones.and between anklebones.
E. SADDLE JOINT- E. SADDLE JOINT- Permits movement in two planes. Permits movement in two planes.
This type of joint is found This type of joint is found at the base of the thumbat the base of the thumb
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Anatomy of a JointAnatomy of a Joint
2 or more 2 or more bonesbones
CartilageCartilage Joint capsuleJoint capsule Synovial Synovial
membranemembrane Synovial fluidSynovial fluid FatFat BursaBursa MeniscusMeniscus LigamentsLigaments TendonsTendons
Structures of a freely movable jointStructures of a freely movable joint
Anatomy of a JointAnatomy of a Joint
CartilageCartilage - - at the joint, at the joint, the bones are covered the bones are covered with cartilage, which is with cartilage, which is wear-resistant and helps wear-resistant and helps reduce the friction of reduce the friction of movement.movement.
Joint capsule- Joint capsule- is a is a thick, tough layer that thick, tough layer that envelops the joint cavity envelops the joint cavity forming a membrane or forming a membrane or sac that adheres firmly to sac that adheres firmly to the periosteum of the the periosteum of the articulating bonesarticulating bones
Anatomy of a Joint Anatomy of a Joint
Synovial membraneSynovial membrane - - a tissue that lines the joint a tissue that lines the joint and seals it into a joint and seals it into a joint capsule. The synovial capsule. The synovial membrane secretes membrane secretes synovial fluid.synovial fluid.
Synovial fluidSynovial fluid - a clear, - a clear, sticky fluid secreted by the sticky fluid secreted by the synovial membrane to synovial membrane to lubricate the joint.lubricate the joint.
Anatomy of a JointAnatomy of a Joint Fat- Fat- Helps pad and cushion Helps pad and cushion
the joint. the joint. Bursa-Bursa- fluid-filled sac fluid-filled sac
between adjacent structures between adjacent structures such as ligaments or bones such as ligaments or bones which help reduce friction in a which help reduce friction in a joint, cushion it, and absorb joint, cushion it, and absorb shock.shock.
Meniscus-Meniscus- wedge shaped wedge shaped cartilage, curved like the letter cartilage, curved like the letter "C" at the inside and outside "C" at the inside and outside of each knee. A strong of each knee. A strong stabilizing tissue, helps the stabilizing tissue, helps the knee joint carry weight, and knee joint carry weight, and glide and turn in many glide and turn in many directions. It also keeps your directions. It also keeps your femur and tibia from grinding femur and tibia from grinding against each other. against each other.
Anatomy of a JointAnatomy of a Joint ligaments - tough, elastic ligaments - tough, elastic
bands of connective bands of connective tissuetissue surround the joint to surround the joint to
give support and limit give support and limit the joint's movement.the joint's movement.
Attach bone to boneAttach bone to bone
tendons – another type of tendons – another type of tough connective tissuetough connective tissue on each side of a joint on each side of a joint
attached to muscles attached to muscles that control movement that control movement of the joint.of the joint.
Attach muscle to boneAttach muscle to bone
Knee Joint
Skeletal DisordersSkeletal Disorders
A broken bone isA broken bone is known as a known as a
fracture. This can fracture. This can simply be a crack simply be a crack or buckle in the or buckle in the structure of the structure of the
bone, or a bone, or a complete break, complete break, producing two or producing two or more fragments. more fragments.
FracturesFractures
Skeletal DisordersSkeletal Disorders
The repair of bone fractures is similar The repair of bone fractures is similar to embryonic bone formation.to embryonic bone formation.
Bone Fracture RepairBone Fracture Repair
Skeletal DisordersSkeletal Disorders
Consists of more than 100Consists of more than 100 different conditions different conditions
The common denominator The common denominator for all these conditions for all these conditions is joint pain is joint pain
Osteoarthritis- nick-named Osteoarthritis- nick-named “wear and tear” arthritis “wear and tear” arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most crippling forms of arthritis. It is characterized one of the most crippling forms of arthritis. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lining of joints. by chronic inflammation of the lining of joints.
Arthritis- inflammation of the jointsArthritis- inflammation of the joints
ArthritisArthritis
Skeletal DisordersSkeletal Disorders
Osteoporosis- literally means "porous bones“Osteoporosis- literally means "porous bones“ Occurs when a body's blood calcium level is low and Occurs when a body's blood calcium level is low and
calcium from bones is dissolved into the blood to calcium from bones is dissolved into the blood to maintain a proper balance. maintain a proper balance.
Over time, bone mass and bone Over time, bone mass and bone strength decrease. As a result, strength decrease. As a result, bones become dotted with pits bones become dotted with pits and pores, weak and fragile, and pores, weak and fragile, and break easily.and break easily.
Other factors besides age can Other factors besides age can lead to osteoporosis, such as a lead to osteoporosis, such as a diet low in calcium and protein, a lack of vitamin D, diet low in calcium and protein, a lack of vitamin D, smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and insufficient smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and insufficient weight-bearing exercises to stress the bones.weight-bearing exercises to stress the bones.
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis