thegreekfemale.txt

8/14/2019 TheGreekFemale.txt

1/4

The Greek Woman

(Fragment, 1871)

JUST as Plato from disguises and obscurities broughtto light the innermost purpose of the State, so alsohe conceived the chief cause of the position of theHellenic Woman with regard to the State ; in bothcases he saw in what existed around him the imageof the ideas manifested to him, and of these ideasof course the actual was only a hazy picture andphantasmagoria. He who according to the usualcustom considers the position of the Hellenic Womanto be altogether unworthy and repugnant to human-ity, must also turn with this reproach against thePlatonic conception of this position ; for, as it were,the existing forms were only precisely set forth inthis latter conception. Here therefore our questionrepeats itself: should not the nature and the positionof the Hellenic Woman have a necessary relation tothe goals of the Hellenic Will ?

Of course there is one side of the Platonic con-ception of woman, which stands in abrupt contrastwith Hellenic custom : Plato gives to woman a fullshare in the rights, knowledge and duties of man,and considers woman only as the weaker sex, inthat she will not achieve remarkable success in allthings, without however disputing this sex's title toall those things. We must not attach more value tothis strange notion than to the expulsion of the artistout of the ideal State ; these are side-lines daringly

22 VARIOUS PROSE ESSAYS

mis-drawn, aberrations as it were of the hand other-wise so sure and of the so calmly contemplatingeye which at times under the influence of the de-ceased master becomes dim and dejected ; in thismood he exaggerates the master's paradoxes andin the abundance of his love gives himself satisfac-tion by very eccentrically intensifying the latter'sdoctrines even to foolhardiness.

The most significant word however that Plato asa Greek could say on the relation of woman to the

State, was that so objectionable demand, that in theperfect State, the Family was to cease. At present letus take no account of his abolishing even marriage,in order to carry out this demand fully, and of hissubstituting solemn nuptials arranged by order ofthe State, between the bravest men and the noblestwomen, for the attainment of beautiful offspring.In that principal proposition however he has in-dicated most distinctly indeed too distinctly, offen-sively distinctly an important preparatory step of


2/4

the Hellenic Will towards the procreation of thegenius. But in the customs of the Hellenic peoplethe claim of the family on man and child wasextremely limited : the man lived in the State, thechild grew up for the State and was guided by thehand of the State. The Greek Will took care thatthe need of culture could not be satisfied in theseclusion of a small circle. From the State theindividual has to receive everything in order toreturn everything to the State. Woman accord-ingly means to the State, what sleep does to man.In her nature lies the healing power, which replacesthat which has been used up, the beneficial rest in

THE GREEK WOMAN 23

which everything immoderate confines itself, theeternal Same, by which the excessive and the surplusregulate themselves. In her the future generationdreams. Woman is more closely related to Naturethan man and in all her essentials she remains everherself. Culture is with her always something ex-

ternal, a something which does not touch the kernelthat is eternally faithful to Nature, therefore theculture of woman might well appear to the Athenianas something indifferent, yea if one only wanted toconjure it up in one's mind, as something ridiculous.He who at once feels himself compelled from thatto infer the position of women among the Greeks asunworthy and all too cruel, should not indeed, takeas his criterion the " culture " of modern woman andher claims, against which it is sufficient just to pointout the Olympian women together with Penelope,Antigone, Elektra. Of course it is true that theseare ideal figures, but who would be able to create

such ideals out of the present world ? Further in-deed is to be considered what sons these womenhave borne, and what women they must have beento have given birth to such sons ! The Hellenicwoman as mother had to live in obscurity, becausethe political instinct together with its highest aimdemanded it. She had to vegetate like a plant, inthe narrow circle, as a symbol of the Epicureanwisdom Aa#e /?two-as. Again, in more recent times,with the complete disintegration of the principle ofthe State, she had to step in as helper ; the familyas a makeshift for the State is her work ; and in thissense the artistic aim of the State had to abase

itself to the level of a domestic art, Thereby it has


been brought about, that the passion of love, as theone realm wholly accessible to women, regulates ourart to the very core. Similarly, home-educationconsiders itself so to speak as the only natural one


3/4

and suffers State-education only as a questionableinfringement upon the right of home-education : allthis is right as far as the modern State only isconcerned. With that the nature of woman withalremains unaltered, but her power is, according tothe position which the State takes up with regardto women, a different one. Women have indeedreally the power to make good to a certain extentthe deficiencies of the State ever faithful to theirnature, which I have compared to sleep. In Greekantiquity they held that position, which the mostsupreme will of the State assigned to them : forthat reason they have been glorified as never since.The goddesses of Greek mythology are their images :the Pythia and the Sibyl, as well as the SocraticDiotima are the priestesses out of whom divinewisdom speaks. Now one understands why theproud resignation of the Spartan woman at thenews of her son's death in battle can be no fable.Woman in relation to the State felt herself in herproper position, therefore she had more dignity thanwoman has ever had since. Plato who throughabolishing family and marriage still intensifies theposition of woman, feels now so much reverence

towards them, that oddly enough he is misled by asubsequent statement of their equality with man, toabolish again the order of rank which is their due :the highest triumph of the woman of antiquity, tohave seduced even the wisest !

THE GREEK WOMAN 25

As long as the State is still in an embryonic con-dition woman as mother preponderates and deter-mines the grade and the manifestations of Culture :

in the same way as woman is destined to comple-ment the disorganised State. What Tacitus says ofGerman women : inesse quin etiam sanctum aliquidet providum putant^nec aut consilia earum aspernanturaut responsa neglegunt, applies on the whole to allnations not yet arrived at the real State. In suchstages one feels only the more strongly that whichat all times becomes again manifest, that the instinctsof woman as the bulwark of the future generationare invincible and that in her care for the preser-vation of the species Nature speaks out of theseinstincts very distinctly. How far this diviningpower reaches is determined, it seems, by the greater

or lesser consolidation of the State : in disorderlyand more arbitrary conditions, where the whim orthe passion of the individual man carries along withitself whole tribes, then woman suddenly comes for-ward as the warning prophetess. But in Greece toothere was a never slumbering care that the terriblyovercharged political instinct might splinter intodust and atoms the little political organisms beforethey attained their goals in any way. Here theHellenic Will created for itself ever new imple-


4/4

ments by means of which it spoke, adjusting, moder-ating, warning : above all it is in the Pythia, thatthe power of woman to compensate the State mani-fested itself so clearly, as it has never done since.That a people split up thus into small tribes andmunicipalities, was yet at bottom whole and wasperforming the task of its nature within its faction,


was assured by that wonderful phenomenon thePythia and the Delphian oracle : for always, as longas Hellenism created its great works of art, it spokeout of one mouth and as one Pythia. We cannothold back the portentous discernment that to theWill individuation means much suffering, and that inorder to reach those individuals It needs an enor-mous step-ladder of individuals. It is true our brainsreel with the consideration whether the Will in orderto arrive at Art, has perhaps effused Itself out intothese worlds, stars, bodies, and atoms : at least itought to become clear to us then, that Art is not

necessary for the individuals, but for the Will itself:a sublime outlook at which we shall be permitted toglance once more from another position.

thegreekfemale.txt

Documents