thema gentechnologie - molgen.biologie.uni-mainz.de gentechnologie8... · the norwalk virus which...
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Erwin R. SchmidtInstitut für Molekulargenetik
8. VL07. 06. 2011
Thema Gentechnologie
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StatistikGentherapiestudien
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Eigenschaften eines idealen Vektors:
Hohe Konzentration(>108 virale Partikel/ml)Einfache und reproduzierbare HerstellungFähigkeit zur gezielten Integration indas menschliche Genom oder Fähigkeit zurstabilen episomalen PersistenzRegulierbare Genexpression(regelbarer Promoter)Fähigkeit zum Targeting der ZielzellenKeine Immunantwort gegen den Vektor
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Erfolgreiche Gentherapie mit tödlichen Nebenwirkungen
• X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (X-SCID), bekannt als "bubble baby syndrome.„
• 11 Patienten fehlte das Gen IL2RG
• Das Gen wurde in Stammzellen der Kinder überführt
• Zwei (inzwischen 3) Kinder entwickelten Leukämie, bzw eine lymphatischen Tumor
• Das Transgen war bei beiden Kindern in das Tumorgen LMO2 hinein gesprungen
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Pflanzengentechnologie
Ein natürlicher Helfer für die Pflanzengentechnologie
ist das Bakterium Agrobakterium tumefaciensTumorgallen durch A. tumefaciens
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PflanzengentechnologieA. tumefaciens injiziert die T-DNA in die Pflanzenzelle,
um sie zu mehr Wachstum anzuregen
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PflanzengentechnologieDNA-Transfer mit Hilfe von Agrobakterium tumefacienshttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/294/5550/2317.pdf
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Typischer Pflanzenvektor auf der Basis des Agrobakterium tumefaciens Ti-Plasmids
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No.9013 2005. 1. 21Blue Carnation “Moon dust” released in Japan nationwide
- The one and only Blue Carnation in the world -
Veränderte Blütenfarben: die blaue Nelke „moon dust“
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Amflora: Kartoffel der BASF Amylosefrei durch Antisense gegen
Granule Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS)
Amylose färbt sich mit Jod blau
Stärkekörner aus normaler Kartoffel Stärkekörner aus Amflora
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Zwiebelschneiden ohne Tränen:knock down des Gens für „lachrymatory-factor synthase“
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Umweltschutz:Bodendekontamination durch transgene
Pappeln:Überexpression des Gens P450 2E1(aus
Kaninchen) zur Entgiftung von Trichlorethylen, Chloroform und Benzen
Enhanced phytoremediation of volatile environmentalpollutants with transgenic trees:Sharon L. Doty*†, C. Andrew James‡, Allison L. Moore‡, Azra Vajzovic*, Glenda L. Singleton*, Caiping Ma§,Zareen Khan*, Gang Xin‡, Jun Won Kang*, Jin Young Park¶, Richard Meilan, Steven H. Strauss§,Jasmine Wilkerson**, Federico Farin**, and Stuart E. Strand*‡PNAS 104, Oct 23. 2007
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Trockenheitsresistenz durch Überexpression des Isopentenyltransferase-Gens (IPT-Gen9 unter dem Trockenstress.induzierbaren Promotor des Senescence associated receptor protein kinase –Gens ( SARK-Promotor)---steigert Cytokininproduktion
Delayed leaf senescence induces extreme drought tolerance in a flowering plantRosa M. Rivero*, Mikiko Kojima†, Amira Gepstein‡, Hitoshi Sakakibara†, Ron Mittler§¶, Shimon Gepstein†,and Eduardo Blumwald**Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; †RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama,Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; ‡Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel; §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University ofNevada, Reno, NV 89557-0042; and ¶Department of Plant Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, IsraelPNAS, Dec 2007, 104, 19631-19636
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Impfen mit Obst
In the US at Cornell University, GM tomatoes are being developed as a vaccine against the Norwalk virus which causes severe diarrhoea. The tomatoes produce a protein identical to one that normally sits on the outside of the virus. Mice who ate them developed an immune response to the virus. Another study showed raw GM potatotes triggered a similar immune response in human volunteers. The team are also working on transgenic bananas. However, bananas are much harder to engineer and have not yet been show to accumulate antigens in the fruit.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/genes/gene_safari/pharm/edible.shtml
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Vorteile transgener Pflanzen aus Umweltschutzperspektive
Art der Genveränderung Gewinn
Herbizidtoleranz Weniger Herbizid (weniger
schädlich)?
Insektenresistenz Weniger oder keine Insektizide
Pilzresistenz (z.B. Mehltau) Weniger oder keine Fungizide
Virusresistenz weniger Insektizide, Fungizide etc
Nematodenresistenz Weniger Nematizide (z.B.
Organophoshate)
Trockenheittoleranz Weniger Bewässerung, neue
Anbauflächen
Salztoleranz Neue Anbauflächen; mehr freie
Flächen für Naturschutz?
Citratüberproduktion u.a. Entgiftung von verseuchten Böden
Ozontoleranz
(Superoxiddismutase)
Verbesserung des Stadtklimas;
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Freisetzungen Deutschland/Pflanzen/Jahre
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Freisetzungen in den USAhttp://www.isb.vt.edu/
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Umfassende Datenbanken aller GVO-Freisetzungen
• http://www.isb.vt.edu/cfdocs/fieldtests1.cfm
• http://www.agbios.com/dbase.php?action=Synopsis
• http://www.bba.de/gentech/gentab.htm
• http://aphisweb.aphis.usda.gov/brs/application_status.html
• http://www.bba.bund.de/cln_045/nn_807152/DE/Home/biolsich/gentechnik/Tab__Diagr__tabelle.html
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Anbauflächen transgener Pflanzenweltweit inkl. 2010
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Angebaute transgene Pflanzen
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Transgene Eigenschaften
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Anteile transgener Pflanzen
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Gentransfer 20%
Non target-Effekte 13%
Virusresistenz 34%
Transgene Fische 9%Bakterien 7%
Insektenresistenz6%
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…… no significant differences were observed in bacterial antibiotic
resistancelevels between transgenic and nontransgenic corn
fields, althoughthe bacterial populations were
different.
Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria in transgenicplant fields
Sandrine Demane` che*†, Herve´ Sanguin*‡, John Pote´ §, Elisabeth Navarro*†¶, Dominique Bernillon*, Patrick Mavingui*, Walter Wildi§, Timothy M. Vogel*†, and Pascal
Simonet*†
PNAS, March 2008, 105, 3957-3962
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Produktsicherheit
• Genfood - verheerende Auswirkungen und skandalöse Machenschaften, Geschrieben von MoonChild in Globalisierung und Ökologie:“Pusztais
Untersuchungen zeigten vollkommen unerwartete und höchst alarmierende Ergebnisse, wie etwa kleinere Gehirne, bzw. Organe und eine Schwächung des Immunsystems“. )
• Gene der Paranuss in Soja. Als Ergebnis produzierten die veränderten Sojapflanzen das Methioninreiche Eiweiss 2S-Albumin: ein potentes Allergen
• Gentechnisch veränderte Lebensmittel:
Eine sichere Sache? http://www.transgen.de/pdf/kompakt/sicherheit.pdf
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Tryptophan kann mit gentechnisch veränderten Mikroorganismen hergestellt werden. Dieses Verfahren wird kommerziell eingesetzt; es ist jedoch im
Einzelnen nicht überprüfbar, in welchem Umfang dies erfolgt. Die gentechnische Herstellung von Tryptophan ist in die öffentliche Diskussion
geraten, als 1989/90 vor allem in den USA etwa 1500 Personen erkrankten, einige davon mit tödlichen Folgen ("EMS-Syndrom").
Auslöser waren hochwirksame Verunreinigungen in einem Tryptophan- Präparat eines bestimmten japanischen Herstellers, das die Erkrankten als
Nahrungsergänzungs- und Beruhigungsmittel zu sich genommen hatten. Der Hersteller hatte neue Varianten gentechnisch veränderter Mikroorganismen für die Tryptophan- Produktion eingesetzt. Bis heute ist nicht zweifelsfrei geklärt,
welches die genaue Ursache der Katastrophe war: ein "Nebeneffekt" der gentechnischen Veränderung der Produktionsbakterien oder eine nicht
ausreichende Aufreinigung des Tryptophan-Präparates.