thesis mandeep punjabi

wkX' Fkj fuFsh L ihtB s/ ouBk

@wkX' Fkj fuFsh# ;{\h ;kfjs d/ nk;wkB ftZu fJZe

uwed/ f;sko/ dh soQK j?. gzikph ;{uhnK ftZu @wkX'

Fkj fuFsh# dk o[spk pVk T[Zuk j?. wkX' Fkj fuFsh

nkgD/ ;w/A dk T[Zxk s/ jowB fgnkok \eho j'fJnk j?.

@vkH ;[fszdo f;zx B{o# wkX' Fkj fuFsh pko/ fbyfdnK

efjzd/ jB.

@@pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh ~ Fkj j[;?B,

p[bQ/Fkj

;[bskB pkj{ s/ r[bkw \ohd tKr gfjbh esko

d/ ;{\hnK ftu ;fji/ jh ;Ekgs ehsk ik ;edk

j?.## (1)

@B[;os cfsj nbh ]K# B/ id'A wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh

ek\h @w/oh y[ZbQ rJh gNZe d/Dh nZy Bh# g{oh

p[bzdh Bkb rkJh sK fJj FkfJoh xo xo gj[zu rJh s/

pj[s ;ko/ ;o'fsnK ~ fJj gsk Jh BjhA ;h fe fJj FkfJoh pkpk

wkX' Fkj dh j?.

@wkX' Fkj fuFsh#, @fuFsh# f;bf;b/ dh T[g Fkyk

@;kpoh# f;bf;b/ Bkb ;zpzfXs 20 thA ;dh d/ gqf;ZX ;{\

h eth jB. gzikph ;{\h ekft d/ @fuFsh# f;bf;b/

Bkb ;zpzfXs 20 thA ;dh d/ nkyoh f;skfonK @;Z:d

whoK Fkj ibzXoh# (d/jKs 1914 JhH) s/ @;/] w[jzwd

fJpokjhw# (d/jKs 1977 JhH) s'A pknd wkX' Fkj fuFsh

j'J/ jB. 20 thA ;dh d/ nzfsw djkfenK @u pkpk wkX' Fkj

1

fuFsh B/ fJFe jeheh d/ ;{\hnkBk ebkw dh FwK ~ T[d'A

th o"FB eoh oZfynk id'A nkX[fBesk dh ueku"Zd ftu

wB[Zy dh pdb ojh ihtB-fdqFNh ekoB ;{\h FkfJoh gqsh

nkw b'eK dh xZN ojh o[uh fJ;d/ ouBkswe ftek; dh s'o

~ jh yhD eo ojh ;h.

;{ch ;zs pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh 20 thA ;dh d/

gzikph eth jB. T[j gzikp d/ d[nkpk fyZs/ ftZu g?dk j'J/.

fJFe fJbkjh dk ;zd/F d/D tkb/ fJ; ;zs eth dh eow G{wh

d/; tzv s'A gfjbK gZSwh gzikp (gkfe;skB) ftZu ;h. d/F

tzv s'A pknd fJj gzikp ftZu ;{\htkd dh FwK ~ o"FB

eod/ j'J/ nB/eK b'eK ~ tjds-T[b-ti{d d/ ozr Bkb ozr

fdZsk. fJ; soQK T[BK B/ nkgD/ ebkw s/ eow Bkb ;

{ch ;kXBk wkor dk do; fdZsk.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh ;{ch FkfJoh ftZu fJFe d/ ib'n

dk iFB j?. wkX' Fkj fuFsh dk ;{ch ojZ;tkdh ekft

gzikph ;kfjs dk nBw'b ;owkfJnk j?. go fJ; ;{ch dot/F d/

ihtB pko/ ;k~ ft;fsqs ikDekoh BjhA fwbdh. pkpk wkX'

Fkj fuFsh pko/ ;zg{oD ikDekoh @wksk r[op]; e"o#

@uZe t/Avb# (ibzXo) i' T[jBK d/ rZdh BFhB jB,

d[nkok gqekfFs ns/ @joeztb e"ogkb# d[nkok ;zgkfds

g[;se @fJFe nZbkj dh iks# s'A fwbdh j?.

ihtB s/ ftneshst

@pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh# 1886 Jh, ftu gzikp d/

d[nkpk y/so u# g?d/ fgzv @e'N pkdb yK# (fibQk

2

ibzXo) fty/ fJZe johiB gfotko ftZu g?dk j'J/. T[BK d/

fgsk dk Bkn @ihD Fkj# ;h. T[BK d/ fgsk Jh;kJh Xow

Bkb ;zpzfXs ;B. go wkX' Fkj fuFsh Xow pdb e/ ;{\

hwZs d/ fuFsh ;kpoh f;bf;b/ ftZu Fkfwb j'J/.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh itkBh dk pj[sk ;wK d/F dh tzv

s'A gfjbk B"eoh eod/ gZSwh gzikp d/ d' tZv/ FfjoK

bkj"o ns/ bkfJbg[o ftu r[ikfonk. pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh

ih d/ w[oFd @@pkpk nks{ Fkj fuFsh## ;B fiBQk Bkb

T[BQK dh gfjbh w[bkeks bkfJbg[o fty/ jh j'Jh. pkpk

nks{ Fkj fuFsh f;bf;b/ dh T[gFkyk Fkpoh f;bf;b/

Bkb ;zpzfXs ;B. T[j ibzXo d/ fJe fgzv nkdwg[o d/

fBtk;h ;B. wkX' Fkj fuFsh bkfJbg[o fty/ o/b d/ vZfpnK

~ ozrD dk ezw eod/ ;B. wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh nkgD/

pkpk nks{ Fkj Bkb w[bkeks T[BQK d/ r[nKYh @wzrs/

Fkj# tZb'A eotkJh rJh. wzrs/ Fkj pkpk nks{ Fkj dk

w[ohd ;h. T[BK pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh pko/ dZ&f;nk fe

oZp dk fJZe ;Zuk Grs bkfJbg[o fty/ o/b d/ vZ&fpnK ~

ozrD dk ezw eodk j? go fizBK th g?;k T[;~ ewkJh

ftu'A nkT[Adk j?, T[j ;kok cehoK s/ b'eK d/ bzro bJh

you eo fdzdk j?. pkpk wkX' Fkj dh tfvnkJh ;[D pkpk

nks{ Fkj nkg T[BK ~ fwbD bJh nkJ/. pkpk nks{ Fkj B/

pkpk ih d/ wB ftu gqG{-gq/w dh shpo fJZSk d/y e/

T[BK ~ nkgDk w[ohd pDk fbnk. T[j nkgDk ;G ;wkB

wzrs/ Fkj e'b SZv e/ ibzXo nk rJ/, s/ w[V ;koh fizdrh

pkpk nks{ Fkj dh FoB ftu ofjzfdnK, nfXnkswe frnkB,

3

o{jkBhns dhnK wzf}bK ns/ ;{ch ;kXBK dhnK owiK

~ ;wMD d/ b/y/ bk fdZsh.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ nkgDh itkBh dh f;yo d[gfjo/

id'A tid ftu nk e/ bkj"o ns/ bkfJbg[o dhnK rbhnK ftu'A

nkgDhnK b'e rhsK torhnK ekchnK rkT[Ad/ j'J/

bzxd/ ;B sK T[BK dh fJFe, eo[Dk @u v[ph ;'}wJh

nktk} okjhnK d/ edw o'e fdzdh ;h ns/ b'eK ~ nkgD/

xoK dhnK ;odbK s'A pkjo b? nkT[Adh ;h.

pkpk nks{ Fkj d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[D s'A gfjbK nksw

frnkB dh fFZds Goh fgnk; ns/ fJ; bJh ekfwb w[oFd dh

sbkF ftu GNefdnK pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ S/ ;zsK dh

efmB ;/tk ehsh gozs{ id'A nksw gqekF dh EK

foZXhnK f;ZXhnK dk Xotk; jh T[BK ~ fJBK ;zsK gk;'A

fwfbnk sK T[j T[BK BkwXohe ;zsK ~ SZv iKd/ oj/. fJ;

soQK T[BQK B/ S/ BkwXohe ;zsK dh ;zrs

fgZS'A ;Zst/A ekfwb ;zs pkpk nks{ Fkj ~ nkgDk

r[o{ Xkfonk. fJj pkpk nks{ Fkj ih ;B fiBQK B/ T[BQK d/

nzsoeoD ~ o{jkBhns d/ gkDh Bkb BZe'-BZe f;zfink

ns/ y[dkJh ofjws dk dotk}k y'jb e/ T[BQK dk gow ;fs

Fkfynseko eotkfJnk.

;{chnK ftu w[oFd dh gdth pj[s T[&Zuh j?. w[oFd

~ @y[dk dk B{o#, @B{o-J/-;ck# fejk iKdk j?. pkpk

wkX' Fkj fuFsh nkgD/ w[oFd bJh v{zxh nk;Ek

oZydk ;h. fJZe tko nkgD/ w[oFd d/ Bok} j'D s/ T[BQK

~ p[bQ/ Fkj tKr nkgD/ fgv/ s/ w[oFd d/ o[;/t/ dhnK

4

SweK ioBhnK gJhnK ;B. w[oFd B/ pkpk wkX' Fkj ~

eokuh fty/ ;{chwZs d/ gquko bJh G/fink, i' th

g?;k ;oXkb{nK B/ wkX' Fkj ~ fdZsk tkfg; nkT[D s/

wkX' Fkj B/ nkgD/ w[oFd ~ ;kd/ eZgfVnK ftu d/yfdnK

j'fJnk T[BQK bJh fJZe pj[s tXhnk ewh}, ukdok, Grt/A

ozr dh gZr s/ fJZe ;[zdo i[Zsh b? fdZsh. id'A w[oFd

nks{ Fkj ~ fJ; rZb dk gsk bfrnk sK T[j wkX' Fkj Bkb

pj[s Bkok} j'J/ s/ nyho T[BQK ~ v/o/ s'A ikD bJh efj

fdZsk. wkX' Fkj ~ nkgD/ w[oFd ~ fejk fe, @@;oeko!

w/ok sK dw j[D s[jkv/ do s/ f;ifdnk eofdnK jh

fBeb/rk.## o{j ~ gZS wkoB tkbh T[dk;h T[BQK d/

wB ;B. fJ; s/ w[oFd B/ T[BQK Bkb p'bDk th SZv fdZsk.

fJe fdB r[Z;/ @u vzvk uZ[e e/ pkpk nks{ Fkj, pkpk

wkX' Fkj fuFsh ~ wkoB bZr/ sK T[BQK B/ nkgDk f;o

nZr/ eo fdZsk fJ; ;w/A nks{ Fkj T[BQK dh goy

gqhfynk b? oj/ ;h s/ T[BQK g[fSnk fe, @@ T[j fJE'A

pkjo ikD dh ehws eh bt/rk sK fJ; s/ pkpk wkX' Fkj B/

nkgD/ w[oFd ~ s[ozs fJj T[&Zso fdZsk fe, @@i' rkfJp

y[dk s[;K B/ w/o/ @u'A eZ&fYnk j?, T[j w?~ tkfg; eo

fdT[ sK w?A fJE'A ubk iktKrk.## fJ; s/ pkpk nks{ Fkj

B/ pkpk wkX' Fkj dh G[b p]FkJh s/ T[BK ~ nkgDk T[so

nfXekoh ;Ekfgs eo fdZsk.

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh pkb pqjwukoh ;B. T[BQK d/

w[ohdK dk efjDk j? fe pkpk ih y[d fJj dZ&f;nk eod/ ;B

fe T[BQK dh itkBh gfjo/ Fkdh j'Dh th s?n j'Jh ;h go

5

id'A w[ebkt/ tkb/ fdB NKr/ s/ ;tko j' e/ T[j nkgDh gsBh

~ fbnkT[D bJh ;j[o/ xo rJ/ sK T[BQK dh gsBh B/ T[BQK

dh \ehoh t/F-G{Fk d/y e/ fJj efje/ T[BQK Bkb ikD s'A

fJBeko eo fdZsk fe T[j fe;/ \eho Bkb nkgDh f}zdrh

BjhA eZN ;edh. pkpk ih T[jBh edwh jh T[E'A tkfg; gos

nkJ/ ns/ w[V T[BQK B/ ;koh f}zdrh ftnkj dk ed/ BK

BjhA fbnk. e[ZM fJe w[ohd fJj th dZ;d/ jB fe T[BQK dh

gsBh j'D dk wkD Bk jk;b eo ;eh fJ; n"os B/ th w[V e'Jh

ftnkj Bk ehsk ns/ T[j fgS'A gSskt/ dh jkbs ftu gkrb j'

e/ wo rJh.

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh dk d/jKs 22 nr;s 1984 JhH

ftu fgzv nkdwg[o (d[nkpk) fty/ j'fJnk. T[; ;w/A T[BQK

dh T[wo 98 ;kb d/ eohp ;h. T[BQK dh fwqse d/j ~

T[BQK d/ w[oFd pkpk nks{ Fkj dh w}ko d/ B/V/

jh ;g[od/-yke ehsk frnk. nkdwg[o ;fEs T[BQK dh

w}ko ns/ fgzv uZe t/Avb ;fEs sfenk ;{ch ;zs (rZdh

pkpk F/] \ohd ih) @J/e B{o f;bf;bk# fty/ jo ;kb T[BQK

dh :kd @u Got/A w/b/ brd/ jB.

pkpk wkX' Fkj @fuFsh# dhnK nkyoh ihtB xVhnK

;zpzXh fJj t/otk th fwbdk j? fe T[BQK d/ fgzv y[Dy[Dk

dh nkgDh fJe gow=w[ohd rqfj;sD phph (i' nZieb ;{\

h ;zs wksk r[op]F e"o uZe t/Avb tkb/, w[yh @J/e

B{o# f;bf;bk ti'A gqf;ZX jB ~ nkgDk rZdh BFhB

EkgfdnK T[BQK ns/ T[BQK d/ gsh ;H joGiB f;zx ~

nkgD/ t\ks fgZS'A nkdwg[o ;fEs nkgD/ v/o/ ~ ;zGkbD

6

bJh fejk ;h, s/ nZi eZb ;{ch ;zs wksk r[opyF e"o

@uZe t/Avb# tb'A fgzv uZe t/Avb @u ubkfJnk ik fojk

j?. jo ;kb @J/e B{o# f;bf;bk fty/ 22 nr;s ~ T[BQK

dh :kd @u Gkoh w/bk bZrdk j? fi; ftu ;{\h ;zs ;zw/bB

nk:'fis ehsk iKdk j? fi; ftu Gkos Go u'A T[x/ ;{\h ;zs

fjZ;k b?Ad/ jB.

nkdwg[o ftu t;d/ b'e dZ;d/ jB fe d/F dh tzv t/b/ d/

fcoe{ c;kdk ;w/A pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ fJFe d/

fuokrK ~ o'FB eoh oZ&fynk. fcoe{ c;kdK dhnK

sZshnK g"DK th fJFe d/ fuokrK ~ p[Mk Bk ;ehnK.

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh d/ ;oXkb{nK dk x/ok fFwb// s'A

eokuh sZe c?fbnk j'fJnk ;h.

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh ;{\h FkfJoh ftu'A T[BQK

dk ne; fJj nfij/ ;kT{, T[&Zu/ bzw/, gzikph \eho dk

T[xVdk j? i' pqjw frnkBh, gq/w wkor d/ ;kXe,

wB[Zysktkdh ns/ fBwosk d/ gz[i ;B. T[j r?o w[;bwkBh

fgS'eV tkb/ ;{ch ;kXe ;B, i' f}nkdk gVQ/ fby/ th

BjhA ;B go T[BQK nkgDhnK ekft ouBktK ftu ;{\h doFe

s/ r[owfs d/ f;XksK ~ o{gwkB ehsk j?.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dhnK ouBktKL- gzikph ;{\h

ekft ;w[Zu/ gzikp dk r"ot s/ fJe ;KMk s/ tZvw[Zbk

fto;k fojk j?. fJj ;{\h ekft y[dk d/ ozr ftu ozfrnk j'fJnk

e[M w[;bwkB dot/FK dh fJe nd[Zsh s/ :kdrkoh d/D

j?. ;{\h eftsk dh fwmk; pkps @g'qH joBkw f;zx FkB#

fbyd/ jB fe fJj, @@fgnko ftu w'J/ pzfdnK d/ fwZm/

7

puB jB. fiBQk Bkb p[Zb bkfJnk gzikph j'Am ni/ th i[V

iKd/ jB.## wkX' Fkj fuFsh 20 thA ;dh d/ nzfsw djke/

dh gzikph ;{\h ekft-Xkok dk fJe ftbZyD j;skyo tkbk

eth j?. fi;~ ;{ch th fejk iKdk j?. wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/

gzikph ;kfjs ftu nkgDhnK ouBktK Bkb ekch tkXk ehsk

j?. T[;B/ nkgDhnK ouBktK ftu w[oFd bJh shposk s/

oZph gq/w d/ ;'jb/ rkJ/ jB.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh gzikph ;{ch eth j? T[;B/ nkgDh

eftsk ftu nkgD/ ;{ch fynkbK ~ fJFe dh ozrD ftu ozr e/

fpnkfBnk j?. T[;dh ;koh ouBk dk ftFk fJe' jh j?. fi; ftu

w[oFd dh wfjwk s/ oZph gq/w Fkfwb j?.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dk ekft r[bd;sk ouBksfwe frDsh

gZy'A p/Fe fBZe nkekoh j? go ojZ; nB[Gt dh fJe

gqrhse s/ ;{fsqe ouBk ti'A fJj pj[s noE-GoG{o ns/

T[&Zu fwnkoh feqs j?.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh eftsk d/ gqGkt ~ fXnkB ftu

oZyfdnK T[;~ eftsk okjhA fwbh gqf;ZXh d/ nXko s/

ftdtkBk B/ wkX' Fkj dh s[bBk wjkB ;{chnK Bkb ehsh

j?. @fJFe nZbkj dh iks# g[;se ftu wkX' Fkj dhnK j/m

fbfynK ouBktK Fkfwb jB.

1 ekchnK - 12

2 fJe g?Ash nZyo

3 jo\-J/-ntb (gqrhse ouBk)

4 @;[]B ;kJh d/# f;ob/y j/m 12-;[]B

5 fJe' fJe T[od{ ra}b

8

@fJFe Bwk}# gVQB bJh nb] irkT[D tkb/ wkX' Fkj

fuFsh B/ ekft-f;oiDk d/ y/so ftu fet/A gqt/F ehsk,

fJ; ;pzXh T[BQK d/ fJe w[ohd pkpk p"D/ Fkj dk fJj

efjDk j? fe pkpk ih fJ; pko/ y[d fJj dZ&f;nk eod/ ;B

fe ;G s'A gb/mk fijVk w"fbe ;[]B T[BQK dh }[pkB s/

nkfJnk T[jh T[BQK dh FkfJoh @u fgZS'A w[Zjps d/

gqtuB dh w{b ;[o pfDnk. T[BQK d/ fJ; w[ohd dk fJj

dkntk j? fe pkpk wkX' Fkj B/ nkgDh nfXnksfwe

Fkfrodh d/ w[ZYb/ fdBK @u nkgD/ w[oFd pkpk

nks{ Fkj d/ fJe gow ;B/jh ;{\h dot/F pkpk w"b/ Fkj

pz;ohpb/ ehs/ ikD s/ ;G s'A gfjbk fijVk nkgDk w"fbe ;

[]B T[BQK ~ ;[DkfJnk, T[j fJj ;hL-

wkX' Fkj fJFe j[bkok,

fwbdk BjhA w[cs B}kok

f;o XV dh pkih bk e/

joe/ ftykT[Dk g?i{rk.

Bh fizdhJ/! s?~ nVhnK eodk

:ko wBkT[Dk g?i{rk. (2)

T[BQK dh nkgDh itkBh t/b/ dh ekch @w/oh y[Zb

rJh gNZe d/D/ nZy Bh rbh d/ ftu'A e"D bzfxnk.## ~

ftFt gqf;ZX ;{\h rkfJe B[;os csfj nbh ]K B/ th nkgDh ;

[owkJh ntk} ftu rkfJnk j?.

w/oh y[b rJh gNZe d/Dh nZy Bh,

rbh d/ ftu'A e"D bzfxnk,

j't/ :ko Bk g?Adk J/ w?~ FZe Bh

9

rbh d/ ftu'A e"D bzfxnk, (3)

26 ouBktK Bkb fFzrkoh fJj g[;se nkeko gZy'A

Gkt/A S'Nh bZrdh j? go ftuko gZy'A wkBt-ihtB dhnK

pj[s ;kohnK nfijhnK gosK ~ y'jbdh j?/,i' T[;~ wkB; s'A

d/tsk pDkT[D ftu ;jkJh j' ;edhnK jB.

1 s"jhd

2 tjds-Tb-ti{d

3 w[oFd dh sFphj

4 fJFe jeheh

T[goe's uko ;{ch f;XKs wkX' Fkj fuFsh d/

ouBk ;z;ko d/ w{b X[o/ jB. @fJFe# T[jBK dh ouBk dk

e/Adoh ftFk j?.

;{\hwZs ftu oZp dh gqkgsh dk wkor fJFe d[nkok

jh f;o uVQdk j?. oZp Bkb fJFe eoB tkb/ b'eK ~ wzf}b

dh gqkgsh j' iKdh j? ns/ T[; s'A p/w[Zy j'D tkb/ b'e

GNed/ ns/ y[nko j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJFe d/ wjZst ~ gqrN

eod/ j'J/ F/] cohd \owkT[Ad/ jB

os/ fJFe y[dkfJ ozr dhdko e/

ft;fonk fiB Bkw s/ GfJ Gko EhJ/ (4)

fJFe nZbQk dk ;\ksh r[D j?. nkswk dk gqwkswk

Bkb w/b fJFe Bkb jh j' ;edk j?. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/

@ikg ;kfjp# ftu fJFe ~ oZp dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB

wzfBnk j?.

;ku ej' ;[B b/j[ ;G?

10

fiB gq/w ehU fsB jh gqG gkfJU(5)

fJFe ;{chtkd dk p[fBnkdh sZs s/ X[ok j? fJj ;{ch

FkfJoh dk BjhA ;r'A ihtB F?bh dk nXkofFbk j?.

don;b ;{\h fuzsB ftu @fJFe# ;{\h ;kfXe (;kfbe)

dh o{jkBh gotki ~ fBozso rsh s/ T{oik gqdkB eoB

tkbh fJe nfijh ;{yw ftt/ewJh ns/ gq/oBkdkfJe

wjKfdqFNh j? i' ;Zu dh n;b B[jko ~ gSkBD ns/ gok-

ebh fsoziBh nt;Ek ftu fJefwe j'D bJh jo e[opkBh eoB

~ sZsgo j?.##(6)

fJFe dh y/v n"yh j?. fJ; o;s/ s/ ubD bJh ;{ch ;kXe

dh nkswe gftZsosk gfjbh ;os j?. r[opkDh ftu

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih efjzd/ jB.

iT[ sT[ gq/w y/bD ek ukU

f;o Xfo sbh rbh w/oh nkU

fJs wkor g?o Xohi?

f;o dhi? ekft Bk ehi? (7)

nkfd rqzE, gzBk 1412

nko e/ w[yoih efjzdk j?, @@;{chnK tk;s/

d[fBnkth fJFe oZph fBFkB/ T[&Zs/ g[ZiD bJh g[Zb dk

ezw eodk j?. (8)

p[b/Q Fkj sK fJFe ~ nZbQk dh iks s/ b'eK dk

fwjDk eoko fdzdk j?.

gq'L r[btzs f;zx fJFe pko/ nkgD/ ftuko

gqrNkT[Ad/ j'J/ nkyd/ jB, @@gq/w dh

11

gquzvsk, ;B/j dh rzGhosk s/ brB

d/ ;zxD/gB dk Bkw fJFe j?. fJFe ftFt

pqfjwzv dk gqkD j?. fJ; iip/ ;dek jo

uh} nkgD/ w{b Bkb w/b tk;s/ fpjpb

j?.(9)

fJFe dk o;sk pVk emB j?, ;XkoB ftnesh sk fJ; o;s/

uZbD d/ ;woZE Bjh go n;b ;kfbe nkgDh ikB sbh s/ Xo

e/ fJ; o;s/ ~ ep{b eodk j?.

ek\hnK

@fJFe nZbkj dh iks# BK dh fJ; feskp ftu ;zwfbs

wkX' Fkj fuFsh d/ ebkw ftu ;G s'A gfjbK T[BQK dhnK

ekchnK jB. fJzBQK ekchnK dk w{b Ehw fJbkjh fJFe j?.

fJFe wikih s/ fJFe jeheh ftu e'Jh G/d BjhA ofjzdk. fJBk

ek\hnK dh ;[o{nks jh fJFe s'A j[zdh j?.

gVQ fJFe Bwk} w[jZps dh,

f;o ;id/ ftu i[dk eod/.

fJj j? @n?B# fJpkds nkFe dh

Bk eik eo pbfe ndk eo d/ (10)

wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ nZbkj d/ fJFe ~ b? e/ fJFe dk

i' ;zebg ;kv/ ;kjwD/ fbnKdk j? T[; dk gfjbk gVk

d[fBnkJh gq/w noEks fJFe-fJ-fw}kih j? ns/ d{ik gVk

fJFe-fJ-jeheh j?. ;' fJFe gowkswk sZe gj[zuD dk ;kXB

j?. o{jkBh wzibK dh gqkgsh dh g"Vh.

12

;{\h cb;c/ dh p[Bhnkdh fJekJh j?. fJj fJFe jh j? i' ;

{\h \b;c/ dk e/Adoh X[ok j?. fJ;bkwh ;kXBk wkor ftu ;

{\h ;kXBk fJe nfijk o{jkBh wkor j? fi;B/ fJFe d/ f;XKs ~

nwb @u fbnKdk. pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh nB[;ko fJFe

ewkT[Dk ;"yk BjhA nZbkj Bkb fJFe ewkT[Dk ekfJoK d/

tZ; dh rZb BjhA, fJ; okj dk nkFe rk}h j? j' ;edk j?, i'

f;o XV s/ ikB e[opkB eo d/t/.

Mkb fJFe dh nB'yh fJj~ MZb/ e'Jh e'Jh

j' e/ ikB s'A gozd,fwb/ :ko do Y'Jh. (11)

Mkb fJFe dh nB'yh wod MZb d/ Bk rk}h

dhB d[Bhnk b[Nk e/ fiBQK :ko ehsk okih. (12)

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dhnK ek\hnK ftu fJFe e/Adoh

X[ok j'D eoe/ fJFe fJbkjh dk feqFwk j?. fJFe ;{\h fuzsB

ns/ gzikph ;{ch ekft dk gq/oe ;'wk j? feT[Afe

gowkswk dh gqkgsh fJFe okjhA j[zdh j?. fJFe dk okj

fBnkok, efmB ns/ d[Ftko j?. ;{ch ;kfjs dh wkBsk j?

fJFe jeheh jh j[zdk j?. pkpk cohd s'A b? e/ Fkj j[;?B,

tkfoF Fkj, ;[bskB pkj{, p[Zb/ Fkj ns/ ;Z:d ~ o{jkBhns

d/ wkor ti'A gqGkfts ehsk.

ntZb jwd y[dk dk ftod ehi?

fJFe ehsk ;{ iZr dk w{b whnK

gfjbK nkg oZp B/ fJFe ehsk

s/ wkF{e j? BZph o;{b whnK (13)

(tkfoF Fkj)

n?B-fJFe fiBK d/ jZvh ofunk

13

T[j fcod/ u[Zg ugks/ j{

b{z-b{z d/ ftu bZy }pkBK

T[j eod/ r{zrh pks/A j{. (14)

(;[bskB pkj{)

fJe' p{Nk, fJe' bZ}s, fJe' gsk fBFkBh

T[; p{fNUA c[Zb w}kih, w/tk fJFe jZekBh (15)

(;:Zd jkfFw Fkj)

fJFe fJe nfijk wB[Zyh nwb j? i' ;'u ;wM e/ BjhA

ehsk iKdk. fJj nkgD/ nkg ;z:'r t; ;[Zs/ f;ZX j' iKdk j?.

fJFe dh nt;Ek ;'u ;wM s'A go/ dh nt;Ek j?.

fJe ;Zuk ;kXe fi; ~ gowkswk Bkb fwbD dk ukn j[zdk

j?. T[j fJ; ;z;ko ~ BkFtkB ;wM e/ fJ; s'A p/gotko j' iKdk

j?.

fJFe dk wkor nrBh gqhfynk ;wkB j? fJj wB[Zy s'A

gqfsZpXsk, e[opkBh ns/ fBZi jT[A s/ fsnkr dh wzr

eodk j?. ;{\hnK$GrsK bJh fJFe ;t?-;ziw ns/ pzX/i dk

Bkw j?. fJFe ~ nrBh th fejk frnk j?. fJFe ftZu p[ZXh

yzG bk e? T[&Zv iKdh j?. fizBQK d/ o'w-o'w ftu s/

jZvK ftu fJFe ou iKdk j?. T[j ihT[Afdnk woBk f;Zy b?

Ad/ jB.

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ nkgD/ ebkw ftu ;{\hns

ftukoXkok ~ pVh ;gFNsk Bkb g/F ehsk j?. gzikph d/

gqf;ZX ;{\h ethnK tKr wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ th w[y ftFk

fJFe ~ pDkfJnk j?. T[BK nB[;ko fJFe dh gqkgsh Bkb

oZp dh gqkgsh ;fji/ jh j' ;edh j?. pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh

14

fJFe ~ fJe nfijk ;kXB wzBd/ jB i' gqkDh d/ nzdo t; e/

nzdo s/ pkjo dh d[fpXk ysw eo fdzdk j?. fJ; Bkb ;kXe

wB ~ fiZsD s/ ;{os ~ fJBeko eoB ftu ;\b j' iKdk j?. fJj'

ekoB j? fe pkpk ih eoweKv d/ uZeo ftu Bk c;d/ ns/

gq/w ~ nkgDk ;op F/q;N Xow wzBd/ j'J/ jT{w? d/ BkF

dh rZb eod/ jB. T[j fJFe bJh nkgD/ nkg ~ nogD eod/

j'J/ \owkT[Ad/ jB.

s{z fJFe wdkB M[ek d/ ;o

woB/ s'A gfjbK iKth wo

s/ fJFe dh nZr ftu ikth ;VQ

fJ; j;sh dk pkr fyiK eid/,

gVQ fJFe Bwk} w[jZps dh.

f;o ;id/ ftu i[dk eod/

fJj j? @n?B# fJpkds nkFe dh

Bk o}k eo pbfe ndk eod/. (16)

fJFe d/ d[ZyV/ ;j/ BjhA iKd/. fJFe ~ ftobk jh e'Jh

MZb ;edk, i' fJ; o;s/ g?Ad/ jB. spkj j' iKd/ jB. popkd j'

iKd/ jB, T[BQK dh jT{w? wo iKdh j?. T[j nkFe gq/w,

fJFe u# e[opkBhnK fdzd/ jB. e'Jh ib ftu, e'Jh Eb ftu

e'Jh ;{bh uVQ e/ fe;/ fuyk #u ;VQ e/ e[opkB j' iKdk j?

L-

Bkr fJFe d/ }fjohb/ ihj~ - ihj~ vzfrnk

w'fJnk sV\ e/ gbk @u BjhT[ gkDh wzfrnk,

f;o XV dh bk e/ T[E/ gjz[udk j? e'JhHHHHHHHHHH

bkFK EbK ftu gJhnK, eJh ibK ftu rJhnK,

15

bZyK X{DhnK owK e/, p?m okjtK ftu ojhnK,

;'jDh v[Zp rJh MBK @u, ;Z;h EbK ftu

w'JhHHHHHHHHH

fJe fu]k ftu ;Vd/, fJe ;{bhnK s/ uVd/,

bZyK phs rJ/ B/ i[Zr, dw :ko dk T[j God/

bkjh w[Zy T[&Zs'A fiBQK b'e bki tkbh b'Jh (17)

Bwk} gVQBh j? sK fJFe dh, ;z;ko ftu o"De j? sK

fJFe eoe/ go fJFe jh n?;k j? fe fJ; dh f;Zds dh Mkb jo

e'Jh feE/ Mb ;edk j?. fe;/ ~ ;{bh uVBk g?Adk j?, fe;/

~ g[Zmh yZb b[jkT[Dh g?Adh j?, fe;/ ~ s;hj/ ;fjD/ g?

Ad/ jBL-

fJ; e[Zbh ftu fijVk tfVnk

f;o eNtkfJnk ;{bh ufVnk,

ehsh rZb ;h, b[jkJh g[Zmh yZb ;h,

e[bh dk B}kok wkD e/.

fJ; e[Zbh dk g?Avk n"yk (18)

“Love is the sufi way.

It is the foundation of sufi thinking.

Everything a sufi does draws from Love.

A sufi knows that

GOD is the source of Love” (19)

wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ nkgDhnK ekchnK ftu gqXkB

ftFk fJFe jh fbnk j?. T[;B/ fJFe ~ fJFe w}kih s'A fJFe

jeheh d/ o{g ftu g/F ehsk j?. T[;dk fJj nB[Gt T[;dhnK

ekchnK ftu' EK-EK fdykJh fdzdk j?.

g?Ash nZyoh

16

fJ; feskp ftu Fkwb g?Ash nZyoh ftu w[oFd dh

wfjwk dk rhs j?. fi; ftu T[BQK B/ fJj ftuko g/F ehs/ jB

fe fi; wB[Zy dk frnkB B/so y[ZbQ iKdk j?, T[; bJh ;G

pokpo jB, T[E/ e'Jh T{u-Bhu BjhA ofjzdhL-

BzBk- B}o ewkb j? fi;~ j'fJnk iwkb

nzdo tV e/ nkgD/ fbnk T[;~ Gkb,

fbnk T[; ~ Gkb nzdob/ y[ZbQ rJ/ B/so,

T[j BjhA fco ikDdk rzrk e[oF/so,

wkX' Fkj fi; g[oF dk ;[Xo frnk u? fus

nzdob/ okw ojhw d/ doFB eodk fBZs.

(20)

fJ; g[;se dh ouBk g?Ash nZyoh ftbZyD s/ ftF/F j?

i' fe gzikph toDwkbk nB[;ko @T{Vk# (T) s'A nkozG j'

e/ nZyo-eqw nB[;ko @VkVk# (V) sZe fBozso uZbdh

j? ns/ jo/e nZyo dh nfXnksfwe ns/ fttjkfoe wjZssk

do;kT[Adh j?.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ fJj g?Ash nZyoh nkgD/ w[oFd

gho nks{ Fkj fuFsh ~ ;Ekfgs ehsh j?. fi; ftu T[j nkgD/

w[oFd d[nkok s"jhd dk ;pe gVkT[D dh f;cs ;bkj

eofdnk gho nks{ Fkj dh gBkj ftu ikD bJh T[gd/F fdzdk

j'fJnk w[oFd dh pyfFF Bkb nZbkj tkbk j'D bJh gq/odk

j?.

;[]B ;kJh d/

17

;[]B ;kJh d/ d/ ;hoFe j/mb/ Gkr ftu pkpk wkX' Fkj

fuFsh d/ 12 ;[]B Fkfwb jB. fi; ftu w[oFd, \eho, Bkw,

oZp e'b fet/A tZ;dk j?, Mksh fdb ftu gkT[D dh rZb,

oZp fgnko dk ibtk fet/A j?, frnkB fpB g[oF nzBQk

fet/A j?, fejVh pks nzrw dh j?, ;zsK jfo fet/A gkfJnk

ns/ r[o fpB ;wM Bk nkJh, nkfd d/ ftuko gqpzX ~ tZy-

tZy eftsktK ftu gfoGkFs ehsk frnk j?.

nb\ J/; ti{d d/ ftu i' e[M,

p?m Bkb soshp ;wMd/ w[oFd.

doi/ wz}bK wosp/ sZs ;ko/,

n?;/ Bkb nzdk} psbkJ/ w[oFd. (21)

n;hA sK \eho ;po-U-F[eo tkb/

;k~ fwb/ GzvkfoT[A dkb tZyoh.

ed/ oZi ykJhJ/, ed/ ojhJ/ G[Zy/,

d[BhnkdkoK Bkb'A ;kvh j? ukb tZyoh. (22)

fJBQK ;[]BK dk nkozG T[j nkdwg[o ;fEs nkgD/

r[o-n;EkB dh gqFzFk Bkb eod/ jB. nkgD/ r[o{-n;EkB

nkdwg[o ~ pj[s T[&Zuk nfXnkswe doik fdZsk j?.

nkdwg[o ofjzd/ nkgD/ w[oFd sA' T[BQK ~ nZbkj

skbQk d/ jeheh frnkB dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. w[oFd ;Zu

dh gSkD eokT[Adk j?. wkX' Fkj fuFsh \owkT[Ad/ jB fe

w[oFd dh FoD ftu nk e/ ;kXe gqG{ ftu nG/dsk gqkgs

eoe/ T[;/ dk j' iKdk j? ns/ T[; bJh w"s dk G? ysw j'

iKdk j?L-

18

nzfwqsXkok po;dk, nkdwg[o ftu :ko,

T[E/ SZN/ fwbD s"jhd d/, j[zdh frnkB ftuko,

T[E/ g[oi/ T[vD e'fjs{o d/, nZbQ fJB;kBK :ko,

T[&ZE/ G[Zid/ tKr dkfDnK, Eb ftu :ko fusko. (23)

gowkswk d/ r[zMbdko G/sk dh ;wM w[oFd dh

nrtkJh Bkb jh gqkgs j' ;edh j?. s"jhd dhnK T[&ZuhnK

xkNhnK ~ w[ohd w[oFd dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ;fji/ jh gko eo

b?Adk j? ns/ T[j ;z;koh fyZu s'A S[Nekok gk e/

jeheh ;Zu dk gZbk cV b?Adk j?L-

nb\ J/; ti{d d/ ftu i' e[ZM

p?m Bkb soshp ;wMkJ/ w[oFd

do}/ wz}bK wosp/ sZs ;ko/,

n?;/ Bkb nzdk} psbkJ/ w[oFd

tfjw, y[dh, fFoeK, soweK d{o eoe/

ftu'A nkgDk nkg b[GkJ/ w[oFd (24)

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh ih B/ @pks nzrw dh# ftu

s"jhd (fJe JhFtotkd, nd?Pstkd) dh ;koh ftukoXkok ~ ;

{sopZX eod/ j'J/ cowkfJnk j? fe oZp dk fNekDk fes/

pkjo BjhA ;r'A T[j wB[Zyh ;oho d/ nzdo jh j?

wB[Zyh ;oho d/ nzdo gow nkswk dh nzF nkswk dk

fBtk; j?. gqkDh ekw, eq'X, b'G, w'j, jzeko nkfd fteko

fsnkr e/ fd;d/ ;z;ko ~ BkFtkB ;wM e/, ;Zu/ gq/w okjhA

nDfdZ;d/ ;Zu ~ nkgDh nkswk ftu'A ;fji/ jh gSkD b?

Adk j?. wkX' Fkj fuFsh T[; ;Zu d/ fBtk; dh fJ; fgzv/

o{gh e'mVh dk ft;fsqs toDB fJ; gqeko ehsk j?.

19

joh B/ nkgD/ ofjD ykso,

;op wekB pDkfJnk,

gzi sZsK dh JhN pDkJh,

fszB r[D rkok bkfJnk,

B" dotk}/ fJ; ekfJnk d/,

d;tK r?p oykfJnk,

;ks eo'V ske ekfJnk dk,

G/s ;[xV jZE nkfJnk,

wkX' Fkj fJj pks nzrw dh,

r[o ekwb ;wMkfJnk. (25)

20

ra}bL-

fJ; g[;se ftu Fkfwb fJe' fJe T[od{ dh ra}b ;{\h

wkor d/ ftfGzB gVktK ~ w{oshwkB eodh j?. wkX' Fkj

fuFsh B/ id'A ra}b fbyh sK T[od{ ftu fbyh. T[od{ dh

gqgZesk ~ ngDkTAfdnK T[BQK B/ sZ;t[Zc d/ ozr ~

gqGktFkbh F/noK dk ikwk g[nkfJnk j?. GkFk d/ ;ziw

ns/ ra}b tkb/ ;[ji-;fji dk th ewkb j?L-

ebkfw fJpsdkJh eh j{Jh ibtkB[wkJh j?.

wiZ;w jo f;\s w";{\, ;G jo\'A w/A SkJh j?.

w[jZps ekwfb e[dos ehnk fJ}jko ][d ngBk,

Feb jo Feb g/ Feb ngDh e?;h pBkJh j?.

Bwkf} f}efo-o{jh w/A j{nk wfjt swzBk ;/,

y[ZbQk do nk;wk :edw ijK ;koh y[dkJh j?. (26)

nZbQk d/ j[ew Bkb j'Ad @u nkJh fFqFNh ns/ ;{\h

;kXBk wkor dhnK ;kohnK wzf}bK dh uouk eodh fJ;

ra}b ftu ewkb dk GkFkJh ;[ji t/yD ~ fwbdk j?. F/y-

np{-:}hd fp;skgh ti'A gzF @cBk# d/ w[ekw ns/ nb

yr} ti'A g/F @pek# d/ f;XKs ~ th pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh

B/ nkgD/ ojZ; nB[Gt dh ekfte g/Fekoh ;w/A ra}b ftu

pVh f;ds Bkb g/F ehsk j?.

pek ek gfjB b' ikwk fi;w \kBh e' ]sok j?.

j:ks/ ikftdkBh w/A ejK fco w"s nkJh j?.

;bhfp dko eh wzf}b j:kfs dofwnK w/A j?,

;\o eos/ jA? p/][d j' y[dh eh p{ fwNkJh j?.

wkX' Fkj jehes w/A B}kok o{j nbned; ek,

21

f;\s jo tkj w[;zBk :j ekfwb eh dkBkJh j? (27)

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ pj[s rzGho ftfFnK s/ ebw

nziwkJh ehsh j?. gqf;ZX ;{\h fuzse vkH i;tho f;zx ;kpo

wkX' ebkw pko/ eZ&fYnk fJj f;ZNk pVk w[btkB j? fe

wkX' ebkw ftuko gZy'A wkBt-ihtB dhnK nfijhnK

pj[s ;kohnK gosK ~ y'jbD tkbh nfijh fbys j?, i' wkB; ~

d/tsk pDkT[D ftu ;jkJh j' ;edh j?. (28)

ekft ebk

g{otb/ ;{\h ethnK tKr wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ th

nkgDk ekft ;z;ko gzikph GkFk ftZu ofunk. T[;B/

T[; ;w/A b'eK ftZu gqZufbs j' u[Zek ekft o{g @ek\h#

~ ftF/F eoe/ u[fDnk. wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ @ek\h# ekft

o{g s'A fJbktk eJh j'o ekft o{gK ftu nkgD/ eft-;z;ko ~

ofunk j?. T[;dh b'e fgq:sk ek\hnK eoe/ tX/o/ j?

feT[Afe T[;dh ek\h @w/oh y[ZbQ rJh gNZe d/D/ nZy

Bh# ~ ftFt gqf;ZX rkfJe @B[;os csfj nbh yK# B/ th

fJ;~ nkgDh ;[owJh nktk} okjhA ;zrhs pZX ehsk j?.

T[;dhnK ekchnK b'e wBK ~ jb{D dh Fesh oZydhnK

jB. T[;dh gqf;ZXh T[[; dhnK ek\hnK dk tZvk r[D b'e

rhsK d/ B/V/ j'Dk j?. wkX' Fkj fuFsh dhnK ek\hnK dh

Fpdktbh s/ b?n fJj' fijh j? fe T[BK ftu b'jV/ dh

okrkswesk j?. T[jdhnK eJh ekchnK b'e rhsK d/ ekch

B/V/ jB i' fe ;zrhs Bkb GoG{o jB. Fpd gqtkj fJT[ c[ZN-

cZN fBebdk j? fit/A Moe/ ftu'A fwmk; Gfonk gkDh tfj

fojk j't/. T[jdhnK ek\hnK ftu fwmk; ek\h j?. gkme

22

gVQdk gVQdk nZedk BjhA j?. nzbekoK s/ w[jktfonK

dh th ekch tos'A ehsh j?. nzbeko gzikph u"frod/ ftu'A

s/ nkw ihtB dhnK fBZs toshdhnK uhiK ftu'A bJ/ rJ/ jB.

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dhnK ekchnK b'e rhsK dk G[b/yk

gkT[AdhnK jB. fJBK dh F?bh b'e-rhsK dh F?bh d/ pj[s

B/V/ j?. fJj b'ewB d/ pj[s B/V/ jB. fJzBQK ftu ftdwkB

@fJFe nbZkj dh iks# b'ek dk fwjDk tkb/ f;XKs

~ ;wMD s'A pr?o fJ; ebkw ftubh nB[G{sh, nkBzd s/

ojZ; ~ BjhA wkfDnk ik ;edk. fJ; ebkw B/ b'ewB dhnK

fgnko-gqftoshnK ~ ftnkge o{g ftu ep{fbnk j'fJnk j?.

b"fee o[uhnK ~ ojZ; s/ pzdrh Bkb i'fVnk frnk j?.

T[BK GzBhnk ;[jkr dhnK u{VhnK

fiBK ~ g? rJ/ :ko fgZND/.

T[BQK i[b\K pDkJhnK :ko'A i{VhnK

fiBK ~ g? rJ/ :ko fgZND/. (29)

dhtk pkb e/ ;iktk e[Zbh oks ~,

:ko nkT{ edh ;kvh w[bkeks ~,

Bh w??A :ko T[vheK, wkoK Xosh s/ bheK,

p?mh fdb dk uzd'nk skD e/, (30)

e[[Zbh eZyK dh g{zih j? ftu bZyK dh,

B}kok b? b? e'b nkD e/.

e'b nkD e/, wkjh dh rZb ikD e/,

B}kok b? b? e'b nkD e/ (31)

23

pkpk wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh ;{\h FkfJoh ftu fJFe

jeheh dh tkdh sZe gj[zfunk fJFe w}kih d/ fpzp ;[zdo

o{g ftu x[b/ fwb/ j'J/ jB. T[BK dh ;G s'A uofus ek\h dh

jh T[dkjoD ;kjwD/ j?L-

nZi p'fbnk pB/o/ T[&Zs/ ekr Bh

F?d nkfrnk ir"D ;[Zs/ Gkr Bh,

}ok T[&Zm e/ p{j/ d/ tZb sZe Bh,

rbh d/ ftu'A e"D bzfxnk. (32)

g?Ash nZyoh ftu (T s'A V sZe) gzikph d/ ftu ;kX

GkFk th fwFos j?. e/tb ;kX GkFk jh BjhA ;r'A

@T[nzeko, ;fsr[o B/ i' G/s dZ&f;nk j?. T[; ~ gqtuB tKr

;zukfonk frnk j?. T{Vk T[nzeko j? xN-xN ftu fBtk;

gsk bZrdk T[;~ i' rJ/ r[oK d/ gk;

i' rJ/ r[oK d/ gk; d{Jh dk MrVk feZE/,

;sr[o G/d psKtd/ T[j ofjzdk fiZE/,

ej/ wkX' Fkj r[oK d/ gk; phuko

B/sq y[Zbk frnkB dk fco J/e TAeko. (33)

g?Ash nZyo ftu @T{Vk T[Aeji dks/ @r# r[o{ dk

p'X j?. gzikph ;{ch FkfJok dhnK ;fjochnK nw{wB p?

As, dtZJhnK d'fjok, uj[z gzeshnK tkb/ wkfse Szd jB id

fe g?Ash nZyohnK ~ e[zvbhnK Szd/ fejk frnk j?. ;[yB

ns/ puB ftu pj[s coe j?. ;[yB ftu fiE/ noph dh

Fpdktbh ns/ fJ;bkwh B[efsnK dk gquko j[zdk j? T[E/

puB ftu ;zs-GkFk ns/ fjzd{ Xow dhnK xzvhnK

tX/o/ ;EkB gqkgs eodhnK jB. (34)

24

;[yB ;KJh d/ ftu wkX' Fkj fuFsh B/ wkBt ihtB

dhnK pj[s ;kohnK nNZb ;ZukJhnK ~ gqrNkfJnk j?, @;

[]B ;KJh d/# ftu w[oFd \eho, Bkw oZp e'b fet/A t;dk

j?. nkfd dh rZb ehsh j?.

nbc J/; ti{d d/ ftu i' e[ZM

p?m Bkb soshp ;wMkJ/ w[oFd

doi/ wz}bK wosp/ sZs ;ko/

n?;/ Bkb nzdk} psbkJ/ w[oFd (35)

wkX' Fkj dh fJe T[od{ r}b fJ; ;zfrqj ftu Fkfwb j?

GkFk d/ ;ziw ns/ r}b tkb/ ;[ji-;fji dk th ewkb j?. r}b

T[od{ ftZu j?. ekchnK ftu ;[ZX gzikph GkFk dk gq:'r

fwbdk j?. g?Ash nZyoh dk nB/e EktK s/ w[jktok pqi

Bkb fwbdk i[bdk j?. nB/e Fpd i' f;Zy Xow d/ gktB Fqh

r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih ftu nkJ/ jB. T[BQK ~ T[t/A nkgDk

fbnk frnk. fit/A T[Anzeko, d{Jh nfBe GKs j'fJ g;fonk,

uoB ewb dh w"i ns/ gqow frnkB nkfd, ;koh g?Ash

nZyoh e[zvbhnK Szd ftu phVh jJh j?. eJh EktK T[&Zs/

gzikph ;{ch ekft gozgok nkg T[&Ze/ rJh j' e/ p'bdh j?

eJh EKtK s/ r[opkDhL-

wkX' Fkj ;G fwN rJ/ i{B u[ok;h ekb

Bdo' Bdo fBrb j?, fJj ;zsB eh ukb (36)

g?Ash nZyo

wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh ftF/Fsk fJj j? fe T[;B/

gozgokrs ;{ch ekft i[rs Bkb'A E'Vk jN e/ nb"fee fJFe

gqkgsh bJh b"fee-fJFe ;kXBk ~ ;zuko wkfXnw

25

pDkT[Ad/ jB. fJT[A wkX' Fkj fuFsh dh fJj ;koh ekft

ouBk nZ&v' nZv eft o{gK ftu fwbdh j?. Gkt/A

fe ;kfonK dh e/Adoh ftFk oZph fJFe j?. fJ; soQK wkX'

Fkj fuFsh s/ gzikph ;kfjs ~ fJe tZvw[Zbh dks pyFh j?.

fi; ekoB gzikph ;kfjs jw/Fk T[;dk foDh oj/rk.

26

jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK1 joeztb e'ogkb (;zgkH), @fJFe nZbkj dh iks#,

gzBk 75

2 joeztb e'ogkb (;zgkH), @fJFe nZbkj dh iks#,

gzBk 33


gzBk 136

4 ;[fszdo f;zx B{o, gzikph ;{ch ekft, gzBk-13


gzBk 36


gzBk 38

7 nkfd rzqE, gzBk 1412

8 The Theory and Art of Mysticism, p-129

9 g'qL dhtkB f;zx, fJ;bkw s/ ;{chtkd gzBk, 149


gzBk 135


gzBk 141


gzBk 142

13 fgqsgkb f;zx jho tkfoF Fkj T[EkfBek, gkm s/

ftnkfynk gzBk 110

14 ;[fszdo f;zx B{o, gzikph ;{ch ekft, gzBk-132


gzBk 46

27


gzBk 135


gzBk 141


gzBk 139

19 Azeem, Zmal (n}hw iwkb) Theone Minute Sifu, P. 85















34 gzikph ;kfjs e'F, Gkr gfjbk, ;[fozdo f;zx e'jbh (;zgkH)

gzBk 474


gzBk 160

28


gzBk 151

nkfXnkfJ - d{ikwkX' Fkj fuFshL ekft t;s{

1 ;{chwsL iBw s/ gk;ko

2 ;{chtkdL fJfsjkf;e gfoy/g

3 ;{chwZsL f;XKse gfoy/g

;{ch Fpd dh ftT[Asgsh

;{chwZs dk fBek; s/ ftek;

gzikp$Gkos d/ gqw[Zy ;{ch f;bf;b/

;{chwZs d/ w[Zy f;XKs

gqw[Zy gzikph ;{ch eth

4 wkX' Fkj fuFshL ekft t;s{

29

;{chwZs iBw s/ gk;ko

;{chtkd e'Jh ;zg{oB doFB BjhA, fJj fJe gqeko d/

nB[Gt iK ojZ;tkd dk jh Bkw j?. ;{chnkBk fposh d/

wkbe T[j ;B i' nzfsw ;Zu, oZp iK nZbkj d/ nB[Gt ~

eftsk d[nkok nfGftnes eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. go fJj nB[Gt

g{oB o{g ftu nfGftnes BjhA ;h j' ;edk. fJ; bJh fJ;

nB[Gt dk Bk ojZ;tkd g? frnk. @;{chnkBk fposh d/

wkbe fiBQK B/ fJ;bkw, @e[okB# iK @jdh;# s/ @j}os

w[jzwd ;kfjp# d/ ihtB s'A gqGkfts j' e/ ojZ; nB[Gt eoB

dk :sB ehsk T[BQK ojZ;tkdhnK ~ jh @;{ch# fejk iKdk

j?. sK fco ;{chtkd @fJ;bkw# d/ ojZ;tkd dk BK j'fJnk.

fJ; soQK j}os w[jzwd gfjbK ojZ;tkdh s/ ;{ch ;h fJ;

dk ;p{s e[onkB d/ eJh GkrK s'A fwbdk j? yk; eoe/

wdhB/ d/ ;{fonK ftu'A. w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ nkg nkfynk,

@@nb\eo\yoh# (w?~ \eheh T[Zs/ wkD j?) (2)

gfjb/ uko tZv/ ]bhc/ (np{peo, T[wo, T[;wkB ns/

nbhj ns/ T[BQK s'A fJbktk g?rzpo d/ j'o ;kyh, np{}o,

np{j[ }?ck, ;[bwkB, wnki, fwedo, nZeko nkfd fJe

soQK w[ZYb/ ;{ch ;B. ;{chwZs dk sZb iK BhAj s/

T[gi ;EkB fJ;bkw j?. fJ;bkw dh fJ; dh ;wkie s/ Xkofwe

tbrD j?. fJ;bkw wkB' fJ; dk fgzvk iK ;oho j?. fJ; dkbj{-

jZvh, wk; fJ;bkw ftu'A T[gfink ;' fe;/ th fJZe gqGkt

Bkb'A fJ;bkw dk gqGkt tX/o/ j?.

30

fJe j'o e"Vh ;ukJh j? fe j'o ;ko/ gqGkt i' eJh d/FK

ftu s/ eJh Xow doFBK d/ o{g ftu ;{chwZs B/ rqfjD

ehs/, yk; eoe/ JhokB s/ Gkos d/ nkohnk wZsK d/

gqGkt, i' ;kwh ;z;feqsh Bkb'A w{b'A nZSo/ ;B, ;{ch

wZs ~ fJ;bkw d/ x/o/ ftu'A edh th g{o/ s"o s/ eZY

Bk ;e/. ;Zu sK fJj j? fe ;{ch wZs dk ;oho fJ;bkwh j?

iK ;kwh s/ o{j nkohnB j? iK JfokBh s/ t/dKsh. (3)

nop, fJokB ftu fJj fJe nfijh ojZ;wJh bfjo ;h fijVh

fJ;bkw tKr jh nd?stkdh Bh go fJj fJ;bkwh eZNV dh

gqsh eow ti'A g?dk j'Dh s/ fJj ;XkoD b'eK d/ B/V/

dh ;h fJ; bJh fseb;B B/ fJ;~ fJ;bkw dk b'e Xow iK b'eK

dh Xkofwe fcbk;ch fejk j?. (5)

;{chwZs dk w{b f;XKs iK ;q's e[okB j?, go fJ;

ftukoXkok T[go Jh;kth, ot-ncbks{Btkd, t/dKs s/

p[ZXwZs dk gqGkt fgnk ;h go ;{b fJ;dk fJ;bkw jh ;h.

;{chtkdL fJfsjk;e gfoy/g

;{chwZs dk fJfsjk;e nkozG ed'A s/ fet/A j'fJnk< s/

@;{ch# Fpd fet/A pfDnk<fJ; pko/ ftuko uouk eoKr/.

fJ;bkw dk nkrwB ;{chwZs dk nkrwB iK fJfsjk;

nkozG j?. fJ;bkw ;sthA ;dh d/ gfjb/ nZX ftu nop d/F

ftu iBfwnk ns/ ;{chtkd dh BhAj th fJ; d/ Bkb iK

e[ZM ;wK fgZS'A, gfjb/ w[;bwkB cehoK B/ oZyh. fJBK

w[;bwkB \ehoK B/ ;{chtkd dk w[ZYbk iK T[gi ekb j?.

fJBK gfjb/ ;{chnK B/ nkgDk ;{ch nB[Gt e[onkB d/

31

gZsfonK ftu'A jh c'b e/ bZG fbnk go fJ; xkb

ewkJh ;koh T[BQK d/ nzdo j'Jh.

gfjbK fJj \eho wZe/ s/ wdhB/ d/ tk;h ;B. j}os

w[jzwd d/ gob'e rwB s'A T[gozs id fJ;bkw nop d/F

ftu'A T[&Zm e/ Bkb d/ d/FK, Fkw, fJoke, JfokB nkfd

ftu c?fbnk sK fJBQK d/ Xkofwe e/Ado e{ck, p;ok s/

prdkd j' rJ/. fJj' Ffjo gfjb/ ;{chnK d/ T[gi ;EkB pD/.

JhokB d/ fJ;bkw ~ ngBkD Bkb ;{ch wZs dh T[&ZBsh

ftu nfsnzs tkXk j'fJnk. JhokBh \ehoK ~ fJ;bkwh ;{chns

ftu'A e/tb Xkofwe iK nfXnkswe ftek; dk nkodF g;zd

nkfJnk. T[BK fJ;bkw s'A gq/oBK b? e/ nkgD/ ojZ;tkdh

wjZb T[;koB/ F[o{ eo fdZs/. jphb niwh, fJpokjhw fpB

nXw, \i?b, wko{c eoyh, pk:}hd, i{B?d, fFpbh nkfd

eJh tZv/ ;{ch y[r;kB pby nkfd d/ ;B.

eJh ftdtkBK dk fynkb j? fe ;{ch wZs fJe prkts ;h,

nkohnK d/Fk tb'A nop s/ j'o ;kwh d/Fk d/ fto[ZX s/

nop ftu iBw/ fJ;bkw Xow d/ fto[ZX. fJj ftuko ekch jZd

sZe mhe ikgdk j? feT[Afe fJ;bkw dh w[ZYbh Fohns d/

fybkc ;G s'A tZvh Fhnk prkts fJe JhokBh np{w[;bw B/

jh yVh ehsh ;h. pk:}hd ;G s'A ftF/F JhokBh ;{ch ;h, fi;

B/ ;{chtkd d/ gfjb/ ekb ftu Fohns d/ fto[ZX nktk}

T[mkJh s/ T[; ~ d/F-fBekbk fdZsk frnk. ;G s'A gfjb/ ;

{ch fJj ;BL-

1 ;ZsthA-nZmthA ;dh ftu j'J/ - np{ rFw, nt/; eoBh,

j;B p;oh, fJwkw ikco, ;kfde s/ okfpnk.

32

2 nZmthA-B"thA ;dh ftu j'J - np{jBhck B'wkB, jphp

niwh, i'B{B, fJpokjhw fpB nXw, i{B?d, pk:}hd

fp;skwh, c[}?b fJpB nZ:k}, dkT{d nb?s ns/

nbZyoki.

fJBQk ftu'A nt/;, j;B p;oh, okfpnk i{B?d, pk:iht

ns/ fJpokjhw fpB nXw tX/o/ gqf;ZX j'J/ jB.

;{chwZs d/ ftek; d/ d' tZv/ XV/ wzB/ iKd/ jB.

gfjbK B"thA ;dh d/ nyho sZe s/ d{Ik d;thA ;dh s'A

s/oQthA ;dh d/ nyho sZe. fJj T[go fby/ ;{ch gfjb/

gVkn d/ iK w[ZYb/ ;{ch nytKd/ jB. (6)

33

;{chwZs L f;XKse gfoy/g

;{ch Fpd dh ftT[AsgshL-

;{ch Fpd dh ftT[Asgsh (fBek;) d/ eJh ekoB fby/

iKd/ jB. e[ZM e[ fJj jB.

1 ;{c (fbpk;-fJ-;{c, gFwhBkg'F)L gfjb/ fJ;bkwh \eho

s/ dot/; ekbh T[&ZB dk eZgVk gfjBd/ ;B. fJj

T[BQK dh Xkofwe ;kdrh dh fuzBQ ;h, fJ; bJh ;{c

jzYkT[D tkfbnK dk BK ;{ch j' frnk. row noph

w[beK ftu T[; ;w/A T[&ZB d/ u'b/ gkT[Dk.

Xkofwe ;kdrh ns/ rohph dk gqshe th ;wfMnk

iKdk ;h ns/ ;{chnK fty fJ;dk nkg fotki th ;h.

@j}os w[jzwd s'A pknd np{ peo# d[nkok

th ;z;ko s'A T[grw j' e/ T[&ZBh eZgVk gfjBD dh

xNBk dk toDB ;{chnK d/ fJfsjk; ftu fwbdk j?.

2 @nfjb/ ;\ s'A up{so#L- fJj j}os w[jzwd d/ T[j

fBeNtosh ns/ nfs FoXkb{ w;[bwkB ;B i' xo pko

SZv e/ ;whs ftu jh ofjzd/ ;B s/ oks ~ Bph dh

pDkJh j'Jh w;hs d/ up{so/ T[&Zs/ ;"Ad/ ;B. fJj g?

rzpo d/ fgnko/ s/ w[;bwkBK d/ ;fseko/ \eho ;B.

FkfJd @;\# s'A ;{ch Fpd pD frnk j't/.

3 noph Fpd ;\k (;\kJh)L fJ; Fpd dk noE j? ;\kJh Gkb

fdb dh Bhns dh ;\kJh. gfjb/ w[;bwkB \eho s/ ;{ch

wB dh F[ZXh T[&Zs/ }'o fdzd/ ;B. FkfJd ;ck s'A ;

{\h pD frnk j't/.

34

4 @nfjb/ ;\# (esko) s'AL (;c) noph Fpd j? Gkt esko,

uNkJh T[&Zs/ p?m/ fBwk}hnK dh esko iK gkb. fJj

T[j b'e ;B fijV/ j}os w[jzwd d/ Bkb wdhB/ dh

w;hs ftu p?m e/ Bwk} gfVnk eod/ ;B.

5 Sph/The Sophia (:{BkBh Fpd) frnkB, o{jkBh frnkB,

dkfBF nzro/} ftdtkB pokT{B ns/ nke;c'ov d/ irs

gqf;ZX fbykoh fBeb;B dk ftuko j? fe @;{ch#

Fpd, :{BkBh Fpd, ;'c/} (Sophos) ftu'A fBefbnk j? fi;

d/ noE jB, p[ZXh, ;{ch T[j j? fi; dh p[ZXh gqekFs

j' u[Zeh j?.##

;{ch Fpd dh ftT[Asgsh ftu ;\, ;\k, ;[\k, ;|\, ;[\kB, ;\

kn nkfd FpdK dk f}eo fwbdk j?. fJe ftdtkB nB[;ko,

@@;{\h Fpd dk noE @;\# (esko)ftu p?m e/ Bwk}

gVQB tkfbnK Bkb i'fVnk iKdk j?.(9) Fpfde pDso s'A fJj

Fpd mhe BjhA feT[Afe @;\# s'A @;\h# pDBk ukjhdk

j?. fJ;bkwh fuzse fJepkb nbh Fkj B/ ;{ch Fpd dh

ftT[Asgsh @;\k# Fpd Bkb i'VfdnK fJ; ~ ;{chnK dh

wkbf;esk, F[ZXsk Bkb fJe;[osk ~ fpnkB ehsk j?. (10)

@;{\h# Fpd noph GkFk dk Fpd j?. fJj Fpd @;\# s'A

fBefbnk fi; dk noE j? (ekbk eZgVk). gzikph ;kfjs d/

gfjb/ ;{\h eth pkpk F/y \ohd ih nkgDh ouBk ftu fJ;

fbpk; dk gqrNKtk ;fji ;[Gkfte jh eo iKd/ jB

\ohdk ekb/ ;?Av/ eZgV/ ekbk w?Avk t/;[..

r[Bjh Gfonk w?A fcok b'e[ ej? dot/;.. (11)

35

GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk nB[;ko @;{\h# Fpd :{BkBh

d/ @;'\hnK# s'A fBefbnk j?, fi; dk noE j? frnkB p'X,

Gkt frnkB gqkgs eoBk (12) j}os F/y wyd{w nbh

j[}thoh B/ nkgDh gqf;ZX g[;se @eFc[b wfji{p# ftu fJ;

;pzXh rzGho uouk ehsh j?, T[BQK ;{\h Bkw eoD d/

ftfGzB nXkoK fit/A ;{\ d/ eZgV/ gfjBDk, gfjbh ;\ ftu p?

mDk, n;jko/-J/-;{\k Bkb ;pzfXs j'Dk nkfd ;ko/ eofdnk ;

{\h Fpd dh @;rI) (;\kJh ns/ gftZsosk) Fpd Bkb nfXe

B/Vsk ;theko ehsh j?.(13) j}os npd[b ekfdo ihbkBh

nB[;ko, @;{\h# Fpd dk Gkt j?, gftZsosk nZbkj dk gke

ehsk j'fJnk. (14) gq'L r[btzs f;zx ;{\h dh gfoGkFk fJ;

soQK fdzd/ jB,@;{\h ;dk ;otdk nkgD/ nkg ~ wfbBsk

s'A gftqs eodk j? ns/ fJ; T[d/F dh g{osh bJh T[j fdb ~

Gh wB ~ Gh wke tkFBk dh d[orzX s'A ;k\ eodk j?.

(15) Gkt fdB dh \ehoh fdb dh gftZsosk T[&Zs/ fBoGo

eodh j?.##

T[es ftukoK s'A ;gZFN j? fe ;{\h T[j ;zs \eho ;B i'

xo pkjo fsnkr e/ @;{\# T[Bj d/ fbpk; ftu gftZsosk

ns/ ;kdrh tkbk ihtB pshs eod/ ;B. T[j pkjoh eoweKv

Bkb'A fes/ tZX wB dh nzdo{Bh ;\kJh T[&Zgo }'o fdzd/

;B. gkgK s'A s"pk eod/ ns/ oZph okj ftu \Bkj j' e/

pukn dh gdth gqkgs eoBk fJjBK dk nzfsw beF ;h. j}os

iBs{B fw;oh nB[;ko ;{\h id'A puB eodk j? sK y[dk s'A

f;tk T[;dh }pkB s/ e'Jh Fpd jh BjhA nkT[Adk ns/ id'A

ykw'F j[zdk j? sK T[;dk nzr nzr rtkjh fdzdk j? fe

36

T[j ;z;koe pzXBk s'A w[es j?. fFpbh nB[;ko ;{\h y[dk

s'A pr?o fe;/ ~ BjhA ikDdk. (16)

;{\h Fpd dk nkg gq:'r 822 JhL sZe j'D bZr

fgnk ;h. (17) JhHihH pokT{B dk ws j? fe ;{\htkd dk

w[ZY ;zy/g fty nZmthA ;dh d/ nzs iK B"thA Jh;th d/

w[ZY ftu ;Ekgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. (18) ik\o ;oh\ fJ; dk

fBek; B"thA ;dh ftu cko; d/ w[;bwkBK d[nkok j'fJnk

d;dk j?. (19) nkoH J/H fBeb;B T[; dk jtkbk d/A&fdnK

fbydk j?, @@fJj gfjbK gfjb e{\k d/ np{ jkfFw bJh

tofsnk frnk.## (20)

;{\h Fpd ftubh ftnkge GktBk GKt/A nfs

gqkuhBsw j? gozs{ T[es ;koh ftuko s'A fJj gfowkD

fBebdk j? fe ;{ch Fpd ntZF jh nZmthA ;dh d/ d{i/

nZX ftu gqufbs j'fJnk.

;{\hws dk fBek; s/ ftek;

;{\hws d/ fBek; pko/ th ftdtkBk ftu fGzB-fGzB

oktK gqZufbs jB. uko gqf;ZX XkoBktK jBL-

1 ;{\hws w[jzwd ;kfjp dh pksBh f;f&yZnk ftu'A

ftef;s j'fJnk.

2 ;{\hws ;kwh w}jp tb'A JhokBhnK T[&Zs/ bZd/

rJ/ ;kwh w}jp fto[ZX gqsheow dk f;ZNk j?.

3 fJj Bt-n\bks{Bh ftukoK ftu'A T[rfwnk.

4 fJj fJe y[d o" p{N/ tKr nkgD/ nkg g?dk j'fJnk (21)

37

go e[b fwbk e/ ftdtkBK d/ d' tor ftF/F s"o s/ uofus

ofj iKd/ jB. fJe tor ;{\hws d/ ftek; ~ e[okB ns/ j}os

w[jzwd ;kfjp Bkb fwbkT[Adk j? ns/ d{ik tor pknd dh

T[gi ;theko eodk j?.

;{\hws d/ e[M f;XKs w[jzwd ;kfjp dh pksBh

f;Z&fynk ns/ e[okB d/ fto[ZX dh jB gozs{ fJ; rb'A fJBeko

BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe e[okB dhnK e[M nkfJsK ns/ j}os

w[jzwd ;kfjp dhnK tk;sfte jdh;K ;{\hws d/ w[Yb/ ;o{g dk

skDk g/Nk jB (22) fJ;/ ekoB e[okB ~ ;{\h f;XKsk dk

ntZb ns/ nkyoh rqzE wzBD dh gqEk fwbdh j?. (23) j}os

w[jzwd ;kfjp dhnK jdhFK ftu th ;{\hws d/ f;XKsk dh

ftnkfynk d/yh ik ;edh j?. (24) fJ;/ nXko T[&Zs/ jh j}os

w[jzwd ;kfjp ~ gfjb/ ;{\h wzB fbnk iKdk j?. (25)

T[go'es ftukoK d/ nXko s/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;{\hws

fJ;bkw Bkb'A e'Jh tZyok w}Qp BjhA j?. fJ; dhnK iVQK

fJ;bkw ftu jh jB feT[Afe i' fJ; dh p[fBnkd e[okB ns/ jdh;K

T[go jh nkXkfos j?. vkH dhtkB f;zx nB[;ko, @@;{\

htkd ;z;ko d/ ftF/F XowK tKr e'Jh

f;XKse, ;wkfie, ;dkukoe iK eoweKv (Fohns) dk bykfJe

Xow BjhA ;r'A fJ;bkw dh Xkofwe tbrD d/ nzdo jh fJe

wjkB ojZ;tkdh ;z;Ek dh gdth oZydk j?. fJ;bkwh Fohns ~

nXko pDk e/, id nkgDk n;bh nfXnksfwe ftek; gqkgs eo

b?Adk j? sK Fohns s'A T&[Zek w[Beo j' iKdk j?. (26)

fJ;bkw Xow nop dhnK jZdk bzv e/ fiT[A-fiT[A ftFt

d/ j'o d/FK ftu c?bdk frnk fsT[A-fsT[A fJ; d/ g?o'ekoK dh

38

frDsh ftu tkXk j[zdk frnk. fJ; d/ nzsors jh ;{\htkd B/

ftF/F ftek; ns/ ft;Eko rqfjD ehsk j?. nmZthA ;dh d/ nzs

ns/ B"thA ;dh d/ w[ZY sZe ;{\htkd fsnkrtkdh bfjo d/

o{g ftu ubdk fojk. B"thA ;dh d/ wZ[Y ftu fJj Bt/A wkor ;

{\h ojZ;tkd ftu gqt/F eodk j?. fJ; ;w/A FKswJh ns/ ;ziwh

ihtB dh Xkok fuzsB ns/ nd?{s dh GktBk Bkb T[sg's j'

iKdh j?. ;{\h ojZ;tkdh ;o{gh ;{\h ojZ;tkd ftu pdb iKdk

j?. ;{\h ojZ;tkdh ftek; ftu fijV/ gqGkt fdqFNhr'uo j[zd/

jB, T[BQK ftZu Bt-n\bks{Bh gqGkt, Jh;kth gqGkt,

p[ZXwZs gqGkt ns/ Gkosh t/dKs dk gqGkt gqw[Zy jB.

Jh;kJh gqGktL-

;{\h ftuko doFB T[&Zs/ ;G s'A gfjbk gqGkt Jh;kJh

ws dk fgnk wzfBnk iKdk j?. nop d/FK ftu gfjbK -

gfjb :j{dh b'e ofjzd/ ;B. fJjBK ftu'A jh Jh;k w;hj ~ Jh;kJh

ws ns/ j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ fJ;bkw ~ iBw fdZsk.

w[ZYb/ ;{\h ;kXeK e/ e[okB Foh\ dh soQK dh Jh;kJh

wZs d/ r[Dk ~ XkoB ehsk. fJe eEB nB[;ko ;{chws dk ;

[ZY nZmthA-B"thA ;dh ftu prdkd Bro ftZu pZMdk j?.

gqukBh ;{chnK e/ fJj f;ZX ehsk j? fe Jh;kJh ws d/ sgh

fsnkrh ;kX{nK dh ftukoXkok fi; T[&Zs/ ;{\hwZs d/

ftukoK dh XkB uVQh j'Jh j?, ;{\hws dk jh ;'wk ;h. (27)

vkH r[biko f;zx ezr nB[;ko, @@;{\hws ftu fBwosk,

jbhwh, fsnkok, d/y ftu ;[Zy wBkT[D (o}k)

pqjwuko: sZs ;ko/ jh Jh;kJh ws d/ gqGkt dk Bshik j?.

(28)

39

Bt-n\bks{Bh gqGktL-

Bt-ncbks{B dk fJ;bkwh irs T[&Zgo gqGkt pV/ shpo

o{g ftu fgnk. ;hohnk fw;o, w?;g'N/whnk nkfd d/ eJh

Ffjo fijV/ Bt-n\bks{B d/ e/Ado ;B, T[E'A d/ tk;hnK B/

fJ;bkw Xow ep{b eo fbnk. fJ; eoe/ ;{BkBh, Bt-n\bks{Bh

ftukok B/ fJ;bkwh ftukoXkok ~ gqGkfts ehsk. w'jB f;zx

nB[;ko, @@Bt-n\bks{Bh ftukoK ftu'A ;{chnK B/ ;z;ko

s'A T[grwsk, ;t? gqekF, ;"Ado: d/ f;XKs ~ ngBkfJnk.

(29) oZp ~ ;[zdosk d/ o{g ftu nB[Gt eoBk ns/ oZph

fwjo dk ;zebg Bt-n\bks{Bh ftuko jh jB. fJjBK dk oZp

d[BhnK ftZu w"i{d th j? ns/ d[BhnK s'A fBnkok th j?.

p[ZXws dk gqGktL-

v'ih s/ tkB eohwo B/ ;{\hws T[&Zgo p[ZX s/ t/dKs

dk n;o wzfBnk j?. (30) wZX J/FhnK ftZu nZmthA ;dh ftu

fJ;bkw d/ ri;h gqGkt j/m n\rkfB;skB ns/ s[oeh;skB ftu

p'XhnK d/ e/Ado ;B. p[ZX Xow dk n;NKr-wkor,

fBotkB, ;Zutkd, fGeF{tkd, :'r, eokwksK nkfd d/ f;XKs

ns/ ;z;EKtK ;{\hnK B/ ngBk bJhnK.

Gkosh t/dKs dk gqGktL-

;{\h fuzsBXkr T[&Zs/ fjzd{ ftukoXkok ftF/F eoe/

t/dKs dk gqGkt fgnk. w[jzwd fpB ekf;w d[nkok 712 JhL

ftu f;zX T[&Zs/ jwbk eoB T[gozs jh fJ;bkwh ns/ Gkosh

fuzse fJe d{i/ d/ ;zgoe ftu nkJ/. fJjBK dk fJe d{i/ s'A

gqGkfts j'Dk e[dosh ;h. ;{\h ftuko fuzsB ftu

w[oFd ;zebg iK r[o{ T[s/ }'o Gkosh t/dKs dk jh

41

Bshik ;h, fJ;/ soQK ;zrhs ns/ Bku fi; ~ ;{\h b'e @;wkn#

efjzd/ jB, th t/dKfse ftukoXkok ftu'A nkfJnk. oZp dh

fJZ}s ns/ oZp d/ G?n ~ SZv e/ oZp dh Grsh ns/ oZp d/

fJFe s/ }'o d/Dk th GkoshnK d/ gowkswk Bkb gq/w

wkor dk jh n;o j?. vkH dhtkB f;zx nB[;ko,@@ nkswk d/

X[o nzdo fty fBtk; eoBk jh gqkDk:kw j?. ;op pqjw

(jwkT;s), f;woB (s;Zt[\), r[o{ (w[oFd), ikg (f}eo), Grsh

(fJFe), nktkrktD (sBk;y) nkfd ftu t/dKs dk gqGkt gqs'y

t/fynk ik ;edk j?. (31) Gkosh t/dKs dk ;{\h ftukoXkok

T[go fJzBK rfjok gqGkt j? fe jo ftef;s ns/ ;zg{oB ;zs nzs

ftu t/dKfse j' fBpVdk j?.

gzikp$Gkos d/ gqw[Zy ;{\h f;bf;b/L-

ftneshrs ;kXBK nzs nB[Gt s/ nkXkfos j'D eoe/ ;

{chtkd d/ ftek; ftu ;{\h ;zgodktK dk nfjw ;EkB j?. fJj ;{\

h ;zgodktK 12 JhH ;dh ftu j'Ad ftu nkT[DhnK

F[o{ j'JhnK. fveFBoh nkc fJ;bkw nB[;ko, @@;{\

h ;zgodktK dk nkozG F/y nbtkB s'A j'fJnk ns/ T[; d/

f;bf;b/ ~ nbtkehnK fejk frnk. (32) ;{\h ;zgodktK

dh ;zEkgBk fJ;bkw d/ gfjb/ ]bhcK j}os np{ peo s/ j}os

nbh s'A nkozG j' rJh ;h.(33) i' tksktoB ;w/A th fBozso

ikoh j?. j}os F/y wyd{w nbh j}thoh B/ w[Yb/ ;{\hnK d/

nkXko s/ frnkok ;zgodktK wjk;ohnK, e;kohnK, s?

c{ohnK, i?BdhnK, B{ohnK, ;j/bhnK,

jehwhnK, ]r}hnK, ]chchnk, ;:kohnK ns/ jb{bhnK dh

fBFkBd/jh ehsh j?. (34) np[b \ibB/ ;{\hnK d/ gzdoK f;b

42

fwfbnk dk T[b/y ehsk j?.(35) jo f;bf;b/ u nr/ j'o f;bf;b/

T[sgzB j'J/, fit/A fuFsh ;zgodkfJ ftu'A ;kfXfonk ns/

fBikwhnK ;zgodkfJ dk iBw j'fJnk.

}kfjo j? fe ;G ;{\h ;zgodktK nkgD/ nfszw beF gqsh

fJe;kosk dhnK XkoBh jB Gkt/A fJ; dh gqkgsh fjZs ftfGzB

;zgodktK ftu ;kXBk dhnK ftfGzB ftXhnK d/ pb fdZsk

iKdk j?. ;G ;zgodktK B/ ;{\htkd d/ pj[gZyh ftek; ftu

wjZstg{oB :'rdkB gkfJnk j?. Gkos ftu ;Ekfgs j'D

tkbhnK ;zgodktK ftu fuFsh ;[orftodh, ekdoh, BeFpzdh

ns/ wbkwsh gqw[Zy jB.

fuFsh ;zgodkfJL-

Gkos ftu fuFsh ;zgodkfJ dk wjZst ns/ r"ot ;G s'A

tX/o/ fdqFNhr'uo j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ w'Yh ;zpzXh

t/y-t/y ftdtkBK B/ tZy-tZy ftuko ftnes ehs/ jB. vkH ftwb

e[wko i?B fJ; ;zgodkfJ dk w'Yh np{ npd[b fuFsh ~

wzBd/ jB (36) okw g{iD fstkVh rb?;oh nkc gzikp

NqkJhp} n?Av ek;N; (1919) dk jtkbk fdzdk j'fJnk efjzdk

j? fe fuFsh ;zgodk e/ w'Yh ]tkik np{ npd[b fuFsh ~

wzBd/ jB. e[ZM ]tkik w[JhB-T[b-dhB ~ wzBd/ jB. (37)

vkH bkitzsh okwkfeqFBk th @nkJhB/-nepoh# dk jtkbk

d/fdnK fJ;jke ;kwh ~ jh fJ; ;zgodkfJ dk w'Yh ;theko eod/

jB. (38) T[go'es ftuko uouk s'A fJj f;ZX eo ;ed/ jK fe

fuFsh ;zgodkfJ d/ w'Yh fw;Fkd nbh fdBtoh d/

w[ohd ]tkik ft;jke ;kwh jB fijV/ J/Fhnk wkJhBo s' nk e/

fuFs ftu t; rJ/ ;B. fJ; eoe/ T[jBK dh ;zgodkfJ dk Bkw

43

fuFsh g? frnk. go Gkos ftu fuFsh f;bf;b/ dk gqDesk ]tkik

w[JhnB-Tb-dhB ;B. (39) T[j 1192 JhL ftu ]tkik w[JhnB-

Tb-dhB Fjkp-T[dhB r"oh dhnK c"iK Bkb Gkos ftu nkJ/.

T[BK dk nkgDk fBtk; ;EkB niw/o fty/ ;Ekfgs ;h. ]tkik

w[JhnB-Tb-dhB nB[;ko jo ;Zu/ ;kXe dk \oi j? fe T[j

T[&Zsw nybkeh y{phnK jkb; eo/ feT[Afe ;{\htkd

feskph fJbw j? s/ Bk jh Xkofwe o;w i' d{finK s'A f;Zyh

ikt/ fJj sK nfijk nybkeh ftXkB j? i' f;oc ewkfJnk iKdk j?.

]tki w[JhnB-Tb-dhB fuFsh dk T[skokfXekoh fJ;cjkB

dk ]tkik p]fsnko ekeh ih fijVk nkgD/ r[o{ w[oFd dh w"s

T[gozs rZdh s/ p?fmnk. T[;B/ fJ; ;zgodkfJ ~ ftef;s eoB

ftu pVk :'rdkB gkfJnk. ]tkik p]fsnko ekeh s'A pknd

fJ; ;zgodkfJ dk w[Zyh F/] \ohd T[dhB w;T[d Feorzi

pfDnk. fJ;s'A pknd fJjh ;/tk fBikw-T[b-dhB n"bhnk B/

ehsh. fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ w'YhnK ~ e[M fB:wk dh gkbDk

eoBh g?Adh ;h. nbZkj d/ Bkw T[&Zs/ G'iB eoBk, ;kok

ihtB gowkswk dh nokXBk eoBk, BhAd ~ w"s d/

fBeN ;wMDk ubh;k eZNDk, ckek$T[gtk;,

eBkfJs$;zs[FNh, :kd-J/-fJbkjh$gqG{ f;woB s/

fonk}s$Bc ;e[Fh ftu ftFtkF oZyDk nkfd gqw[Zy jB.

fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ fB:wK ns/ f;XKsK nB[;ko fJe ;kXe ~ ukbh

fdB ckek eZNfdnK f;woB eoBk g?Adk ;h fi; ~ @fub#

fejk iKdk j?. fuFsh ;zgodkfJ ftu ;zrhs ~ fJe nfjw ;EkB

gqkgs j?. wB ~ sg, ;kXBk iK G[Zy Bkb wkoBk ns/ ;zrhs

44

okjhA w;sh d[nkok Gkt[e fsqgsh rqfjD eoBh fJjBK

fJ;bkwh ;kXeK dk eosZt ;h. (40)

;[ortodh ;zgodkfJ

fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ w'Yh pko/ dh ftdtkBK d/ ek\h wsG/d

gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ]bhB nfjwd fBik;h F/]-np{-B}hp npd[b

ekfdo ;[ortodh ~ fJ; ;zgodkfJ dk ;z;Ekge wzBd/ jB. (41)

prdkd ftu d[ibk d/ feBko/ fJjBK dh ykBrkj ;h. fJjBK

B/ ]bhck F/y-pj[-dhB ;[ortodh B/ fJ; ;zgodkfJ ~ c?bkT[D

ftu pVh fwjBs ehsh. T[jBK B/ Gkos ftu th nkgD/ ]bhc/

G/i/. Gkos ftu ;[jrtodh f;bf;b/ d/ ;z;Ekge pjk-T[d-dhB

ieohnk ;h fi; dk iBw 1182 JhH w[bskB ftu j'fJnk. (42) fJ;

f;bf;b/ ftu gqt/F eoB tkb/ ;kXe ~ nkgD/ gkgK s'A

gqkFfus eoBk g?Adk j?. fco gzi tko ebwk gVQBk ns/

Xow T[&Zs/ g{ok JhwkB fbnkT[D bJh fejk iKdk j?. Bwk}

ns/ o'}/ oZyD s/ g{ok fdZsk iKdk j?.

ekdoh ;zgodkfJ

ekdoh ;zgodkfJ d/ pkBh npd[b ekfdo ihbkBh

(1078-1166 JhH) ;B fijV/ prdkd ftu np{ jBhck BkrFB fpB

;kps d/ wepo/ d/ wikto ;B. (43) T[j ;{ch Bkb'A Xow

FkFsoh tX/o/ ;B. T[BQK B/ ;{ch gfoGkfFe Fpdktbh dh

tos'A eoB dk ;ze/s ehsk ns/ fJ; GkFk ftu ;zgodkfJ dh

tos'A eoB dk ;ze/s ehsk ns/ fJ; GkFk ftu ;zgodkfJ ns/ ;

{chws dk gquko ns/ gq;ko ehsk. npd[b ekfdo ihbkBh

dh w"s s'A fszB ;" ;kb pknd ekdoh ;zgodkfJ dk gqt/F

Gkos toF ftu j'fJnk. Gkos ftu fJ; f;bf;b/ d/ w[Yb/ gho Fkj

45

fBnkws T[b ns/ B;ho-T[d-dhB w[jzwd fibkBh ;h. (44) fJj

gho T[d-dhB w[jzwd ;Z:d w[jzwd r";k d/ BK Bkb

gqf;ZX ;h. fJ; ;zgodkfJ dk gquko J/Bh s/}h Bkb j'fJnk fe

ekdoh ;{chnK dh frDsh fuFsh ns/ ;[jrtodh f;bf;fbnK d/ ;

{\hnK Bkb'A fes/ tX rJh. fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ T[&Zx/ nB[:kdh

Fkj j[;?B, ;[bskB pkj{, p[bQ/ Fkj nkfd ;{\h eth ;B.

fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ nB:kJh w;s wbzr ;B i' nkgD/ w[oFd dh

Grsh ftu w;s j' e/ \eho t?FBt GrsK tkr BZ&funK ns/

rkfJnk eod/ ;B. fJj BZud/ w;sh ftu p/;[ZX j' iKd/ ;B. fJ; ~

@jkb g?Dk# fejk iKdk j?. fJj Xkofwe eoweKv ns/ ohsh

fotk} s'A w[es ;B. fBwosk ns/ FfjBFhbsk fJjBK dh

FyFhns d/ ftF/F r[D ;B.

BeFpzdh ;zgodkfJ

;{\hnK dk BeFpzdh f;bf;bk th fuFsh ns/ ;

[jrtodh ;zgodkfJ tKr d{o-d[okv/ d/Fk ftu c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.

BeFpzdh ;zgodkfJ fijVh pjkT[dhB - BeFpzdh (1318-

1388 JhH) d/ Bkw Bkb ;zpfXs j?. n;b ftu gfjbK fJj

@f;bf;bk- J/-ykirkB# ;zgodkfJ d/ o{g ftu gqufbZs ;h fi;

dk ;zukbe np{ :ke{p :{;\-nb-jwdkBh (w"s 1140 JhH) ;h.

T[; s'A pknd T[; dk ]bhck npd[b ]bh\ nb r[itdBh (w"s

1220 JhH) ;h. fJ; ;zgodkfJ dhnK ftF/F o[uhnK ~ ;zrmB

eoB tkbk ;h. Fohns d/ fB:wK dh ;zg{oD gkbDK s/ nfs

nfXe pb d/Dk fJ; ;zgodkfJ dh gqw[Zy ftF/Fsk j?. j}os

w[ifdd nfbc;kBh nB[;ko i' e[ZM n;k~ p]fFF j'Jh j? T[j wfji

nZbkj dk c}b ns/ eow j?. i/eo fJ; fwjopkBh d/ bJh

46

e'Jh ;kXB pfDnk j? sK T[j j}os w[jzwd dh g?oth ns/

r[bkwh j? ns/ i' eZM n;k~ BjhA fdZsk frnk, T[;dh tiQk fJj

j? fe Fohns d/ j[ewK dh gkbDk ftu e'Jh ewh ofj rJh j't/rh.

(45) BeFpzdh ;zgodkfJ d/ j'o gqw[Zy dot/FK

ftu ]tkik :kep{ uoyh, ]tkik B;ho-T[d-dhB nfjro \:k}h

p]koh, ]tkik j[;kw-Td-dhB, F/y pdB-T[d-dhB, nbDh j{;?

Bh nkfd dk T[b/y ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ nB[:kJhnK ~ F/y nZbkj ns/ w[jzwd

ftu ftFtkF oZyfdnK fus-ftoshnK fJekro eoBhnK g?AdhnK

jB. T[j ;tk;K ~ o'e e/ ns/ i[pkB dh yK fdb ftu fgnko/

~ :kd eodk j?. fJ; ;zgodkfJ d/ nB[;kJhnK dk ftFtkF j?

fe ;kXBk d[nkok ;kXe fJ; gqeko dh Fesh gqkgs eo b?

Adk j? fe gqfeosh dhnK FeshnK T[; d/ nXhB j' iKdhnK

jB. fJZE/ T[; dk Xkofwe beF gowkswk Bkb nG/d j'Dk j?.

;w/A-;w/A gqubB ftu ojhnK fJjBK ;zgodktK dk

fJ;bkwh irs @s/ ekch rfjok gqGkt fgnk. fJjBK ;zgodktK

ftu fiBQK fB:wK dh gkbDk ehsh iKdh ;h, T[j fJ;bkwh

ojZ;tkdh ihtB dk gqshe ;B. fJjBK ;zgodktK dk ;fseko J/Bk

tX frnk fe jo/e w[;bwkB ;kXe nkgD/ nkg ~ fe;/ Bk

fe;/ ;zgodkfJ Bkb ;zpzfXs eoe/ nksfwe wkor tZb uZbD

bJh gq/fos j'fJnk. fJ; eEB dh gq'Vsk eod/ J/Hi/H nkop/oh

fbyd/ jB fe Xkofwe ;zgodktK B/ b'eK d/ fdbK ~ gqGkfts

eoe/ nkgD/ gqGkt ns/ nkgDhnK ;z;EKtK ~ d/FK ftu c?bk

fdZsk. jo fgzv dk nkgDk ;EkfBe ;zs ;h fi; ~ g{fink

ns/ ;fsekfonk iKdk ;h.(16)

47

Gkos-gzikp ftu ;{\h wZs dk gqt/F

Gkos ftu fJ;bkw B/ fszB o;fsnK d[nkok gqt/F ehsk.

gfjbk ;kro dk o;sk fi; d[nkok noph tgkoh dZyDh Gkos

ftu wkbkpko sZN T[&Zs/ T[sod/ ns/ tgko d/ Bkb-Bkb

nkgD/ Xow dk Gkosh b'eK ftu gquko eod/. d{ik o;sk ]

[Feh dk ;h fijVk w?;g'N/;hnK ns/ dZyDh cko; d[nkok

j[zdk j'fJnk, pb'fu;skB dhnK weokB gjkVhnK d/ dZyD

ftu'A f;zx gqKs ftu g[Zidk. shik o;sk dfonk ]?po ;h, fi;

okjhA s[oe wzr'b ns/ n\rkB Gkos ftu nkeowBekohnK d/

o{g ftu nkT[Ad/ oj/. fJ; o;s/ d[nkok jh fJ;bkw d/ ;{\

h ;kXe fsnkrh Gkt dot/F Gkos ftu g[Zi/.

;{\htkd dk Gkos ftu gqt/F eoB s'A gfjbK nop,

JhokB ns/ Jhoke nkfd d/FK ftu g{oh soQK fte;s j'

u[Zek ;h. 712 JhH ftu id'A w[jzwd-fpe-ekf;w d/ f;zX s/

epik ehsk sK fJ;bkw Xow gfjbh tko gzikp d/ ;zgoe ftu

nkfJnk. j"bh-j"bh fJ; B/ Gkos dh Xosh T[&Zs/ g?o g;koB/

F[o{ eo fdZs/. Gkos ns/ gzikp nzdo ;{\h ftukoK dk

gquko frnkothA ;dh d/ nkozG ftu j'D bZr fgnk ;h. Gkos

ftu gqt/F eoB tkbk ;G s'A gfjbK fJ;bkwh gqukoe F/y

fJ;wkfJb ;h fijVk 1005 JhH ftu bkj"o nkfJnk.(47) id'A

wfjw{d r}Bth d/ g[Zso ;wT{dhB B/ 1039 JhH ftu gzikp

T[&Zs/ jwbk ehsk sK T[; dh ;?Bk Bkb fJe gqf;ZX ;{\h

dot/F bkj"o ftu nkfJnk fi; dk Bk F/y nbh-T[b-j[}thoh ;h i'

dkskrzi p]F d/ BK Bkb gqf;ZX j'fJnk. T[; dh 1071 JhH ftu

bkj"o fty/ w"s j' rJh. fJ; B/ ;{\htkd dh ftnkfynk fbyh i'

48

s;t[Z\ T[&Zgo ;G s'A gfjbh g[;se j?. fJ; s'A brGZr

fJe ;" ;kb T[gozs gzikp ftu fJZe j'o ;{\h dot/F dk iBw

j'fJnk fi; dk Bk \ohd-T[d-dhB w;T{d Feorzi i' pkpk F/y \

ohd ih d/ Bkw Bkb gqf;ZX j'J/.

;{chws d/ w[Zy f;XKs

1 gqG{ fJe jh j?. ;koh fdqFNh T[; dh jh ouBk j?. T[j jo

EK w"i{d j?.

2 jo wB[Zy ftu iBw s'A jh gq/w j?. ukj/ fco T[j fJFe

w}kih j't/ iK fJFe jeheh.

3 oZp ~ gk e/ T[; d/ dZ;/ okj s/ uZbDk T[; dh o}k ftu

okih ofjDk s/ fezs{ Bk eoBk.

4 jo tes oZp dh pzdrh eoBh.

5 ;{\hnK B/ uko gVQkn dZ;/ jBL- Fohns, sohes,

jehes s/ wkocs

6 oZp d/ fgnkfonK dh jh ;zrs eo'.

7 gkm, o'}/, Bwk} s/ sZg Bkb'A oZph fgnko/ uzr/

eowK s/ }'o fdzd/ jB.

8 nkgD/ nkg ~ BhtK wB e/ oZp e'b'A p]fFF dh wzr

eoBh.

9 oZph fgnko ftu nkgD/ nkg ~ fJjBK w;s pDkT[D fe

nkgDh j;sh ~ ysw eo bt'.

10 fBwosk d/ r[D XkoB eoBk.

11 fwZmk p'bDk s/ iks gks dk ftseok Bk eoBk.

12 oZp ~ nkgD/ gq/wh wzB e/ gq/w eoBk.

49

pkpk F/] \ohd ih s'A g{optosh ;{\htkd fiZE/ Gkosh

b'e d/ fdbK T[&Zs/ w[JhnB T[dhB fuFsh ns/ F] pyfsnko

ekeh tor/ wjkB ftnefsst ns/ puBk d[nkok nkgD/

gqG{st ;Ekfgs eoB d/ :'r j' frnk, T[E/ ekdoh ns/ ;

[jrtodh ;zgodktK d/ nB[:kJh Xow gquko d/ y/so ftu pVh

brB Bkb ezw eo oj/ ;B. fJ;bkw dh rik F/qDh fiE/ b'e fdbK

~ bzw/ ;w/A sZe FeshFkbh o{g ftu gqGkfts eoB s'

n;woZE ojh, T[&ZE/ fJ;bkw d/ ;{\h ;kXeK B/ E'VQ/ ;wA/

ftu jh fJ; ~ nkgD/ ojZ;tkdh ftukoK dh nfGftnesh sfjs dh

Xosh T[go pV/ FFes o{g ftu ;Ekfgs ehsk.

Gkos ftu nkT[D tkb/ w[YZb/ fJ;bkwh nB[:kJh n;b

ftu Xow gqukoeK d/ o{g ftu nkJ/. id'A T[jBk dh nkwd

gzikp

50

thesis mandeep punjabi

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