PRODUCTION OF BIO-GREASE FROM SCRAP ALUMINIUM

Prepared by Md.Nazmul Alam Roll No:ASH1004MS111M Session : 2009-10 Department of Applied Chemistry And Chemical Engineering.

Noakhali Science and Technology University.

What is a bio-grease?

Grease may be defined as a solid to semi-solid material produced by the dispersion of a thickening agent in a liquid lubricant.

Grease-lubricated bearings have greater frictional characteristics due to their high viscosity. A grease is expected to reduce friction and wear, provide corrosion protection, seal bearings from water and contaminants, resist leakage, resist change in structure or consistency during service, maintain mobility under conditions of application, be compatible with seals, tolerate or repel moisture.

But one of the major concerns of using this grease is their hazardous effect on environment. For this reason, the concepts of bio-grease have come.

Bio-grease is a readily biodegradable, non-toxic, designed to provide high film strength, withstand high operating temperatures, maintain excellent stability and extended lubricant life.

Al-based bio-grease may be a good example of bio-grease. One of the major advantages of Al-based bio-grease production is the availability of major raw materials such as Aluminum scrap, Stearic acid and Vegetable Oil ( Castor oil ) .Moreover all of the raw materials are natural product.

History

The ancient Egyptians made grease from animal fats, resins and lime to reduce axle friction as far back as 1400 B.C.

Good lubricating greases were not available until the development of petroleum based oils in the late 1800’s.

Lithium, barium and aluminium salt base greases started to be used in the 1920’s and 1930’s.

By the 1940’s and 1950’s the first complex base greases appeared.

Application suitable for grease

Machinery that runs from time to time or is in storage for an extended period of time.

Machinery that is not easily reached for frequent lubrication

Machinery operating under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and pressures, shock loads or slow speed under heavy load.

Properties of grease

1.Water resistance. 2.Pumpability. 3.Consistency. 4. Dropping point. 5.Oxidation stability. 6. High temperature effect. 7. Low temperature effect. 8.Corrosion and rust. 9.Texture.

Physical propertiesProperties Aluminum Sodium

CalciumLithium

Dropping Point (°C) 110 163-177 135-143 177-204

Maximum usable

Temp (°C)100 121 110 135

Water resistance Good to Excellent Poor to fair Good Good to Excellent

Work stability Fair Fair Good to excellent Good to Excellent

Oxidation stability Excellent Poor to good Fair to excellent Fair to excellentProtection against Rust Good to excellent Good to excellent Poor to excellent Poor to excellent

Oil separation Good Fair to good Good Good to excellent

Appearance Smooth and Clear Smooth to fibrous Smooth and buttery

Smooth and buttery

Principal UsesThread lubricants Rolling contact

economyMilitary Multiservice

Multiservice automotive& industrial

Function of grease

1.Reduce friction and wear in the machine element being lubricated under various operating conditions.

2.Protect against rust and corrosion.3.Prevent dirt, wear and other contaminants from entering the part

being lubricated.4.Maintain its structure and consistency during long periods of use.5.Permit free motion of moving parts at low temperature.6.Compatible with the seals and other material associated with the

parts being lubricated7.Resist some degree of moisture contamination.8.Resist change in structure or consistency during service

Classification of greaseCalcium grease.Sodium soap thickened grease.Barium complex grease.Aluminum stearate.Lithium soap thickened.Mixed soap thickened grease:Non soap thickened grease:Powdered solid grease:Silicone grease:Dielectric grease:Laboratory greaseFood grade greaseWater soluble greasePolyurea greaseOrgano-clay

Application of grease

Automobile Wheel Bearings: Manufacturing and Assembly Plants: Steel Mills: Rubber Industry: Textile Industry: Boat Trailers: Paper Mills: Farming and Construction:

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LUBRICATING GREASE & LUBRICATING OIL

SR.

NO.LUBRICATING GREASE LUBRICATING OIL

1. Lubricating grease act as a seal against

the entrance of dirt & dust.

Lubricating oil does not act as a seal

against foreign particles.2. Less expensive. Cost is more than lubricating grease.

3. Retention time & stickiness is more

than lubricating oil.

Retention time & stickiness is less than

lubricating grease.4. Saponification reaction is the key

factor of lubricating grease.

Saponification reaction does not take

place.5. Operating over wider temperature

range.

Operating temperature range is less

than lubricating grease.6. Solve the problem of lubrication

without corrosion in presence of water.

Cannot used in the presence of water.

GENERAL GREASE MAKING PROCESS:

There are two different methods– 1. Batch process.2. Continuous process.ADVANTAGE OF BATCH PROCESS OVER CONTINUOUS PROCESS:1.Manufacturing operation in which flexibility required is a mixture of

products.2.Manufacturing a different product that is in higher demand.3. Equipment can be reuse.4. Process variables can be subjected to adjustments.5. Multi-product operation can be done.6. Grease has a demand that changes over time or has seasonal variability

and this type of variability is well suited to batch manufacturing.7. Cost required is less in case of batch process.

Block diagram for Batch process

Factors affecting the quality of grease

Rate of saponification reaction Acidity / Alkalinity Rate / Sequence of addition of additives and oil Temperature of grease formation Temperature of additive addition Temperature and duration of de-aeration, filtrations and

homogenization.

Factors affecting the growth of grease industries:

Second World War: The Second World War, particularly for aircraft lubricating grease demand.

Industrial Growth: Basic industries to which improved

lubricating greases have made a valuable contribution are in manufacture industries and maintaining maximum capacity of the various operating units.

Growth in Automotive Sector: Valuable and important contribution to the operation of equipment used in vehicles, which are used for transportation of goods and people.

Worldwide grease production:According to the NLGI Grease Survey, North America reported

grease production of 544 million pounds, which is approximately 29 percent of the worldwide grease production. All countries participating in the survey reported a total production of 1.9 billion pounds of grease

Figure: Worldwide grease production Chart.

Worldwide grease use:

Western Europe and North America typically require higher quality products than Central and Eastern European users.

Types of grease use in worldwide:

Li Al Ca Na poly-urea organo clay

01020304050607080

Grease consumption pattern:

Industrial60%

Automotive 40%

Raw materials For General Grease making -

+ + =

BASE OIL:A wide range of lubricant base fluids is used in grease

technology. However, the largest segment consists of a variety of products derived from the refining of crude oil and downstream petroleum raw materials. There are three basic groups of mineral oils: aromatic, naphthenic and paraffinic.

70 – 75% Base oil

Lubricating Grease

0 – 2% Additives25 – 30 % Thickener

LUBRICATING OIL:

The high percentage of oil by weight (70 – 75) % in a grease necessitates that it be of high quality and proper viscosity for the intended application.

A light viscosity oil is normally used for low temperature, low load and high speed applications.

Conversely heavy viscosity oil is generally used for high temperature, high load and slow speed applications

Vegetable oil (Castor oil): English name : Castor oil Malaysia : Jarak belanda. Bangladeshi : Varenda. It is obtained by pressing the seeds of the castor plant, Sometimes called castor

bean oil.

Figure : Castor oil (Varenda oil) tree and seeds.

Dalda

A 66-year-old brand that's become a generic name for hydrogenated vegetable oil popular in South Asia. Hydrogenation results in the conversion of liquid vegetable oils to solid or semi-solid fats.

DALDA Properties: Molecular Formula : C30H45N9O5

Formula Weight : 611.74 Storage temperature : Bellow 20°C Form : Solid Color : white

DENSITY OF VEGETABLE OIL:

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. The mass density or density of a material is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ.

Density, ρ = m / v ………………………………… (1) Where, ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. Different materials

usually have different densities. Density of water at 1 atm and 150C = 999.1026 kg/m3.Calculation (Raw vegetable oil): Density of oil = 44.41g / 50g * 1 g/cm3 Where, mass of oil = 44.41g = 0.89 g/cm3 mass of water = 50g

Density of water at 1 atm and 150C = 1 g/cm3.

Density of heated vegetable oil calculation:  Density = 45.09g / 50g * 1 g/cm3 Where, mass of oil =

45.09g = 0.90 g/cm3 mass of water = 50g

Figure: Pycnometer.

MEASUREMENT OF OIL VISCOSITY BY FALLING BALL VISCOMETER

Objectives: To measure the viscosity of Vegetable Oil.Apparatus: (1) Falling ball viscometer (2) Viscometer balls (3) Pycnometer (4) Retort stand (5) Weighing balance (6) Volumetric flask (7) Stopwatch (8) Glassware (9) Cleaning accessories and (10) Distilled water.

Figure : Falling ball viscometer.

Calculation:Viscosity of Vegetable Oil before heating:Viscosity h = K (ρ1 – ρ 2 ) * t

Where, K = Ball constant, ball const K is determined for a standard liquid of viscosity = 0.07. Average falling time t = 270 sec

ρ1 = Density with ball constant = 8.1 (g/cm3) ρ2 = Density of the sample oil = 0.89 g/cm3  Viscosity = 0.07 (8.1 – 0.89) * 270 mPa.s = 136.27 mPa.sViscosity of Vegetable Oil after heating:  Viscosity h = K (ρ1 – ρ 2 ) * t

Where K = Ball constant, ball const K is determined for a standard liquid of viscosity = 0.07. Average falling time t = 242 sec.

ρ1 = Density with ball constant = 8.1 (g/cm3) ρ2 = Density of the sample oil = 0.9 g/cm3   Viscosity = 0.07 (8.1 – 0.90) * 242 mPa.s = 121.97 mPa.s

DETERMINATION OF ACID VALUE (Castor oil)

The acid value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free fatty acids in the sample. Acidity (as defined in USP) is expressed as the number of milliliters of 0.1N alkali required to neutralize the free acids in 10 grams of the substance.

Recommended procedure: Accurately weigh about 10 g of the sample oil into a 250-ml flask, and add 50 ml of a

mixture of equal volumes of ethanol and toluene. Shake the mixture vigorously. Then add 1 ml of phenolphthalein/ethanol, heat, if necessary. Titrate with potassium hydroxide (0.18N), constantly shaking the contents of the flask

until a pink colour, which persists for 15 seconds, is obtained. Note the number of ml required of potassium hydroxide (KOH).

Calculate the acid value from the following formula, which has been neutralized with potassium hydroxide 0.18N 

 Calculation: Acid value (before heating) = 0.18 x 56.1 x 10.6 / 10(weight of oil) = 10.7 Acid value (after heating) = 0.18 x 56.1 x 10.10 / 10(weight of oil) = 10.2

THICKENERS:

The thickener is a material that in combination with the selected lubricant, will produce the solid to semi fluid structure. The primary type of thickener used in current grease is metallic soap. These soaps include lithium, aluminum, clay, Polyurea, sodium and calcium.

Soap thickened:Soaps include calcium stearate, sodium stearate, lithium stearate, as well as

mixtures of these components. Non-soap thickened:Mainly two of the non-soap thickened greases are significant- clay and urea. Clay: A form of bentonite (clay-like) materials consisting of hydrous aluminum

silicate, Urea: Also known as polyureas, they are made with ash less organic thickeners.

These greases have a natural resistance to oxidation

ADDITIVES

Additives can play several roles in lubricating grease. These primarily include enhancing the existing desirable properties, suppressing the existing undesirable properties and imparting new properties.

FUNCTIONS TYPE OF ADDITIVES

Antioxidant Phenols, Amines, Phosphorous Compound, Sulfur Compound.

Extreme Pressure &

Corrosion Inhibitor Amine Phosphate , Tri phenyl-thiophosphate.

Rust Inhibitor Barium & Calcium Sulphonates.

Corrosion Inhibitor Alkyl Benzene Sulphonates.

Anti-wear Antimony, Di Alkyl Di-thio Phosphate

Water Repelling Agent Fatty Oils

Tackiness Agent Polymers (Methacrilate)

Friction Modifiers MoS2, Graphite.

Aluminium scrap Pretreatment:

Aluminum scrap comes from a variety of sources. "New" scrap is generated by pre-consumer sources, such as drilling and machining of aluminum castings, scrap from aluminum fabrication and manufacturing operations.

"Old" aluminum scrap is material that has been used by the consumer and discarded. Examples: aluminum foil, automobile and airplane parts, aluminum siding and beverage cans.

Mechanical Cleaning:Mechanical cleaning includes the physical separation of aluminum from other

scrap, with hammer mills, ring rushers and other machines. Chemical Cleaning:1.At first Scrap-Aluminium have to cut into 1cm sizes.2.Cleaned with cleansing agent and again cut as much smaller as possible. 3.Kept the Al-scrap into 5M H2SO4(aq) for H2(g) gas and dust removal about two

hours.4.At last these scrap-Al reacts with H2SO4(aq).

Aluminium-scrap:

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

STEP - 1:Primary raw material (Al-scrap) (s) + H2S04 (aq) = Al2(SO4)3(aq) + H2 (g).

 2Al(S) + 3H2SO4(aq) = Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)

54 + 3*98 = 54+ 288 + 6348 = 348Calculation:At first take 15gm scrap aluminium.So,15 gm Al = 15/27 mol = 0.556 mol AlFrom the above reaction we see that,2 mol Al = 3 mol H2SO41 mol Al = 3/2 mol H2SO4 0.556 mol Al = 3*0.556/2 = 0.834 mol H2SO4 = (0.834*98) =

81.732 gm H2SO4

PROCEDUREReactio

n

No.

Wt.Al

gm

m.Mole Wt.

H2SO4

ml

m.Mole Time

reactio

n

Temper

ature

Rpm Dry

temper

ature

Yield

%Prod

uct/

reactan

t

1. 15 555.56 80 816.327 3 hours 100-150 Hand

stirring

15-20 88

2. 15 555.56 83 846.939 2.5-3

hours

100-150 Hand

stirring

15-20 90

3. 15 555.56 85 867.347 3 hours 100-150 Hand

stirring

15-20 95

4. 15 555.56 88 897.959 3 hours 100-150 Hand

stirring

15-20 85

5. 15 555.56 90 918.367 3 hours 100-150 Hand

stirring

15-20 80

So finally the complete reaction for the preparation of Al2(SO4)3(aq) is as follows-15gm scrap-Aluminum(555.56 m.mole) + 99% pure 85ml H2SO4 (867.347m.mole) 3 hours heat Hand stirring Yield 95%

Chart : The above chart shows the Yield% against fixed volume of 15 gm scrap - Aluminum with different wt.of H2SO4.

80 83 85 88 9070

75

80

85

90

95

100

8890

95

85

80

Yield%

Different wt.of H2SO4

Properties of this Al2(SO4)3

1. White to off white lump.2. Soluble in water, pH – 2.7 (5% solution).3. Hard, durable, corrosion resistance.4. Dissolve in alkaline water precipitate of Al2OH.5. Aluminums content in Al2(SO4)3 = 16% .

STEP - 2: Preparation of Na-Stearate:

Stearic acid is the saturated fatty acid with an 18 carbon chain is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)16C00H. Its name comes from the Greek word "stear", which means tallow.

Reaction: Stearic Acid + NaOH = Na-Stearate. C17H35COOH + NaOH = C17H35COONa + H2O. Stearic acid saponification conditions are very important for the process of

obtaining mono, di and tri-stearate aluminum salts. For this process is also important the amount of applied alkali, i.e. molar ratio of the acid and alkali. In the saponification reaction -  

CH3 (CH2)16COOH + n NaOH = CH3 (CH2)16COONa + H2O Here, n influences the equilibrium. When n value is higher, the reaction

equilibrium is shifted to the right .In this saponification reaction for obtaining the highest yield of Na-Stearate, the “n” value for NaOH = 3 – 3.5

Experimental procedureNo St.acid

gm

m.Mol

e

NaOH

gm

m.Mol

e

Temp. Time

Reacti

on

RPM Washi

ng

Dry

Tempe

rature

Yield

%

1. 7 24.65 2.5 62.5 70-80 Simulta

neous

Hand

stirring

Distille

d

water,3

-4times

110-

120

80%

2. 7 24.65 3 75 70-80Simulta

neous

Hand

stirring

Distille

d

water,3

-4times

110-

120

90%

3. 7 24.65 3.5 87.5 70-80Simulta

neous

Hand

stirring

Distille

d

water,3

-4times

110-

120

95%

STEP- 3: Na-Stearate + Aluminium Sulfate = Al- Stearate. Procedure of aluminum stearate precipitation:No. Wt.N

aSt.gm

m.Mole

Wt.Al.Salt gm

m.Mole

Time Reaction

Temperature

RPM Washing

Dry Temp.

Yield%

1. 10 32.68

10 29.23

Simultaneous

70-80

Hand stirring

With warm water

110-120

78

2. 10 32.68

11 32.15

Simultaneous

70-80

Hand stirring

With warm water

110-120

83

3. 10 32.68

12 35.07

Simultaneous

70-80

Hand stirring

With warm water

110-120

90

Properties:

Chemical Name : Aluminum Di-StearateChemical formula : C36H71AlO5

Moisture : 1% maximumMelting Point : 153° C.Appearance and odor : White powder, slight fatty acid odor.Ash content : Ash Content, % = (33.73 – 33.39) * 100 / 3.27 =

10.39

STEP - 4: Al- Stearate + Vegetable Oil = Bio-grease. Experimental procedure – A:

No. Wt.V.oil

gm

Wt.Dal

da

gm

V.oil % wt.Al.St

gm

% Time

Reaction

Temp. RPM Dry

Temper

ature

A 50 25 66.67 35 35 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/100

0/1400

15-20

B55 25 68.75 30 30 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/100

0/1400

15-20

C 60 30 66.67 25 25 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/100

0/1400

15-20

D 50 25 66.67 20 20 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/100

0/1400

15-20

E 60 30 66.67 10 10 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/100

0/1400

15-20

No. Yield% Moisture% Melting

point

0C

Dropping

point0C

Ash %

A 96 0.13 89 96 6.04

B 94 0.17 72 81 5.02

C 94 0.29 64.8 72 2.88

D 95 0.34 64.5 70 1.91

E 93 0.40 62.2 68 1.09

Experimental procedure – B

No. Wt.V.oil

gm

Wt.Dal

da

gm

Dalda

%

wt.Al.St

gm

% Time

Reaction

Temp. RPM Dry

Temp.

F 30 10 25 30 30 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/1000

/1400

15-20

G 30 15 33.33 30 30 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/1000

/1400

15-20

H 30 20 40 30 30 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/1000

/1400

15-20

I 30 30 50 30 30 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/1000

/1400

15-20

J 30 40 57.14 30 30 30min/1

hr/1hr

80/120/

220

600/1000

/1400

15-20

No. Yield % Moisture% Melting

point

0C

Dropping

point0C

Ash %

F 92 0.02 83 93 4.95

G 96 0.01 92 107 5.59

H 94 0.01 95.5 112 6.34

I 92 0.02 87 102 4.91

J 90 0.16 81 90 4.23

METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT:

Scope: This method is used to determine the percentage of water in grease sample.

Apparatus: Drying equipment – An oven, hot plate suitable for drying moisture

samples at a uniform temperature not exceeding 239º F (115º C). Balance .Calculation:The moisture content of the sample is calculated using the following equation:  %W moisture = A− B / A * 100  Where,  %W = Percentage of moisture in the sample, A = Weight of wet sample (grams), and B = Weight of dry sample (grams).

DETERMINATION OF MELTING POINT:

Melting point: The temperature at which a solid melts is known as the melting point (MP) of that substance. The melting point is a physical property of a solid and can be used to help identify a substance. In practice, a solid usually melts over a range of temperatures rather than at one specific temperature.

Figure : A Fisher-Johns melting point apparatus.

Melting point of different greases

Sample

name

A B C D E F G H I J

Melting

point 0C

89 74 64.8 64.5 62.2 83 92 95.5 87 81

DROPPING POINT DETERMINATION, n:

A numerical value assigned to a grease composition representing the temperature at which the first drop of material falls from the test cup. In general, the dropping point is the temperature at which the grease passes from a semisolid to a liquid state under the conditions of test.

Figure : A Dropping point apparatus

Dropping point of different greases

Sample

name

A B C D E F G H I J

Dropping

point 0C

96 81 72 70 68 93 107 112 102 90

DETERMINATION OF ASH CONTENT

Procedure : Weigh a clean, dry crucible. Take accurately weighted sample into the crucible. Ignite the crucible about 4 hours and keep the sample into the muffle furnace

until all combustible matter has been removed for 3 hours about 14000C and only ash appears to remain.

Allow to cool slightly then place it in a desiccator until cold. Reweigh the crucible and contents.

Calculation:  Ash Content, % = (C X 100) / B  Where , C = ash, gm B = oven-dried test specimen, gm. Sample – A: Ash Content, % = (31.13 – 30.91) * 100 / 3.64 = 6.04

Greases of different composition.

Result and discussion: Experimental procedure - A (Step -4)

For a constant volume of Vegetable Oil (from Jatropha gossypifolia) 66.67%,the parameters of the grease such as Yield%, melting point, moisture content, Dropping point, ash content will vary according to the percentage of thickener(Aluminium stearate) used.

From the above chart we see that the highest melting point and dropping point are found where the amount of Aluminium stearate is 35% with constant volume of oil 66.67%.

Where the percentage of thickener is used bellow 35% such 30%, 25%, 20%.10%, the properties of the final grease also changed with poor grease parameters.

So we can say from the above discussion that for obtaining better quality grease and maintaining desired parameters of grease the percentage of Aluminium stearate (thickener) used must be within 30 – 35 % and the percentage of vegetable oil 66.67 – 70 %.

Thickener 35 – 30 % + Total oil 66.67% = Final grease.

35 30 25 20 100

20

40

60

80

100

120

96 94 94 95 9389

7264.8 64.5 62.2

9681

72 70 68

Yield % Melting point 0C Dropping point 0C

Chart: The above chart shows Yield%, Melting point and Dropping point of grease with fixed percentage of vegetable oil against different percentage of aluminum stearate.

35 30 25 20 100

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.12

0.17

0.29

0.34

0.4

Moisture %

Chart : The above chart shows Moisture% of grease with fixed percentage of vegetable oil against different percentage of aluminum stearate.

35 30 25 20 1901234567

6.04

5.02

2.881.91

1.09

Ash %

Chart : The above chart shows Ash% of grease with fixed percentage of vegetable oil against different percentage of aluminum stearate.

Experimental procedure - B (Step – 4)

From the above reaction number - H and chart, we see that when the amount of thickener is 30% and dalda 40%, the final product grease parameters such as Yield%, melting point, moisture content, Dropping point, ash content is in maximum and into the highest desired range.

In the above process no. G, F we see that the final product grease properties decreases according to the percentage of dalda 33.33% and 25% within total oil 100% with respect to vegetable oil.

Again, in the reaction number I & J, we see that the final product grease properties also decreases compare to the reaction no. H according to the percentage of dalda 50% and 57.14% within total oil 100% with respect to vegetable oil (Jatropha gossypifolia).

So we can say that the percentage of dalda will keep constant within 33.33% - 40% for obtaining better quality of grease into the total percentage of vegetable oil 100%.

30% thickener + Total oil (33.33 – 40 % Dalda + 60 – 67 % Vegetable oil) = Final grease.

Total % of Dalda Total % of vegetable oil

Chart: The above chart shows Yield%, Melting point and Dropping point of grease with fixed Aluminium stearate and Vegetable oil against different percentage of Dalda.

25 33.33 40 50 57.140

20

40

60

80

100

120

92 96 94 92 9083

92 95.587 81

93107 112

10290

Yield % Melting point 0C Doppping point 0C

Chart: The above chart shows Moisture% of grease with fixed Aluminium stearate and Vegetable oil against different percentage of Dalda.

25 33.33 40 50 57.140

0.020.040.060.08

0.10.120.140.160.18

0.020.01 0.01

0.02

0.16

Moisture %

Chart : The above chart shows Ash% of grease with fixed Aluminium stearate and Vegetable oil against different percentage of Dalda.

25 33.33 40 50 57.170

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

4.955.59

6.34

4.914.23

Ash %

CONCLUSION

It is evidenced from the data obtained from this thesis work that the aim of producing a bio-grease and some characteristics was met and it can be concluded that the vegetable oil (from Jatropha gossypifolia) and Dalda used is a good renewable source for biodegradable grease production.

Many grease samples were successfully produced with different compositions of the base oil, thickener and also under different conditions while the grease produced after being subjected to the necessary tests was far better than commercial grease used as controls.

The fact that the dropping point of final grease depends largely on the composition and consistency (30% thickener + Total oil (33.33 – 40 % Dalda + 60 – 67 % Vegetable oil).

Finally, the limitations identified were due to lack of efficient magnetic stirrer and the finance to carry out some further tests such of moisture, ash content and so on but however these are recommended for further research works.

These greases, however, have some unique qualities which are quite desirable and have contributed to the rapid increase in acceptance for both industrial and automotive applications. Well-formulated aluminum grease will have excellent water resistance. By making and the use of Bio-grease, local economy’s can not only save via landfill avoidance, drain maintenance and health costs, they can share in profits derived from the production sell of Bio- Grease.

Thank You All