INTERNATIONAL MARKETING Thnh vin : L Anh Quang

Nguyn Th Ngc Hoa Nguyn Th Dim Phc Nguyn Th Bch Phng Trng Th PhngNHM 1: Nghin cu v th trng xut khu (Cc nh xut khu Tm).

1.1 Bangladesh, India c im sn xut tm ti Bangladesh:

Bangladesh l mt trong 10 quc gia sn xut tm hng u th gii. Th trng xut khu ch lc ca Bangladesh l Lin Minh Chu u, M, Nht v mt s quc gia Trung ng.

Kh nng bn vngCc cuc tho lun lin quan n nui tm thng phm xy ra k t lc khi s. Khi c cc quan im khc nhau trong phm vi ca cc t chc phi chnh ph v cc cng ng tr thc xp t mc chng i hon ton n khuyn khch mnh m ngh nui tm thng phm th c mt vic m tt c cc nhm u ku gi l kh nng bn vng.

Bangladesh pht trin mnh m theo con ng hng ti kh nng bn vng hn. Nghin cu tip tc ca tc gi v nghnh nui tm ti Bangladesh nhn thy nhiu chuyn bin ln theo thi gian. Ba giai on chnh ca nghnh nui tm thng phm Bangladesh c th c ghi nhn li l k nguyn i khng, k nguyn mu thun v k nguyn bnh thng ha.

S khi u gy tranh ciTrong nhng nm u, nghnh nui tm Bangladesh phn ln c duy tr thng qua mt h thng phc tp ca vic bo tr chnh tr lin quan n cc quan chc tham nhng, cc chnh tr gia a phng v mt nhm ngi bun thuc phin. H b cm d bi li nhun ngn hn ly i t ngi dn a phng. Trong nhiu trng hp khc nhau, cc nh sn xut tm mnh tay xua ui nng dn quy m nh v ni c th trng c la, chim ot t ai thuc s hu ca nh nc v chuyn i mt phn rng c Sundarban thnh cc ao nui tm.

Vi s gip ca cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO), cc cng ng b nh hng dy ln chng li nui tm ko di n cui nhng nm 1990. Cuc i khng kt hp vi cc phong tro cng bng x hi khc v vt xa bin gii quc gia. Mt s ngi tin phong trong phong tro i khng ton cu ny bao gm cc t chc Ha bnh xanh, Qu Cng bng Mi trng v Nijera Kori tip tc phn i nui tm bt chp nhng chuyn bin tch cc khc nhau ca nghnh cng nghip ny hn thp k qua.

Cc vn mi trng v x hiCc nh hot ng mi trng trong nc v quc t thnh cng trong vic thu ht s ch ca quc t n cc vn thit hi v mi trng v x hi gy ra do ngnh cng nghip tm. Chnh quyn Bangladesh, cng vi cc c quan t thin hng ng theo thit lp mt lot cc chng trnh ngh s v mi trng cng nh cc t chc kim tra, qun l cht lng chng minh s tun th cc nguyn tc nui tm tt cho mi trng.

Do mt lot nhiu thay i v t chc, h tr tin v k thut cho cc doanh nghip mi v nng dn, mi ngi bt u nhn nhn nghnh nui tm theo mt cch mu thun hn. Khi ngoi t bt u chy vo nn kinh t trong nc, nhiu nng dn trng la bt u chuyn sang nui tm trn c s th nghim. Nhn chung, s mu thun trong nc mnh m dai dng cho n nm 2003.

Mt s t chc phi chnh ph (NGO) khi bt u thay i cc hot ng ca h t i khng sang hp tc v rt nhiu nng dn a phng thay i ngh sinh nhai t trng la sang nui tm. Tuy k nguyn ny khin cho mt s t chc phi chnh ph xa lnh, nhng nghnh nui tm c ngi dn a phng tha nhn nhiu hn, ngoi t nm trong s nhiu l do khc khi tip thm sinh lc cho nn kinh t a phng.

Vn quan tm chnh chuyn sang khng phn i nui tm v tr li trng la, nhng l m bo cht lng v kh nng truy xut ngun gc theo yu cu nh thu mua tm. Khi a vo quy trnh HACCP, cc bin php mi trng v x hi khc th cc thc hnh trong nui tm cng thay i.

Cc hnh thc vi phm mi trng v x hi ti t nht cc vn gy tranh ci nht i vi s phn i ca cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO) tr thnh qu kh. Trong khi vn cn cc trng hp tham nhng v cc thc hnh nui tm khng bn vng xy ra bn ngoi Bangladesh, hu ht mi ngi nui tm nhiu trong s h l nng dn trng la trc y u ngh nui tm l ngh sinh li v em li li ch cho cng ng a phng.Tnh hnh sn xut c th :

1. Xut khu tm gp nhiu kh khnNm 2012,Nhiu cng ty XK tm Bangladesh ang vt ln c th tn ti khi nhu cu th trng th gii gim, c bit l th trng EU do nh hng ca suy thoi kinh t. Nhu cu tm c ln gim mnh dn ti gi gim khong 50% khin li nhun ca nhiu cng ty tm Bangladesh b nh hng.

Nhiu cng ty XK tm kin ngh chnh ph nhanh chng cho php nui tm chn trng v tng tr cp bng tin mt ln 15% so vi mc 10% hin nay gip cc DN c th vt qua thi k khng hong ny.

Gi cc sn phm tm gi tr gia tng cng gim 50% do nh hng ca suy thoi kinh t. Nhu cu tm s trn th trng M v Nht Bn theo xu hng gim trong khi nhu cu trn th trng EU - th trng tiu th chnh tmBangladeshang gim mnh.

i din mt cng ty XK tm cho bit, h nhn c nhiu n hng i vi tm chn trng c nh v khng i hi qu cao v cht lng. Tuy nhin, h khng th p ng c bi hin nay chnh ph vn cha cho php nui loi tm ny.

Gi tm s gim t 6 USD/pao nm ngoi xung cn 3,8 USD/pao. Gi tm chn trng hin ch t 3 4,5 USD/pao ty c.

XK tm sang M v EU chim ti 80% tng XK tm caBangladesh. Mc d mun y mnh XK sang Nga nhng cc cng ty XK caBangladeshgp nhiu kh khn do chnh ph nc ny cha thc s m ca th trng. Ch c khong 4-5 cng tyBangladeshc th xut hng sang Nga trong khi 27 cng ty khc sn sng thm nhp th trng ny.

Hin cn khong 750 container tm vn ang nm trong kho d tr ca 50 nh my ch bin do khng th tiu th c. Nhiu cng ty XK tm b thit hi nng do li sut vay ngn hng cao v phi tr nhiu chi ph khc.

Ch tch Lin minh Nui trng thy sn Bangladesh cho rng, chnh ph nn h li sut t mc 15% hin nay xung cn 7% nhm tho g kh khn cho DN.

Nm ti kha 2011 - 2012, XK tm caBangladesht 598,42 triu USD, gim 4,26% so vi mt nm trc.

2. Ngnh tm Bangladesh n lc p ng tiu chun ton cu v s dng lao ngNgnh tm Bangladesh nhanh chng p ng yu cu ngy cng cao v trch nhim x hi ca th trng thy sn th gii v nhm ci thin tnh hnh m m. Ngnh tm nc ny b co buc vi phm Lut Lao ng khi s dng lao ng tr em v i x khng cng bng khi bt tr em phi lm vic nhiu gi ti cc xng ch bin tm.Bangladesh ng ti nhiu bo co (c bn in v in t) cho thy tnh hnh s dng lao ng trong ngnh tm ti nc ny c ci thin tch cc.3. Bangladesh cm nhp khu tm nguyn liu kim sot tm xut khu sang EUNgy 18/10/2012, chnh ph Bangladesh ban hnh lnh cm NK tm kim tra hot ng XK tm c ch bin t tm nguyn liu NK sang EU - th trng ang min thu NK tm t Bangladesh.

Tm Bangladesh XK sang EU c min thu theo H thng u i Thu quan ph cp nhng vi iu kin l tm nui ni a.

Quyt nh c a ra sau khi B Ngh c v Chn nui Bangladesh bt gi 33.000 tn c tht trng NK vo nc ny nhng trong li c ti 13.000 tn tm.

Sau khi pht hin, B ngh B Thng mi ra lnh cm NK tm khng nh hng ti XK tm sang EU. B Thng mi nhanh chng ngng thc thi thng t cho php NK tm qua cng Mongla.

Tm chim 78% gi tr XK thc phm ng lnh caBangladesh. XK tm ca nc ny trong qu I nm ti kha 2012 2013 t 114,28 triu USD. Ba th trng tiu th chnh l M, EU v Nht Bn.4. FDA thanh tra ngnh tm BangladeshCc Qun l Thc phm v Dc phm M (USFDA) thanh tra mt s tri nui v c s ch bin tm Bangladesh kim tra xem tm XK ca nc ny c p ng cc tiu chun nh quy nh.

Nm ti kha 2011-12, XK tm ca Bangladesh t 598,42 triu USD, trong M chim gn 20-30% tng gi tr. Nm 2013,Bangladeshc khong 130 nh my ch bin tm vi hng ngn lao ng lm vic trong ngnh ny.

5. Qu I/2013, nhp khu tm vo EU t Vit Nam v Thi Lan gim, t n v Bangladesh tngTn dng li th hin c cng vi nhu cu gia tng NK b p lng d tr thiu ht, n v Bangladesh tng XK tm sang EU - th trng c nh gi l m m nht do nh hng ca suy thoi kinh t.

Nm 2012, gi tr NK tm ca EU t gn 4,5 t USD, gim trn 30,5% so vi nm 2011. y l mc gim mnh nht k t nm 1995. Suy thoi kinh t ti nhiu nc trong khu vc cng vi gi tiu dng tng mnh v nhiu nc thnh vin p dng cc bin php khc kh tc ng mnh ti th trng tm Chu u.

NK tm t cc ngun cung chnh vo EU u gim mnh trong nm 2012, trong , NK t Ecuador - nc cung cp ln nht tm cho th trng ny - gim 13,9% so vi nm 2011, t 631,4 triu USD xung cn 543,5 triu USD. NK t n v Thi Lan cng gim mnh vi mc gim ln lt 11,2% v 35,4%.

Nm 2012, Vit Nam ng th 7 v cung cp tm cho th trng EU vi gi tr t trn 220 triu USD, gim ti 41,9% so vi nm 2011.

Tuy nhin, NK tm vo EU t mt s nc cung cp tng trng ng ch , trong NK tm t n tng 6,59% t 96,89 triu USD ln 103,7 triu USD. NK tm t Bangladesh trong 3 thng u nm 2013 cng tng 7,69% t 59 triu USD ln 63,9 triu USD.

S tng trng XK tm sang EU ca n v Bangladesh trong bi cnh th trng EU kh khn phn ln nh nhng li th m hai nc ny ang c so vi cc nc cung cp khc.

XK tm caBangladeshsang EU c hng thu sut 0% nh H thng u i thu quan ph cp. VitNamv Thi Lan, hai nc chu nh hng nng bi dch bnh, s kh c th tng trng XK tm sang EU trong nm. V y cng l yu t thun li gip n vBangladeshy mnh XK tm sang EU trong nm 2013.

6. Bangladesh t k lc mi v sn lng tmBangladesh xc lp mt k lc mi trong sn xut tm nh p dng h thng nui thm canh, bn thm canh v ci tin theo d n th im do Hip hi Xut khu Thc phm ng lnh Bangladesh (BFFEA) thc hin. BFFEA cho bit sn lng tm t khong 4.500 kg/ha.

Trong nhiu nm qua, Bangladesh ch nui tms theo cch truyn thng. Do sn lng ch t250kg n300kgtmmiha t.

"Ln u tinBangladesh t n mttm cao mitrongsn xuttm.Chng tiangXK tm vi khi lng khim tn trong khii th cnh tranhca chng tinhVit Nam,Thi Lan,n ,Trung Quc, Indonesiaang sn xut3.000kgtmtrnmtha", Ch tch BFFEA ni.

Sn xut tm t mc k lc nh hnh thc nui mi ny cng vi s hng dn c th cho ngi nui cch kim tra t, ngun nc, dch bnh cng nh tm ging v thc n ph hp.

Xut khu tm nui sinh thi ca Bangladesh ang tng nhanh nh nhu cu trn th trng th gii tng cao do nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng v trch nhim i vi mi trng ngy cng ln.

Thy sn sinh thi ang c nui ph bin cc tnh pha Nam nc ny bi thu nhp t sn phm ny mc cao v phng thc nui bn vng.

Nhu cu i tm sinh thi Bangladesh ngy cng tng khuyn khch cc nh XK nc ny gia tng XK. Gi tm sinh thi s cao hn t 20 - 25% so vi tm nui thng thng.

Tm s l loi tm duy nht c th nui sinh thi nc ny. Nhng nguy hi v mi trng v nh hng xu ca nui trng thy sn khin nhiu vng t nng nghip tr nn hoang ha. V vy nhiu ngi nng dn ti cc tnh pha Nam Bangladesh chuyn sang nui tm sinh thi.

So vi nui tm thng thng, th nui tm sinh thi cn thi gian lu hn 2 tun mi c th thu hoch. Ngoi ra, trng lng tm nui sinh thi thng nh hn 4-5g so vi tm nui thng thng. Tuy nhin, li nhun thu c t tm nui sinh thi li cao hn 10% nh ct gim chi ph cho ha cht v thc n.

Hin nay mi ch c mt vi t chc phi chnh ph hng dn ngi nui tm sinh thi trong khi chnh ph cha c bt c chnh sch no khuyn khch hot ng ny.

Theo Hip hi Xut khu Thc phm ng lnh Bangladesh (BFFEA), nm ti kha 2012-13, nc ny XK gn 1.500 tn tm sinh thi, tr gi 23,85 triu USD. Trong khi , nm ti kha 2011-12 nc ny ch XK 250 tn tm ny.

D bo, trong nm ti kha mi, Bangladesh c th tng gp i XK tm sinh thi. Mi nm, Bangladesh XK gn 50.000 tn tm, tr gi 550 triu USD (gm c tm sinh thi v tm thng). Gi tm ni chung ng mc 6 - 7 USD/pao. Tuy nhin, trn th trng M, tm sinh thi Bangladesh c gi bn t 7,50 - 8 USD/pao.

EU, M, Trung ng v Nht Bn c nhu cu ln i vi tm Bangladesh. Mi y, T chc Xc tin Nhp khu Thy S (SIPPO) v BFFEA k bn ghi nh v vic chng nhn quc t cho tm sinh thi Bangladesh. SIPPO s h tr tp hun ngi nui tm v cc nh ch bin trong vic sn xut tm sinh thi. Ngoi ra, SIPPO cng s k hp ng NK tm sinh thi ca Bangladesh vo Thy S v EU.

Nh d n ny, tm Bangladesh s c gi bn cao hn 25% so vi mc gi hin nay. XK tm l mt trong nhng ngnh quan trng i vi kinh t Bangladesh. 97% sn lng tm ca nc ny XK. XK tm mang li ngun thu ngoi t ln th ba cho nc ny sau dt may v cc sn phm lm t ay. XK tm ng gp 4% GDP v to vic lm cho khong 1,2 triu lao ng nc ny.7. Bangladesh: Sn lng thy sn khng p ng nhu cu xut khu

Trong nm ti kha 2013-14 (thng 7/2013 thng 6/2014), Bangladesh XK 55.074 tn thc phm ng lnh, gim so vi 58.493 tn ca ti kha trc.

Khi lng XK thc phm ng lnh gim gn 6% xung cn trn 55 nghn tn trong ti kha trc 2012-2013 do sn lng thy sn gim, c bit l tm v do lnh cm XK cc loi c tht trng.

V gi tr, tng XK thc phm ng lnh trong ti kha 2013 2014 tng trn 17% t 638 triu USD, so vi 550 triu USD ca ti kha trc do gi tm ton cu tng.

Golam Mostafa, cu Ch tch Hip hi XK thc phm ng lnh Bangladesh (BFFEA) cho bit, sn lng thy sn trong nc khng p ng nhu cu XK. Sn lng thy sn ca nc ny lc ch p ng 20% cng sut ch bin.

Nc ny c 130 nh my ch bin tm, trong c khong 35 nh my c XK trc tip, 78 nh my t tiu chun HACCP.

Theo BFFEA, Bangladesh hin sn xut 85.000 tn tm mi nm. Ti Khulna v Chittagong c 27.6492 ha nui tm.

8. Xut khu tm s ca Bangladesh st gimXK tm s t Bangladesh ang phi i mt vi s suy gim trong bi cnh nhu cu gim ti cc th trng ln. Ngun cung tm chn trng t mt s nc XK khc tng ln trong khi gi bn h xung l nguyn nhn chnh dn ti s st gim ny. Tm chn trng hin c a chung hn so vi tm s nh c gi r hn.

QIII/2014, XK tm tng 3,59% so vi cng k nm ngoi v t 180,3 triu USD. Trong khi , XK tm ca Bangladesh tng trng 52% so vi cng k nm ngoi v c nm tng 21% t 550 triu USD.

Tng trng XK chm li k t u nm ti chnh ny do nhu cu gim.

Nhu cu tm s t Bangladesh gim ti th trng Php do gi bn qu cao. XK tm s sang Anh cng gim. Cc th trng nhy cm v gi cng mua t tm s.

S suy yu ca ng euro v bng Anh cng nh hng n XK tm ca Bangladesh, Kazi Belayet Hossain, ph ch tch Hip hi XK Thc phm ng lnh Bangladesh cho bit.

Trin vng th trng trong nhng thng ti cho tm s Bangladesh khng my ti sng. "n t hng chun b cho dp l Ging sinh n khng nhiu trong thi im hin nay, Gim c mt cng ty cho bit.

9. Gi tm s Bangladesh gim 42% ti Nga v EUng euro v ng rp Nga gim mnh so vi ng USD M v bt n chnh tr nh hng n ngnh sn xut thc phm ng lnh ca Bangladesh .

Cc nh XK cho bit gi tm s c (16/20 con), sn phm ch lc, XK sang Chu u gim 42% xung cn 5,25 USD/pao so vi thng 8 nm ngoi.

ng SM Amzad Hossain, Ch tch Hip thi Xut khu Thc phm ng lnh Bangladesh ni : Chng ti buc phi gim gi gi khch hng. XK sang Nga gn nh ng bng, trong khi nhu cu tm trn th trng EU cng gim do suy thoi kinh t.

Bangladesh thu v 638 triu USD t XK 55.074 tn thc phm ng lnh trong c tm trong nm ti kha 2013-14. Trong , XK sang EU v Nga chim 70%.

7 thng u nm ti kha ny (t thng 7/2014 1/2015), XK tm ca nc ny gim 5% c v khi lng v gi tr xung cn 32.800 tn, v 397,6 triu USD.

Hossain cho bit, nhiu khch hng hy n hng trong khi n t hng mi khng c. Do vy, cc nh XK Bangladesh buc phi h gi bn.

Tuy nhin, h phi i mt vi khng hong nghim trng khi phi bn tm thm ch vi gi thp hn 40% so vi gi mua vo. iu ny s nh hng ln ti kh nng mua hng trong v thu hoch tithng 8 nm ngoi.Bt n chnh tr cng l mt yu t tc ng ti ngnh thc phm ch bin ca Bangladesh hin nay. Vn chuyn tm, c nguyn liu v c ch bin u b nh hng. Sn xut ca nhiu nh my gim st.Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu tm n :1.Xut khu tm n tng mnh nm 2013Theo C quan Pht trin Xut khu Hi sn n , trong giai on t thng 4 12/2013, n XK 229.010 tn tm, tng 89,8% v gi tr so vi cng k nm 2012. Hip hi Xut khu Thy sn n (SEAI) nhn nh, nguyn nhn tng do st gim mnh sn lng v XK tm ca cc nc ng Nam .

M l th trng tiu th ln nht ca tm n , chim t trng 51,2% trong tng lng XK tm ca nc ny. XK sang cc nc ng Nam chim 16,10%, sang EU chim 15,82%, sang Nht Bn chim 4,94%.

Nm 2013, n l nh cung cp tm ln nht cho M vi khi lng XK sang th trng ny tng 42% t 94.211 tn. Trong khi , NK tm t Thi Lan nh cung cp ln th 2 ca M - gim 38% t 135.550 tn nm 2012 xung cn 83.600 tn nm 2013.

Cc nh cung cp tm khc trong top 5 ln lt l Indonesia (81.098 tn), Ecuador (74.525 tn) v Vit Nam (59.534 tn).

XK tm ca n sang M t tng trng trong hu ht cc thng ca nm 2013, tr thng 11 gim 12% xung cn 7.523 tn. XK tng mnh nht vo thng 10 v thng 12, ln lt t 11.195 tn (+32%) v 8.582 tn (+17%).

Vi khi lng XK t 6.340 tn vo thng 4/2013, n ln u tin vt qua Thi Lan tr thnh nh cung cp ln nht cho th trng ny. Trong thng ,NK tm Thi Lan vo M ch t 6.128 tn. c bit, sn xut tm ca Thi Lan st gim ti mt na trong thng 8/2013, t 12.583 tn xung cn 5.638 tn. Thng 12/2013, XK tm Thi Lan sang M gim 92% xung cn 7.317 tn.

60% tri nui tm n l khng ng k mc d c chnh ph tr cp. n l mt nc c tim nng ln nhng cha c tn dng ht. Hin mi ch c 1.500ha c s dng nui tm trong 77.000 ha t c th canh tc.M Palpandi t C quan nui trng thy sn ven bin cho bit c th qun l v kim sot cc tri nui cha ng k cn phi c thm nhn lc v hin nay i ng thc thi nhim v ny cn qu t.2.n ch trng nui tm chn trng v tm sn nn tp trung vo tm chn trng nh tm s, Mayank - Gim c iu hnh trang tri nui tm pht biu ti Hi ngh bn trn v Nui trng thy sn nm 2014 (TARS) hp ti Phuket, Thi Lan vo ngy 20/8/2014.

Tuy nhin, ngi nui tm n ch nn nui mt vtm chn trngthay v 2,mt th thpvch trng nui tm c ln.iu ny cng tng t nh cc phng php c s dng nui tm s, loi nui truyn thng n trong sut 25 nm qua.

Hin nay ngy cng nhiu ao nui tm s c chuyn sang nui tm chn trng. Xu hng ny c thy r trn c nc.ng Mayank ni: S lng ao l dnh chonuitm chn trng tng t 20 nm 2012 ln 44 nm 2013 vln ti100 vo nm 2014. Cng ty ca ng l tp trung vo sn xut quy m ln vch nui mt v. Tm thu hoch t c trung bnh26/30con/kg.

"S lun c nhu cui vi tm c lnv li nhun thu t tm c ln cng cao hn. Nui tm c ln s cho nng sut tt hn v nui mt v s gim thiu ri ro dch bnh hn l nui hai v.Yu cu v ging cng t hn.

90-95%tmnui can cXK. Cho n nm 2009, n ch nui tm snhng do dch bnh nn sn lng ch t80.000 tn. Sau , chnh ph n bt u cho php nui tm chn trng. Sn lng tm ca nc ny tng nhanh chng v t khong300.000tnvi 90% tm chn trng.

Nhu cu th trng vn ttmc d sn xut c nhiu vn . Gi tip tc tng v c th t ngng cao k lc nm 2013.

3.Nm 2014, Gi tm gim trong thng 9Gi tm n gim ch l bin ng tm thi khi vo v thu hoch v sau khi ht v, ngun cung s li khan him trong nhng thng ti. Nng dn thu hoch nhanh do lo ngi tm b bnh m trng. Gi tm nguyn con c 60 con/kg gim t 6,25 USD/kg (13/9) xung cn 5,76 USD/kg (17/9). Gi tm nguyn con c 100 con/kg gim t 4,44 USD/kg xung cn 4,11 USD/kg.

Gi tm bc v b u cha ui c 26-30/pao cng gim xung di mc 5,90 USD/pao. Trc 1 tun, gica sn phm ny l 5,75 USD/kg do phc v nhu cu ngh l ca M. Theo d on, gi skhng tng cho n ht thng 9 nhng sau tng tr li do ngun cung gim.

Cc nh XK chadm cho bn nhiu, khi h cha chc chn c hng v lo ngi khi c hng, gi c th s cao hn mc m h k hp ng.

Cng vi victhu hoch tmn t, nhu cu NK t Trung Quc v Vit Nam cng lm tng gi tm n .4.EU t chi nhp khu tm chn trng n Mt lng ln tm chn trng t Andhra Pradesh b EU t chi NK do d lng khng sinh. y c th l mt tr ngi ln i vi mc tiu ca n XK thy sn tng gp i t 5 t USD ln 10 t USD vo nm 2020.

Tm chn trng l mt loi ngoi lai hin c tiu th ln ti Hoa K, EU v Nht Bn nh chi ph v hng v ph hp cng nh c s dng trong ch bin d dng. Andhra Pradesh l khu vc XK hng u v tm chn trng. Loi tm ny cng c nui rng ri ti Bheemavaram v cc vng ln cn.

Thiu c ch gim st thch hp dn n nhiu l hng XK ca n b tr v trong vi thng lin tc. i din C quan Xc tin Xut khu thy sn n (MPEDA) cho bit, s l hng b tr v ngy cng tng k t thng 7,2014.

Nhu cu th gii i vi tm chn trng tng khin nc ny m rng nui tm chn trng trong khi , sn lng khai thc tm bin gim xung khin nhiu tu khai thc tm phi nm b.

EU t chi 24 containers, buc n phi xem xt li v vic lm dng khng sinh trong nui thy sn. Chloramphenicol v Nitrofuran c s dng c trong sn xut ging v tri nui.

Cc c quan lin quan ca n ang tin hnh cc bc khn trng khc phc nhng vn v khng sinh trong tm XK sang EU v lo ngi nh hng ti XK sang cc th trng khc nh M.Thng ngh s bang Lousiana Mary Landieu vit th gi ti C quan Hi quan v Bo v Bin phng M yu cu tng cng kim tra tm NK t n v cc nc khc. Theo Thng ngh s Mary, bo co ca FAO cho thy quy nh v cc tiu chun ca M i vi mt s loi ha cht v khng sinh th y cao hn so vi Canada v EU. Tuy nhin, tiu chun v an ton v sinh i vi tm NK li thp hn so vi mt s nc v khu vc khc nh Nht Bn, Canada hay EU.

y l iu ng lo ngi bi mt lng ln tm NK b t chi NK vo mt th trng th rt c th s c chuyn sang mt th trng khc c tiu chun thp.Nh tng trng kh quan trong 3 thng u nm 2013, n vt quaEcuadortr thnh nh cung cp tm ln nht cho EU.NK tm n vo M 3 thng u nm nay cng chng kin mc tng trng ln ti 69,2%.

5. Gi tm tng, sn lng n nhSn lng tm chn trng n c th n nh sau khi t 400.000 tn do mt s yu t kh khn. Sau khi gim trc Hi ch Thy sn Trung Quc, gi tm n tng tr li v gi tm Thi Lan vn ng mc cao.

Mt s tri ging tm XK c tm chn trng c nh do gi tng. Lc ,Hip hi ngi nui tm n d bo rng n nm 2015, din tch nui tm chn trng c th ln ti 150.000 ha so vi mc 80.000 ha. Nhng hip hi ny cng lo ngi thu nhp gim khi dch bnh EMS bng pht tr li.

Ngn hng Rabobank c tnh sn lng tm chn trng ca n s tng gp 5 ln trong tng lai gn. Cng vi cc nc khc, n c kh nng tng sn lng tm gp nhiu ln nh h thng sng ln ph hp nui tm.

Theo SEAI, gi thnh sn xut tm chn trng l 2,29 USD/kg, ch bng mt na so vi tm s. Nng sut tm chn trng c nh v va l 20 tn/ha, trong khi tm s ch 2-3 tn/ha.

Do dch bnh, t l sng ca tm s khong 40%, trong khi tm chn trng l 95-98%. Gi tm s trn th trng th gii ch cao hn 15% so vi gi tm chn trng.

Ph thuc vo mt loi tm l mt vn ca ngnh tm n , v tm chn trng ang dn th ch tm s.

Gi tm n tng theo tm Thi LanTi Thi Lan, gi tm vn mc cao do thiu nguyn liu. Gi tm c 60 con/kg ti Thi Lan l195-198 THB/kg trong tun 10 15/11/2014, bng mc gi tun trc ; tm c 70 con c gi 183-191THB/kg, gim nh so vi 190-193 THB trong tun trc . Gi tm c 80 con/kg c gi 175-182 THB/kg, so vi 180-182 THB/kg tun trc . Nhu cu ca Trung Quc v Vit Nam y gi tm cc c ca n tng ln.

Ngi nui khu vc sn xut chnh nh Andhra Pradesh d nh bt u th nui t cui thng 1 n thng 3. Xu hng ny khc vi mt vi nm qua do gi cao v thiu tm post. Ngun cung tm chn trng tip tc gim Andhra Pradesh, ngi nui ang th v mi v d kin s thu hoch vo cui thng 1, u thng 2, ch yu l tm c 50-60-70 con/kg. Ti Orissa, v chnh tm chn trng v tm s s kt thc vo thng 12.

6.Xut khu tm n tng 92%XK tm chn trng n trong nm ti kha 2014 tng 92% so vi 1 nm trc . XK tm chn trng tng t 91.171 tn ti 175.071 tn. Khi lng tm s gim 44% xung cn 34.133 tn.

V gi tr, XK tm chn trng tng 173% v t 3,2 t USD trong nm ti kha 2013 -14.

Nm nay sn lng tm nui ca n t khong 375.000 tn, trong , khi lng tm ch bin XK t 250.000 tn, tng so vi 175.000 tn ca 1 nm trc .

Tm chn trng dn u v sn lng trong sn xut tm ca n cng nh dn u v gi tr XK thy sn ca nc ny d kin t 6 t USD. n t mc tiu t 10 t USD vo nm 2020.7.Gi tm n tng theo nhu cu t Trung Quc v Vit NamGi tm chn trng n cc c u tng do nhu cu t Trung Quc v Vit Nam tng ln trong khi ngun cung mc thp. Sau mt vi tun gim, gi tng ln ty theo c.

i din mt nh cung cp tm cho bit, h nhn c nhiu n hng n t Vit Nam v Trung Quc vi gi tm ang nhch dn ln. Nhu cu i vi tm nguyn liu t n ca Vit Nam tng mnh trong nm qua.Nh cung cp ny cng cho bit,sau chuyn kho st th trng Vit Nam nhn thy nhu cu i vi tm nguyn liu ch bin Vit Nam trong nm 2015 vn rt ln.

Chaipat Kunapiwatkul, Gim c pht trin kinh doanh ca Siam Canadian Group nh gi trin vng kh quan i vi 2 th trng Vit Nam v Trung Quc.

Nhiu nh cung cp tm ca n ang buc phi gii phng bt hng trong kho c th gia hn vn vay tn dng. Mt lng ln hng trong kho c gii ta, tuy nhin gi qu thp.

Gi tm chn trng HOSO xut khu ca n (n v: rupi) C tm: con/kg

NgyC 30C 40C 50C 60C 70C 80C 90C 100

23/2430350320300280250230210

2/3410330300290280250230210

5/3390330300285270240220200

8/3380320290275270240220200

15/3380320290285280250230210

23/3410330310305290270240220

8.L mc tiu xut khu thy snXK thy sn ca n pht trin ngon mc ch yu nh tm chn trng. T thng 4/2014 n thng 1/2015, n XK 835.000 tn thy sn (tng 4,9%), t gi tr 4,72 t USD (tng 11,7%). Tuy nhin theo Cc Xc tin XK Thy sn n (MPEDA), vi tng trng ny, tnh n cui nm ti chnh ny (thng 4/2014 n thng 3/2015), XK thy sn n s t 5,5 t USD, thp hn so vi mc tiu 6 t USD ra trc .

Tm ng lnh hin chim 1/3 v khi lng v 2/3 v gi tr XK thy sn. Khi lng tm chn trng XK tng 17%, kim ngch XK tng n 20%. Tm chn trng tip tc l mt hng ch lc, chim 80% tng khi lng tm ng lnh XK ca n .

Nm 2014, gi c trn th trng ton cu bin ng nn n kh thc hin c mc tiu XK thy sn t 6 t USD. Gi tm s gim mnh cui nm 2014 nn mc d khi lng tm tng, gi tr khng tng nhiu. Trong khi , XK c kh v ng lnh tng trng m. XK mc gim 23,35% v khi lng v 28% v gi tr.

9.Khi gi tm Vit Nam cao hn tm n Khi cn bo gi tm qua i, th trng tm thi lng xung vi ngun cung tm cho th trng th gii ci thin hn. Nhu cu th trng mc thp do vy, nm 2015, gi thnh c coi l yu t sng cn i vi cc nc sn xut khng ch ring vi Vit Nam.

Tuy nhin, mt thc t r rng hin nay l tm Vit Nam ang c gi bn cao hn so vi cc nc cung cp khc nh n , Indonesia hay Thi Lan.

Sc p h gi thnhMt xu hng r rng hin nay l gi tm trn th trng th gii st gim. Nhu cu thp, ngun cung tng do mt s nc vo v thu hoch ang to sc p ln ln gi tm.

Theo thng k ca Trung tm Thng mi th gii, gi tm trung bnh NK vo M nm 2014 t mc cao nht trong vng 15 nm qua vi 12 USD/kg, tng 12% so vi gi nm 2013. Khong cch chnh lch v gi t 3 ngun cung cp ln l n , Vit Nam v Indonesia l khng ng k.

Thng 1/2015, gi trung bnh tm NK vo M gim t mc 13 USD/kg cng k nm 2014 xung cn 11 USD/kg. Khong cch chnh lch gi gia tm n v tm Vit Nam l 2 USD/kg!

Tm n s bp tm Vit Nam?Khong cch chnh lch gi tm kh xa nh hin nay gy nhiu sng gi cho XK tm Vit Nam. Thng k ca Hi quan cho thy, tnh n gia thng 3, XK tm ca Vit Nam gim ti 31,3% so vi cng k nm 2013. Trong , XK sang M gim 61%, sang EU gim 4%, sang Nht Bn gim 31,4%...

Nm 2014, gi trung bnh tm n NK vo M l 13,1 USD/kg v nhanh chng gim xung cn 11 USD/kg vo thng 1/2015. Trong khi , tm NK t Vit Nam vn duy tr mc gi 13 USD/kg trong thng ny.

Thng 3 v thng 4 - thi im thu hoch tm vo chnh v n c l l yu t chnh khin gi tm XK ca n gim. Tuy nhin, nu n tip tc duy tr c gi tm XK thp trong nm 2015 th tm Vit Nam kh c th cnh tranh nu khng kp thi h gi thnh sn phm.

Cch y 3-4 nm, khi ngnh tm Thi Lan cn cha phi hng chu hi chng tm cht sm (EMS), nc ny vn cn dn u v sn xut tm chn trng trn th gii. Khi , n vn cn l nc mi pht trin loi tm ny nhng gt hi thnh cng ln khng ch trn th trng M m c Nht Bn v EU vi vai tr l nc cung cp tm chn trng c ln.

Trong 4 nm qua, ngnh tm n lin tip gt hai thnh cng, v truyn thng nc ny khng ngn ngi tha nhn nh hng pht trin t nh nc v c quan lin quan ng vai tr quan trng trong nhng thnh cng ny.

Nm 2013, n vt qua Thi Lan tr thnh nh cung cp tm ln nht cho M v tip tc duy tr v tr trong nm 2014.

C v nh cn hi sm khng nh v chnh sch bn tm gi thp trong nm 2015 ny ca n nhng nhn li nhng thnh cng m h lm c trong nhng nm qua th cng khng loi tr kh nng tm n s bp tm Vit Nam nh gi.

10. Tm chn trng l cha kha cho thnh cngTrong 2 nm qua, ngnh tm n gt hi nhiu thnh cng c v sn xut cng nh XK. Tm chn trng l n by cho XK tm ca n sang nhiu th trng ln.Nh , tm tr thnh mt hng c ng gp ln nht cho XK thy sn ca nc ny trong nm qua.Xut khu tng mnh nh tm chn trngTheo C quan Xc tin thy sn n (MPEDA), nm ti kha va quaXK tm chn trng n trong nm ti kha va qua tng 92% so vi 1 nm trc . Sn lng tm ch bin XK ca nc ny c t 250.000 tn, tng 175.000 tn. XK tm chn trng tng t 91.171 tn ti 175.071 tn trong khi , khi lng tm s gim 44% xung cn 34.133 tn.

Gi trXK tm chn trng tng 173%chim 65% tng gi tr XK tm3,2 t USD trong nm ti kha 2013 -14v dn u v gi tr XK thy sn ca nc ny t 5 t USD v d kin s t 6 t vo nm ti kha mi 2014-15.

M l th trng ln nhtM chim khong 25-27% tng XK tm n . Nm 2013, khi XK tm Thi Lan sang M gim mnh do sn xut tm ca nc ny chu tc ng mnh ca Hi chng tm cht sm (EMS), n nhanh chng vt qua nhiu nc cung cp ln khc vn ln v tr dn u v cung cp tm cho M.

Nm 2014, n vn duy tr c v tr dn u v cung cp tm cho M. Thng k NK tm vo M nm va qua cho thy NK tm t n vo nc ny tng 32% v gi tr v 15% v khi lng. T trng tm n trong tng NK tm vo M tng nhanh chng t 7% nm 2010 ln 20% nm 2014.

Gi tr nhp khu tm vo M t 10 ngun cung ln nht nm 2010 2014(nghn USD) Ngun: GATs

Xut x201020112012201320142014/2013

TG4.2975.1664.4655.3156.69726

n 3105265751.0421.37932

Indonesia4936956599101.31945

Vit Nam5135214487291.00238

Ecuador40753156065690137

Thi Lan1.5151.7191.203907815-10

Mexico22829125626430114

Trung Quc27428922823927114

Malaysia15020917182181121

Peru4862628912541

Honduras7269587666-12

Khng ch thnh cng trn th trng M, tm n cng li du n trn th trng Nht Bn trong my nm gn y. 2 nm trc, tm chn trng c ln n lm thay i c thi quen tiu dng ca ngi Nht khi h s dng tm chn trng thay th tm s trong mt s mn n truyn thng.

Nm 2014, NK tm vo Nht Bn gim 7% so vi nm 2013 nhng NK t n vn tng 5,8%. Mc d vn ng th 4 v cung cp tm cho Nht Bn tuy nhin, vi tc tng trng kh n nh, XK tm sang Nht Bn s tip tc kh quan trong nm 2015.

Gi tr nhp khu tm vo Nht Bn t 10 ngun cung ln nht nm 2010 2014(nghn USD) Ngun: ITC

Xut x201020112012201320142014/2013

TG2.5812.9992.9742.9622.752-7,1

Vit Nam5375735726456927,3

Thi Lan643783809619448-27,7

Indonesia400439436474419-11,6

n 2723222633423625,8

Trung Quc190261249234198-15,3

Argentina407911612214922,1

Nga9387879589-6,4

Canada76888874796,3

Myanmar4855616867-1,6

Malaysia5377634941-16,1

Bn cnh pht trin v m rng nhanh chng sn xut v xut khu, ngnh tm n cng khng trnh khi nhiu vn nh thiu con ging cho sn xut, nhiu tri nui vt ra ngoi quy hoch v kim sot dn ti cnh bo v d lng khng sinh..

Tuy nhin, mt thc t r rng vic chnh ph nc ny cho php pht trin tm chn trng m ra trang mi cho sn xut v XK tm nc ny.