THir NHIN LAI N H O GIAO VIET NAM

THEO THirC NHAN

* PHAN NGOC*

Cac cong trinh, cac bai viet ve Nho giao d Viet Nam 1 nhieu khong the ke bet. Nhung nhin chung, cac bai chi x6t d hien tUdng, khong xet ci chinh cai nguyen nhan triet hoc tai sao no lai la the, khong xet tai sao trong thuc te hanh dong mot nh^ Nho Viet Nam lai khac mot nh^ Nho Trung Quoc den nhu vky. Neu nhu muc dich cua triet hoc la de thay doi xa hoi, thi nhijtng each nhin ay khong giiip ich cho ta trong hoan canh hien nay khi the gidi da chuyen t\X doi d^u sang doi thoai, chung song hoa binh, chskp nhan nhau de cung phat trien.

Khi noi den triet hoc, thi cau hoi d^u tien l^ tai sao tin

ngUdng h^u nhU c6 tif khi \oki ngUdi,song thanh b^y, mi

triet hoc lai ra ddi muon den nhu vay? The ky ra ddi cua triet hoc la vao khoang the ky thii VI tr. CN d Hy Lap, roi ih^nh

triet hoc phUdng Tay, triet hoc Trung Hoa ra ddi v6i Khong

Tu vao khoang the ky V tr. CN. Con d An Do kho tim hdn vi

anb hudng ton giao qua rong khap, nhung den kinh Vedanta

cung dai khai vao thdi gian nay thi triet hoc da ra ddi. D6 U

• Giao sif triet hoc, Vien Khoa hoc Xa hoi Vj§t Nam.

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ba nguon goc chinh cua triet hoc the gidi. Nhin chung, chi

khi n^o xa hoi dat den mot trinh do san xuat kha cao, d in tdi

mot each to chiic xa hoi phan t i n g hkc kha ro rang, can den

mot che dp chinh tri benh vuc sU phan chia t i ng bac nay, do

do doi hoi mot he thong ly luan it nhieu chat che va c6 tac

dung pho quat khien moi ngUdi c6 the theo, luc do triet hoc

m6i ra ddi. Roi lai c6 nhiJtng nha triet hoc khac chong lai, tao

nen sif t ranh lu^n triet hoc. Den the ky XVII, d phUdng Tay

vdi sU thay doi ciia lao dong thu cong sang lao dong cd khi,

mot Idp tri thijfc mdi ra ddi chong lai cai triet hoc cu va tu

than ho dUng len nhOng he thong triet hoc m6i nhU chung ta

deu biet.

Mot triet hoc c6 nhieu phan, nhUng cai phan khien no la

triet hoc la phan nhan sinh quan, noi len each song nhU the

nao mdi la diing. Nhieu nha triet hoc, de bien ho cho each ly

giai ciia minh con them phan noi ve vu tru hay nguon goc

loai ngUdi, lay no de benh vUc phan nhan sinh quan. NhUng

cho den nay, van de nay khoa hoc con dang giai quyet, cho

nen ph in the gidi quan d moi triet hoc chi la phan gia thuye't.

Neu danh gia Nho giao theo quan diem the gidi hau cong

nghiep - ma chung ta cd quyen lam the vi nhiem vu nghien

cxlu la de doi mdi xa hoi vi quyen Idi cua ngUdi lao dong - thi

dao Nho cd nhiJtng khuyet diem dudi day khong the nao bac

bo dudc.

Mot la, no chi nhin thay ly tUdng xa hoi d thdi qua khU,

thdi Nghieu - Thuan, thdi con mang dam nhiing anh hUdng

cua thdi cong xa nguyen thuy. Ma ly tUdng cuoc song lai

cb'nh la doi mdi hien tai cho mot tUdng lai vi phiic Idi moi ngUdi.

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Hai la, no khong may may nghl den ky thuAt san xui't,

con ngUdi lao dong ky thuat la ke se gop phin thay doi xa

hoi, trong liic do muon la con ngUdi cua thdi dai ngay nay,

thdi dai ky thuat, minh phai chon mot llnh vUc khong chi

trong cong nghiep, ma ca trong thUdng nghiep, nong nghiep,

van hoa, nghe thuat de tu doi mdi minh. Trong cong vi^c n^y,

phai nhin ra the gidi de hieu tinh binh nUdc minh, va nhin

tinh hinh nUdc minh trong van de cu the minh ebon de doi

mdi n6, ma khong de Viet Nam bi le thuoc. Cd hai kha nftng:

hoSc \k nhin tinh hinh biet phai lam gi va kha n^ng chinh

minh lam dUdc dieu can lam. Kha nang thii nhat la can thiet

cho ngUdi lanh dao. Kha nang thU hai \k cong viec cua

chuyen gia. De khoi noi chuyen xa xoi, trong chinh tri, Chu

tich Ho Chi Minh cd ca hai kha n^ng nay va trong quan sU

Dai tudng V6 Nguyen Giap cung vay. Nhin chung cai hoc

ngan xUa thien ve vSn chUdng de lam quan, cac tri ihxlc c6

chii y den y hoc, phong tuc nen trong vSn hoa Viet Nam cac

loai sach ve vSn chudng, y hoc, ton giao, te le, phong tuc kha

phong phii. Con khong cd sach day nghe, ngay ca nghe l m

ruong, thu cong, chSn nuoi, d^c biet ve nghe buon. Day chinh

la nguyen nhan cua sU ngheo ddi. NhUr^g ca hai dieu n^y chi

cd the ra ddi khi cd cong nghiep la cai tU nd thay doi the gidi

tao nen khai niem tien bo va tac dung to Idn cua ky thu^t.

Mot nen vkn hoa phai chap nh^n cai "Idi" chung cua moi ngUdi. Con ngUdi phai cd nhOng cai Idi chung khong ai tudc bo dUde khi anh lam diing trach nhiem cua minh. Cai l<?i Ay phai la cu the: cdm An, ao mac, nha d, c6 vd cd chong, nudi dudc con cai. Roi sau do mdi ban den chuyen cao xa. Nho giao Trung Hoa lay cai "le" lam then chot. Nhung tu cai le Ay dkn

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tdi bA't binh dAng qua dang. Mot ong quan cd tren chuc ba vd, nuoi hAng tram thuc khach, v6 so toi td. Tren cd sd nay cai goi la pKap luat chi la de benh vUc ton ty. Mot nude nhu vay luc nAo Cling chiia dUng sU noi day cua nhan dan lao dong va nhiing cuoc dan ap, tan sat.

Nhung mot van hoa chiu anh hucing Nho giao lai cd nhiing Uu the rieng:

Do thdi quen hoc tAp tren ngan nAm va pho bien, nhan dan hoc rA't gioi. Chi c in chuyen cai hoc cho dung vdi xu hudng la ho khong thua kem bA't cd nude nao. Ngay d My trong so' cac hoc gia cua My thi theo tho'ng ke so' ngUdi go'c Trung Hoa nhap quoc tich My da chiem qua niia. Chuyen nAm con rong chau A theo van hoa Nho giao (Nhat Ban, Dai Loan, Singapore, Hudng Cang, Malaysia) dUdc noi den nhieu. Con rong thii sau phai la Viet Nam.

Con ngUdi theo Nho giao lA'y cuoc song tran the lam muc

dich nen tU tUdng xa hoi chu nghia xam nhap d l dang.

Khong phai ngAu nhien ma Trung Quoc va Viet Nam da tU

minh pha vd vdng vay cua chu nghia de quoc bAt chap bao

khd khAn, trd lUc.

Vi bai nay noi den sU tiep xiic giQa phUdng Tay vdi phAn

chau A theo Td'ng Nho, cho nen toi bat bupc phai ndi den cai

sai cua Td'ng Nho la hoc thuye't ngu tri d Trung Quoc vA Viet

Nam luc bA'y gid d ngay cai via tru quan cua nd la thuyet Am-

Dudng. Trong khoa hoc, mot vat da lA A thi khong the nao la

B d\i6c. Tong Nho nhan thay Phat giao, Dao giao cd the gidi

quan vA lay the gidi quan de giai thich nhan sinh quan nen

cd sxic loi cuo'n manh me nen ciing xay dUng mot the gidi

quan rieng goi lA the gidi quan Am - DUdng. Ve ngon ttt, thi

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hai cha nay lay d Dao diCc Kinh, Kinh Dich nhUng each trinh bay lai dua vao Phat giao. Do la dieu khong cd trong Khdng tU, Manh tu. Nhung khong phai ngAu nhien mA Td'ng Nho gAn nhu lA hinh thUc Nho giao duy nhat d Trung Hoa tir ddi Td'ng vA d Viet Nam tU Le Thanh Tong. Theo Td'ng Nho, moi vat deu cd Am va cd Dudng. Xet rieng ra thi Trdi lA Dudng, Dat la Am, con trai la Dudng. con gai la Am. Vua lA Duong, DAn la Am vA d nhiJng linh vUc nAy khong cd chuyen Am hay Dudng chuyen hoa cho nhau. NhUng Tong Nho lai dUa ra cai thuyet khi mot trong hai cai Am hoac Dudng qua manh thi nd se chuyen sang cai kia. BAng chUng lay d khi hAu do \k

khi nang qua lAu vA qua manh (Dudng) thi se cd mUa to, lyt bao (Am), khi mot che do chinh tri qua chuyen chinh (Dudng) thi dan se noi len sinh loan lac (Am). Roi cxi the vii tru, xa hoi d trong mot chu ky Am-DUdng, khong cd tien bo da dAnh, cung khong cd chuyen boa, vudt buc, thUc sU. Khong the nAo cd chuyen A khi vUdt qua mot gidi ban thi thanh B.

NhUng lam the nAo cd the cd sU chuyen hoa cUc doan den

the ? Sd di cd sU chuyen boa dd lA vi Am hay Dudng deu 1

hai hien tUdng cua mot cai chung. VA cai chung Ay chinh \k

doi tUdng cua khoa hoc, nhu mot nh^ bac hoc ndi "Chi c6

khoa hoc d cai chung mA thdi". Cai chung Ay trong dUdng loi

cai tri la cuoc song cua quan chiing lao dong xAy dUng tren

nhUng nhu cAu cu the (cdm an, ao mac, nhA d, thuoc men, cd

gia dinh) bat bien, vA cai bat bien nay la ddi tUdng cua chinh

tri hoc. Cai chung cho cac hien tUdng mUa, nAng la khoa hoc

ve khi hau, thdi tiet. Mot quan niem triet hoc sai lAm se din

tdi nhang hau qua tai hai. Chinh thuye't Am dUdng nAy d§

dAn tdi hai ket qua. Ve vAn hoa, trudc the ky X, vAn hoa,

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kinh te, hoc thuAt Trung Hoa diing dau the gidi, roi sau dd te

li^t de trd thAnh mot ban thuoc dia. Ve chinh tri, chi ke giai

doan nhiJtng ngoai toe chiem ca Trung Hoa (Mong Co, Man

Thanh) ttt khi nhA Td'ng thAnh lap (960) den each mang Tan

Hdi nAm 1911 tA't ca 990 nam da cd 365 nam toan qudic bi

nhiing ngUdi nUdc ngoai cai tri ma so' dan dung bAng mot

phAn hai mUdi ngUdi Han: Nguyen (1271-1368, 87 nam),

Thanh (1644-1919, 268 nam).

Vi bAi nay ndi den anh hUdng cua Nho giao tdi Viet Nam,

nen tdi bAt buoc phai phan xuA't dUdc cai tU tUdng ay da lAm

thanh cai bA't bien roi mdi cd dieu kien bAn den moi anh

hUdng tir ngoAi da bi khuc xa d Viet Nam nhu the nao lAm

thAnh each Viet Nam da Viet Nam hda tU tucing nay du lA

dao Nho hay chu nghia Mac - Lenin. Cai goc cua tU tUdng

Viet Nam lA quan niem lAng - nUdc. La ngudi phien dich, tdi

da c6' tim trong nhieu ngdn ngii mot khai niem tUdng dUdng

de dich cho on khai niem Idng nitdc cua Viet Nam mA tim

khong dUdc. Cho nen khong the trach cac bac thay di trUdc

cua tdi khong tha'y dieu nay khi bAn den Nho giao. DI nhien,

quan niem "lang" cua Viet Nam, san phAm cua nen kinh te

tu tiic lAm sao cd the duy tri nguyen ven trong mot nen kinh

te thi trUdng toan the gidi? NhUng trong giai doan trUdc day

de chd'ng lai phong kien xam lUdc cua Trung Hoa, hay thUc

dan xam lUdc phUdng Tay, nd chinh lA ca'u true xa hoi thuan

tien nhA't phui hdp vdi bd'n yeu cAu cua vAn hoa Viet Nam:

Mot lA To quoc doc lap, vi ma't doc lap cai lang se mA't quyen

tu quan, hai lA gia dinh dUdc dam bao nhd che do ruong cong;

ba lA than phan dUdc quy trong do che do bau cU, viec tdn

trong hoc vA'n, tai nAng, tuoi tac, vA bd'n la dien mao dUdc chu

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y trong cac cuoc hop lang, hop ho. te le... Chu nghia yeu nUdc Viet Nam khdng he thien ve kinh te, chung toe mA lay tinh nghia lAm then chdt.

Gid tdi thu xet nhiing dac diem cua tarn ly lAng nUdc nAy qua nhiing tiep xuc van boa quan trong vAo niia dau the ky XX.

1. Phong t r ao Tan ThU. Vao dau the ky XX. cd the n6i cuoc xam lUdc cua Phap dA thanh cong. Nam 1901 ToAn quyen Paul Doumer trong mot bao cao tuyen bd' khdng mot ngUdi Phap nao tif 1897 den 1901 bi giet. Trong tang Idp tri thUc, long tin tUdng vao Dao Nha ctia Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Phan Van Tri dA nhUdng cho cho mot bAn khoAn, tU thA'y minh thua kem, bat lUc mA ta thay d Nguyen Khuyen, Tr^n Te Xudng. TrUdc dd, ngUdi ta chi thA'y Phap manh lA nhd Sling dan. NhUng gid dAy ngUdi ta bAt d iu thA'y ngoAi sung dan ra, con cd ca vAn boa niia.

Ke ra, khdng phai den thdi Tan thu mdi cd hien tUdng nAy. Cd the ndi vao the ky XIX, Nguyen TrUdng To mot ngUdi chinh nhd theo Cong giao mA hieu dUdc phUdng TAy, cung da thA'y dieu nay vA da de nghi nhiing siia ddi. NhUng cac bAi dieu trAn tam huyet cua ong vdi Tu Dilc qua con dUdng TrAn Tien ThAnh ngUdi benh vUc chii trUdng boa hieu vdi Phap vd vi vay mA chet (ong lA bd' vd Nguyen Lo Trach, mot ngUdi theo Nguyen TrUdng To) lA tai lieu tuyet mAt. MAt khac each nhin cua Nguyen TrUdng To da nhin thay nguy cd cua vi?c phUdng Tay xAm ludc chau Phi, Can Dong, An Dp nhUng vAn theo Kinh Dich, Am Dudng, Ngu hAnh.

Neu khdng ke mot vAi tri thiic cong giao nhu Nguyen

TrUdng To thi mai den dau the ky XX cac tri thitc Nho hoc

Viet Nam mdi biet dUdc lich sU ve sU bAnh trudng cua cac

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cUdng quoc phUdng Tay, dac biet ve van hoa, khoa hoc

phUdng Tay. Cac ban dich cua Nghiem Phuc bAt ho phai

thiia nhAn rAng siic manh cua phUdng Tay la xuA't phat txX

khoa hoc, ky thuAt, va tii mot nen vAn hoa cao hdn phudng

Dong, him dau tien, cac nhA Nho Viet Nam trUdc kia doc

sach de di thi, gid biet chu nghia de qud'c, ly thuyet duy ly

cua Descartes, thuyet xa hoi lAm hong cai ban tinh thien cua

con ngUdi cua Rousseau, thuye't tien hoa cua Huxley, thuyet

tam quyen phan lap (chinh quyen, giao due, luat phap) cua

Montesquieu, thuyet nguon goc cac loai trong dd cd loAi ngUdi

ciia Darwin v.v... Ho tha'y ro nhiing nhUdc diem cua Nho

giao, dAc biet vi ho lA ngUdi To qud'c luAn, cho nen ho nghi

den each truyen ba hoc vA'n nay de thoat khoi ach nd dich cua

Phap. Day lA diem phan biet ho vdi cac hoc gia Trung Hoa

theo xu hudng doi mdi. Cac hoc gia ho quy trong nhu Nghiem

Phuc, Khang Hiiu Vi, Ludng Khai Sieu muon dUa vao nhA

Man Thanh, mot trieu dinh ngoai toe de ddi mdi da't nude.

Con ho thi tim each doi mdi da't nUdc de cd dieu kien gianh

lA'y doc lAp dan toe. Nha van Trung Hoa anh hUcing sau sac

nhA't den Viet Nam la Ludng Khai Sieu. Ta chi can doc van

cua Nguyen Thudng Hien, Huynh Thuc Khang, Phan Bgi

Chau lA thA'y anh hUdng Ludng Khai Sieu ra't rd. Cha tdi vAo

khoang 1915-1916 lAm dd'c hoc Phii Yen khi che do khoa c\i

vAn con, ndi bAi van ong cu doc deu viet theo vAn Ludng Khai

Sieu.

2. Ti^ phong trao Tan Thif dan tdi phong t r ao Dong Du. NgUdi lanh dao phong trAo nAy lA Phan Bpi Chau (1867-1940),

ngUdi doat giai nguyen k^ thi hUdng Nghe An nam 1897.

Ong thA'y nUdc Nhat tU minh doi mdi dUdc va trd thanh mot

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cUdng quoc nen sang Nhatt le tim hieu. Ong gAp Ludng Khai Sieu nam 1905, vA LUdng de tUa tac phAm "Viet Nam vong

quoc sit' cua Phan. Ludng anh hUdng den Phan ve che do dan chu, dan quyen, each td chuc mot nen quan chii lap hien, vai trd cua Quoc hoi vA chinh phu. nhUng Phan gat bo chu nghia cai ludng cua Ludng. Sau dd, ong trd ve nUdc tuyen mp nhiing chi si sang Nhat de tU minh phan doan ve con dudng phai di. Trong so'nAy, cd Cudng De. hoAng than mA ong djnh dung lAm ong vua lap hien tUdng lai sau khi gianh dUdc dpc lAp. NgUdi thu hai lA Phan Chau Trinh, dd phd bang nAm 1900 cung mot khoa vdi cu Nguyen Sinh Sac. than phu Ho Chi Minh. Nhung Phan Chau Trinh du cd dUdc hudng dAn di tham cac dieu "ky dieu" cua Nhat Ban, vAn chong lai dUdng loi bao dong cua Phan Boi Chau, chu trUdng cai each md rong dan quyen, phat trien dan tri, lam cuoc song dan no du, chong lai che do quan chu du lA lAp hien, benh vUc che dp dan chu. So' ngUdi tham gia phong trao Dong Du len den hai trAm vA dieu dang chu y lA ho song nhd trd cA'p ciia tAng Idp budn ban trong nUdc. Dieu nAy chUng minh khdng the choi cAi truyen thong yeu nude cua moi ngUdi dan Viet Nam.

Phong trAo Dong Du chi ton tai den nAm 1909. Theo yeu

cau cua Phap cung vdi viec Phap thua nhan nhiing ke hoach

thue dan cua Nhat, Nhat dung len mot cuoc vAn dong chong

sinh vien Viet Nam d Nhat vA roi dai da so phai rdi bo NhAt.

Chinh Phan Boi Chau ciing tinh ngo trUdc anh chang Nh<it

"buoi sang cUdi hi hi, buoi toi mAi dao loang xoang".

3. Tri/dfng Dong Kinh ngh ia t h u c md vAo nAm 1907 theo de nghi cua Phan Chau Trinh. TrUdng nay la mot diln dAn de phd bien van hoa phUdng Tay nhAm vUdt khoi tinh

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trang be tAc cua van hoa Viet Nam. Nhiing ngUdi chu chot trong nhdm ngoai Phan Chau Trinh cd Nguyen Quyen, hieu trUcing, LUdng Van Can, Hoang Tang Bi, DAo Nguyen Pho, toAn lA nhiing nha Nho cd tieng, theo gUdng Khanh Uhg

nghia thuc, mot trung tam quan trong cua Nhat thdi duy

tAn. TrUdng nhAn hoc vien khdng lA'y tien ma do trd cA'p cua

cong chttc, thUdng nhan. Giao vien day khong lA'y tien. Cac

bAi giang dUdc in ra nhd mot may in tho sd roi truyen ba

khAp ndi. TrUdng nhAn hoc vien khdng phan biet nam nii,

giAu ngheo, trinh do hoc van. Mdi thang vao mong mot vA

ngAy rAm am lich cd nhiJtng cuoc ndi chuyen vdi tren ngan

ngUdi nghe, chu yeu ndi ve ddi mdi dat nude. Nhin chung de

giiip nhan dan cAt biii td, Phan Chau Trinh ndi ngAy xUa nhAn dan cAt tdc, viec de biii td lA do nhA Minh cai tri b i t

nam gidi phai de biii td de thanh ngudi Han. Con gid day trdi da md mAt cho ta. Ta khdng the de "bon An bam thuc dan hut

mau tren dau chiing ta". Sau dd, dam dong lao ra dudng cAt

moi bui td va vAi nam sau, cai biii td bien mat khoi dau dAn

ong. ThUc dan Phap chi cd the khoanh tay vi day lA mot viec

lAm cung ciia chinh ho.

Mot dieu rat dang chii y, dd lA nhd phong trAo Dong Kinh nghia thuc vA phong trao Tan thu (day lA each goi ciia Viet Nam), cac khai niem phudng Tay nhap vao Viet Nam theo con dudng Han Viet mot each 6 at (tix nhOng khai niem chinh tri, triet hoc, den nhiing khai niem khoa hoc). Cd nhiing khai niem nhAp cang kha buon cudi. Ngay ca cac ten rieng mA neu phien am theo Qud'c ngii thi de dpc hdn nhieu, ta ciing khdng phien am (xu hUdng phien am lA txX 1945 trd di) mA chep theo each dpc Han Viet. Cac ten nude chang ban mA gid ta goi lA Anh, Phap, Bi... lA lay d cac ttt Han Viet roi riit gpn;

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Anh-cat-ldi, Phap-lan-tAy, Bi-ldi-thi. DAc biet ten ngUdi thi trong mot thdi gian dAi vAn the; Rousseau lA Lu Thoa, Montesquieu la Manh-dUc-tU-cUu, Darwin la Dat-nhi-vAn, Ngay tdi vao hoc tieu hoc nam 1932 thay sach ndi "ngudi Phap cai tri nudc ta", tdi khdng hieu Phap lA gi, chu tdi phai giang Phap lA *TAy", vi moi ngUdi deu goi the. Chii "Phap" lA phien am chu France thAnh "Phap-lAng-sa" roi nit gOD thanh Phap.

Tuy thdi gian phong trAo Dong Du cham dxit nAm 1909 vA

Dong Kinh nghia thuc tdn tai khdng dAy mot nAm nhung

anh hUdng cua hai cuoc van dong nay la vd ciing to Idn. N6

da giiip ngUdi Viet Nam cd mot dieu mdi me lA dc phe phan.

6c phe phan chinh lA cho manh cua tU tUdng phudng Tay,

nen tang ciia vAn boa, khoa hoc phudng TAy. Nhung c6 hai

cAch phe phan. CAch thii nhA't lA dua vAo mot he thong tU

tUdng khac, ddi lAp, thi du he tu tUdng phUdng Tay vA chtrng

minh nd lA Uu viet ve moi mAt hdn he tU tudng cii. Dd lA each

phe phan de phe phan. CAch nAy lA c^n thiet nhUng khong

du de thay doi xA hdi, nhA't lA khi xa hoi lA mot nUdc lhu6c

dia. khdng ddi nAo thuc dan Phap de yen mA khdng trirng tri.

Do dd, cac nhA Nho Idi lac ciia thdi dai trong hai cuoc v^n

tren day phan Idn deu bi dAy Con Dab. Tinh trang nAy len

den miic dp triet de den ndi cu DAng Van Thuy, hoAng giap,

te tUu thdi Khai Dinh bao cha tdi: "Nhiing thAng hay chii di

Cdn Dao ca roi, d day chAng con ai biet chii nghia gi nda".

Paul Doumer, sau khi tuyen bo da binh dinh Viet Nam,

hOa se dem vAn hoa vA ky thuAt cua Phap den di khai hoa

Viet Nam, lAm cho Viet Nam giAu cd. Dieu nAy thUc te da lito

dudc mot so ngUdi sau nAy goi lA nhiing "dng Tay An Nam".

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Cdn trong thUe te thi nd bieu hien bAng ba dpc quyen chua

he thay ca ct Viet Nam xUa, cung nhu d cac thuoc dia khdng

phai ciia Phap: dpc quyen thuoc phien, rudu, mud'i cung che

dp lao dich bAt bupc. Doumer tien hAnh mot loat cong trinh

xay dung theo quy md Idn ve cAu (thi du cAu Thang Long),

dudng xe liia (thi du dudng xe lua xuyen Dong Dudng), dudng

sa ndi lien cac trung tam. Ket qua lA thie'u tien. De bu dAp

vAo Id hong tai chinh, dng dua ra ba dpc quyen ay. Mot lA dpc

quyen thuoc phien. Mac dau viec tAng trii thuoc phien d

Phap lA bi luat phap tritng tri, nhUng thUc dan Phap lai mua

thuoc phien sd'ng d An Dp, che bien lai d SAi Gdn roi ban. Hai

la dpc quyen rUdu. Rudu ne'p vd'n lA thutc ud'ng quen thuoc

ciia ngUdi Viet trong cac bi3a tiec, gid chap bi cA'm, nay do

nhA nude nam dpc quyen dUdc gpi la "rUdu ty". Ba lA dpc

quyen mud'i. NgUdi lam mud'i phai ban lai mud'i ciia minh cho

nhA nude de roi mua lai. Vdi tiing mdn hAng nhu vay chinh

phii lai tii nAm den mUdi Ian gia thUc te. Neu nhU viec hiit

thuoc phien dUdc khuyen khich, viec mua rUdu bi bAt bupc.

Mdi buyen mdi nam phai mua mot so' lUdng chai Idn neu

khdng thi bi phat vi tdi thao tiing viec nA'u rUdu lAu. Bon

nhan vien nha doan sue sao titng nhA, bat bd, gay mot canh

tUdng Idn xdn lich sU chua tiXng thay. Da the vAi thang lai

thay bpn li'nh den liing sue bAt ngUdi di lAm don dien, ham

mo, cAu cong, dudng xe liia. Moi Ian nhU vay ndng thdn day

tieng than khdc vi ra't nhieu ngUdi di bo xac que ngUdi hay ve

nhA mang thUdng tAt cudi ddi.

Nhan dan hai tinh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai noi day ddi

giam ba dpc quyen va viec di phu. HAng chuc ngudi bi giet.

Phan Chau Trinh can thiep bi ket an tii hinh sau chuyen

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thAnh hi giam d Cdn Dao do sU can thiep cua nhUng ngUdi

Phap dAn chu.

6 tren. tdi da ndi nen tang cua tU tUdng Viet Nam la tu

tUdng lang-nudc. Cai lAng Viet Nam tu quan khdng he c6 b

Trung Quoc. Cai quan niem nUdc Viet Nam lA ciia dan lAng

cung khdng cd d Trung Quoc. Chinh tri Trung Quoc trUdc

Tdn Trung Sdn chu trUdng nUdc la vAt sd hiiu cua trieu dai,

cho nen ngUdi Trung Quoc trUdc 1911 khdng cd ten nUdc nhu

Viet Nam. Neu trieu dai lA Han thi nude lA nUdc Han. ngUdi

la ngUdi Han. Du lA ngUdi ngoai tdc cai tri (nhA Nguyen, nhA

Thanh) thi ciing the. Cdn d Viet Nam, ten nUdc Dai Viet lA

chung cho may trieu dai (Tien Le, Ly cho den Nguyen). Trieu

dinh chi lA ngudi quan ly. Cai tieu chuan de quan ly lA chong

dUdc ngoai xam, dd lA tieu chuAn tif Tien Le den Nguyen.

Cdn khi nhA vua, trieu dinh khdng lAm dudc nhiem vu n^y

thi nhan dan tu dong ndi len nhu cii nhAn Phan VAn Tri ndi:

"Chem diu Tu DUc, moi gan Tu DUc, ud'ng mau Tu Dac".

Nho giao chi lA mot each td diem ben ngoAi, mot tht( ao

khoac.

Cho nen den nAm 1919 khi che dp khoa cii hi bo thi cai ao khoac A'y ciing mat ludn. Cac nhA Nho Viet Nam hAnh dong theo tam ly lAng nUdc nhUng trong each dien dat c6 hinh thiic Nho giao. He tU tUdng khdng the tU nd ra ddi dUdc, di u nAy chinh Mac da thita nhan. Cho nen nd phai vay mUdn hinh ihxlc. hoAc tit Phat giao, nhu cud'i thdi BAc thuoc den nhA Le, hoac txl Td'ng Nho nhu tif Le Thanh Tong den dAu thdi Phap thuoc. Nhung ngay ca cai hinh thUc ben ngoAi thi den nam 1919, khi che dp khoa cU bi bd, cai hinh ihxic Ay cung mat ludn. Dao Nho da chet, ciing nhu nhieu tnet hoc

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khac liing lAy mot thdi cung da chet. Nhung nd chet de gdp phAn vAo mot dao diic mdi da dUdc Bac Ho day khi ndi ve svf dong gdp ciia nd vao dao dij£c each mang.

MAc dii chii nghia thUc dan Phap lA tan bao, nhung nd

vAn c^n cd ngudi ca ngdi nd lA tuyet dep. Ngudi dd lA Nguyin

VAn Vinh (1872-1936). Ong Vinh xuat than tiJ mot gia dinh

ndng dan d ngoai thAnh Ha Ndi, nhUng da tim dUdc each vAo

TrUdng Thong ngdn. Td't nghiep xong, dng lam viec cham chi

nen dUdc sang Phap dU vao "Phdng BAc Ky" tai cuoc trien

lAm thuoc dia Phap cf Marseilles nam 1906. Ngay sat phdng

BAc Ky lA phdng do nha xuA't ban Le Petit Marseillais, ong

nAy dUa vAo dA'y toAn bd may mdc boat dong cua td bao. Vinh

ngAm nhin say me boat dong ciia mot td bao vA cd md Udc trd

thAnh mot nhA bao de keo Viet Nam khoi tinh trang mA dng

cho lA lac hAu vA me tin. Ong trdng coi nhieu td bao, vA ddng

gdp vAo viec pho bien chii Qud'c ngii. Dieu dang chii y lA ca

Ddng Nam A chi cd mot minh Viet Nam cd du can dam doi

hAn he chii viet. Ong lA mot dng Tay An-nam, tUc lA con

ngUdi thA'y cai gi ciia Phap ciing hay, cai gi ciia Viet Nam

Cling del. Ong lAm chii td Dong Ducfng tap chi, vdi muc dich

benh vUc Phap, chong lai hAnh vi bao lUc cua Phan Bpi

Chau. Ong viet mot loat bai thAnh muc 'Tu xet Idi minh",

neu nhiing thie'u sdt ciia ngudi Viet Nam nhu: ThA'y gi ciing

CUdi, ma chay, dinh dam, an trAu, me tin. Su phe phan Td'ng

Nho ciia dng hdi hdt, dng chi bao dd la vi ta hieu sai, cac nhA

triet hpc mdi thdi moi khac. Cdn viec Phap cai tri Viet Nam

lA mot cai may cho Viet Nam. Ong yeu cAu Phap cai tri trUc

tid'p BAc Bd vA Trung Bp de cham diit cai nan tham nhiing

cua quan lai Viet Nam. Td Dong Di/cfng tap chi noi tieng mot

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thdi khdng phai do nhiing bai viet cua dng. mA do sU cong tac dAc luc cua mot nhdm tAn hpc nhu Pham Duy Ton, md dAu Idi truyen ngAn theo Phap, phe phan xa hdi theo Idl Alphonse

Daudet, the ky XIX, nhUng ngdn ngii thi vAn cdn theo Idl doi

chpi cua vAn chUdng trUdng 6c; TrAn Trpng Kim gdp nhiing

bAi ve giao due hpc. Lai cd nhiing nhA Nho nhU Phan Ke

Binh. viet ve lich sU vA van hoa nen dA ndi tieng mot thdi.

NhUng khi td Nam Phong ra ddi nam 1917 thi nd bi lu md.

Quan diem ciia Pham Quynh (1892-1945) chong lai ly thuyet

ban tinh con ngUdi lA thien, khang dinh tinh trang hien nay

lA tinh trang moi ngUdi chdng lai mpi ngudi, vAn hoa Trung

Quoc hay phudng TAy deu suy doi, khdng viec gi phai bAt

chudc nd. Qua khii tuy chAng hoAn bao nhUng cdn hdn nhieu

cai Id lAng hien dang xay ra. Dac biet giiia Quynh vA Vinh

dien ra mot cuoc tranh luan. Vinh mudn che dp cai tri trvic

tiep cua Phap d Bac Bd vA Trung Bp. Cdn Quynh muon quay

\r' hiep udc 1884 de giO nhiing quyen cdn sdt l^i cua nen

quan chii Viet Nam. Di nhien, mpi Idi ban cua hai dng deu lA

chuyen vAn chUdng.

Quan diem tu tUdng ciia Nguyen Ai Quoc bpc Id ro rAng nhat trong bAi ''Bao cao ve Bac Ky, Trying vd Nam Ky", viet bang tieng Phap nam 1924 d Matxcdva (Ho Chi Minh To^n tap. tap I, tr. 464-469). Vi ndi dung dai, tdi chi cd the neu len nhiing luan diem ma gid day nhin lai cAng diing.

1. "Mac da xay dung hpc thuye't cua minh tren mot triet ly nhat dinh ciia lich sU, nhUng lich sU nao? Lich sU chau Au. MA chau Au la gi? Dd chUa phai lA toan the nhan loai". Va nhiem vu ciia Dang Cong san lA "xem xet lai chu nghia Mac ve cd sd lich su cua nd. ciing co nd bAng dan tdc hpc phUdng Ddng".

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2. "Chii nghia dan tdc lA ddng lUc Idn ciia da't nude". Do dd cong viec lA "Phat ddng chii nghia dan tdc ban xU nhan danh Quoc te Cong san".

Dd'i vdi ngUdi Viet Nam, quen sd'ng dpc lAp mot ngan nAm,

danh bai mpi ke xam lUdc, dieu gan nhu la duy nhA't trong

lich sii cac dan tdc, thi mpi ly luan deu chi cd the thu hiit hp

thUc sU khi, qua dd, hp hy vpng nhin tha'y con dUdng giai

phdng dan tdc. Con dudng nay sau Xd Viet Nghe Tinh hp da

thA'y dUdc, mac dau ci dd cd mot vai nhUdc diem giao dieu, ta

khuynh. Khdng phai ngAu nhien ma nhdm "Phong Hoa -

NgAy Nay" tuy che rieu mpi ngUdi, nhUng tranh nhiing ngUdi

cong san. NhUng de thuoc vao Qud'c te Cong san, trUdc he't

Dang Cong san phai dUdc Quoc te Cong san chA'p nhAn ve

dudng Idi mat tran toan dan, khac dUdng Idi mot minh Dang

Cong san dpc quyen lanh dao. Sau khi Hitler len nAm quyen

d Diic, Stalin nhan thay nguy cd chien t ranh vdi phat-xi't lA

khdng the t ranh khoi, vA chap nhan viec Dang Cong san d

cac nudc lap ra Mat tran binh dan trong dd cd nhieu ngUdi

khdng cong san, de chd'ng nguy cd ciia chu nghia phat-xit.

MAt tran Binh dan Phap ra ddi thang 5 nam 1936 da anh

hUdng den each cai tri ciia Phap d Viet Nam. Nhieu ngudi

cong san ra khoi tii, vA mot sU doi mdi ro rang trong van hoa

Viet Nam dien ra ra't manh me.

Ve vAn hpc, cac nha van hien thUc da day lui phong trao

lAng man ciia Tu Luc van doan. Ve phe binh van hpc,

khuynh hudng phdi bAy thUc te de thay doi nd ciia Hai Trieu

da thAng khuynh hUdng phe binh theo chii quan; ve thd. To

Hiiu da lAm chii thi dan (bi mat) thAng trao lUu lang man.

Ve Dang Cong san, Nguyen VAn Cxi da thay Ha Huy Tap lam

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Tong bi thu. Dudng loi mdi cua Quoc te Cong san la the hien dudng loi sang tao cua Nguyen Ai Quoc ngUdi thAnh lap MAt tran chd'ng de quoc thuc dan Phap khi cdn d Paris, nen uy tin cua Nguyen Ai Quoc thuc te la vd song.

Nguyin Ai Quoc tim mpi each ve nUdc, nhUng mAi den 1938 mdi dUdc phep ve Trung Hoa vA phai den cudi 1940 hay dAu 1941 Nguyen Ai Quoc, liic nAy mang ten mdi lA Ho Chi Minh mdi dAt chan len manh dat thieng lieng cua Td quoc. DAu thang 5 nAm 1941, Ban chap hAnh Trung Udng Dang Cong san Ddng Dudng vdi vi Tong bi thU mdi lA TrUdng Chinh hop cuoc hop thU Tam, lAp ra Viet Nam Dpc lAp Dong minh hdi, gpi tat lA Viet Minh.

VA tix dd lA con dudng buyen thoai ciia Bac Ho vA Dang

Cong san: lAm the nAo de bang chinh ddng gdp cua minh

chdng Nhat xam lUdc mA vAn dUdc chinh chinh quyen Tudng

Gidi Thach chap nhan ben canh Viet Nam CAch mang Dong

minh bpi (gpi tAt lA Viet CAch), ndi cd nhieu phAn tu chong

cong san. Sau dd, bAng chinh thAnh tich chd'ng phat xit cua

minh, Viet Minh giAnh dUdc sU iing bd ciia My, lUc IU(?ng

dong minh chinh chdng Nhat. Roi t\X sU ung hp cua Dong

Minh vdi sU ung ho ciia toan dan, Viet Minh, do Dang Cpng

san lanh dao, da giAnh dUdc chinh quyen toAn quoc chi trong

10 ngAy, vA thong nhat dAt nUdc trong mot cuoc each mang

gan nhu khdng dd mau, khdng gay xao trdn, dieu chUa c6

trong lich sU loAi ngUdi.

Chua het. Cdn bao khd khan, thAng dUdc giAc ddi, giAc dot, duy tri dudc mot chinh quyen on dinh suot mot nAm bon thang, mot chinh quyen xAy dung tren tinh nghia, khong phai tren bao luc, ddng thdi lai theo diing mpi yeu cAu cua

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mot chinh the cpng hoa hien dai. Cd Qud'c hdi do bau cii toan dan, tu do, cd chinh phii da nguyen. Roi den cuoc tii chien, trong dd Viet Nam ket hdp chien t ranh vdi bd dpi chii lUc vA moi hinh thiic chien t ranh nhan dan (chien t ranh ham bao, bom min, ndi cong ngoai kich, tam ly chien di vdi tran dia chien v.v...) Ket qua lA sau chien dich Cao Bac Lang, toan bp viing ThUdng du Bac bd trd nen bat kha xam pham.

Cho den 1949, Viet Nam chien dau vA chien thAng mot minh. NhUng vAo thang 12 nam 1949, giai phdng quan Trung Hoa da den bien gidi Viet Nam. Cuoc hop giiia Stalin, Mao Trach Ddng va Ho Chi Minh da di den quyet dinh Trung Hoa se giiip dd Viet Nam chd'ng de qud'c. Mot trang mdi bat d^u, vdi nhOng thuan tien, nhung ciing cd nhiing va'p vap. Ndi dung ciia giai doan tit khi thanh lap chinh the dan chii cpng hoA den khi Viet Nam gia nhap phong trao giai phdng dan tdc the gidi thuc te vUdt ngoAi kha nang ngUdi viet. Trong giai doan hien nay ciia thdi mci ciia, hy vpng cac nha lanh dao cd the ndi r5 hdn ve cac quan he xa hdi, chinh tri, vAn boa, quan sU da tao thAnh lich sii buyen thoai ciia each mang Viet Nam.

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