this file last updated: 05 dec 02 - hrs3. web vieworacle-bone" writing ... 法 = laws, rules;...

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsI. INTRODUCTION

1. aphorisms / “four-character phrases” [chéngyǔ 成語]

a. "looking at flowers from horseback" [zoǔ mǎ kàn huā 走馬看花]

b. “dragonfly touching the water” [qīngtíng diǎn shǔi 蜻蜓點水]2. loess soil [huángtǔ 黃土]

3. the “Three Teachings” (sān jiào 三教 ):

a. Confucianism (Rúxué 儒學 )

b. Daoism [Taoism] (Dàoxué 道學)

c. Buddhism (Fójiào 佛教 )

4. “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]

II. EARLY MYTHS

1. Pan Gu 盤古2. “Nü Wa repairs heaven” [Nǚ Wā bǔ tiān 女媧補天]

3. "Three August Ones" and "Five Rulers" [sān huáng wǔ dì 三皇五帝]

a. Fúxī 伏羲

b. Shén Nóng 神農

c. Huáng Dì 黃帝

d. Yáo 堯

e. Shùn 舜

f. Yǔ 禹4. “Great Flood” (c. 1920 BCE / 8081 HE) [dà hóngshuǐ 大洪水]

III. SHANG 商 or YIN 殷 PERIOD

1. oracle-bone" writing [jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ]a. pyro-scapulimancy

2. Ānyáng 安陽

3. Sānxīngduī 三星堆4. "packed-earth" [hangtu 夯土 ]

5. city / wall [chéng 城 ]

Revised: 14 Apr 201705 May 23 (0:09) - /tt/file_convert/5a6fdd337f8b9ab1538b6c50/document.docx

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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms6. cowry shells [bei 貝]

7. king / wáng [王 ]

8. nei [內 ] = inside, inner; wai [外 ] = outside, outer

9. food [shí 食]; clothing [yī 衣]; housing [zhù 住]; transportation [xíng 行] = basic necessities; cultural markers/signposts

10. four cardinal directions [sìfāng 四方]

11. "state" / guó [國 ]12. “nine tripods”九鼎; pinyin: Jiǔ Dǐng

13. Tāotiè 饕餮 = zoomorphic animal mask/design; “gluttony”14. “complementary duality”

a. yīn 陰

b. yáng 陽15. the Eight Trigrams [bā guà 八卦 ]

16. dì 帝

17. Zhoù Xīn 紂辛

IV. ZHOU 周 PERIOD

1. periodization (all dates BCE / HE):

a. Western Zhou [ Xi Zhou 西周 ] (1046-771 / 8955-9230)

b. Eastern Zhou [ Dong Zhou 東周 ] (771-256 / 9230-9745)

c. Spring(s) and Autumn(s) [Chūn Qiū 春秋 ] period (722-481 / 9279-9520)

d. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221 / 9521/9598-9780) 2. Duke of Zhou [Zhoū Gōng 周公 ]

3. "well-field" [jǐngtián 井田 ] system

4. "feudal" [fēngjiàn 封建 ] system

5. lineage system [zōngfǎ 宗法 ]6. four classes:

a. Amen of service@ (warrior / scholar) [shì 士 ]

b. peasant [nóng 農]

c. artisan [gōng 工 ]

d. merchant [shāng 商 ]


2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termse. (“good iron doesn’t get beaten into nails; good men don’t serve as soldiers”

[hǎo tiě bù dǎ dìng; hǎo nán bù dāng bīng 好鐡不打釘，好男不當兵])

7. shaman [wū 巫 ]

8. "Heaven" [Tiān 天 ]

a. "Mandate of Heaven" [Tiānmìng 天命 ]

V. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221 / 9521/9598-9780 HE)

1. hegemon [bà 霸]

2. “sleeping on brushwood and tasting bile” [wòxīn chángdǎn 臥薪嘗膽 ]

a. Gōujiàn 勾踐 of Yuè / Zhèjiāng (reg.496-465 BCE)

b. Fūchāi 夫差 of Wú / Shànghǎi (reg.495-473 BCE)

c. “ten years of training/instruction, ten years of building/gathering [resources/soldiers]” [shínián jiàoxùn, shínián shēngjù 十年教訓，十年生聚 ]

VI. LEGALISM

1. fǎ 法 = laws, rules; methods

2. punishments [xíng 形，刑 ]

3. "techniques" (of government) [shu 術 ]

4. "rich country, strong military" [fùguó qiángbīng 富國強兵 ]

VII. DAOISM

1. Daò 道

2. "myriad objects" [wàn wù 萬物 ]3. wúwéi [無為 ] = "non-purposive action"

4. "artificial," "false" [wěi 偽 ]

5. "culture/patterns" [wén 文 ] vs. "simplicity/essence" [zhí 質 ]

6. "immortal" [xiān 仙 ]

7. Lǎozi 老子

a. Classic of the Dao [Dào Dé Jīng 道德經 ]

Dào kě dào fēi cháng Dào 道可道非常道

Míng kě míng fēi cháng Míng 名可名非常名


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms8. Zhuāngzi 莊子 (c. 365-290 BCE)

a. “transformation of things” [wùhuà 物化]

VIII. CONFUCIANISM

1. Confucius [Kǒng Fūzi 孔夫子 ] (c. 551-479 BCE)

a. Rú 儒 = expert on ritual & government

2. jūnzi 君子 = "gentleman"; “exemplary person”

a. dé 德 = "virtue" / ”fortitude” / “excelling”

3. "inferior man" [xiǎorén 小人 ]

a. profit, benefit [lì 利 ]

4. "sense of shame" [chǐ 恥]

5. self-cultivation [xiūshēn 修身]

6. "rectification of names" [zhèngmíng 正名]

7. "five constant virtues" [wǔ cháng 五常]

a. rén 仁 = "benevolence" / “authoritative conduct”

b. yì 義 = "righteousness"; “appropriate / fitting”

c. lǐ 禮 = [observing] "propriety", “ritual”, “rites”

d. zhì 智 = "wisdom"; “realizing”

e. xìn 信 = "trustworthiness”; “making good on one’s word”

8. xiào 孝 = "filial submission/piety/responsibility/filiopietism"

9. loyalty [zhòng 忠 ]; “doing one’s utmost”

10. reciprocity [shù 恕 ]; “putting oneself in the other’s place”

11. shàn 善 = “being good at…”

12. phrases from Confucius= writings:

a. I state but don=t make (up new truths...) [shù ér bù zuò 述而不作]

b. a gentleman is not a tool [jūnzi bù qì 君子不器]

c. in teaching, there should be no distinction of classes [yǒu jiào wú lèi 有教無類 ]

d. when I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers [sān rén xíng,

bì yǒu wǒ shī yān 三人行，必有我師焉]

e. respect the spirits but keep them at a distance [jìng gǔishén ér yuǎn zhī 敬鬼神而遠之]

f. my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity [wǔ Dào yī yǐ guàn zhī 吾道一以貫之]


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms13. Confucian "classics" / canonical writings:

a. “Four Books” [Sì Shū 四書 ]:

1) Analects [Lùn Yǔ 論語 ]

2) Doctrine of the Mean [Zhōng Yōng 中庸 ]

3) Great Learning [Dà Xué 大學 ]

4) Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子 ]

b. “Five Classics” [Wǔ Jīng 五經 ]:

1) Classic of Songs (or Book of Poetry) [Shī Jīng 詩經 ]

2) Classic of Changes [Yì Jīng 易經 ]

3) Record of Ritual [Lǐ Jì 禮記]

4) Classic of Documents [Shū Jīng 書經 ]

5) Spring and Autumn Annals [Chūn Qiū 春秋]

14. Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子], c. 370-290 BCE

a. “All men have a mind which cannot bear [to see the sufferings of] others [rén jiē yǒu

bù rěn rén zhī xīn 人皆有不忍人之心] (Mencius, II.A.vi.1) b. "kingly way" [wáng daò 王道]

c. "humane government" [rén zhèng 仁政 ]

d. mínshēng [民生 ] = "popular welfare," "livelihood"

e. "five relationships" [wǔ lún 五倫] and "three bonds" [sān gāng 三綱]

IX. QIN 秦 DYNASTY (221-206 BCE)

1. King Zheng [Zhèng Wáng 政王] reg. 246-210 BCE who becomes:

a. Qín Shǐhuángdì [秦始皇帝] = First Emperor of Qin (221-210 BCE)

2. Li Si 李斯 (d. 208 BCE)

3. commanderies and districts [jùnxiàn 郡縣]

4. Great Wall [Cháng Chéng 長城]

5. "burning of books & burying of scholars" [fénshū kēngrú 焚書坑儒]

6. Second Emperor (of Qin) [èrshì huángdì 二世皇帝 ]

7. Zhào Gāo 趙高 (d. 207 BCE)

a. “calling a deer a horse” [zhǐ lù wéi mǎ 指鹿為馬]


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms8. Chén Shèng [陳勝 ] and Wú Guǎng [吳廣 ]

a. “王侯將相寧有種乎” (wáng hóu jiāng xiāng níng yǒu zhǒng hu / kings, marquises, generals, prime ministers—are they a [separate] type?)

X. HAN 漢 (206 BCE – 220 CE) and the Consolidation of Imperial Government

1. Xiàng Yǔ 項羽 2. Liú Bāng 劉邦, who becomes:

a. Hàn Gāozǔ 漢高祖 reg. 206-195 BCE

3. Cháng’ān 長安 4. "men of talent" [rencai 人才 ]

5. Empress (Dowager) Lü [Lǚ Hoù 呂后 ] 6. Sīmǎ Qiān 司馬遷 c. 145-86 BCE

a. Records of the Historian [Shǐ Jì 史記 ]1) lièzhuàn = 列傳“assembled biographies”

XI. HAN and the FRONTIER

1. Xiōngnú 匈奴

a. shànyú shanyu 單于b. Máodùn

2. policy of "peace and marriage" [héqīn 和親 ]

3. "use barbarians to control barbarians"[yi yi zhi yi 以夷制夷 ]

4. Hàn Wǔdì 漢武帝 reg. 140-87 BCE

5. Yuezhi 月氏6. Zhang Qian 張騫 fl. Late 2nd cent. BCE

7. Western Regions [Xi Yu 西域 ]

8. Wusun 烏孫

9. Da Yuan 大宛 = Sogdania / Ferghana

10.Da Xia 大夏 = Bactria

11. Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君 (1st cent. BCE)

12. Discourses on Salt and Iron [Yán Tiě Lùn 鹽鐵論] 81 BCE


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms13. Nan Yue 南越

XII. HAN PHILOSOPHY1. “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]

2. Zoū Yǎn 鄒衍3. "synchronicity of heaven and mankind" [Tiān rén zhī qí 天人之齊 ]4. the "five agents" [wǔ xíng 五行 ]

a. in "modern" order:

1) metal [jīn 金 ]2) wood [mù 木 ]3) water [shǔi 水 ]4) fire [huǒ 火 ]5) earth [tǔ 土 ]

b. "mutual production" [xiāngshēng 相生 ] order (wood-fire-earth-metal-water)

c. "mutual conquest" [xiāngshèng 相勝 or xiāngkè 相克 ] order (wood-metal-fire-water-earth)

5. the ten celestial stems [tiāngān 天干] and twelve earthly branches [dì zhī 地支] (see separate sheet)

6. portents [fúmìng 符命 ]7. Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 ] (179-104 BCE)

8. "Imperial Academy" (from the Jìn 晉 dynasty on) [Guózǐjiān 國子監 ]9. Tiānzǐ 天子 = "Son of Heaven"

10. sacrifices to heaven and earth [fēng shàn 封禪 ]

11. "spirit hall" cosmic house [míng táng 明堂 ]

12. Wáng Chōng 王充 (27-100 CE)

a. Critical Essays (or, Balanced Discussions) [Lùn Héng 論衡 ]

XIII. POST-HAN PERIOD

1. Seven Scholars of the Bamboo Grove [zhú lín qī xián 竹林七賢 ]

a. Ruǎn Jí 阮藉 (210-263)


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsb. Liú Líng 劉伶 (fl. c. 265)

2. "naturalness" [zìrán 自然 ]

3. "madmen" [chī 癡 ]

4. qīngtán 清談 = "pure talk," "cult of repartee"

XIV. BUDDHISM [Fójiào 佛教 ]

1. Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha / Sākyamuni [Shìjiāmúní 釋迦牟尼] c. 563 – c.483 BCE

2. Four Noble Truths [sìshèngdì 四聖諦 ]

1) Nature of dukkha (“suffering”) [kǔdì 苦諦 ]

2) Origin of dukkha [jídì 集諦 ]

3) Cessation of dukkha [mièdì 滅諦]

4) Path/Way of cessation [dàodì 道諦]

3. Eight-fold Path1) Right view 2) Right intention3) Right speech4) Right action5) Right livelihood6) Right effort7) Right mindfulness8) Right concentration

4. Three Treasures/Jewels [sānbǎo 三寶]

a. Buddha = “enlightened one” [Fó 佛]

b. dharma / vinaya = “teachings” / “disciplines” [fǎ 法 ]

c. sangha = “monastic community” [sēng 僧 ]

5. Theravada [Xiǎo Chéng 小乘 ]

a. arhat [luóhàn 羅漢]

6. Mahāyāna [Dà Chéng 大乘 ]a. śūnyatā = “emptiness/void” kong / kū /gongseong /空(性)b. bodhisattva [púsà 菩薩]


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsc. Nagarjuna

d. Kumarajiva

7. "matching concepts" [géyì 格義]

8. karma [yīnyuán 因緣 / yèyīn 業因]

9. samsara [dàlúnhuí 大輪迴]

10. nirvana [nièpán 涅盤]

11. Amitābha [Amítuófó 阿彌陀佛] 12. Avalokite1śvara, or Guānyīn 觀音13. Čakravartin-rāja

XV.Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó 三國 ]: 1. founders and states

a. Cáo Cāo (155-220) 曹操 in Wèi [魏]

b. Liú Bèi 劉備 (161-223)and Zhūgě Liàng 諸葛亮 (181-234) in Shǔ Hàn [蜀漢 ]

c. Sūn Quán 孫權 (182-252) in Wú [吳 ]2. sources

a. Record(s) of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Zhì 三國志] by Chén Shòu 陳壽

(233-297)

b. Romance of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Yányì 三國演義 ] by Luó

Guànzhōng 羅貫中 (c.1330-1400)3. phrases

a. 話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分 (Huà shuō, tiānxià dàshì, fēn jiǔ bì hé, hé jiǔ bì fēn / It’s

generally said that when All under Heaven has been long divided, it must unite; if united, it must divide.)

b. 謀事在人，成事在天(móu shì zài rén，chéng shì zài tiān / man proposes, heaven disposes)

c. 說到曹操，曹操就到 (Shuō dào Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo jiù dào / speak of the devil…)

XVI. SIX DYNASTIES [Liù Cháo 六朝 ] PERIOD (220-589)

1. Wú [吳 ] 222-265/280, with its capital at Jiànyè 建業 (= modern Nanjing)

2. Jìn1

1 often spelled ATsin” in older texts


9

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsa. Western Jin [Xī Jìn 西晉 ], at Luoyang, 265-316

b. Eastern Jin [Dōng Jìn 東晉 ], at Jiànkāng 建康 (Nanjing), 317-420

3. "internal disorder, external disaster" [nèi luàn wài huàn 內亂外患 ]

4. "Northern and Southern Courts" [Nán Běi Cháo 南北朝 ], 420-589

a. in the south, four successor states (420-589) to Wu and Jin, to complete the rest of the "Six Dynasties": (reference only)

1) Liú Sòng 劉宋 (420-476)2) Southern Qi [Nán Qí 南齊 ] (479-=502)

3) Liáng 梁 (502-557)a) Liáng Wǔdì 梁武帝

4) Chén 陳 (557-589)b. in the north:

1) "Sixteen Kingdoms" [Shíliù Guó 十六國 ], 304-439

2) "five barbarian tribes throw China into disorder" [wǔ hú luàn Huá 五胡亂華] 3) “sinification” / “sinicization” [Hàn huà 漢化]

4) Northern Wei [Běi Wèi 北魏 ], 386-535

a) Toba clan [Tòbá shì 拓跋氏 ] of the Xiānbēi 鮮卑 ] (Tabgach)

b) rulers: Tàiwǔdì 太武帝; Míngyuándì 明元帝; Xiàowéndì 孝文帝 c) institutions:

(1) professional/rotational border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ]

(2) collective guarantee [bǎojiǎ 保甲] system

(3) "equal-field" [jūntián 均田 ] system2

XVII. Land and Taxes (N. Wei through mid-Tang)

1. "equal-field" [juntian 均田 ] system

a. mu, mou [mu 畝 ]

b. arable land [lutian 露田 ]

c. "mulberry" land [sangtian 桑田 ]; permanently-held land [yongyetian 永業田 ]

2. “estates” [zhuangyuan 莊園 ]

2 to be distinguished from the "well-field" [jingtian 井田 ] system


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms3. dīng 丁 = adult male, for taxation purposes [mù bu shì dīng 目不識丁]

4. taxes [shui 稅 ]:a. main:

1) in grain [zu 租 ]

2) in cloth [diao 調 ]

3) in corvée labor [yong 庸 ]b. examples of other taxes

1) household tax [hushui 戶稅 ]

2) land tax [dishui 地稅 ]

5. "double tax" system [liangshuifa 兩稅法 ] (780)

XVIII. SUI [隋 ] DYNASTY

1. Yáng Jiān 楊堅 ], who becomes:

a. Suí Wéndì 隋文帝 reg. 589-604

2. Yáng Guǎng 楊廣 who becomes:

a. Suí Yángdì 隋煬帝 reg. 605-617

3. "ever-normal granaries" [chángpíngcāng 常平倉 ] and "relief granaries" [yìcāng 義倉 or shècāng 社倉 ]

4. Grand Canal [Yùnhé 運河]

5. Turks [Tújué 突厥 ]

6. Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 (in Tibet) and Koguryŏ/Goguryeo 高句麗 ] (in Korea)

XIX. China’s Táng 唐 Dynasty

1. Li Yuan 李淵 ()565-635), who becomes:

a. Tang Gaozu 唐高祖 reg. 618-627

b. “retired emperor” = tàishànghuáng 大上皇

2. Li Shimin 李世民 , who becomes:

a. Tang Taizong 唐太宗 reg. 627-649

3. Gaozong 高宗 reg. 649-683

4. Wu Zhao 武曌 (c.625-705), who becomes:


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsa. Empress Wu [Wu Hou 武后 ];

b. a.k.a. Wu Zetian 武則天 reg. 684-705

5. Xuanzong 玄宗

a. a.k.a. Ming Huang 明皇 reg. 713-756 b. "my sorrow continues w/o end" [ci hen mianmian wu jueqi 此恨綿綿無絕期]

6. Yang Yuhuan 楊玉環 , better known as:

a. Yang Guifei 楊貴妃 ] or, "Lady Yang"

7. An Lushan 安祿山 (703?-757)

8. Huang Chao 黃巢

9. Li Keyong 李克用

a. Shato Turks [Shatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 ]

10. Zhu Wen 朱溫 , also known as:

a. Zhu Quanzhong 朱全忠

XX.FIVE DYNASTIES [Wu Dai 五代 ] PERIOD

1. "orthodox succession" [zhèngtǒng 正統 ]2. the five "dynasties" [for reference only]:

a. Latter Liang [Hou Liang 後梁 ], 907-923, under Zhu Wen

b. Latter Tang [Hou Tang 後唐 ], 923-937, under Li Keyong

c. Latter Jin [Hou Jin 後晉 ], 937-946

d. Latter Han [Hou Han 後漢 ], 947-950

e. Latter Zhou [Hou Zhou 後周 ], 951-960

3. "ten kingdoms" [shi guo 十國 ] (902-979)

4. Feng Dao 馮道 (882-954)

a. jiān 奸 – wide range of meanings, encompassing “opportunistic”, “traitorous”, “slippery”,

“unprincipled”, etc. – here, taken as the opposite of zhōng 忠 (loyal)

5. Khitan [Qidan 契丹 ] Mongols, who form the:

a. Liao 遼 dynasty

b. "sixteen prefectures" of Yenyun [Yanyun shiliu zhou 燕雲十六州 ] under the Liao


12

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsXXI. Military organization

1. "rotational conscription" [gēng yì 更役 ] (Han)

2. professional border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ] (N. Wei)

3. military governors, or regional commanders [jiédùshǐ 節度使 ] (Tang)

4. "personal army" [yájūn 牙軍 ] (Five Dynasties)

5. "Forbidden Army" [jìnjūn 禁軍 ] (Five Dynasties; Song)

6. Zhào Kuāngyìn 趙匡胤 , who becomes:

a. Sòng Tàizǔ 宋太祖 reg. 960-976

7. Chen Bridge Mutiny [Chén Qiáo bīngbiàn 陳橋兵變 ] on 2 February 960

a. "putting on the yellow robe" [huáng páo jiā shēn 黃袍加身]8. "disarmament over a wine-cup" [bēi jiǔ shì bīngquán 杯酒釋兵權 ]

9. "strong trunk, weak branches" [qiáng gān ruò zhī 強幹弱枝] (Song)

10. "favoring civil over military" [zhòng wén qīng wǔ 重文輕武 ]11. "soldiers have no constant commander; commanders have no constant

soldiers" [bīng wú cháng jiāng, jiāng wú cháng bīng 兵無常將，將無常兵 ]

12. garrison army [xiāngyǒng 鄉勇]

XXII. Japanese history: basic periodization1. formative stages

a. Jōmon period (c. 11,000 – 300 BCE)

b. Yayoi 弥生 period (c. 300 BCE – c. 300 CE; possibly c. 900 BCE – c.300 CE)

2. beginning of the imperial state

a. Yamato 大和 “state” (c. 250 – 710)

b. Tomb [kōfun 古墳] period (c. 300-552)

c. Asuka 飛鳥　period (552/592-645/710)

d. Hakuhō 白鳳 period (645-710 / 673-686

e. Nara period 奈良時代(710 – 784/794)

f. Heian period 平安 (794-1185)

3. military governments

a. Kamakura 鎌倉 shogunate (1192-1333)

b. Ashikaga　足利 / Muromachi 室町　shogunate (1336-1467/1573)

c. Azuchi-Momoyama period 安土桃山時代, 1573-1603


13

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsd. Tokugawa 徳川 shogunate (1600/1603-1867)

XXIII. Jōmon period (c. 11,000 – 300 BCE)

1. Jōmon pottery [Jōmon-shiki doki 縄文式土器 ]

2. kami　かみ = animistic spirits

XXIV. Yayoi 弥生 period (c. 300 BCE – 300 CE)

1. social groups:

a. aristocratic clans [uji 氏]

b. commoners [be 部]

2. Yamataikoku

a. Himiko♀卑弥呼 (d. c. 248)

b. Wa 倭

3. Yamato 大和 “state” (c. 250 – 710)

a. waka 和歌 Japanese poetry

b. wagaku 和学 Japanese studies/history

c. wagyū 和牛 Kōbe beef

XXV. Tomb [kōfun 古墳] period (c. 300-552)

1. “keyhole” tombs [zempō-kōen-fun 前方後円墳]2. haniwa [埴輪]

3. Soga 蘇我　clan

XXVI. Asuka 飛鳥　period (552/592-645/710)

1. Soga no Umako 蘇我馬子(? – 626)

2. Suiko♀ 推古(554-628)#33; first of 8 non-legendary female emperors

3. Prince Shōtoku 聖徳太子(574-622)

a. “Seventeen Article Constitution” (604)

4. “Five Provinces and Seven Circuits” [Gokishichidō 五畿七道]5. syncretism of Shintō and Buddhism (shinbutsu shūgō 神仏習合)

XXVII. Hakuhō 白鳳 period (645-710 / 673-686


14

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms1. (anti-Soga) coup (Isshi no hen 乙巳の変) 645

a. Nakatomi no Kamatari 中臣鎌足(614-669) > Fujiwara　藤原

b. Tenji 天智(626-672; reg. 661-671) #38

2. Taika　大化 Reforms (646)

3. “Jinshin Disturbance” (Jinshin no ran 壬申の乱), 672

4. Tenmu 天武(c. 631-686; reg. 672-686) #40

a. “Emperor” = Tennō　天皇

b. reign name / “year style” nengō　年号

5. Jitō♀ 持統 (645-702; reg 686-697) #41

a. “retired/cloistered emperor” (daijō tennō 太上天皇 )

b. “retired emperor system” (insei　院政)

6. Sekkan　摂関 system

a. Sesshō 摂政 = regent for child emperor

b. Kampaku 関白 = regent for adult emperor

7. “Japan” = Nihon 日本


15

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms

XXVIII. Japanese writing system1. table of forms:

Kanji -Chinese

characters

Hiragana -cursive syllabary

Katakana - square syllabary

Roman/Latin alphabet

漢字かんじカンジ kanji

平仮名ひらがなヒラガナ hiragana

片仮名かたかなカタカナ katakana

ロ—マ字ろうまじ —ロマジ rōmaji

2. pronunciations:

a. furigana　振り仮名

b. types of readings:

1) Chinese version = on’yomi　音読み

a) go’on 呉音

b) kan’on 漢音

c) tōsō’on 唐宋音

2) Japanese version = kun’yomi　訓読み

3) examples:a) “belly-cutting” or ritual suicide

(1) 腹切 harakiri (kun)

(2) 切腹 setsu + fuku = seppuku (on)

c. jūbako [yomi] 重箱読み

d. “national characters” = kokuji 国字

1) dō / hatara(ku) 働 (to work)

2) tōge 峠 (mountain pass)

3) tsuji 辻 (crossroads)

3. calligraphy = shodō　書道

4. “Madame Butterfly”　蝶蝶さん　chōchōsan ちょうちょうさん　　てふてふさん

5. on 音　= mora; ≠ “syllable”


16


XXIX. Nara – Heian imperial capitals and other cities: 1. on Honshū:

a. Heijō 平城/ Nara 奈良 (710-784)

b. Nagaoka　長岡 (784-794)

c. Heiankyō 平安京 / Kyōto　京都 (794-1868)

2. on Kyūshū:

a. Dazaifu 太宰府

b. Hakata 博多

Nara period 奈良時代(710 – 784/794)3. capitals

a. Heijō 平城/ Nara 奈良 (710-784)

b. Naniwa 難波(744-745)

c. Nagaoka　長岡 (784-794)

4. Shintō 神道 / kami-no-michi　神の道

5. Taihō Code 大宝律令 Taihō ritsuryō (701/702 enacted/implemented); revised in 718 as Yōrō

Code 養老律令 Yōrō-ritsuryō

6. “provinces”/”statelets” (kuni 国 / 國 )and “districts” (gun 郡)

7. system of criminal and administrative law (ritsuryōsei 律令制)

8. Council of State Affairs (Daijōkan　太政官)

9. “equal-field” system (of China; N. Wei through mid-Tang) 均田制度10.publicly-administered lands (kokugaryō　国衙領)

11. literary works:

a. gazetters (fudoki　風土記)[in China, fāngzhi 方誌]

b. Kojiki 古事記 (712)

c. Nihon Shoki　日本書紀(720)

d. Kaifūsō　懐風藻

1) Chinese poetry kanshi 漢詩

e. Man’yōshū 万葉集(c. 751)

f. Japanese poetry waka /　Yamato uta 和歌

12.Late Nara politics


17

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsa. Kōken 孝廉 / Shōtoku 称徳 ♀(718-770; non-Fujiwara)

b. Kanmu　桓武 (737-806)

XXX. Borderlands

1. Emishi / Ezo / Ainu 蝦夷 (“defeated” 774-812)

2. “barbarian-suppressing generalissimo” (seii taishōgun 征夷大将軍)

a. Ōtomo no Otomaro 大伴弟麻呂 (731-809), 794

b. Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 坂上田村麻呂 (758-811)

3. Hiraizumi　　平泉

a. Fujiwara no Kiyohira 藤原清衡(1056-1128)

4. kondei 健児 system (792)

XXXI. Heian Period

1. Heiankyō 平安京 / Kyōto　京都 (794-1868)

2. “aristocratic state” ōchō kokka 王朝国家 (c. 900-1050)

3. noble families = kuge 公家

a. upper level = dōjō 堂上

b. lower level = jige 地下

4. four great clans: Genpeitōkitsu 源平藤橘

a. Fujiwara family

1) Fujiwara no Yoshifusa 藤原義房(802-872)

2) Fujiwara no Mototsune 藤原基経(836-891)

3) Fujiwara no Michinaga 藤原道長(966-1027)

b. Kenmu Taira / Heishi 平氏(first granted c. 825)

1) Taira no Takamochi (founder, 889)

2) Taira no Masakado (d. 940)　平の将門

3) Taira no Kiyomori (1118-1181)　平の清盛

c. Seiwa Minamoto / Genji　源氏

1) Minamoto no Tsunemoto (894-961)　源の恒元 [grandson of Emperor Seiwa]

2) Minamoto no Tameyoshi (1096-1156)　源の為義

3) Minamoto no Yoshitomo (1123-1160) 源の義朝

4) Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199)　源の頼朝


18

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms5) Minamoto no Yoshitsune (1159-1189)　源の義経

5. Tachibana 橘 clan

6. shōen 荘園　= “estates”

a. “name-fields” 名 myō

b. mandokoro 政所　= “administrative council”

c. shiki 職= “rights/entitlements”

d. patrons (honke 本家)

e. central proprietors (ryōke 領家 )

f. residents (shōke　荘家 )

g. proprietors (ryōshu 領主 )

h. cultivators (shōmin 荘民)

7. “perpetual ownership of reclaimed land” law [konden-einen-shizai-hō 墾田永年私財法] 743

8. shinden 寝殿 = “mansions”

a. paper screens (shōji　障子)

b. Yamato-e　大和絵

c. scrolls (emaki　絵巻)

9. Murasaki Shikibu 紫式部 (c. 973 – c. 1025)

a. [daughter of Fujiwara Tametoki 藤原為時]

b. author of Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari 源氏物語)

10. miyabi 雅 = elegance; absence of crudity/roughness

XXXII. end-of-Heian conflicts

1. military/warrior families = buke 武家

2. Hōgen War (1156)　保元の乱

a. Minamoto no Tameyoshi & cloistered emperor vs. Go-Shirakawa 後白河, Taira no Kiyomori, & Minamoto no Yoshitomo

3. Heiji War (1159-1160)　平治の乱

a. Taira no Kiyomori vs. Minamoto no Yoshitomo

4. Genpei War (1180-1185)　源平合戦

a. Minamoto Yoritomo vs. Taira

b. battle of Dan-no-ura (壇ノ浦の戦い Dan-no-ura no tatakai) 24 March 1185


19

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsc. Heike Monogatari 平家物語

XXXIII. Kamakura 鎌倉　shogunate (1192-1333)

1. bakufu 　幕府 = “tent government”

a. shogun as of 1192

b. military governor / constable (shugo　守護 )

c. steward (jitō 地頭)

d. land manager (myōshu 名主 )

2. Bakufu administrative structure

a. Office of the Samurai

b. Administrative Office

c. Court of Appeals3. early shōguns of Kamakura

a. Minamoto “family”

1) Minamoto no Yoritomo 源の頼朝(1147-1199)

a) 1185: supreme shugo and jitōb) 1192: seii taishōgun (1192-1199)

2) Minamoto no Yoriie 頼家(1182-1204; reg 1202-1203)

a) eldest son of Yoritomo

b) marries into the Hiki 比企 clan

3) Minamoto no Sanetomo 実朝(1192-13 Feb 1219; reg. 1204-1219)a) second son of Yoritomo

b) assassinated by Yoshinari, a.k.a. Kugyō 公暁

(1) second son of Yoriie

(2) bettō (別当; head priest) at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū 鶴岡八幡宮

4) Kujō Yoritsune (九条頼経, (1218–1256; reg. 1226–1244)

4. Hōjō regency

a. shikken 執権 = “regent for a shōgun)

b. Hōjō Tokimasa 北条時政 (1138-1215; reg. as shikken, 1199-1205)

c. Hōjō Masako ♀ 北条政子(1157-1225)

1) widow of Minamoto Yoritomo

2) onna-bugeisha 女武芸者 = “female warrior

3) the “nun shōgun” amashōgun 尼将軍


20

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms5. Jōkyū War (承久の乱 jōkyū no ran)- 1221

a. Emperor Go-Toba 後鳥羽 (1180-1239; reg. 1183-1198; cloistered 1198-1221)

1) “warrior-monks” sōhei　　僧兵

b. Hōjō Yoshitoki (北条義時 1163 – 1224)

c. rensho 連署 (“co-signatory)

d. Rokuhara Tandai 六波羅探題

1) Hōjō Shigetoki　北条重時 (1198-1261)

6. Hōjō Yasutoki 北条泰時; 1183-1242

a. State Council (Hyōjō 評定)

b. Jōei 貞永 goseibai 御成敗 ) Adjudications / Code / shikimoku 式目, or “House Regulations”) of 1232

7. Mutō Sukeyori (武藤資頼, 1160-1228) and wakō 倭寇8. attempted Mongol invasions of 1274 and 1281

a. kamikaze 神風

9. “way/learning of the bow and arrow” (yumiya no narai 弓矢の習い)

a. bushidō 　武士道

b. samurai 侍

c. vassals (gokenin 御家人; ienoko 家の子)

d. on 恩 : obligation, gratitude, grace, favor, kindness, etc.

e. long and short swords (katana 刀 and wakizashi 脇差)

f. ritual suicide (seppuku or harakiri 　腹切 )

1) kaishakunin 介錯人 (assistant/”second”)

2) following one’s master in death (junshi 殉死)

g. rōnin 浪人

XXXIV. Nara Buddhism1. schools (most important of the Six School (rokushū 六宗)

a. Hossō 法相; Yogācāra / Yuishiki-shū 唯識宗 (“consciousness-only”)

b. Kegon 華厳

c. Ritsu 律2. Gyōki 行基 (668-749)

XXXV. Heian Buddhism


21

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms1. Shingon　真言 (“True Word”)

a. Kūkai 空海(774-835), a.k.a. Kōbō-Daishi 弘法大師

b. Dainichi Nyorai 大日如来 (Mahāvairocana; “primordial Buddha”)

c. Three Ages of Buddhism:

1) Correct Dharma (shōbō 正法)

2) Semblance Dharma (zōbō 像法)

3) Declining Dharma (mappō 末法) “end times”

d. main temples

1) Tōji 東寺 in Kyōto

2) Kongōbuji 金剛峯寺 at Kōyasan 高野山

2. Tendai　天台

a. Saichō 最澄(767-822)

b. Ennin 円仁(793-864)

c. Enryaku-ji 延暦寺 at Hieizan 比叡山

d. Lotus Sutra (myōhō renge kyō 妙法蓮華経 )

3. Pure Land school (Jōdo shū 浄土宗)

a. Genshin 源信 (942-1017)

1) Essentials of Salvation (Ōjō Yōshū 往生要集), 985

2) “Pure Land” / Western Paradise / China’s “Western Regions” [Xī Yù 西域 ] vs. hell/purgatory (jigoku 地獄 )

b. Hōnen 法然 (1133-1212)

c. Amitābha / [Amítuófó / Amida-butsu 阿彌陀佛] d. nenbutsu 念佛 = chanting the Buddha’s name / being mindful of the Buddha

e. “power of self” (jiriki 自力) vs. “power of another” (tariki 他力)

f. raigō 来迎= “welcoming approach” (of the Amida Buddha)

4. “evil monks” (akusō　悪僧)

XXXVI. Religion during the Kamakura period

1. True Pure Land school (Jōdo Shinshū 浄土真宗 )

a. Shinran 親鸞 (1173-1262)

1) Eshinni♀ 惠信尼(1182-1268?)


22

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms2. Nichiren 日蓮(1222-1282)

a. “namu myōhō renge-kyō”　南無妙法蓮華経 = “devoting oneself to the mystic law of the Lotus Sutra”

b. o-daimoku お題目 = “the (honorable) title” of this mantra

c. chanting the mantra (shōdai 唱題)

d. Sōka Gakkai 創価学会 (20th century)

3. Zen 禅

a. Eisai 栄西 (1141-1215)

1) Rinzai Sect (Rinzaishū 臨済宗 )2) kōan　公案

b. Dōgen 道元(1200-1253)

1) Sōtō Sect (Sōtōshū 曹洞宗)

2) seated meditation (zazen 坐禅)

c. Engakuji 円覚寺 in Kamakura (1282)

1) Hōjō Tokimune 北条時宗 (1251–1284)

2) Shariden 舎利殿 = reliquary

d. Shōkozan Tōkei-ji 松岡山東慶寺 (1285)

1) Kakekomi-dera 駆け込み寺2) Enkiri-dera 縁切り寺

4. resurgent Ritsu Buddhism

a. Eison 叡尊 1201-1290

b. Ninshō 忍性 1217-13085. Shintō 神道

a. Tsurugaoka Hachimangū 鶴岡八幡宮 and the hiding ginkgo (kakure-ichō 隠れ銀杏)

XXXVII. "NEO-CONFUCIANISM" 1. terms for Confucian studies:

a. "studies/students" of the Dao" [Daoxue /jia 道學 / 道學家 ]

b. 'ordinary' Confucianists [Rúlín 儒林 ]

2. Song studies [Sòngxué 宋學 ]

3. Zhou Dunyi 周敦頤 (1017-1073)

a. tàijí 太極 = "supreme ultimate"


23

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B8%88

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%A8

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsb. Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate [Taiji Tushuo 太極圖說 ]

c. "sincerity" [cheng 誠 ]

d. "public-spiritedness" [gong 公 ]

e. "tranquility" [jing 靜 ]

f. "emptiness" [xu 虛 ]

4. Zhang Zai 張載 (1021-1077)

a. qì 氣 = "matter," "psycho-physical stuff", Aconfigurational energy@5. Cheng Yi 程頤 (1032-1107)

a. lǐ 理 = "principle," "order"

b. "reverence" / Arespect@ [jìng 敬 ]

XXXVIII.School of Principle [Lǐxué 理學 ]

1. Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200)

a. Reflections on Things Close at Hand [Jinsilu 近思錄 ]

b. "investigation of things" / Aapprehending the principle in things@ [géwù 格物]

2. xìng 性 = "nature"

3. xīn 心 = "mind" (lit., "heart")

4. "self-cultivation" [xiushen 修身 ]

5. ”false learning" [wei xue 偽學 ]

XXXIX. School of the Mind [Xinxue 心學 ]

1. Wang Shouren 王守仁 (1472-1529)

a. H. = Yangming 陽明

2. "ideas" [yi 意 ]

3. "intuitive knowledge" [liangzhi 良知 ]

a. "extension of innate knowledge of the good " [zhi liangzhi 致良知 ]

4. wù [悟 ] = enlightenment, revelation, (J. = さとり )

5. "unity of knowledge and action" [zhi xing he yi 知行合一 ]

6. jìngzuò [靜坐] = “quietly sitting”, “tranquil repose”, meditation

7. Li Zhi 李贄 (1527-1602)


24


XL. Early Korea1. pottery types:

a. chŭlmon/jeulmon (“comb-pattern”) 櫛文

b. mumon (“no pattern”) 無文2. Kochosŏn / Gojoseon (“2333”-108 BCE) 古朝鮮 ] (i.e., “ancient Joseon”)

3. northern politiesa. Wiman Chosŏn / Wiman Joseon (194-108 BCE) 衛滿朝鮮b. four Han commanderies 漢四郡 hànsìjùn / hansagun

1) Lèláng (108 BCE – 313 CE) 樂浪a) Dàifāng (204-313) 帶方

2) Xuántú (108 BCE – 302 CE) 玄菟3) Líntún (107 BCE – 82 CE) 臨屯4) Zhēnfān (107 BCE – 82 CE) 真番

c. Puyŏ / Buyeo (c. 2nd cent. BCE – 494 CE) 夫餘d. Koguryǒ /Goguryeo (37 BCE – 668 CE)高句麗

4. polities in central/south Koreaa. Jin state (jin-guk) 辰國 3rd-2nd cents. BCEb. “Three Han” Confederacies (c. 1st cent. BCE – 3rd cent. CE)

1) Mahan 馬韓2) Jinhan 辰韓3) Byeonhan 弁韓

5. “Three Kingdoms” period Samguk Sidae 三國時代

a. Koguryǒ /Goguryeo (37 BCE – 668 CE)高句麗

1) Kwanggaet’o / Gwanggaeto (374-413; r. 391-413) 廣開土2) Yŏn Kaesomun / Yeon Gaesomun (603-666) 淵蓋蘇文

b. Paekche / Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE) 百濟

c. Silla (67 BCE – 935 CE) 新羅

1) Sŏndŏk/Seondeok ♀ (606-647; reg. 632-647) 善德

2) Chindŏk/Jindeok ♀ (reg. 647-654) 眞德d. Kaya / Gaya 加倻 Federation (42-562 CE); in Japanese: Kara or Mimana 任那


25

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms6. Silla aristocracy – “bone-rank” system (golpumjedo 骨品制度)

a. “sacred bone” seonggol 聖骨

b. “true bone” jingol 眞骨

c. Council of Notables (Hwabaek 和白)

XLI.Korea’s “Southern and Northern States period” (Nam-Baek Guk Sidae 南北國時代)

1. Unified Silla (668-935) Tong-il Silla 統一新羅a. Battle of Paekchŏn River | Hakusukinoe 白村江 (663), wherein Silla defeats the

Yamato fleet

b. Munmu 文武(reg. 661-681) drives out Tang forces, 676

c. capital at Kyŏngju / Gyeongju 慶州d. “flower-youth” (hwarang 花郞 )

2. Parhae/Balhae (698-926) 渤海

a. Tae Choyŏng/Dae Joyeong, reg. 699-719 大祚榮b. malgal / mohe 靺鞨 people (Tungusic)

XLII. North Asia states:1. Song at Kaifeng

2. Liao 遼 dynasty

a. Khitan [Qidan 契丹 ] Mongols

b. "sixteen prefectures" of Yenyun [Yanyun shiliu zhou 燕雲十六州 ] under the Liao

c. Shanyuan/Danyuan) Treaty [Dǎnyuān zhī méng澶淵之盟] (1004)

3. Jurchen [Nǚzhēn女真], who are a branch of the:

a. Tungus [Mòhé 靺鞨 ] people and form the:

b. Jīn 金 dynasty3

c. with their capital at Yānjīng 燕京 (now Beijing)

d. “raw” shengfan 生番 vs. “cooked” shufan 熟番 “barbarians”

3 Distinguish among:Qín 秦 (Ch’in) = state which forms the first empireJìn 晉 (Chin/Tsin) = state which unites the Three Kingdoms

. Jīn 金 (Chin/Kin) = state formed by the Jurchens


26

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms4. Southern Song at Lín’ān 臨安 , now known as Hangchow [Hángzhōu 杭州 ]

1) Yuè [Yo] Fēi 岳飛 ] (1103-1141)

a) "completely loyal in devoting oneself to the national cause" [jìn zhōng

bào guó 盡忠報國 ]

b) Qin Gui [秦檜 ]

b. "partial peace/security" [bianan 偏安 ] (1141)

5. Tangut [Dǎngxiàng 黨項 ] people, who form the:

a. Xī Xià 西夏b. with their capital at today’s Níngxià 寧夏

XLIII. The YUAN 元 DYNASTY (1272/9-1368)

1. Karakorum [Hālàhélín 哈剌和林 ]2. quriltai = "convocation," "grand meeting"3. Yelü Chucai耶律楚材 1190-1244

4. Mongol rulers:

a. Temüjin, > Chinggis Khan, known as Tàizǔ 太祖 , b. ca. 1167; reg. 1206-1227

b. Ögödei, known as Tàizōng 太宗 , reg. 1229-1241

c. Möngke/Mangu, known as Xiànzōng 憲宗 , reg. 1251-1260

d. Qubilai, known as Shìzǔ 世祖 , reg. 1260-1294

e. Shùndì 順帝 , reg. 1333-1370

5. capitals:

a. Shàngdū 上都

b. Dàdū 大都

6. Central Secretariat [Zhōng Shū Shěng 中書省 ]

7. Privy Council [Shū Mì Yuàn 樞密院 ]

8. Metropolitan Province [Fùlǐ 腹裏 ]

9. "replica" or "branch" secretariats [Xíng Zhōng Shū Shěng 行中書省]

10. lǐjiǎ 里甲 system

11. four social groups:

a. Mongols [Mèng rén 蒙人 ]


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsb. Semu [Sèmù 色目 ], or "nationalities" (Apeople of various states@) [zhū guó rén

諸國人]

c. Northern Chinese [Hàn rén 漢人 ]

d. Southern Chinese [Nán rén 南人 ]

e. paper currency [jiāo chāo 交鈔


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsXLIV. Kenmu Restoration 建武　(1333-1336)

1. Go-Daigo 後醍醐　(1288-1339)

2. Ashikaga Takauji　足利尊氏 (1305-1358)

3. Nitta Yoshisada 新田義貞(1301-1338)

XLV. Ashikaga　足利 / Muromachi 室町　shogunate (1336-1467/1573)

1. period of Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokuchō 南北朝 1336-1392)

2. Kitabatake Chikafusa 北畠親房(1293-1354)

a. Records of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Sovereigns or Chronicle of Gods

and Sovereigns (Jinnō Shōtōki　神皇正統記 )

3. daimyō 大名

a. shugo daimyō　守護大名

b. sengoku daimyō 戦国大名

4. castles

5. “warrior-repelling” mushagaeishi 武者返し walls

6. collapse of the Ashikaga shogunate

a. Ōnin War 応仁の乱 (1467-1477)

b. Warring States 戦国(sengoku ) period

c. kokujin 国人 (a.k.a. jizamurai 地侍 )= “men of the province”

d. gekokujō 下克上 = lit, “lower overcomes upper”

e. Ikkōshū 一向宗 “Single-Minded” sect of “True Pure Land” Buddhism

1) Ikkō-ikki 一向一揆 = Ikkō Uprising

XLVI. Azuchi-Momoyama period 安土桃山時代, 1573-1603

1. “early modern” (kinsei 近世) period

2. Ashikaga Yoshiaki 足利義昭 (1537–1597), 15th shōgun, reg. 1568-1573)

3. the Three Unifiers:

a. Oda Nobunaga 織田信長(1534-1582)

1) Battle of Okehazama (Okehazama no takaki 桶狭間の戦い ), 1560

2) Incident at Honnōji (Honnōji no hen 本能寺の変)

b. [Toyotomi] Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉 (1536-1598)

c. Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川家康(1542-1616)


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsd. koku 石 = 4.96 bushels

XLVII. Establishment of the Edo Period

a. Council of Elders (Gotairō 五大老) under Toyotomi Hideyoshi, to rule for Toyotomi Hideyori (1593-1615)— Tokugawa Ieyasu and four others

2. Commissioners bugyō 奉行

a. Ishida Mitsunari (1560-1600)3. Tokugawa family

a. Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川家康(1543-1616; reg. 1603-1605)

b. Tokugawa Hidetada 徳川秀忠(1579-1632; reg. 1605-1623)

4. Battle of Sekigahara (21 October 1600)Sekigahara no tatakai 關ヶ原の戦い

a. “Battle of the Divided Realm” Tenka Wakeme no tatakai 天下分け目の戦い

5. Tokugawa Gosanke 徳川御三家

a. Owari尾張

b. Kii 紀伊

c. Mito 水戸

6. types of daimyō under the Bakufu/fief system (bakuhan taisei 幕藩体制 )

a. shinpan　　親藩 (collateral)

b. fudai　　譜代 (hereditary [allies])

c. tozama 外様 (“outside”)

7. Bakufu retainers:

a. hatamoto 旗本 [“beneath the flag”] (with right of audience with shōgun)

b. gokenin [“honored housemen”]御家人

8. Laws of Military Households (Buke Shohatto 武家諸法度 ) 1615

9. Bakufu-domain system (bakuhan taisei 幕藩体制)

10. “alternate attendance” (sankin kōtai 参勤交代 ) system

11.castle towns jōkamachi 城下町 and “townsmen” chōnin 町人

XLVIII. Koryŏ / Goryeo 高麗 Period 918-13921. society

a. land-owning/educated aristocracy: yangban 兩班 (two/pair rank/team/branch)1) civil and military


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Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and terms2) village councils (hyangso 鄕所)

b. commoners

c. slaves: nobi 奴婢 2. relations with neighbors

a. Myoch’ŏng / Myocheong 妙淸 d. 1135

b. Kim Pusik / Gim Busik 金富軾 1075-11511) Three Kingdoms History (Samguk Sagi 三國史記 ), 11452) sadae 事大 (“serving the great”)

3. “Lady Ki” 奇皇后 1301-1370?

XLIX. Chosŏn / Joseon 朝鮮 1392-1897

1. founder Yi Sŏnggye / Yi Seonggye 李成桂 1335-1408a. T’aejo / Taejo 太祖 reg. 1392-1398

2. T’aejong / Taejon 太宗 (1367-1422; reg. 1400-1418)3. Sejong 世宗 (1397-1450; reg. 1418-1450)

a. Hall of Worthies (Chiphyŏnjŏn / Jiphyeonjeon 集賢殿, 1420)

b. hangul 한굴 alphabet, 1443

4. Sejo 世祖 (1417-1468; reg. 1455-1468)5. Sŏnjo / Seonjo 宣祖 (1552-1608; reg. 1567-1608)

L. War on the Asian mainland, 1592 – 15981. names:

a. J: Bunroku Keichō no eki 文禄・慶長の役

1) kara-iri 唐入り(lit., “China-entering”)

b. K: Imjin [1592] War (Japanese disturbance) 壬辰倭亂 (Imjin Waeran)c. C: Renzhen War to Defend the Nation (rénzhèn wèiguó zhànzhèng 壬辰衛國戰爭)

2. Yi Sunsin 李舜臣 (1545-1598)

a. “board-room ship” panokseon 板屋船b. “turtle ship” geobukseon 龜船

3. “Ear Mound” (mimizuka 耳塚 / hanazuka 鼻塚) 1597

4. Shénzōng 神宗, or the Wànlì 萬歷 emperor (1563-1620; reg. 1572-1620)


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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A3

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8B

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A9%A2

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4

Confucian World (HIST 120-01) - names and termsLI. Christianity in 16th-17th Century East Asia

1. early Jesuits a. (St.) Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

b. (St.) Francis Xavier (1506-1552)

c. Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606)

d.Matteo Ricci [Lì Mǎdòu 利瑪竇 ] (1552-1610)

2. "Three Pillars of the Church" in China [kāijiào sān dà zhùshí 開教三大柱石 ]

1) Paul Hsu = Xú Guāngqǐ 徐光啟 (1562-1633)

2) Leo Li = Lǐ Zhīzǎo 李之藻 (1565-1630)

3) Michael Yang = Yáng Tíngyún 楊廷筠 (1557-1627) 3. Edict of Toleration (1692)

4. "Rites Controversy" [diǎnlǐ wèntí 典禮問題] in China (early 18th century)

a.shàngdì 上帝 “=” God

b. tiān 天 “=” Heaven

c. tiānzhǔ / tenshu 天主 = “Lord of Heaven"

1) hence, Roman Catholicism = Tiānzhǔjiào 天主教 45. first Japanese converts

a. Ōmura Sumitada (Bartolomeu)大村純忠 (1533–1587)

b.Konishi Yukinaga (Aghostino) 小西行長 (1555-1600)

6. suppression in Japana.Shimabara Rebellion 島原の乱, 1637 -1638

b. “Deus” = dai uso 大嘘c. “treading pictures” fumi-e 踏み絵

d. “hidden Christians” kakure-kirishitan 隠れキリシタン

7. early Korean Catholics

a. “Western” studies (seohak 西學 / cheonjuhak 天主學) b. Yi Byeok 李檗 (1754-1785)

c. Yi Seunghun [Peter Li] 李承薰 (1756-1801)

d. Zhou Wenmo / Ju Munmo (Jakub) 周文謨 (1752-1801)

e. Sinyu Persecution (1801) (sinyu bakhae 辛酉迫害)

4 Later, mocked as “天豬叫”Revised: 14 Apr 2017

05 May 23 (0:09) - /tt/file_convert/5a6fdd337f8b9ab1538b6c50/document.docx

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http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%96%B0

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%BF

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E


LII. Early Tokugawa Foreign Relations

1. “southern barbarians” nanban 南蛮

2. William Adams (1564-1620), the “pilot of Miura” (Miura Anjin 三浦按針 )

3. maritime restrictions (kaikin 海禁 )

4. sakoku 鎖国(“locked/chained country”) policy

5. Hirado　　平戸

6. Nagasaki 長崎 under various bugyō　　奉行

a. Dejima　出島

7. Tsushima 津島 under the Sō 宗 clan

8. Ryūkyū 琉球 , controlled by the Shimazu 島津 clan of Satsuma　薩摩

LIII. Domestic and “Dutch [Western] Learning” (rangaku 蘭学 )

1. other intellectual schools in Japan

a. “Chinese studies” kangaku　漢学

b. “Nationalist” studies

a) names: kogaku 古学; wagaku 和学; inishie manabi 古学び; kokugaku　

国学

2) Mito school　　水戸学

a) Tokugawa Mitsukuni 徳川光圀(1628-1700)

b) “one village, one shrine” (isson issha 一村一社 ) policy

c) Shōkōkan　彰考館d) History of Great Japan (Dainihonshi 大日本史 )

3) Motoori Norinaga 本居宣長(1730-1801)

a) mono no aware　　物の哀れ = “the ‘ah!’-ness of things”2. Tokugawa Yoshimune 徳川吉宗 (1684-1751; 8th shōgun, 1716-1745)3. Nakane Genkei 中根元圭 (1661-1733)4. first students of Dutch

a. Noro Genjō 野呂元丈 (1693-1761)

b. Aoki Konyō 青木昆阳 (agronomist / “Mr. Sweet Potato”; 1698-1769)

5. Hayashi Shihei 林子平(1738-1793)

a. “Military Discussions of a Maritime Nation” (Kaikoku Heidan 海国兵談 , 1791)


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