TAl L ltu L.UVEM THI TOEFL

The Heinle & Heinle

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est Ass i s tant

G U YEN: l ie u

r a m m a

Milada BroukalDich va chu giai

L E H U Y LAM fRINH QUANG THANH

NHA XUAT BAN THANH PHO HO CHf MINH

TAl LIEU THI TOEFL ■

The Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant : Grammar Ngvt phapMjlada BroukalGlendale Community College

Djch va chu giai Le Huy Lam Trinh Quang Thanh

NHA XUAT BAN THANH PHO HO CHI MINH

ContentsSECTION A TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND C4c Loai Cau H6i Ve Cau True va lo i 9

WRJTTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS Trong Van VietC H A PT ER 1 Nouns Danh t£( 10

1. Introduction : The Brain Gidi Thieu : Bq Nao 102. Grammar : Singular and Plural Nouns MguT Ph3p : Danh TO So It Va So Nhieu 11

A. Quantifiers TO Djnh Li/ong 12B. Compound Nouns Danh TO Kep 13C. Numbers Con So 14

3. On the TO EFL lest Trong Bdi Thi TOEFL IS4. Exercises on Nouns Bai Tap ve Danh t£/ 16

C H A PT ER 2 Pronouns Dai TO 181. Introduction : Penguins Gidi Thieu : Chim c£nh cut 182. Grammar : Pronouns NgCf Phap : Dai ti/ IV

A. Subject Pronouns Dai TO Chu Nguf 20B. Object Pronouns Dai TO Tuc Ti/ 20C. Possessive Adjectives Tinh TO Sd HOfu 21 D Possessive Pronouns Dai TO So Hi/u 22E. Reflexive Pronouns Dai TO Phan Than 22F. Relative Pronouns Dai TO Quan He 23

3. On the TOF.FI. Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 24 4 Exercises on Pronouns Bai Tap Ve Dai Ti/ 2S

C H A PT ER 3 Parts of a Sentence Cac Thanh Phan cua Cau 271. Introduction : Phillis Wheatley Gidi Thieu : Phillis Wheatley 272. Grammar : Parts of a Sentence Ngur Phap : Cac Thanh Phan Cua Cau 28

A. Subject and Verb Chu Nguf va Dpng Ti/ 29B. Subject and Verb Agreement SU Phil Hop Giufa Chu Ngtir va Dong TO 30C. Il and There It va There 32

3. On the TOEFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 33 4 Exercises on Parts of a Sentence Bai Tap ve Cac Thanh Phan cua Cau 34

C H A PT ER 4 Verbs Dpng ti/ 361 Introduction : The Olympics Gidi Thieu : The Van Hoi Olympic 362. Grammar : Verbs Ngur Phap : Dong ti/ 37

A. Tenses Thi 37 B Modals Dong TO Tinh Thai 41 C Passive Voice The Thu Dong 43 I ) C.erunds Danh Dpng Ti/ 44E. Infinitives Nguyen The 46

3. On the TOEFI Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 484 Exercises on Verbs Bai Tap ve Dong TO 49

2 - H & H TOEFL GRAMMAR

C H A PT E R 5 Prepositions Gidi TO 511 Introduction : Mount St. Helens Gidi Thieu : Nui St. Helens 512. Grammar : Prepositions Ngul Phap : Gidi Ti/ 52

A Verb + Preposition Dong TO + Gidi TO 53B. Adjective/Participle + Preposition Tinh TO/Phan TO + Gidi TO 53C. Noun + Preposition Danh TO + Gidi TO 54D Other Combinations NhCfng Ket Hop Khac Vdi Gidi TO 55

with PrepositionsE. Prepositions of Time and Place Gidi TO ve Thdi Gian va Noi Chon 55F. Prepositions in Common Gidi Ti/ Trong Cac Thanh Nguf ThUdng 56

Expressions Gap3. On the TO EFL Test Trong B<ii Thi TOEFL 574 Fxercises on Prepositions Bai Tap ve Gidi TO 58

C H A PT ER 6 Articles Mao TO 601 . Introduction : Islands Gidi Thifu : C3c QuAn Dao 602. Grammar : Articles Nguf Phap : Mao TO 61

A. The Indefinite Article A or An Mao TO Bat Dinh A Hoac An 61B. The Definite Article The Mcjo TO Xac Dinh The 62

3. On the TO EFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 654. Exercises on Articles Bai Tap Ve Mao TO 67

C H A PT ER 7 Noun Clauses Mfnh De Danh TO 681 . Introduction : Michael Faraday Gidi Thieu : Michael Faraday 682. Grammar : Noun Clauses Nguf Phap : Menh De Danh TO 69

A. Noun Clauses Beginning with a Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang TO 70Question Word Nghi Van

R. Noun Clauses Beginning with Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang Whether 71Whether or If Hoac If

C. Noun Clauses Beginning with That Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang That 713. On the TO EFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 724. Exercises on Noun Clauses Bai Tap ve Menh De Danh TO 73

C H A PT ER 8 Adjective Clauses Mfnh De Tinh TO 751 . Introduction : American Indian Gidi Thieu : Cac Tin Hieu Bang Khoi cua 75

Smoke Signals Tho Dan Chau My2. Grammar : Adjective Clauses Ngrt Phap : Menh De Tinh TO 76

A. Identifying Adjective Clauses Nhan Dang Menh De Tinh TO 76B. Omission of the Relative Pronoun Su li/0c Bo Dai TO Quan He 77C. Prepositions that Come Before Gidi TO Dtfng Tri/dc Menh De Tinh TO 78

Adjective ClausesD. Reduced Adjective Clauses Menh Dd Tinh TO Gian Li/oc 79

3. On the TO EFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 804 1'xercises on Adjective Clauses Bai Tap ve Menh De Tinh TO 81

H & H TOEFL GRAMMAR - 3

C H A PT ER 9 Adverb Clauses M Jnh D«! Trang Tif 831. Introduction : Distant Galaxies Gidi Thieu : CAc Ngan HA Xa XAm 832. Grammar : Adverb Clauses NgCJ PhAp : Menh De Trang Ti/ 84

A. Adverb Clause Markers C3c Ti/ B^t Dau Menh De Trang Ti/ 84B. Reduced Adverb Clauses M^nh De Trang Ti/ Gian LJOc 86C. Prepositional Expressions Cac ThAnh Ngtf Gidi Ti/ 87

3. On the TO EFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 884. Exercises on Adverb Clauses Bai Tap Ve Menh De Trang Ti/ 89

C H A PT ER 10 Prepositional Phrases Cum Gidi Tfr 911. Introduction : Land Art Gidi Thieu : Nghe Thuat Tao Hinh Dua

Theo Dja Hinh91

2. Grammar : Prepositional Phrases Nguf PhAp : Cym Gidi Ti/ 923. On the TO EFL Test Trong BAi Thi TOEFL 954. Exercises on Prepositional Phrases BAi Tap Ve Cgm Gidi Ti/ 95

C H A PT ER 11 Comparatives and Superlatives So Sanh TuOng Doi Va So SanhTuyet Doi

97

1. Introduction : Violins Gidi Thieu : VT cam 972. Grammar : Comparatives and Ngtf Phap : So SAnh Ttfong Doi vA 98

Superlatives So SAnh Tuyet DoiA. The Comparative and Superlative So Sanh Ttfong Doi va So SAnh Tuyet 98

of Adjectives Doi cua Tinh Ti/B. The Comparative and Superlative So Sanh Ttfong Doi vA So SAnh Tuyet 100

of Adverbs Doi cua Trang Ti/C. Other Forms of the Comparative Cac Dang So Sanh Ttfong Doi Khac 101

3. On the TO EFL Test Trong BAi Thi TOEFL 1024. Exercises on Comparatives and Bai Tap Ve So SAnh Ttfong Doi vA So Sanh 102

Superlatives Tuyet DoiC H A PT ER 12 Conjunctions Lien Tif 104

1. Introduction : The Soya Bean's Gidi Thieu : CAc L/ng Dung Trong Cong 104Industrial Uses Nghiep cua Dau NAnh

2. Grammar : Conjunctions Ngtf PhAp : Lien Ti/ 105A. Coordinating Conjunctions Lien Ti/ Ket Hop 105B. Correlative Conjunctions Lien Ti/ Ttfong Lien 106

3. On the TO EFL Test Trong Bai Thi TOEFL 1084. Exercises on Conjunctions BAi Tap ve Lien Ti/ 109

C H A PT ER 13 Parallel Structure Cau True Dong Dang 1111. Introduction : Vitamin C Gidi Thieu : Vitamin C 1112. Grammar : Parallel Structure MgCr PhAp : Cau true Dong Dang 1123. On the TO EFL Test Trong BAi Thi TOEFL 1144. Exercises on Parallel Structure BAi Tap Ve Cau True Dong Dang 115

C H A PT ER 14 Word Order Trat Ttf Ti/ 1171 . Introduction : Computers Gidi thieu : May Vi Tinh 117

4 - H & H TOEFL GRAMMAR

2. Grammar : Word OrderA. InversionB. Other Words Reversed on the

TO EFL Test3. On the TO EFL Test4. Exercises on Inversion

C H A PT ER 15 Word Forms1. Introduction : Benjamin Franklin2. Grammar : Word Forms

A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdjectivesD. Adverbs

3. On the TO EFL Test4. Exercises on Word Forms

Ngtf PhiSp : Trat Ti/ Ti/DSo NgufCac ti/ kh^c dtfdc dao trong bai thi TOEFL

Trong Bai Thi TOEFL Bai Tap ve D3o Ngtf

Dang Ti/Gidi Thieu : Benjamin Franklin

Dang Ti/

C H A PT E R 16

Nguf Phap Danh Ti/Dpng Ti/Tinh Ti/Trang Ti/Trong b i thi TOEFL Bai Tap ve Dang Ti/

Word Choice and Redundancy Stf ChQn TCf Va Stf Dung Thrta1. Introduction : Asbestos2. Grammar : Word Choice and

RedundancyA. Make or DoB. Like/Alike/UnlikeC. Other/the Other/AnotherD. So/Such/TooE. Much/Many/Few/LittleF. Other Commonly Confused WordsG. Redundancy

3. On the TO EFL Test4. Exercises on Word Choice and

RedundancySECTION B STRUCTURE AND WRI1TEN

EXPRESSION PRACTICE TESTS

PR A C T IC E T ES T 1 PR A C T IC E T ES T 2 PR A C T IC E T ES T 3 PR A C T IC E T EST 4 PR A C T IC E T ES T 5

Answers

Gidi thi^u : AmiSngNguf Phap : Stf chon ti/ va siI dung thC/a

Make hay DoLike/Alike/UnlikeOther/lhe Other/AnotherSo/Such/TooMuch/Many/Few/LittleCac ti/ thtfdng gay nham Ian khacSif dung thi/aTrong Bai Thi TOEFLBai Tap ve si/ chon ti/ va stf dung thi/a

Cac: Bai Thtfc Hanh vevani Viet

Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 1

Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 2Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 3Bai Tap Thtfc HAnh 4

Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 5

118118120

121122

124124125125126127128129130 132132133

133134135136136137138139 139

141

142

145149152156160

H & H TOEFL GRAMMAR - 5

Structure and Written ExpressionPh in (Cau True va Loi Trong Van Viet) cua bai thi TO EFLPhiin 2 cua bai thi T O EFL kiem tra stf hieu biet cua ban v£ ngtf phap ti^ng Anh Phan

nay dtfdc chia thanh 2 dang vdi 2 loai cau hoi khac nhau.A. Dang cau true (cau hoi 1-15) : ki£m tra cach hoan chinh cSu.B. Dang 16i trong van viet (cau 16-40) : phat hien ra lSi trong ttfng cau

So cau hoi trong 2 dang Cau True va loi trong van viet nhtf sau :Bai thi ngiin Bai thi dai

Cau true 15 cau 23 c3uLdi trong van viet 25 cau 37 cauTong cpng 40 cau 60 cauThdi ltfcfng 25 phut 35 phut

• Ngon ngtf : Ph5n 2 kiem tra loai van viet chu.in. Ngon ngtf trong ph.in nay d dang trinh trong hem ngon ngtf trong phan Nghe Hieu. Se kh6ng co nhtfng dang viet tit (thi du there's) hoac thanh ngtf.

• Chu d£ : Cac chu d£ trong phan 2 la mang tinh chat hoc thu.it : khoa hoc ttf nhien (thidn van hoc, dia chat), khoa hoc xa hoi (nhan loai hoc, dinh dtfdng), nghe thuat (am nhac, hoi hoa). Nhtfng khong nha't thiet ban phai biet ve cac linh vtfc tren mdi tra ldi dtfoe cac cau hoi.Trong phin 2 co mpt s p lidn hd vd van hoa My va Canada. Nhtfng ban khong can phai

co kien thtfc ve chung. Ban chi c3n tap trung vao cau true cau la du; vi cho du ban biet ho3c khong biet ve cac net van hoa do thi cung khong anh htfdng dd'n diem thi• Cac diem ngtf phap : Co the bai thi co rat nhieu diem ngtf phap, nhtfng co mot so diem

rat thtfctng xuyen xuat hien. Moi chtfttng trong cuon sach nay se tap trung vao 1 diem ngtf phap cu the xuat hien trong bai thi TOEFL.Chien thuat .Co 2 cach tra ldi cac cau hoi :

1. Phan tich ngtf phap cua 1 cau : Trong phan Cau true ban hay phan tich c3u de tim ra dung thanh phan con thieu. Con trong phan loi trong thanh ngtf viet, hay phan tich ngtf phap de phat hien ra loi sai 6 1 trong 4 ph in gach dtfdi.

2. Stf dung trtfc giac : Mpt so hoc vien "cam thay" 1 cau tra ldi nao do la dung.Htfdng dan ve Phan 2 :

• Hay lam quen trtfdc vdi cac htfdng dan cua 2 ph5n de trong phong thi ban khdi mat thdi gian doc cac htfdng d5n do va cac cau mau.

• Tra ldi tat ca cac cau : Dtfng bo trong bat ki 1 cau nao cho du ban khong biet cach tra Icti vi ban se khong bi trtf diem vdi cac cau tra ldi sai. Ban nen chon trtfdc 1 mau tu ruo do (trong 4 mau ttf A, B, C, D) de tra ldi tat ca cac cau ma ban khong biet lam, Mac suat dung se cao hctn

• Stf dung thdi gian hop ly : Cho du ban cho ring 1 cau nao do la de, van doc het ca 4 ph in tra ldi; neu khong, co the ban se lam sai vi bat can Dtfng mat thi gid su\ nghi \0

6 - H & H TOEFL GRAMMAR

cau ban khdng bicft lam. Danh dau cau do dd cuoi gid co thd se lam sau. Roi sang cau khac ngay. Khdng n£n danh qua 30 giiiy cho mdi cau.

Huttng dan phan Cau true : cau 1-15I’han nay co 15 cau chiia hoan chinh. Chd dd trefng dai dien cho phan con thieu. Dtfdi

mdi cau do la 4 phan tra ldi A, B, C, D 1 trong 4 ph.in do se lam cho cau trcV nen hoan chinh ca v& y lan ngtf phap.□ Trtfdc tien hay doc qua 4 ph3n tra ldi.

• Neu cac ph5n do ng3n, ban se hinh dung duoc la se phai tim cai gi khi doc cau chtfa hoan chinh

• Neu cac phan do dai, hay doc cau chifa hoan chinh trtfdc. Coi xem cau do co bao nhieu menh de, cac menh de do co du chu ngtf va dong ttf chtfa. Coi xem c.in phai co lidn ttf dd noi cac menh de do khong. Rdi hay xem 4 phan tra ldi. Neu v3n chtfa quye't dinh dtfoc phan tra ldi nao la dung, hay loai bdt td'i da cac phan tra ldi ban cho la sai, roi doan chon trong cac phan con lai.

□ I’hai doc ca 4 phan tra ldi.Dtfng bao gid quye't dinh chon 1 phan tra ldi nao dd trtfdc khi doc ca 4 phan. Vi 1 sd' phan tra ldi cd the ttfcfng ttf vdi nhau nen neu khdng doc ca 4, ban se chon sai vi bat can.

□ Rap phSn tra ldi ban chon vao cau chiia hoan chinh cho s5n, rdi doc kl cau do sau. Neu cau dd nghe cd ve khdng dung, ban cd the da chon sai. Neu khdng the xac dinh phan tra ldi nao la dung, hay doan chon, va lam tiep cau sau. Sau khi lam het du cac cau, neu con dif thdi gian, ban se coi lai cac cau dd sau.

□ May de y cac didu sau khi ban rap mot phan tra ldi vao cau chi/a hoan chinh cho s3n :• Phan rap vao cd the cd 1 ttf hoac cum ttf khdng can thiet.

• Ph<in rap vao \ hn chua hoan chinh dUdc cau.• Phan rap vao sai ngtf phap. Trong trtfdng hop nay, loai bo phan tra ldi dd va xet

3 phan tra ldi con lai.□ Can than vd thdi gian : Dtfng bo qua nhi(§u thdi gian cho mot cau nao dd vi ban cd the

se khdng con du thdi gian de lam cac cau con lai; cu the la dtfng bo qua 30 giay cho 1 cau. Hay thirdng xuyen de y den thdi gian lam bai.

Hi/dng d in phan loi trong van viet : Cau 16-30Phan nay cd 25 cau. Mdi cau cd 4 ttf hoac cum ttf dtfdc gach dtfdi ky hieu A, B, C va D.

Ban phai nhan ra ttf hoac cum ttf sai.

• Doc nhanh ca cau Khdng nen chi doc 4 phan gach dtfdi. Ban than ttf hoac cum ttf gach dtfdi cd the la dung nhifng lai la sai khi nhm trong cau dd.

H & H TOEFL GRAM M AR - 7

• L6i chic chin n im d 1 trong 4 phan gach dtfdri, n&n dCfng tim 16i 6 cac ph in con lai trong cau. Cac ph in con lai trong cau chi d£ giup ban co cd sd dd' tim ra I6i cr 1 trong 4 ph in gach dudi.

• Neu khong tim ra 16i, hay hoi ttfdng lai cac loai 16i phd bidn nhat thtfcmg gap trong bai thi TO EFL (xem bang sau) va coi xem 1 trong cac ph in gach dtfdi co thuoc v£ cac loai 16i tren khong.

• Neu v in chtfa tim ra 16i, hay loai bdt cac ph in co ve dung r6i doan chon trong cac ph in con lai. ____________________________________

Most Common Errors in Written Expression * Cac loi hay g|p nhat trong phan Van viet

Error Category FrequencyLoai loi Ti If xuat hi$n

Word form 21%Word choice 15Verbs 12Parallel structure 9Pronouns 7Singular/plural nouns 6Verbals (infinitives, gerunds, participles) 6Prepositions 6Articles 5Comparative and superlatives 4Word order 4Conjunctions 2Redundancy 1Other types of errors 2

* Based on Bruce Rogers's analysis of 20 different exams that test takers were allowed to keep after Disclosed Test Admission.

8 - H & H TOEFL GRAMMAR

SECTIOM A

Types of Structure and

Written Expression Questions

Cac loai cau hoi ve cau true va loitrong van viet

H & H TOEFL GRAMMAR - 9