tidal enegy
TRANSCRIPT
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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\`bvlrsbty dg Xfb-_or
Kdcclil dg L`ib`llrb`i
Alkfo`bkoc L`ib`llrb`i Hlportal`t
"Xfldrltbkoc stuhy ondut Xbhoc L`lriy"
Ny
Nocqlls Fadhl Onhuccof
[uplrvbslh nyOsst. Zrdg. Hr.Ausftoq B. Foso`
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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Onstrokt
Xfbs ortbkcl bs ondut tbhoc pdwlr. Bt hlskrbnls tbhoc pdwlro`h tfl vorbdus altfdhs dg utbcbzb`i tbhoc pdwlr td
il`lrotllclktrbkbty. Bt nrblgcy hbskussls lokf altfdho`h prdvbhls hltobcs dg kockucotb`i tbhoc pdwlr il`lrotbd`o`h l`lriy adst lgglktbvlcy. Xfl poplr ocsd gdkuslsd` tfl pdtl`tboc tfbs altfdh dg il`lrotb`ilclktrbkbty fos o`h wfy tfbs kduch nl o kdaad`woy dg prdhukb`i lclktrbkbty b` tfl `lor guturl.
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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?. Dvlrvblw=
Xbhoc pdwlr lxpcdbts l`lriy hrow` grda tfl advlal`t dg dklo` tbhls td
prdhukl lclktrbkbty. Xflrl orl twd skl`orbds b` wfbkf tbhls ko` nl topplh gdr
l`lriy. Xfl gbrst bs b` kfo`ib`i slo clvlcs. Xfbs pfl`dal`d` bs rlspd`sbncl gdr
tfl ohvo`kb`i o`h rlklhb`i tbhls d` sfdrlcb`ls. Ybtf tfl flcp dg turnb`ls,b`kdab`i tbhls ko` nl ao`bpucotlh td il`lrotl lclktrbkbty. Xfl slkd`h woy td
lxpcdbt tbhoc l`lriy bs ny sb`eb`i turnb`ls td tfl slo gcddr wflrl gost-gcdwb`i
kurrl`ts tur` il`lrotdr ncohls aukf cbel wb`h hdls wbtf o wb`h turnb`l.
Xbhoc l`lriy bs kd`sbhlrlh rl`lwoncl nlkousl tfl tbhls advl d` o prlhbktoncl,
hobcy skflhucl, hlpl`hb`i d`cy d` tfl drnbts dg tfl Lortf, Add`, o`h [u`, o`h
orl lssl`tboccy b`lxfoustbncl U?Q. Xfduif tbhoc l`lriy bs kornd` grll, bt bs `dt
l`vbrd`al`toccy nl`bi`. Kd`klr`s dvlr tfl floctf dg sfdrlcb`l o`h oquotbk
lkdsystlas aor tfbs dtflrwbsl kclo` sdurkl dg l`lriy. Dchlr tbhoc norroiltlkf`dcdiy ko` hlvostotl gbsf pdpucotbd`s U>Q.
B` tfl post, coril-skocl norroil systlas hdab`otlh tfl tbhoc pdwlr skl`l. Nut
nlkousl dg b`krlosb`icy lvbhl`t u`govdroncl l`vbrd`al`toc o`h lkd`dabk
hrownokes wbtf tfbs tlkf`dcdiy, rlslorkf b`td tfl gblch dg tbhoc pdwlr sfbgtlh
grda norroil systlas td tbhoc kurrl`t turnb`ls b` tfl cost glw hlkohls. Xfbs
`lw tlkf`dcdiy clovls o saocclr l`vbrd`al`toc gddtprb`t tfo` tbhoc norroils,
os turnb`ls orl pcoklh b` dggsfdrl kurrl`ts ovdbhb`i tfl `llh td kd`strukt hoas
td kopturl tfl tbhls ocd`i lkdcdibkoccy groibcl kdostcb`ls. For`lssb`i tbhoccy-
hrbvl` kdostoc kurrl`ts ko``dt ylt hlcbvlr tfl sfllr oadu`t dg pdwlr tfot
norroil stycl gokbcbtbls ko`, cbel ot tfl >8: AY norroil il`lrotb`i stotbd` ot
Co ^o`kl, Gro`kl U;Q. Fdwlvlr, tfl tlkf`dcdiy bs qubkecy lvdcvb`i wbtf
`ualrdus tlst pco`ts pdppb`i up ordu`h tfl icdnl.
Ko`oho fdsts twd tlst sbtls, d`l tbhoc norroil o`h d`l tbhoc kurrl`t pdwlr
stotbd`. Ybtf d`l `lw o`h d`l dch, ndtf o fbstdry o`h o `lwgdu`h b`tlrlst b`
tbhoc pdwlr bs opporl`t. Xfl O``opdcbs ^dyoc tbhoc norroil nubct b` @dvo
[kdtbo's Noy dg Gu`hy b` ?268, wbtf bts wdrch-goadus tbhls, dplrotls os tfl
tfbrh corilst tbhoc pdwlr pco`t b` tfl wdrch, wbtf >: AY U8Q. Xfl saocclr ^okl
^dkes gokbcbty b` Nrbtbsf Kdcuanbo, b`stocclh b` >::7, usls tbhoc kurrl`t
tlkf`dcdiy td il`lrotl 7< eY dg pdwlr U
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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>. Nrblg Fbstdry dg Xbhoc Zdwlr=
Xfl l`lriy stdrlh b` tbhls nll` e`dw` td pldpcl gdr ao`y kl`turbls. Xfl lorcblst
rlkdrhs dg tbhoc abccs orl hotlh noke td tfl 6tf Kl`tury KL U9Q. Xfl tbhoc abccs wlrl
aob`cy uslh gdr irob` irb`hb`i o`h wlrl dg sbabcor hlsbi` td tfl kd`vl`tbd`oc wotlr
abccs wbtf tfl lxklptbd` dg tfl ohhbtbd` dg o hoa o`h rlslrvdbr. Xfl b`hustrbocrlvdcutbd` b`krloslh hlao`h gdr pdwlr nut tbhoc l`lriy `lvlr idt dgg tfl irdu`h,
u`hlrkut ny kflop gdssbc gulcs o`h dtflr hlvlcdpal`ts wfbkf dgglrlh losblr okklss td
pdwlr il`lrotbd`. Lxbstb`i tbhoc abccs nlkoal os dnsdclskl`t os prl-b`hustrboc wotlr-
abccs. Xfl gbrst coril skocl adhlr` tbhoc lclktrbk pco`t stortlh td dplrotl b` Co ^o`kl
Lstuory, [t. Aocd, Gro`kl b` tfl ?27:s o`h fos nll` dplrotb`i lvlr sb`kl. B` rlkl`t
ylors tfl slorkf gdr rl`lwoncl, `d`-pdccutb`i l`lriy sdurkls o`h tfl b`krlosl b` gdssbc
gulc prbkls fos l`kduroilh rl`lwlh b`tlrlst b` tbhoc pdwlr.
;. Xbhls=
Xfl b`tlroktbd` dg tfl su`-add`-lortf systla kousls d`ls dg tfl stro`ilst pfl`dal`o= tbhls. Xbhls rbsl o`h gocc bs tfl prdhukt dg tfl irovbtotbd`oc o`h kl`trbguiocgdrkls, dg prbaorbcy tfl add` wbtf tfl lortf. Xfl irovbtotbd`oc gdrkls aob`tob` tfladd` d` bt bs pdsbtbd`s wbtf rlsplkt td tfl lortf, gdrkb`i td pucc tfl lortf o`h tfl add`tdiltflr, sll gbiurl ?. Xfl kl`trbguioc gdrkls okts d` tfl dppdsbtl hbrlktbd` puccb`i tfladd` owoy grda tfl lortf. Xflsl twd gdrkls okts tdiltflr td aob`tob` tfl lqubcbnrbua nltwll` tflsl twd aossls.
Xfl b`gcul`kl dg tfl su` ko` nl b`kcuhlh d` tfl noco`kl dg tfl l`tbrl systla. Xfl
hbsto`kl pcoys o` bapdrto`t rdcl d` tfl hlvlcdpal`t dg tbhls. Noslh d` tfl `lwtd`
cow, tfl irovbtotbd`oc gdrkl bs prdpdrtbd`oc td tfl squorl dg tfl hbsto`kl dg twd ndhbls,
nut tbhoc gdrkl bs prdpdrtbd`oc td tfl kunl dg tfl hbsto`kl. Gdr tfbs rlosd` octfduif tfl
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add` fos o aukf saocclr aoss tfo` tfl su` bt bs aukf kcdslr td tfl lortf. Xfl add`
lgglkt bs > irlotlr tfo` tfot dg tfl su` d` tfl il`lrotbd` dg tbhls U6Q.
Xfl irovbtotbd`oc gdrkl dg ottroktbd` dg tfl add` kousls tfot tfl dklo`s wotlrs nucil
d` tfl sbhl dg tfl lortf tfot gokls tfl add`. Xfl kl`trbguioc gdrkl prdhukl tfl soal
lgglkt nut b` tfl dppdsbtl sbhl dg tfl lortf. D` tflsl twd sbhls bt ko` nl dnslrvl tfl
aoxbaua oapcbtuhls dg tfl tbhls (fbif tbhls) o`h d` abhwoys dg bt dkkur tfl
ab`baua oapcbtuhls dg tfl tbhls (cdw tbhls). Os tfl lortf rdtotls tflsl twd nucils
trovlc ot tfl soal rotl os tfl lortfjs rdtotbd`. Xfl add` rdtotls ordu`h tfl lortf wbtf
rlsplkt td tfl su` opprdxbaotlcy >2.< hoys (cu`or ad`tf) b` tfl soal hbrlktbd` tfot
tfl lortf rdtotls lvlry >8 fdurs. Xfl rdtotbd` dg tfl lortf wbtf rlsplkt td tfl add` bs
opprdxbaotlcy >8.86 fdurs (>8 fdurs o`h
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os tfl `lop tbhls, sll gbiurl ; U?:Q. Xypbkoccy tfl sprb`i tbhls ro`il tl`h td nl twbkl
tfl `lop tbhls ro`il.
Xfl tbhoc advlal`ts ko` nl rlgclkt o`h rlstrbkt ny tfl b`tlrruptbd` dg aossls dg co`h,
tfl ndttda grbktbd` ko` rlhukl bt bs vlcdkbty o`h tfl hlptf, sbzl o`h sfopl dg tfl dklo`
nosb`s, noys o`h lstuorbls octlrlh tfl advlal`ts dg tfl tbhoc nucils o`h il`lrotlhbgglrl`t typls dg tbhls U6Q. Xflrl orl tfrll typls dg tbhls= hbur`oc, slabhbur`oc o`h
abxlh, sll gbiurl 8 U??Q.
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Hbur`oc tbhls (hobcy) prlsl`t d`l sb`icl fbif o`h cdw wotlr hurb`i o plrbdh dg o cu`orhoy dg >8 fdurs o`h fdurs o`h fdurs o`h altlrs, alsd-tbhoc wbtf tbhoc ro`il nltwll` > o`h 8 altlrs o`h aokrd-tbhoc wbtf tbhocro`il dg adrl tfo` 8 altlrs U?>Q.
8. Fdw Xbhoc Zdwlr Il`lrotbd` [ystlas Ydre4B` vlry sbapcl tlras o norroil bs nubct ot tfl l`tro`kl dg o iucg o`h tfl wotlr clvlcsvory d` ndtf sbhls dg tfl saocc hoa. Zossoils orl aohl b`sbhl tfl hoa o`h wotlrgcdws tfrduif tflsl possoils o`h turnb`ls rdtotl hul td tfbs gcdw dg wotlr u`hlr flohdg wotlr. Xfus, lclktrbkbty bs krlotlh usb`i tfl turnb`ls. O il`lroc hboiroa dg tflsystla bs sfdw` b` Gbi
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8.>. Xurnb`ls= tfly orl tfl kdapd`l`ts rlspd`sbncl gdr kd`vlrtb`i pdtl`tboc l`lriyb`td eb`ltbk l`lriy. Xfly orl cdkotlh b` tfl possoilwoys tfot tfl wotlr gcdws tfrduif
wfl` iotls dg norroil orl dpl`lh. Xflrl orl ao`y typls dg turnb`ls uslh b` tbhoc
pdwlr stotbd`s.
O. Nucn turnb`ls= os sfdw` b` Gbi.9 tflsl orl hbggbkuct td aob`tob` os wotlr gcdwsordu`h tfla o`h tfl il`lrotdr bs b` wotlr.
N. ^ba turnb`ls= os sfdw` b` Gbi. 6 tflsl orl nlttlr aob`tob`lh tfo` tfl nucnturnb`ls nut orl forh td rliucotl os il`lrotdr bs gbxlh b` norroil.
K. Xonucor turnb`ls= os sfdw` b` gbi.2 tflsl turnb`ls orl gbxlh td cd`i sfogts o`htfus sdcvl ndtf prdnclas tfot nucn o`h rba turnb`ls fovl os tfly orl losblr td
aob`tob` o`h kd`trdc.
Gbi.9= O Nucn turnb`l.
Gbi.6= ^ba turnb`ls.
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Gbi.2= Xonucor turnb`ls.
8.;. [cubkls= scubkl iotls orl tfl d`ls rlspd`sbncl gdr tfl gcdw dg wotlr tfrduif tfl norroil tfly kduch nl sll` b` Gbi.7.
8.8. Lano`eal`ts= tfly orl kobssd`s aohl dut dg kd`krltl td prlvl`t wotlr grdagcdwb`i ot klrtob` ports dg tfl hoa o`h td flcp aob`tl`o`kl wdre o`h lclktrbkoc wbrb`itd nl kd``lktlh dr uslh td advl lqubpal`t dr kors dvlr bt. Xflsl lano`eal`ts orlsfdw` b` Gbi.?: U?;Q.
Gbi.?:= Lano`eal`ts.
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ab`babzl norroil cl`itf. Fdwlvlr, tfbs l`tobcs ncdkeb`i tfl lstuory rliorhclss dg fdwhllp bt bs. Xfbs robsl tfl kdsts kd`sbhlroncy. Fdwlvlr, o coidd`, gdr o cdw kdst ko`
prltty aukf nl nubct o`ywflrl tfot tflrl bs o fbif tbhoc ro`il. Xfl coidd` fosrlcotbvlcy cbttcl vbsuoc bapokt, os bt bs nlcdw tfl fbif wotlr tbhl aore o`h opplors cbelo `draoc slo wocc ot cdw tbhl.
Xfl coidd` ko` nl nubct usb`i cddsl oiirliotls gdu`h b` quorrbls dr hladcbsflhstrukturls. Xfbs runncl wduch nl ‐huaplh— u`tbc o` bapdu`h wocc wos kdapcltl. Os
o`y oiirliotl ko` nl uslh, bt bs pdssbncl td rlstrbkt kd`struktbd` kdsts ny bapclal`tb`itfl kfloplst aotlrbocs ovobconcl. Xfbs kd`struktbd` tlkf`bqul ocsd fos tfl ohhlh
nl`lgbt dg krlotb`i o` ortbgbkboc rllg. Os wlcc, o koca wotlr coel wduch nl krlotlh b`tfl abhhcl wflrl saocclr gbsf o`h nbrhs kduch gcdurbsf. Abirotb`i gbsf ko` swbaordu`h u`baplhlh o`h wbtfdut tfl ho`ilr dg scubkls dr `lidtbotb`i turnb`ls U?8Q.
Gbi.?>= Xbhoc coidd`s.
o`h ;a/s (8 td 7 e`dts) td il`lrotl nltwll` 8 o`h ?; eY/a>. Gost advb`i kurrl`t (0; a/s)
ko` kousl u`hul strlss d` tfl ncohls b` o sbabcor woy tfot vlry strd`i iocl gdrkl wb`hs
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ko` hoaoil trohbtbd`oc wb`h turnb`l il`lrotdrs, wfbcst cdwlr vlcdkbtbls orlu`lkd`dabk.
Zcokb`i turnb`ls b` tbhoc strloas bs kdapclx, nlkousl tfl aokfb`ls orl coril o`hhbsrupt tfl tbhl tfly orl tryb`i td for`lss. Xfl l`vbrd`al`toc bapokt kduch nl slvlrl,
hlpl`hb`i d` tfl sbzl dg tfl turnb`l o`h tfl sbtl dg tfl tbhoc strloa. Xurnb`ls orl adstlgglktbvl b` sfoccdw wotlr. Xfbs prdhukls adrl l`lriy o`h occdws sfbps td `ovbiotlordu`h tfl turnb`ls. O tbhoc il`lrotdr's turnb`l ncohls ocsd tur` scdwcy, wfbkf flcpsaorb`l cbgl ovdbh ilttb`i kouift b` tfl systla U?
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7. Xbhoc l`lriy td lclktrbk l`lriy kd`vlrsbd`=
Xfl tlkf`dcdiy tfot bs uslh td prdhukl lclktrbkbty usb`i tfl hbgglrl`kl nltwll` tflcdw o`h fbif tbhls bs vlry sbabcor td tfl d`l usl d` tfl il`lrotbd` dg lclktrbkbty d` tfltrohbtbd`oc fyhrdlclktrbk pdwlr pco`ts. Xfl usl dg tfl tbhoc l`lriy rlqubrls o hoa dr
norroil okrdss o sfoccdw orlo prlglroncy o` lstuory, noy dr iucg dg fbif tbhoc ro`ilwflrl tfl hbgglrl`kl d` tfl cdw o`h fbif tbhl fovl td nl ot clost < altlrs U6Q. Xfl tbhl
nosb`s orl gbcclh o`h lapty lvlry hoy wbtf tfl gcddh tbhls wfl` wotlr clvlc goccs. D`tfl norroil tflrl orl cdw-floh turnb`ls o`h scubkl iotls tfot occdw tfl wotlr td gcdwgrda d`l sbhl dg tfl norroil td b`sbhl tfl tbhoc nosb`. Xfbs hbgglrl`kl d` lclvotbd` dgtfl wotlr clvlc krlotls o fyhrdstotbk floh tfot il`lrotls lclktrbkbty. Xflrl orl hbgglrl`tadhls td il`lrotl lclktrbkbty usb`i tfl norroil systlas=-
7.?. Lnn il`lrotbd`= B`kdab`i wotlr (gcddh tbhl) bs occdwlh td gcdw grllcy td gbcctfl nosb` u`tbc fbif tbhl, tfl` tfl scubkls orl kcdsl o`h wotlr orl rltob`lh d` d`l sbhldg tfl norroil. Yfl` clvlc dg tfl wotlr dutsbhl dg tfl norroil hlkrloslh (lnn tbhl)suggbkbl`tcy td krlotl o fyhrdstotbk floh nltwll` tfl dpl` wotlrs o`h tbhl nosb`, tflscubkls orl dpl` o`h wotlr gcdws tfrduif tfl turnb`ls o`h il`lrotl lclktrbkbty U?7Q.
7.>. Gcddh il`lrotbd`= Hurb`i tfl gcddh tbhl tfl scubkls iotls o`h cdw-floh
turnb`ls orl elpt kcdslh td occdw tfl wotlr clvlc dutsbhl dg tfl norroil td b`krlosl.D`kl o fyhrdstotbk floh bs krlotlh tfl scubkls iotls orl dpl`lh o`h tfl wotlr gcdws
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tfrduif tfl turnb`ls b`td tfl nosb`. Xfbs adhl bs clss lggbkbl`t tfo` tfl lnn il`lrotbd`U6,?9Q.
7.;. Xwd woys il`lrotbd`= Xfbs adhl plrabts td il`lrotl lclktrbkbty usb`i tfllnn il`lrotbd` o`h tfl gcddh tbhl. Xfl aob` prdncla wbtf tfbs typl adhl bs tfot tfl
turnb`ls aust wdre ndtf woys, wfl` wotlr l`tlrs dr lxbts tfl nosb`. Xfbs rlqubrlsadvl lxpl`sbvl turnb`ls o`h ot tfbs tbal kdaputlr sbaucotbd`s hd `dt b`hbkotl tfottfbs adhl b`krlosls sbi`bgbko`tcy tfl l`lriy prdhuktbd` U?9Q.
7.8. Zuapb`i= D` tfl lnn il`lrotbd` tfl fyhrdstotbk floh ko` nl b`krloslsrlvlrsb`i tfl pdwlr o`h tur`b`i tfl turnb`l-il`lrotbd` b`td o puap adtdr. Hurb`i tflil`lrotbd` tfl l`lriy tfot wos usl bs rltur`lh U?9Q.
Gbi.?8= Zdwlr dutput dg twd woy sb`icl nosb` tbhoc pdwlr stotbd` wbtf puapb`i U?>Q.
7.
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Gbi.?7= O hboiroa sfdwb`i tro`sgdraotbd` dg tbhoc l`lriy td lclktrbk l`lriy U?;Q.
9. L`lriy dg Xbhls=
Xfl l`lriy dg tfl tbhl wovl kd`tob`s twd kdapd`l`ts `oalcy, pdtl`tboc o`h eb`ltbk.
Xfl pdtl`tboc l`lriy bs tfl wdre hd`l b` cbgtb`i tfl aoss dg wotlr ondvl tfl dklo`
surgokl. Xfbs l`lriy ko` nl kockucotlh os=
1 1:.
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pdwlr pco`ts lxpcdbt tfl pdtl`tboc l`lriy dg vlrtbkoc rbsl o`h gocc dg tfl wotlr. B`
kd`trost, tfl eb`ltbk l`lriy dg tfl tbhl fos td nl e`dw` b` drhlr td hlsbi` gcdotb`i dr
dtflr typls dg tbhoc pdwlr pco`ts wfbkf for`lss l`lriy grda tbhoc kurrl`ts dr
fdrbzd`toc wotlr [dws b`huklh ny tbhls. Xfly hd `dt b`vdcvl b`stoccotbd` dg wotlr
hoas U?6Q.
*Lxoapcl kockucotbd` dg tbhoc pdwlr il`lrotbd`=
Ossuaptbd`s=
Clt os ossual tfot tfl tbhoc ro`il dg tbhl ot o portbkucor pcokl bs ;> gllt 1?:a(opprdx.).
Xfl surgokl dg tfl tbhoc l`lriy for`lssb`i pco`t bs 2 (;;) 1;:::
; : : : 1 ? :
.
Hl`sbty dg slo wotlr 1 ?:>?: . Zdtl`tboc l`lriy kd`tl`t dg tfl wotlr b` tfl nosb` ot fbif tbhl 1
.Z.L. 1
? : ?:> cdw tbhls lvlry hoy. Ot cdw tbhl tfl pdtl`tboc l`lriybs zlrd.
Xflrlgdrl tfl tdtoc l`lriy pdtl`tboc plr hoy 1 ℀℀ >. 1
8. 1 ? :Xfus tfl alo` pdwlr il`lrotbd` pdtl`tboc1l`lriy il`lrotbd` pdtl`tboc / tbal b` ? hoy
Zdwlr 1 ? : 78:: 1?:8AY.
Ossuab`i tfl pdwlr kd`vlrsbd` lggbkbl`ky td nl ;:% = Xfl hobcy-ovlroil pdwlril`lrotlh 1 ?:8 ;: 1 ;? . .
Nlkousl tfl ovobconcl pdwlr vorbls wbtf tfl squorl dg tfl tbhoc ro`il, o norroil bs pcoklh b` o cdkotbd` wbtf o vlry fbif-oapcbtuhl tbhls. [ubtoncl cdkotbd`s orl gdu`h b`
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^ussbo, \.[.O, Ko`oho, Oustrocbo, Edrlo, o`h tfl \.E. Oapcbtuhls dg up td ?9 a(8: AY. Xfl pco`t kd`sbsts dg >8 nucn-typl turnb`l il`lrotdrsdg
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?6
2. Xbhoc ibo`ts - tfl wdrch—s gbvl nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr pco`t=
Xfl [wo`slo Noy tbhoc coidd` prdmlkt b` tfl \E o`h tfl AlyIl` tbhoc orroy prdmlktb` [kdtco`h sto`h dut oad`i tfl glw coril-skocl tbhoc pdwlr prdmlkts kurrl`tcy u`hlrhlvlcdpal`t. Zdwlr-tlkf`dcdiy.kda cbsts gbvl dg tfl wdrch—s nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr
pco`ts, b`kcuhb`i tfdsl ndtf dplrotbd`oc o`h u`hlr kd`struktbd`.
2.?. [bfwo Coel Xbhoc Zdwlr [totbd`, [dutf Edrlo - >
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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?2
Gbi.?2= Zrdmlkt stotus ny Iddicl lortf U>:Q.
Gbi.>:= Dplrotbd` dg [bfwo Xbhoc pdwlr pco`t U>:Q.
2.>. Co ^o`kl Xbhoc Zdwlr Zco`t, Gro`kl - >8:AY=
Xfl >8:AY Co ^o`kl tbhoc pdwlr pco`t d` tfl lstuory dg tfl ^o`kl ^bvlr b`Nrbtto`y, Gro`kl, fos nll` dplrotbd`oc sb`kl ?277 aoeb`i bt tfl wdrch's dchlst o`hslkd`h nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr stotbd`. Xfl rl`lwoncl pdwlr pco`t, kurrl`tcy dplrotlh nyÂclktrbkbtâ hl Gro`kl (LHG), fos o` o``uoc il`lrotbd` kopokbty dg ea>. Zdwlr bs prdhuklh tfrduif >8rlvlrsbncl nucn turnb`ls wbtf o rotlh kopokbty dg ?:AY lokf.
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
20/29
>:
Xfl pco`t sbtl gloturls o` ovlroil tbhoc ro`il dg 6.>a, tfl fbiflst b` Gro`kl.Lclktrbkbty bs glh b`td tfl >>?= Co ^o`kl Xbhoc Zdwlr Zco`t, Gro`kl.
2.;. [wo`slo Noy Xbhoc Coidd`, \`btlh Eb`ihda - >8:AY
Xfl >8:AY [wo`slo Noy Xbhoc Coidd` prdmlkt, td nl nubct ot [wo`slo Noy b` tfl\E, bs tfl wdrch's nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr prdmlkt o`h wbcc nlkdal tfl wdrch's tfbrh
nbiilst tbhoc pdwlr prdmlkt upd` kdapcltbd`. Xfl pco``b`i oppcbkotbd` gdr tfl £6:?;.
Xfl pco`t wbcc nl cdkotlh ot o sbtl wbtf ovlroil tbhoc ro`il dg 6.:?6. Xfl tbhoc coidd`, wbtf o` lstbaotlh o``uoc pdwlril`lrotbd` kopokbty 8::IYf, wbcc pdwlr dvlr ?>:,::: fdals gdr ?>: ylors.
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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>?
Gbi.>>= [wo`slo Noy Xbhoc Coidd`, \`btlh Eb`ihda.
2.8. AlyIl` Xbhoc L`lriy Zrdmlkt, [kdtco`h - 67AY=
AlyIl` Xbhoc L`lriy Zrdmlkt cdkotlh b` tfl B``lr [du`h dg tfl Zl`tco`h Gbrtf dgg tfl`drtf kdost dg Kobtf`lss, [kdtco`h, bs kurrl`tcy tfl wdrch's nbiilst u`hlrwotlr tbhocturnb`l pdwlr prdmlkt u`hlr hlvlcdpal`t.
Xfl tbhoc orroy prdmlkt rlklbvlh dggsfdrl pco``b`i kd`sl`t gdr bts 67AY gbrst pfoslhlvlcdpal`t grda tfl [kdttbsf Idvlr`al`t tdworhs tfl l`h dg >:?;. Xfl slkd`h
pfosl hlvlcdpal`t dg tfl prdmlkt bs lxplktlh td robsl tfl tdtoc b`stocclh kopokbty td;26AY ny >:>:.
Xfl AyIl` prdmlkt wos b`btbotlh b` >::7 ny tfl [kdttbsf kdapo`y AlyIl`, o mdb`tvl`turl nltwll` tfl tbhoc tlkf`dcdiy kdapo`y Otco`tbs ^lsdurkls o`h Adrio`
[to`cly. Otco`tbs ^lsdurkls okqubrlh gucc dw`lrsfbp dg tfl tbhoc orroy prdmlkt b`Hlklanlr >:?;. Kd`struktbd` bs lxplktlh td stort gdr o hlad`strotbd` orroy b`vdcvb`iup td sbx O^?::: sb`icl-rdtdr tbhoc turnb`ls b` >:?8 wbtf gb`oc kdaabssbd`b`ilxplktlh b` >:?>.:??.
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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>>
Gbi.>;= AlyIl` Xbhoc L`lriy Zrdmlkt, [kdtco`h.
2.:AY=
Xfl O``opdcbs tbhoc pdwlr il`lrotb`i stotbd` cdkotlh b` tfl O``opdcbs Nosb`, o sun- nosb` dg tfl Noy dg Gu`hy b` Ko`oho, fos o` b`stocclh kopokbty dg >:AY aoeb`i bttfl wdrch's tfbrh nbiilst dplrotb`i tbhoc pdwlr pco`t. Bt il`lrotls ?Q.
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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>;
Gbi.>8= O``opdcbs ̂ dyoc Il`lrotb`i [totbd`, Ko`oho.
?:. L`vbrd`al`toc o`h Lkdcdibkoc Kd`klr`s dg Xbhoc L`lriy=
Xbhoc pdwlr il`lrotbd` ko` dgglr sbi`bgbko`t ohvo`toils, b`kcuhb`i baprdvlhtro`spdrtotbd` hul td tfl hlvlcdpal`t dg troggbk dr robc nrbhils okrdss lstuorbls o`hrlhuklh irll`fdusl ios labssbd`s ny utbcbzb`i tbhoc pdwlr b` pcokl dg gdssbc gulcs.
Fdwlvlr tflrl orl ocsd sdal sbi`bgbko`t l`vbrd`al`toc hbsohvo`toils wfbkf aoeltbhoc pdwlr, portbkucorcy norroil systlas clss ottroktbvl tfo` dtflr gdras dg rl`lwoncll`lriy.
Xfl kd`struktbd` dg o tbhoc norroil b` o` lstuory wbcc kfo`il tfl tbhoc clvlc b` tfl nosb`. Xfbs kfo`il bs hbggbkuct td prlhbkt, o`h ko` rlsuct b` o cdwlrb`i dr robsb`i dg tfltbhoc clvlc. Xfbs kfo`il wbcc ocsd fovl o aorelh lgglkt d` tfl slhbal`totbd` o`h purbty
dg tfl wotlr wbtfb` tfl nosb`. B` ohhbtbd`, `ovbiotbd` o`h rlkrlotbd` ko` nl ogglktlh oso rlsuct dg o slo hlptf kfo`il hul td b`krloslh slhbal`totbd` wbtfb` tfl nosb`. Orobsb`i dg tfl tbhoc clvlc kduch rlsuct b` tfl gcddhb`i dg tfl sfdrlcb`l, wfbkf kduch fovlo` lgglkt d` tfl cdkoc aorb`l gddh kfob`.
Zdtl`tboccy tfl corilst hbsohvo`toil dg tbhoc pdwlr bs tfl lgglkt o tbhoc stotbd` fos d`tfl pco`ts o`h o`baocs wfbkf cbvl wbtfb` tfl lstuory. Os vlry glw tbhoc norroils fovl
nll` nubct, vlry cbttcl bs u`hlrstddh ondut tfl gucc bapokt dg tbhoc pdwlr systlas d` tflcdkoc l`vbrd`al`t. Yfot fos nll` kd`kcuhlh bs tfot tfl lgglkt hul td o tbhoc norroil bsfbifcy hlpl`hl`t upd` tfl cdkoc ildiropfy o`h aorb`l lkdsystla.
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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>8
Gbsf aoy advl tfrduif scubkls soglcy, nut wfl` tflsl orl kcdslh, gbsf wbcc sllturnb`ls o`h ottlapt td swba tfrduif tfla. Ocsd, sdal gbsf wbcc nl u`oncl td lskopltfl wotlr spllh `lor o turnb`l o`h wbcc nl sukelh tfrduif U>>Q.
*Gbsf Adrtocbty=
Xflrl orl twd kotlidrbls dg tfrlots td gbsf
*Hbrlkt= b`mury o`h adrtocbty hul td ncohl strbel o`h wotlr kd`hbtbd`s (gdr lxoapclwotlr prlssurl) rlsuctb`i b` hoaoil dr hbsdrbl`totbd`.
*B`hbrlkt= cdss o`h hlirohotbd` dg fonbtot wfbkf aoy nl bapdrto`t gdr gllhb`i o`hspow`b`i5 o`h hbsruptbd` td advlal`t (sukf os kdapcltbd` dg abirotbd`).
Adrtocbty hul td ncohl strbel bs tfl adst stuhblh sdurkl dg gbsf adrtocbty. Lstbaotls
hlpl`h d` tfl typl o`h dplrotbd` dg o turnb`l, o`h splkbls dg gbsf. B` drhlr td rlhuklclvlcs dg ncohl strbel, tfl Doe ^bhil @otbd`oc Condrotdry (D^@C) prdhuklh o slt dgkrbtlrbo gdr tfl hlsbi` dg ‐gbsf-grbl`hcy— turnb`ls. Xflsl krbtlrbo orl noslh d` o`lxtl`sbvl cbtlroturl rlvblw dg stuhbls d` sb`icl gbsf possoil tfrduif turnb`ls ot fyhrd-
pdwlr skflals. B` rlkl`t ylors, clvlcs dg survbvoc irlotlr tfo` 2:% fovl nll`okfblvlh. Yfbcl fbif survbvonbcbty bs pdssbncl, `d gblch trbocs dg turnb`ls b` o`lstuorb`l l`vbrd`al`t fovl nll` korrblh dut. B` ohhbtbd`, adst stuhbls dg gbsfadrtocbty fovl nll` korrblh dut d` saocc-sbzlh socad`, o `dtdrbduscy rdnust splkbls5tflrlgdrl rlpdrts dg ‐`licbibncl— adrtocbty clvlcs aoy `dt nl oppcbkoncl td tfl hbvlrsbty
dg gbsf, krustoklo` o`h b`vlrtlnrotl splkbls kdaad` b` lstuorbls sukf os ohuct socad`,
sfoh, gcdu`hlr, nrdw` sfrbap. B` ohhbtbd`, lstbaotls dg gbsf adrtocbty orl noslh d`gbsf aoeb`i o sb`icl poss tfrduif o turnb`l= gbsf cbvb`i b` o` lstuory aoy aoelauctbpcl possls b` o hoy, b`krlosb`i tflbr rbse dg adrtocbty.
Clss stuhblh bs adrtocbty hul td sun-cltfoc b`murbls, prlhotbd` dr b`hbrlkt bapokts.Hurb`i turnb`l possoil, ncohl strbel o`h fyhroucbk kd`hbtbd`s ko` rlsuct b` b`murbls(gdr lxoapcl skocl cdss, lyl cdss dr onrosbd`s) wfbkf aoy `dt kousl baalhbotladrtocbty, nut wbcc rlhukl survbvoc tfrduif hbslosl dr hlkrloslh gbt`lss. Gbsfkdaad`cy sugglr hbsdrbl`totbd` hurb`i turnb`l possoil wfbkf b`krlosls prlhotbd` rbse
ny dtflr gbsf, gbsf-lotb`i nbrhs o`h oquotbk aoaaocs5 tfbs fos nll` dnslrvlh ot Co
^o`kl. B` o rlkl`t stuhy, adrtocbty nlkousl dg prlhotbd` dg muvl`bcl socad` wos gdu`htd okkdu`t gdr nltwll` 87-9:% dg tdtoc adrtocbty, b`hbkotb`i bt bs pdtl`tboccy okd`sbhlroncl sdurkl dg adrtocbty. Fdwlvlr, ot prlsl`t stuhbls d` adrtocbty clvlcs hultd prlhotbd` prlssurl o`h sun-cltfoc b`murbls orl cbabtlh U>;Q.
*Wlry Cdw-Floh Xurnb`ls=
Wlry Cdw-Floh (WCF) turnb`ls orl o `lw tlkf`dcdiy tfot rlpdrtlhcy fos o saocclrbapokt d` gbsf tfo` lxbstb`i tlkf`dcdibls. O rlkl`t trboc d` o WCF prdtdtypl okfblvlh
?::% survbvonbcbty dg ndtf coril o`h saocc llcs. Fdwlvlr, vlry glw trbocs dg WCFturnb`ls fovl nll` u`hlrtoel`. B` rlspd`sl td irdwb`i b`tlrlst b` WCF turnb`ls, tfl
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><
Ko`ohbo` idvlr`al`t puncbsflh iubhlcb`ls gdr tfl tlstb`i dg tflsl turnb`ls. Xflrlpdrt kdaal`ts tfot –adrtocbty, octfduif losy td hlgb`l o`h alosurl, bs sbapcy d`l
woy td lvocuotl tfl nbdcdibkoc lgglktbvl`lss dg o turnb`l ylt tfl aomdrbty dg stuhblsgdkus d`cy d` adrtocbty os o` l`hpdb`t‑. Bt suiilsts tfot o –subtl dg l`hpdb`ts sfduch
nl lxoab`lh wfbkf b`kdrpdrotl rlclvo`t altrbks tfot fovl tfl pdtl`tboc td b`gcul`kl
cd`i-tlra survbvoc, floctf, kd`hbtbd` o`h gbt`lss‑ U>;Q.
??. Ohvo`toils dg Xbhoc l`lriy=
Xflrl orl o `uanlr dg ohvo`toils td tbhoc l`lriy. Nlkousl tfl gdrkl nlfb`h tbhocl`lriy kdals grda tfl pucc dg tfl add`, bt bs o` b`lxfoustbncl l`lriy sdurkl. Os cd`ios tfl add` kd`tb`uls td drnbt tfl lortf, tflrl wbcc nl l`lriy b` tfl tbhls.
Xfbs rlcotbd`sfbp td tfl add` ocsd aoels tbhoc l`lriy o prlhbktoncl l`lriy sdurkl.
Dtflr gdras dg rl`lwoncl l`lriy, sukf os wb`h o`h sdcor l`lriy, orl hlpl`hl`t d`ro`hda wlotflr pottlr`s. Nut tbhoc l`lriy bs noslh d` tfl rbsl o`h gocc dg tbhls, wfbkfbs adrl u`bgdra o`h rlcboncl.
Bt bs o kclo` l`lriy sdurkl nlkousl, u`cbel tfl nur`b`i dg gdssbc gulcs, bt hdls `dtrlclosl irll`fdusl iosls dr dtflr pdccuto`ts b`td tfl obr. Bt bs ocsd o kflop l`lriysdurkl. Ogtlr tfl b`btboc b`vlstal`t bs pobh dgg, tfl kdst dg il`lrotb`i lclktrbkbty bs vlrycdw. Xbhoc l`lriy fos o fbif l`lriy hl`sbty, alo`b`i tfot tfl tbhls stdrl o corilroadu`t dg l`lriy tfo` adst dtflr gdras dg rl`lwoncl l`lriy, sukf os tfl wb`h U>8Q.
?>. Hbsohvo`toils dg Xbhoc l`lriy=
Hlspbtl tfbs cbst dg ohvo`toils, tflrl orl o `uanlr dg hbsohvo`toils td tbhoc l`lriy.Xbhoc l`lriy hlvlcdpal`t bs foaplrlh ny fbif upgrd`t kdsts. Gdr lxoapcl, d`l stuhy`dtlh tfot dklo` pdwlr il`lrotbd` ko` kdst adrl tfo` $8:: plr AYF kdaporlh tddtflr rl`lwoncl l`lriy sdurkls, sukf os wb`h, nbdaoss, fyhrdlclktrbk o`h ildtflraocl`lriy, tfot kdst ondut $?8Q.
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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>7
?;. Guturl dutcdde=
Octfduif sustob`oncl l`lriy rlsdurkls prdhukl cbabtlh oadu`ts dg kornd` hbdxbhllabssbd`s, tfly orl, ny `oturl, rlcbo`t d` tfl `oturoc l`vbrd`al`t o`h tflrlgdrl orlvuc`lroncl td tfl lgglkts dg kcbaotl kfo`il. Yfbcl slo clvlc o`h wb`h pottlr` kfo`ils
orl lxplktlh, tbhoc l`lriy bs clss cbelcy td nl ogglktlh. Xfbs b`hustry ocsd fos tflohvo`toil dg nlb`i prlhbktoncl o`h quo`tbgboncl, ndtf spotboccy o`h tlapdroccy.
Bt bs ocsd fdplh tfot wbtf guturl hlvlcdpal`t dg tbhoc kurrl`t turnb`l tlkf`dcdiy, tflbapokt upd` aorb`l cbgl ko` nl rlhuklh. B` kosl dg aocgu`ktbd` tflsl typl dg gokbcbtblshd `dt bapdsl o`y aomdr kotostrdpfbk hoaoil td tfl surrdu`hb`is, kdaporlh td, soy,`ukclor dr fyhrdlclktrbk hoa gobcurl U>
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8/18/2019 tidal enegy
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>9
?8. Kd`kcusbd`=
Xbhoc pdwlr fos tfl pdtl`tboc td il`lrotl sbi`bgbko`t oadu`ts dg lclktrbkbty ot klrtob`sbtls ordu`h tfl wdrch. Octfduif dur l`tbrl lclktrbkbty `llhs kduch `lvlr nl alt nytbhoc pdwlr ocd`l, bt ko` nl o vocuoncl sdurkl dg rl`lwoncl l`lriy td o` lclktrbkoc
systla. Xfl `liotbvl l`vbrd`al`toc bapokts dg tbhoc norroils orl prdnoncy aukfsaocclr tfo` tfdsl dg dtflr sdurkls dg lclktrbkbty, nut orl `dt wlcc u`hlrstddh ot tfbstbal. Xfl tlkf`dcdiy rlqubrlh gdr tbhoc pdwlr bs wlcc hlvlcdplh, o`h tfl aob` norrblrtd b`krloslh usl dg tfl tbhls bs tfot dg kd`struktbd` kdsts. Xfl guturl kdsts dg dtflrsdurkls dg lclktrbkbty, o`h kd`klr` dvlr tflbr l`vbrd`al`toc bapokts, wbcc uctbaotlcyhltlrab`l wfltflr fuao`eb`h lxtl`sbvlcy for`lssls tfl irovbtotbd`oc pdwlr dg tfladd` U?;Q.
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>6
^lglrl`kls=
?. Kforcblr. >::;. [ustob`oncl Kd-Il`lrotbd` grda tfl tbhls= O ^lvblw.
^l`lwoncl o`h [ustob`oncl L`lriy ^lvblws.
>. Kcore, @bilc. >::7. Xbhoc norroils o`h nbrhs. Nrbtbsf Dr`btfdcdibsts'\`bd`, Bnbs.
;. Ounrlkft, Idrhd`. >::7. L`lriy= Zfysbkoc, L`vbrd`al`toc, o`h [dkbocBapokt. Xfbrh Lhbtbd`. Zlorsd` Lhukotbd` B`k. [o` Gro`kbskd, KO.
8. Zd`tls o`h Gockod. >::?. Dklo` L`lribls= ^lsdurkls o`h \tbcbzotbd`.::7.
7. @bkfdccs-Cll, ^.G., [.^. Xur`dke. >::6. Xbhoc l`lriy lxtroktbd`=rl`lwoncl, sustob`oncl o`h prlhbktoncl.
9. Kcore, Z. , ^. Ecdss`lr, C. Edcdil. >::;. Xbhoc L`lriy.
6. ^.F.Kforcblr, M.^. Mustus."Dklo` L`ib`ls= L`vbrd`al`toc, Lkd`dabko`h Xlkf`dcdibkoc Osplkts dg Octlr`otbvls Zdwlr [durkls", Lcslvblr?22;.
2. \.[. Hlportal`t dg Kdaalrkl, "Xbhl o`h Kurrl`t Icdssory" @otbd`ocDklo`bk o`h Otadspflrbk Ohab`bstrotbd`, Mo`uory >:::.
?:. Z. Kcore, ^. Ecdss`lr, C. Edcdil, "Xbhoc L`lriy", Gb`oc Zrdmlkt, @dvlanlr >::;.
??. I. Foilrao`, N. Zdciyl, "Altfdcdiy gdr Lstbaotb`i Xbhoc Kurrl`t
L`lriy ^lsdurkls o`h Zdwlr Zrdhuktbd` ny Xbhoc B`-strloa L`lriy
Kd`vlrsbd` (XB[LK) Hlvbkls LZ^B, [lptlanlr >::7.
?>. E. Cyd`, A. ^oy`lr "Gokt sfllt ?:= Xbhoc L`lriy", Oustrocbo`
B`stbtutl dg L`lriy Aurhdkf \`bvlrsbty, Oustrocbo, >::8.
?;. [f. Aosudh, A. Oalr, A. [oabr, "Xbhoc Zdwlr Il`lrotbd` [ystlas",
L`ib`llrb`i Hlportal`t, Xfl Oalrbko` \`bvlrsbty b` Kobrd, [prb`i
>::?.
fttp=//l`.wbebplhbo.dri/wbeb/XbhocTpdwlr ., Ybebplhbo?8.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power
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?:kduro`tsT .
?7. Ydrch L`lriy Kdu`kbc, "Dklo` Xflraoc L`lriy Kd`vlrsbd`", [urvly
dg L`lriy ^lsdurkls >::8, Kf.?7 p.p. 8?2-8;>, Lcslrvblr.
fttp=//www.upra.lhu/orlt/hdks/KfT;TDklo`.phg . ?9
?6. O. A. Idrcdv, "Xbhoc L`lriy", @drtflostlr` \`bvlrsbty, Ndstd`
Aossokfusltts, \[O >::?.
[fobef Ah. ^. Xdusbg, [fobyle Ah. N. Xoscba?2. , "Xbhoc Zdwlr= O`B`tlr`otbd`oc Mdur`oc dgLgglktbvl Altfdh dg Il`lrotb`i Zdwlr",
[kbl`tbgbk & L`ib`llrb`i ^lslorkf Wdcual >, Bssul :??.
>:. www.votlkf-fyhrd.kda.
tlkf`dcdiy.kda-www.pdwlr .. ?>
fttp=//www.fbl.kd.ue/obl/tbhocTpdwlr.ftac.. >>
-Bapokt-fttp=//www.porcboal`t.ue/ZD[X/pdstp`8;Norroilsrlglrl`kls.phg -L`lriy-dg Xbhoc .
www.stuhy.kda.. 8>>::6. Xbhoc l`lriy lxtroktbd`=
rl`lwoncl, sustob`oncl o`h prlhbktoncl. [kbl`kl Zrdirlss. 2?=? pi. 6?-
fttp=//www.swltswbsl.kda. ???. ^ltrlblvlh ot=
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