ÔN TÂP TIÊNG ANH THI CAO HOC ĐHSP HUÊĐÂY ĐU NÔI DUNG PHÂN VIÊT CÂU VA ĐOC HIÊU

Exercise 11. It / long / time / that / l / not / see / her.2. It / so / late / that / nothing / be done.3. We / help / laugh / him.4. I / will / drop / you / team / if / not / train / harder.5. Like / women / she / love / tea-party / gossip.6. I / see / plane / crash / hill / burst / flames.7. high time / someone / tell / him / stop / behave / child.8. Turn / oven / so that / meat / not burn.9. If / house / be burned / we / claim / compensation.10. I / will never / tell / secret / woman.

Exercise 21. I / take / shoes / avoid / make / noise.2. Thank / invitation / your wedding / beginning / December.3. I / love with / girl / name / Alice.4. I / delighted / news / your marriage.5. I / return / visit / Japan. It / wonderful trip.6. We / support / him / until / find / work.7. They / so surprised / not try / stop / him.8. He / say / he / happy / where / be.9. She / feel / as if / she / a fever.10. He / only person / who / be able / help.

Exercise 31 . Health Robinson / died / 1944 / be / graphic artist / cartoonist.2. According / Cook / whose book / published / Thursday / most disasters / avoidable.3. What / you / do / choose / five companies / invest.4. I / not happy / neither / they.5. She / so busy / not come / party.6. He / had / car / five years.7. I wish I not have / much work / do.8. She / threatened / call / police / if / he / not leave / immediately9. He / a lot / mistakes / composition10. He / apologize / me / not reply / letter.

Exercise 41. You / not be / afraid / snakes / you ?2. You / not want / sell / house / you?3 His mother / proud / him / she?4. I/ not go out / now / as / it / rain / and l / not have / umbrella.5. I / wear / sunglasses / today / because / sun / very strong.

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6. I / usually go / bus/ but to day / I go / Tom’s car. 7. Mary / usually learn / languages very quickly / but she / not seem / able / learn / modern Greek.8. When I / arrive / lecture / already start / and / professor / write / overhead projector.9. He / not allow / us / go out / boat / yester day / as / strong wind / blow.10. When / he / return / I / give / him / key.

Exercise 5I. If I / see/ him / l / him / lift.2. What / happen / if / my parachute / not open?3. Unless / I / have / quiet room / I / not be able / do / work.4. What / you / do / if / found / burglar / house?5. You / see / garden / its best / if you / be here / last week.6. He / be made / sign / paper / admit /guilt.7. I / advise / him / ask / bus conductor / tell / him / where / get off.8. You / too young / have / front-door key.9. floor / not strong / us / dance.10. It / cold / us / have breakfast / garden.

Exercise 61. I / astonished / hear / he / leave / country.2. It / brave / him / rush / burning house.3. lt / no use / cry / spilt milk.4. It / difficult / get used / eat / chopsticks.5. By / work / day and night / he / succeed / finish / job / time.6. He / warn / her / not touch / wire.7. I / regret / inform / you / your application / be refused.8. Before / give / evidence / you / must swear / speak / truth.9. I / not used / drive / left.10. For / long time / earth / believed / flat

Exercise 71. bed / I / sleep / have / no mattress.2. man / I / waiting / not turn up.3. Tom / who / driving / all day / tired / and want / stop.4. How long / it / take her / cook / meal / yesterday ?5. He / help / his friend / get good marks / telling him / more careful.6. Those buses / not going / airport / neither / taxis.7. You / free / do what / like.8. lt / exciting / hear / she / won / first prize.9. It / not easy / patient / recover / his illness.10. lt / not possible / us / smoke / class.

Exercise 81. nurse / kind enough / help him / walk.

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2. His dream / become / doctor / may / true.3. We / told / whom / meet / station.4. They warn / us / not sleep / mosquito nets.5. We / suggest / travel / train / see more / country.6. He / rather spend / holidays / a farm / seaside.7. student / only play / piano / also play / football.8. He / not talk / loudly / I.9. My brother / not drive / carefully / I.10. He / understand / lesson / more quickly / the rest / his class.

Exercise 9l. He / better / not go / school / because he / not feeling well.2. His summer holidays / country / make / happier / healthier.3. I / see / him / walk alone / park / night.4. doctor's duty / to take care / people's health.5. How / beautiful / garden !6. What / nice picture !7. Bicycles / must / leave / hall.8. Nothing / can / do / unless / more information / given / us.9. He / told / he / going away / next day.10. Sleep / next room / people / wikened / sound / breaking glass.

Exercise 10l. My brother / prefer / play tennis / watch it.2. I / rather / you / phone / him today.3. He / admit / steal / documents.4. I / object / her / write / own letters / office hours.5. It / difficult / prevent / people / park here.6. Ann / suggest / go / his flat / but I / not think / it / necessary.7 . He / not interested / make / a lot of money8. Bill / insist / me / paint / ceiling / black.9. In spite / quite rich / he / spend / very little.10. There / people / can’t help / laugh / when / see someone/ slip / banana skin.

Exercise 111. How long / they / live / there?2. You / break / light ?3. He / cheerful / outgoing / personality?4. You / another / cup / coffee?5. This / one / my favorite / song.6. He / think / unusual / eat / dogs / snakes.7. Temperature / rarely / fall / below / zero / winter.8. She / suffer / poverty / hardships / all life.9. Ho Chi Minh / regard as / father / Vietnam.10. The thief / send / prison / 10 years.

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Exercise 121. He / stop / smoke / save money. 2. America / one / three / marriages end / divorce.3. The telephone / be / broken / one week.4. You mind / take / rubbish / outside ?5. The book / write / by / famous / Vietnamese author.6. He / telephone / mother / so that / she / not worry.7. Afraid / I / not agree / your opinion.8. Ten per cent / population / be left-handed.9. Tell me / way / post office ?10. Her cat / wake / her up / every morning / by / jump / her face.

Exercise 131. He / take / his dog / walk / every evening.2. You / prefer / this color / that color ?3. He / be / try / telephone / her / day.4. Man / find / guilty / send / prison / l0 years.5. He / use / cry / lot / when / he / be / child. 6. Oldest woman / the world / be / 110 / old.7. I / pay / the hotel / if you / pay / food.8. I / be / afraid / not finish / yet.9. What / he say / interesting.10. Unless / ground / warm / seed / can't / planted.

Exercise 14l . I / might / go / beach / weekend.2. It / take / me / long time / read / book / in English.3. Please / not move / while / I / take / photograph.4. That / be / man / steal / my bag.5. I / wonder / you / help / lift / chest.6. This / be / the school / I / go to / as / child.7. It / be / no use / say / you / be / sorry.8. Wife / not let / me / smoke / house.9. Remember / turn off / gas / when / you / finish / cooking.10. Building / which / be / very expensive / be / build / last year.

Exercise 15l. You / show me / how / operate / computer ?2. If she / want / meet me / she / have / ask me herself.3. Viet Nam / change / quickly / moment.4. You / send / fax / him / soon / possible?5. He / think / computers / be / more common / typewriters / future.6. Know / how / use / computer / be / very important nowadays.7. When / I / be/ married / l want / have / lots / children.

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8. I / be / try / contact you / three days.9. My brother / not feel / well / so / he / go / bed.10. I / not come / tomorrow / but / I / able / come / next week instead.

Exercise 16 1. It / be / wonderful / go / swimming / when / weather / get / warmer.2. He / grow / so fat / he / not be able / wear / favourite trousers.3. They / miss / start / the show / so / decide / have / dinner / restautant / instead.4. When we / travel / Japan / ưe / have to / pay / lot / money / hotel room.5. Without proof / it / be / impossible / police / know / who / take / money.6. We / be / still not sure / origin / langgages.7. After / visit / dentist / Phuong's teeth hurt / more / they / have / before.8. Pacific Ocean / be / generally / think / be / biggest / world.9. She / not see / performance very well / to she / move / different seat.I0. He / suggest / they / have / good meal / go / bed / earrly.

Exercise 171. She / have / hairdresser / cut / her hair / different way.2. He / not enjoy / job / so / find / different one. 3. I / want / buy / jacket / not have / enough money.4. He / have / his secretary / type / letter.5. Have / run / as fast / could / he / be able / arrive / on time.6. If you / not go / the party / I / not go / either.7. I / get / friend / fix / my computer.8. We / see / either / this film / or lother one.9. You / be / unlucky / not win / first prize.10. He / know / he / be / wrong / but / he / not / admit it.

Exercise 181. I / be / afraid / you / have to / wait / half / hour / before / doctor / see you.2. I / not / solve / problem / it / be / too difficult.3. He / just / buy / new computer.4. How long / she / work / here ?5. William Shakespeare / consider / be / England's / great / playwright.6. I / be / so sorry / hear / your accident.7. You / always / be / careful / when / you / cross / road.8. If / you / be / so tired / why / not / you / go / bed ?9. I / be / sorry / but I / not remember / your name.l 0. lt / be / beautiful / day / not be / it ?

Exercise 191. l / prefer / live / countryside / because I / dislike / noise / traffic / city.2. We / not believe / whatever / he / say / because / he / liar.3. Despite / age / he / join / social activities / neigbourhood.4. surprising / he / pass / examination.

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5. man / injured / accident / take / hospital.6. Now that / highway / build / take / two hours / there.7. only guest / late / pary / our manager.8. It / stupid / him / give up / job / need / money.9. wish / go / beach / you / last Sunday.10. Neither he / nor I / be going / attend / meeting.

Exercise 201. I / have / use / public telephone / because / out of order.2. She / by / church / way / work / day.3. factory / close / workers / go / strike / last week.4. director / ill / so / deputy / speech / instead of.5. happen / picture / used to / hang / wall ?6. I / complain / manager / restaurant / food.7. We / not see / picture / our city / as / look / 100 years.8. advantage / have / car / that / rely / public transport.9. It / age / 14 / Jack London / leave school / sailor.l0. Neither / boy's teacher / parents / satisfied / progress.

Exercise 211. There / be/ increase / road / abcident / in / few years.2. Mr. Green / take / charge / office / while / director / away / vacation.3. He / furious / me / not invite / party / Sunday.4. rain / everyday / so / have / spend / most / time / indoors.5. He / show / photograph / hotel / stay / during / holiday.6. my opinion / violent films / should not / show / televtsion.7. you / know / Linda / engage / friend / mine?8. If / smoke / there / greater chance / you / die / lung cancer.9. accident / fault / so / I / pay / damage.10. You / borrow / book / if / promise / keep / clean.

Exercise 221. going / visit / friends / make with / hostel.2. begin / rain / manager / get / office / morning.3. When / boy / twelve / father / die / dangerous disease.4.I / tell / her / meeting / if / see / tomorrow.5. lt / important / brother / stop / smoke / once.6. I / think over / offer / give / my answer / soon / possible. 7. After / dinner / set out / saying / where / going.8. We / invite / party / occasion / birthday.9. She / leave / wait / rain / minutes / night.10. sister / willing / help / mother / homework / when / hotiday.

Exercise 231. police / say / no connection / two murders.

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2. you / know / interested / buy / hand / car ?3. Stand / plane / doctor / goodbye / everybody / airport.4. John / show / hotel / stay / vacation.5. mother / still / hospital / out / danger.6. While / Ann / hospital / she / a visit / teacher.7. I / hardly / start work / feel / pain / back.8. Now that / I / finish / course / have / look / job. 9. Paul / suit / job interview / good impression.10. Why not / day off / so / recover properly ?

Exercise 241. The Queen / moved / tears / hear / news.2. She / insist / talk / manager / person.3. It / essential / that / child / same / educatioqal opportunities.4. He / little / money / save / it / not / long.5. I / never / really / consider / get / married.6. I / grateful / kindness / me / visit / your factory / earfier this month.7 . We / survive / unless / start / work / cleaner / safer / sources / energy.8. She / hurt / leam / boyfriend / forget / birttrday.9. At / bank / Bill / second / command.10. She / look / as / she / see / ghost.

Exercise 251. hate / people / laugh / own jokes.2. we / looking / pub / serve food.3. It / Jones / injured / Brown.4. I / introduce / man / share a flat.5. tell / truth / l / not think / you / much chance of success.6. They / make / him go / sleep / giving / a special drink.7. Mr Brown / not a scientist / neither / his wife.8. You / free / do what / like.9. It / exciting / hear / he / won / gold medal.10. It / sad / find / more / more couples / getting divorced.

Exercise 261. The weather / so bad / we have / say / home.2. There / so much noise / I / not sleep.3. He had so / books / not know / where / put them.4. He / make / strange decision / that / everyone / surprised.5. This / such / easy exercise / I / do it / two minutes.6. We / surprised / the news / they / manage / finish such / diffrcult task ahead /schedule.7. Some seeds can / planted / whether / ground / cold / not.8. He wondered / teaching methods / vary considerably / not.9. What he / trying / do / get / early / moming.

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I 0. fact / her son / out / danger / bring her / some relief.

Exercise 27l. It / wonderful / see / old friends again.2. If I / you / not do / that.3. She / pleased / receive / such / gift.4. last two lessons / hard / me / understand5. Your parents / not like / plan / live abroad.6. His refusal / help / disappointment.7. You / not keep / promise / write / me / more frequently.8. principal / school / arurounce / intention / retire. 9. His decision / resign / welcomed / people.10. I / feel doubtful / his ability / do / work.

Exercise 28I . He / first man / arrive.2. This / best book / subject / appeat / tris year.3. There / several letters / director / sign.4. This / first attempt / English composition. 5. news / her son / killed / greatshock / het.6. think / there / little probability / he / succeed / examination.7 . care / when / cross / busy streets.8. question / gol Da Lat / or Vung Tau / holidays / still / discussed.9. Everybody / annious / know / what / happeltd.10. Your father / pleased / see / long absence.

Exercise 291. She / fortunate / have / such / kind husband. 2. boys / clever / see / solution / problem / so quickly.3. You / careless / leave / umbrella / bus.4. How brave / you / go / into / buming building / save / baby ! 5. Everyone / anxious / you / accept / position.6. Ann / eager / parents / meet / young man / asked her / marry him.7 . baby brother / too / young / walk.8. box / too heavy / you / lift.9. I / quite ignorant / what / intend / do.10. He / angry / her / broken / promise.

Exercise 301. I / not dare / stay / home / myself / night.2. be sure / good seat / your tickets / should / bought / advance.3. Sitting / window / l / watch / people / pass.4. Jerry / a feeling / he / followed / but / friends / just laugh / idea.5. Why / left / mystery / me.6. How / prisoner / escape / compete mystery.

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7. They / very thankful / whatever / you / give.8. student / always / attention / whatever / teacher / saying.9. London / town / many millions of people.I0. time / visit me / inconvenient.

Exercise 31l. However hard / try / never / seem able / work.2. way /my office / never stop / no mather / call me.3. She / always late / class / no matter / get up.4. teacher / love / every student / no matter / from.5. I / not stand / listen / his complaints / longer.6. Her ambition / famous pianist / obvious.7. She / decision / goodbye / him.8. There / no news / how / prisoner / escape.9. How ungrateful / you / not greet / former teacher / meet / him.10. It / very thoughtless / laugh merrily / when / person / speiking / sorrowful.

Exercise 32l. I / sorry / I / fail / arrive / Athens / last Friday.2. I / very impressed / all work / you / done / on / your house.3. We / polluted / air / be / smoke / factories / fumes / motor-vehicles.4. Provided / legible / examiner / accept / handwriting / answer.5. I / congratulate / you / excellent cooking.6. If / earth / sudden / stop / spin / we / fly / it.7. My / father / tired / live / city / want / quiet village.8. Never / put / tomorrow / you / can / today.9. She / dentist / got / toothache .10. Gagarin / first man / travel / space.

A. USING THE SUGGESTED PHRASE GIVEN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE

Exercise 11. "Why don't you complain to the compily, Peter ? " said William.William suggested ……………………….. .......2. He started to play the guitar five years ago.He has .....................................3. I am fond of my nephew although he behaves terribly.I am fond of my nephew in …………………….....4. I won't swim in the sea because it is too cold.The sea is not ..................................................5. "I was not there at the time," he said.He denied............................................ .......6. "'Who does that suitcase belong to?" The policeman asked us.The policeman asked us whose ………………………………………..7. She hasn't ridden a horse before.It's . ...................................................

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8. We couldn't answer those two difficult questions.Those two …………………………….9. Haven't you got any cheaper televisions ?Are these ………………………………………………….10. I would prefer you not to smoke in here.I'd rather . ………………………………………...

Exercise 21. "Please don't make such a mess in your room," his mother said.His mother asked …………………………………………2. The Americans have just recalled their ambassador.The Americans ……………………………..3. It is not necessary for you to do the test.You ……………………………………

4. The day was so cold that we stayed in doorsIt was ….5. She prefers reading to watching TVShe would …. 6. Eventually he succeeded in making her answer the question.Eventually he managed ....7. Although he is intelligent, he doesn't do well at school.In ...8. I regret not going to the airport to say goodbye to him.I wish ..:....:..9. They arrived very late because they had a flat tyre.If .. . .10. She couldn't get to work because of the heavy snow.The heavy snow ….

Exercise 3l. I had expected the weather to be worse.The weather was not . ….2. The train couldn't run because of the storm.The storm ….3. I didn't arrive in time to see her.I wasn't early ….4. I'm sorry I was rude to you yesterday.I apologise ….5. He didn't hurry, so he missed the train.If .. . . ..6. Mary is the most talented student in my school.No student ….7. I haven't seen that man here before.It's …..

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8. The furniture was so expensive that I didn't buy it.The furniture was too …..9. The robbers made the bank manager hand over the money.The bank manager ………………………………………..10. He learned to drive when he was eighteen.He has …………………………………..

Exercise 41. She had never been so happy before.She was unhappier ……………………………….2. It was so late that nothing could be done.If was too ……………………………………………..3. I asked the hotel receptionist to wake me at 8 o'clock the following morning."Please …………………………………4. They'll have to change the date of the meeting again.The date …………………………………….5. The garage is going to repair the car for us next week.We are going ……………………………….6. The bus takes longer than the train .The train ……………………………………7. John has not had his hair cut for over six months.It is …………………………………………….8. Maria says she'd like to have been put in a higher class.Maria wishes ………………………………….......9. Would you like me to finish the work tonight ? I'll ……………………………………....10. You may get hungry on the train, so take some sandwiches.In …………………………………………………..

Exercise 51. My husband didn't leave the car keys, so I couldn't pick him up at the station.If my husband ………………………………………2. "I don't think John will come," said Bill.Bill doubted ……………………………………….3. The postman was bitten by our dog.Our dog ...... .. . .. . .4. We couldn't drive because of the fog.The fog prevented .... ..5 Although his leg was broken he managed to get out of the car.In spite ... ...6. The cake was so hard that I could not eat it.It was …..7. We didn't go because it rained.If it hadn't …..8. I can't cook as well as my mother does.

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My mother …9. I don't suppose you have change for a pound, do you ?Do you happen . ........ ?10. He failed to win the race.He didn't ........... .

Exercise 6l. Mary rang hours and hours ago.It's hours …..2. I'm sorry that I didn't finish my homework last night.I wish ….3. She asked John how he liked her new dress."How ……..4. A train leaves at eight o'clock every morning.There is ……5. Nobody can deny that she has a beautiful voice.It ....... .............6. I would like you to help me to put the chairs away.Do you mind ....... ?7. The child will die if nobody sends for a doctor.Unless ....... 8. He would prefer you to pay him immediately.He’d rather …………………………………9. The water was so cold that the children could not swim in it.The water was not ……………………………10. Somebody repaired her car yesterday.She ……………………………

Exercise 71. You must see the manager tomorrow morning.You've ………………………….2. There was never any answer when we rang.Every ……………………………..3. That's an insulting name to use for him.Don't call …………………………………4. John asked if it was the blue one or the green she wanted."Which ……………………………………….5. She liked Paris very little, and Rome less.She thought Rome ......................................6. I can meet you if you arrive before eleven.So ……………………………………..7 . They will catch all the prisoners again tonight.All the prisoners ……………………………………..8. I've warned you not to go near that dog.I've warned you about ………………………..

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9. No, please don't tell him.I'd rather …………………………10. Why don't you ask her yourself ?I suggest ……………………….......

Exercise 81. An up-to-date visa is necessary for Andorra.You'll ………………………………..2. "Why don't you put a better lock on the door, Barry?" said John.John suggested …..3. Although both his legs were broken in the crash, he managed to get out of thecar before it exploded.Despite his …..4. I haven't eaten this kind of food before.This is the first ……5. After fighting the fire for twelve hours the firemen succeeded in putting it outThe firemen managed …….6. The architect has drawn plans for an extension to the house.Plans …….7. In Stratford-on-Avon we saw Shakespeare's birthplace.We saw the house …..8. It isn't necessary for you to finish by Saturday.You ……9. "How many survivors are there?" asked the journalist.The journalist wanted to know ... ...10. It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away.The meat was ........

Exercise 91. It is essential that Professor John Brown is met at the aiqport.Professor John Brown ……2. You can't visit the United States unless you get a visa.If you ………….3. "Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet ?" asked Peter.Peter asked if .. ... ..4. She started working as a secretary five years ago.She has ......5. She knows a lot more about it than I do.I don't know...................

6. My French friend finds driving on the left diffrcul.My French friend isn't …………………………7. They think the owner of the house is abroad.The owner ……………………….8. We didn’t go on holiday because we didn't have enough money.

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lf we …………………………..9. The children couldn't go swimming because the sea was very rough.The sea was too ……………………….I0. What a pity you failed your driving test !I wish …………………………….

Exercise 101. I'm always nervous when I travel by air.Travelling …………………………2. He could not afford to buy the car.The car ……………………………3. "Why don't you put your luggage under the seat ?" he asked.He suggested ……………………………..4. Although he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.In spite ……………………………………..5. He was annoyed because his secretary came late to work.He objected .............................................6. I'm sorry I missed your birthday party.I wish ………………………………..7. They haven't cleaned the streets this week.The streets ……………………………….8. Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.Apples are not …………………………..9. I advise you to put your money in the bank.You'd ……………………………..10. That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there.It is such ………………………….Exercise 111. John only understood very little of what the teacher said.John could hardly ...........................2. Unless someone has a key, we can't get into the house.We can only ....................3. I'm sure you didn't lock the front door. Here's the key.You can't ……4. He prefers golf to tennis.He'd rather …….5. He is sorry now that he didn't invite Molly to his party.He wishes ...................6. “Bring your swimming things in case it’s sunny”He told .......................7. There's no need for you to talk so loudly.You don't ...................8. I haven't been to Bristol for three years.The last time ..............................................9. No one has signed this cheque'.

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This cheque …………………..10. Tim will be eighteen next week.It's Tim's …………………………..

Exercise 121. Unless he phones immediately he won’t get any informationIf ………….2. How long is it since they bought the house ?When …….3. He couldn’t repair the broken vase.The vase ………4. The garden still needs digging.The garden hasn’t …………..

5. Have you got a cheaper carpet than this ?Is this ..................................................?6. I can't get my feet into these shoes.These shoes …………………………........7. I am very pleased that we shall meet again soon.I am looking ……………………………..8. “Keep away from this area," said the security guard, when we approached thefence.The security guard told ………………………….9. I've never met such a famous person before.It's …………………………………..10. This pudding can be cooked in its tin.You don't ………………………………....

Exercise 131. “Why didn't I get a computer before ?" thought the office manager.The office manager wondered ............................................2. “You'd better not lend him any more money, Mary," Said Tom.Tom advised Mary ………………………………….3. I started work for the company a year ago.I've been .. ...................................4. Susan felt sick, because she ate four crealn cakes.If Susan …………………………….5. My suit needs to be cleaned before the interview.I must ………………………………6. "You stole my best cassette, Amanda!" said William.William accused ........................................7. Because of the rough sea, the ferry couldn't sail.The rough sea ……………………………8. Please check for damage before signing the delivery note.Don't ………………………………..

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9. Roses can't possibly grow in such poor ground.It is impossible ……………….10. Your car might break down on the rough mountain road, so take plenty of spare parts.In case ...........

Exercise 14l. "You damaged my bicycle, John !" said Margaret.Margaret accused .............................2. It is only one hundred years since the birth of D.H. Lawrence, the famousnovelist.D.H. Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . .3. John Speke failed to find the source of the River Nile.John Speke didn't succeed …………………..4. Maria didn't apply for the job in the library and regrets it now.Maria wishes ........... ........................ 5. Helen wanted to know the name of Shirley's hairdresser's.Helen said, "Shirley, where ........... ........................?"6. This furniture is so old that it's not worth keeping.This is ...........7. Handicapped people find shopping in supermarkets diflicult.It's .................8. Why don't you meet to discuss the pay offer?I suggest ................................9. Without this treatment, the patient would have died.If he ............... ....................10. Although he didn't speak Dutch, Bob decided to settle in Amsterdam.In sllite ...............

Exercise 151. He is said to have been in the French Foreign Legion. People ...... 2. "How old is your little boy ? " said the nurse to the lady.The nurse asked the lady ……………………………..3. I'm sure it wasn't Mrs Elton you saw because she's in Bristol.It can't .......................................4. How long have Catherine and Henry been engaged ?When ………………………………5. In spite of his age, Mr Benson runs seven miles before breakfast.Although ………………………….6. It's a pity I didn't take my doctor's advice.I wish ....................................7 . The bread is so stale we can't eat it.The bread isn't ……………………..

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8. Who does this bag belong to ?Whose ............. …………………….?9. "Never borrow money from friends," my father said.My father told me ……………………........l0. The accident happened because the train driver ignored a warning light.If the train driver ……………………………….

Exercise 161. The keepers feed the lions at 3 pm every day.The lions ........................................2. We got lost because we didn't have a map.If we ............................................3. "Where is the station car-park ?" Mrs Smith asked.Mrs Smith asked .............................4. I would prefer you to deliver the sofa on Friday.I would rather ………………………………………5. He was sorry he hadn't said goodbye to her at the airport.He regretted ………………………………..6. It is pointless to have that old typewriter repaired.That old typewriter is not ....................................7. The bridge was so low the bus couldn’t go under it.It was ………..8. I last saw him when I was a student.I haven’t ……9. That was a silly thing to say !What ……10. We’ve run out of tea.There …..

Exercise 171. Philippa asked Olive if she could remember where she had put the camera.Philippa said, "Olive, ……………….?"2. It is a six-hour drive from London to Edinburgh.It takes ..............3. Tum off all switches before leaving the workshop.All the switches ………4. It is ages since Alan visited his parents.Alan ………………………5. Mrs Taylor does not like living in such a small house.Mrs Taylor wishes ........... 6. Mr Mills lost his job because he was late every day.If Mr Mills ………………..7. James spoke to his lawyer before signing the contract.James didn't …………………8. They travelled across India, and then flew on to Japan.

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After ………………9. “You’d better go to the doctor if you've got a pain in your back, Anna,'' Henry said.Henry suggested ………………10. The police made the youth empty his pocket.The youth ………………………..

Exercise 181. Joan eats very little so as not to put on weight.Joan eats very little because ……………………………2. On arrival at the shop, the goods are inspected carefullyWhen the goods ………………………………...3. Laurence hasn't seen his sister since she left for Japan.Laurence last …………………………………4. Peter said he wasn't feeling well.Peter said, "I ……………………………………………..”5. John is fat because he eats so many chips.If ……………………………………………6. “ You should take more exercise, Mr Robert," the doctor said, "if you want toIose weight." The doctor advised ……………………………………..7. Collecting dolls from foreign countries is one of Jane's interests.Jane is ………………………………..8. George is not nearly as energetic as he used to be.George used …………………………………9. If Joe doesn't change his way, he will end up in prison.Unless ...................................................10. The boy's very pleased to be going away on holiday soon.The boy's looking ………………………………..

Exercise 191. “Will I ever find a job? " Tim said to himself.Tom wondered ………………………………………2. You should take a map because you might get lost in those mountains.In case ..........................................3. Temperature is measured by a thermometer.A thermometer is ……………………………4. You remembered to post the letter, didn't you ?You didn't ………………………………….5. Mr Dryden mended the washing machine for me.I had ……………………..6. Pat is the tallest girl in her class.No one ...............7. To get the 40% discount, you must buy all twelve books at the same time.You can only …………....

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8. "I'm sorry I gave you the wrong number," said Paul to Susan.Paul apologized ……………………..9. Samuel started keeping a diary five years ago.Samuel has ……………….10. Please don’t smoke in the kitchen.I'd rather ………………………….

Exercise 201. Sally's parents gave her a computer for her birthday.Sally ………………………………2. It was such bad news that Helen burst into tears.The news ……………………….3. How long is it since you saw Mary?When ……………………….4. If he doesn't work harder, he'll lose his job.Unless …………………………………..5. I'd like to visit India more than any other country in the world.India is ………………………………..6. Alan regretted asking Arthur to lend him $20.Alan wished .......7. "When is the first day of your holiday, Peter?" Martha asked.Martha asked Peter when ......8. The flight to Moscow lasted three and a half hours.It took ………………………….9. I work in a factory which has more than athousand employees.There …………..10. Belinda felt very depressed but she still went to the party.Belinda went to the party ……………………..

Exercise 211. Mr Hill teaches his students to understand different English accents.Mr Hill's students …………………..2. It was such a boring film that we left before the end.The film ...................................3. Robert and Catherine have been married for four years.It's four years ..............................4. Elizabeth got a bad cough because she started smoking cigarettes.If Elizabeth ..................................5. "Can I have a new bicycle ?" said Anna to her mother.Anna asked .........................................6. Don't blame me if the tin-opener's broken.It's not ……………………..7. Although he had a bad cold, William still went'to work.In spite …………………………8. Barbara plays squash better than Mike.

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Mike doesn't ………………………9. Whose suitcase is this ?Who does ...............................?I0. The train journey from London to Bristol takes two hours.It is a …………………………

Exercise 221. Did they build the garage at the same time as the house ?Was ............................................2. The people who were at the meeting will say nothing to the press.Nobody who ………………………..3. The heary rain made it impossible for us to have our picnic.We were ……………………….4. Joan will stay on at school unless she finds a good job before SeptemberIf ………………………..5. I don't really want to go out tonight.I'd rather ……………………….6. Shirley didn't begin to read until she was eight.It wasn't ............7. Lucy hasn't worn that dress since Barbara's wedding.The last ……………………….8. Let's go abroad for our holiday this year.Why ......?9. He is such a slow speaker that his students get very bored.He speaks ……………..l0. Mackenzie wrote four best-sellers before he was twenty.By the age of twenty …………………………….

Exercise 231. "You stole the jewels!" the inspector said to him.The inspector accused ………………….2. If it doesn't rain soon, millions of pounds' worth of crops will be lost.Unless ……………………………….3. "Don't move or I’ll shoot!" the bank robber said to the clerk.The bank robber threatened ………………………..4. The drama critic of the “Daily News'' regards the new play as a major breakthrough.According to .. .... .5. Although the team played well, they lost.Despite . . .....6. Galileo is considered to be the father of modern astronomy.Galileo is regarded ………………7. The only way you can become a good athlete is by training hard every day.Only by …………………………………

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8. He speaks more persuasively than his brother.He is a ……………………….9. It started to pour with rain moments after we had started our walk.Hardly ..............................10. Could you tell me the time of the last train to London ?Could you tell me ...................................... .......?

Exercise 241. If you want my advice, I would forget about buying a new house.If I ………………………….2. "I must see the manager !” he cried.He insisted .............................3. Arthur said he was sorry he had hurt her feelings.Arthur apologized ……………………4. I had better get back to work.It's..........................5. The last time it rained was a frtninght ago.It …………………….6. The noise next door did not stop until after midninght.It was not …………………..7 . The car was so rusty that it couldn’t be repaired.The car was too ………………….8. He never has enough money.He's always ……………………………..9. Yogurt is supposed to be good for you.Yogurt is supposed to do ……………………...10. I do not intend to discuss this matter any further.I have ………………………

Exercise 251. Although the play received good notices, not many people went to see it.Despite ……………………..2. My father speaks very little English.My father speaks hardly ………………..3. He said he was not guilty of stealing the car.He denied …………………………….4. I'm sorry now that I asked her to stay.Now I wish ……………………..5. They couldn't trace who had suppried the information in the first place.The source ..... .......6. There is always trouble when he comes to visit us.Whenever .......................7. Is this the only way to reach the city centre?Isn't there .........................................8. He never suspected that the money had been stolen.

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At no time ........................9. I have never seen such a mess in my life !Never in .......................!l0. Is it essential to meet your aunt at the station?Does your aunt................ .....................?

Exercise 261. Their dog was so fierce that nobody would visit them.They had …………….2. That dress has only the slightest mark on it.I can barely ........................3. He insisted on a full apology.Nothing but ..................4. He remembered, and so did she.He didn't …………………5. My decision to get up and dance coincided with the band's decision to stop playing.The moment ……………………………………

6. The doctor advised me to rest.The doctor suggested ...................................7 . They had to wait for twelve hours before their flight left.Only after a ..........................8. Their teacher is making them study hard.They are …………………………9. They were just as good as we had expected.They certainly lived ……………………10. Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.Much …………….......

Exercise 271. Next Saturday is our tenth wedding anniversary.We will ......................................2. No matter how hard I tried I couldn't start the engine.Try ........................................3. The critics were very impressed by her performance.Her performance made …………………….4. When are the council going to do something about the city's traffic problems ?It's high time somethlng ……………………………5. I didn't realized who he was until later.Only later ………………….6. The value of sterling has fallen considerably in the past week.There has …………………7. It won't make any difference if it rains because we'll still go.We'll still go ..............................

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8. We left quietly, so that we wouldn't disturb the children.So as ..................................9. I would do anything for youThere's ………………………..I0. Given fair warning, I could have avoided that date.If you had told me ……………………..Exercise 281. His second attempt on the world record was successful.He broke ....2. I'm sure he didn't know that his brother was seriously ill.He couldn't possibly ……………..3. What particularly impressed me was her excellent command of EnglishI ........................4. She didn't say a word when she left the room.She left the room ………………5. The result of the match was never in doubt.At no time ………………………………….6. This will be the orchestra’a first performance outside London.This will be the first time ……………….7. I applied for the job but was tumed down.My ……………………………..8. The Prime Minister was determined to remain in office.The Prime Minister had no.. ..... .......9. The refugees continued to feel unsafe until they had crossed the border. Not until ………………………………………10. I don't know anything about aeronautics.I am ……………………………….

Exercise 29l. The students’ riotous behaviour should have been severely punished.The students deserved ............. 2. There are more people out of work in this country than ever before.Never ....... .............................3. The chances are that the whole thing will have been forgotten by next term.In all .. ……… ......4. "Please don't drive too fast !" Ann begged her boyfriend.Ann pleaded …………………

5. Despite his ungainly air he is remarkably agile.Although …………………..6. She is proud of being such a good cook.She prides …………….7. My protests were ignored.Nobody ...................8. I'm sure he took your briefcase by mistake.

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I'm sure he didn't …………………9. We only dispatch goods after receiving the money.Only after the money ……………………10. You pay $20 a month for a period of one year.You pay in ......................................

Exercise 301. He'll settle down. Then his performance will improve.Once ………………………….2. It is said that he escaped to a neutral country.He ……………………………3. The truth only came out on the publication of the general's personal diaries.Only when …………………4. Oil was slowly coating the edge of the shore.The edge of the shore ………………………5. In spite of the forecast it stayed fine.Although rain …………………….6. You really should be able to dress yourself by now !It's high.........................................7. Provided your handwriting is legible the examiner will accept your answer.So long as the examiner …………………….8. Without his help we would all have died.If it …………………………….9. He forgot all about the gun until he got home.Not until ……………………….10. May I borrow your pen ?Would you mind .................................. ...?

Exercise 311. My boyfriend is very short-tempered.My boyfriend loses ...............2. You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out.No matter .........................3. If the work is finished by lunch time you can go home.Get …………………………..4. It's such a pity your sister can’t come as well.If only ……………………….5. The house seemed to have been unnoccupied for several months. It looked ................................6. These new machines have put an end to queuing.Before these ………………………7. Everyone heard about the accident before I did.I was the ……………………..8. "If you must go out tonight, at least finish your homework first !” said Sarah’s father.Sarah's father said if …………………………..

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9. The instructions say you just add boiling water to the soup powder.The soup powder ………………………….10. He was so tired he felt asleep before the end of the film.He was too ……………….

Exercise 32I . Many people were severely critical of the proposals for the new motorway.There was ………………………..2. For a teacher of her experience and ability, discipline was not a problem.For such ........................ .

3. There was no precedent for the King's resignation.Never ………………..4. The police were informed of the identity of the murdered man.The identity .............5. The fate of the two climbers is unknown.It is a mystery .. .....6. He was suspended for two matches for swearing at the referee.Swearing at the referee earned …………………7. People who haven't been abroad shouldn't criticize foreign customs.Nobody who…………………….8. It is thought that the Prime Minister is considering raising taxes.The Prirne Minister .... ……………..9. He did not pass the driving test until he was nearly thirty.It ………………………..10. It was the weakness of the foundations that led to the collapse of the building.If ………………………..

Exercise 331. The only way to eliminate world terrorism is by united opposition.Only by ……………………..2. If she hadn't insisted on kissing everyone goodbye she would have caught the train.If it hadn't ………………………….3. The fisherman's life was one of great poverty.Throughout ………………………..4. Someone has suggested abolishing income tax.It ……………………………….5. I do not enjoy cooking for five hungry children.Cooking ……………………………6. My parents find fault with everything I do.No matter …………………………..

7. I certainly don't intend to reply to that rude letter from Edward.

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I have ……………..8. Simon had not expected that he would feel so weak after the operation.The operation left .. …………....9. I am absolutely sure he took the money on purpose.He couldn't possibly ………………………..10. Winning the crossword competition made him extremely happy.He was absolutely ……………………………..Exercise 341. Thanks to his aunt's legacy of $10,000 he was able to buy the house he wanted.Had his .. ………………… .2. I didn't realize he was your brother until I saw the photograph.It was only ………………………………………3. The President is the statesman I admire most of all.There is ………………………….4. Don't you wish you could get out more in the evening?Don't you get fed ……………………. ?5. It's nobody's fault that the meeting wits cancelled.Nobody ………………………………6. If you missed the programme you can't really judge.Unless you …………………..7. She never seems to succeed, even though she works hard.However …………………………………8. It was more of an argument than a discussionIt was not so ……………………………..9. I write to him almost every day.Hardly …………………………………10. Mary told the police about the burglary.Mary reported ………………………..

A. QUESTION-ANSWERTEST 1

MAHATMA GANDHI Mohandas Gandhi was first called Mahatma or Great Soul, by the poetTagore. The name was taken up by his admirers but Gandhi himself did not like it.He had no wish for honours or titles. It is difficult, though, to describe this man-oneof the very great men of our times - in any other terms. No man played a larger part in lndia's struggle for political independence.Yet the word “politician” did not suit him. He looked for neither power nor highPlace. He cared nothing for wealth, fame or comfort, but for his people's happinessabove all. People or different faiths came to sit at his feet and learned from him.And his teachings have touched the hearts of people in many nations. Gandhi was a dreamer who spent all his life trying to apply his dreams tothe world around him. He dreamed of a world where there would be no rich orpoor, master or slave, where no man shourd be ashamed of his birth or position insociety.1. Why did Mohandas Gandhi not like the name "Mahatma" or "Great Soul" ?

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2. What did he do for India ?3. What did he care for above all ?4. How influential was he ?5. What did Mahatma Gandhi dream of ?

TEST 2ERNEST HEMINGWAY

There are peopre whose immortality begins from the moment of their death.Hemingway is one of them. He was a great man. The whole of his creative workwas a long struggle, for Hemingway, the man and the writer, had many enemies.Perhaps his great enemy was war. He hated it with all his heart, with his wholebody, in which 28 bullets had left their traces. Hemingway hated those who made a business of war. In an introduction tohis novel “A farewell to Arms”, Hemingway said that wars were started by peoplewho profited from them, and he ,suggested that those warlike people should be shoton the very first day of war, by sentence of the people.

Hemingway hated fascism. He never surrendered. He fought against it with the pen and the sword.1. Who was Hemingway ?2. Why was the whole of his creative work a long struggle ?3. How did Hemingway hate war ?4. Who else did he hate ? Why ?5. What was Hemingway's attitude to fascism ?

TEST 3 This report looks at the careers of students who have left Barnaby school,and is based on questionnaires received from over 300 former students. Over the past-few-years, the majoriry of students (63%) have continued withtheir education after they left school. Most of these have gone to university and theothers have done vocational courses at Colleges of Further Education. About a quarter of the students have found jobs after leaving school. Someof these jobs are with employers in the local area, but others are in London or evenabroad. About half of the students said that they were unemployed for several months before finding work. A small minoriry of students (1.5%) went straight into their family business. About 12% of the students were unabre to find work and have been unemployed for over a year. Most of these were students who failed their examination, although a few had passed with reasonable grades. In general, more and more leavers are going to university or further education, and this trend will probably continue as long as unemployment is high.1. What is the meaning of 'went straight into' in paragraph 3 ?2. What is the report based on ?3. According to the report, is it easy or difficult for school leavers'to find jobs ?4. Which of the-students had the most difficulty in finding work ?

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5. Why are more and more reavers going on to university or further education ?

TEST 4 The generar opinion abroad is that London has fog or rain or both, everyday of the year, but on the day that I arrived it was fine and warm, there was brightsun and a cloudless sky. The next day it was Just as beautiful; there was a slightwind that gently moved the leaves on the trees, and you could smell the spring inthe air. 'Life is grand!' I thought as I walked in Kensington Gardens. It was astraighr road and I found the way quite easily. When I got my first sight of thegardens, the beauty of it nearly took my breath away. The trees were just burstinginto leaf, fresh and green and lovely, and there were beds of spring flowers, red andyellow, and blue, in the beautiful, smooth grass under the trees. People in the light spring clothes were walking about, and, to my surprise,they walked not only along the paths but also across the grass, and no one said aword to them about it. I had never seen such a thing before.1. What is the weather like in London according to the general opinion ?2. What was the weather like on the day the writer arrived in London ?3. What season was it when the writer visited London ?4. What did he see in the Kensington Gardens ?5. What was the strange thing in the Kensington Gardens that he saw ?

TEST 5A PLAN FOR LONDON TRAFFIC

London, like so many big cities, has traffic problems that seem to get worseEvery year. Tom Jenkins, a London bus-driver, was asked what he would do toimpioue the situation if he was put in charge of London transport. This is what hesaid, “If you put me in charge of London transport, I'd make a number of changes.I’d ban private cars lrom central London between 7.30 am and 6.30 pm unless theowner actually lived in the area. I'd build a lot of new, cheap car parks near therailway stations on the outskirts of London, so that people could leave their carsthere and travel to and from work by train. I'd fix a standard fare for all bus or tubejourneys in the centre, and I'd make it possible for people to buy ten or dozentickets at one time. Then the buses and taxis would be able to move much morequickly, and easily, and life would become more comfortable for everyone".1. What would Tom do about private cars ?2. Why would he build new car parks near the railway stations on the outskirtsof London ?3. What would he do about fare ?4. What other changes would he like to make regarding tickets ?5. What effect would these changes have ?

TEST 6TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS IN GREAT BRITAIN

Every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. ln Britain traditions play a more irnportant part in the life of the people than in other

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countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. It has been the law for about 300 , years that all theatres. are closed onSundays. No letters are derivered, only a few sunday papers are published. To this day an English family prefers a house with a garden to a flat in amodern house with central heating. English people like gardens. Sonretimes thegarden in front of the house is a littte square covered with cement painted garden inimitation of grass and a box of flowers. Holidays are especialty rich in old traditions and are different in Scotland,Ireland, Wales and England. Christmas is a great English national holiday, and inScotland it is not kept, except by clerks in banks, all shops and factortes areworking.1. How important are traditions in Britain ?2. What do Englishmen do to their traditions ?3. Which does an English family prefer, a house with a garden or a flat ?4. Find a sentence in the text which shows that the English peopte like gardensvery much.5. How is Christmas kept in Scotland ?

TEST 7MINES TINDER THE SEA

Man is only just beginning to realtze how much he must look to the sea. Itcan be an important source of food for millions of people in the world. When weknow how much and in what way the oceans influence the weather, we can plan thegrowing of crops and even work out the best time to take our holidays. But when we get to the bottom of the sea, we find things that no onedreamed existed until recently. Lands which were covered with water when the icemelted at the end of the ice age are rich in minerals. Off the south African coasts,for example, is a place where there are five times the number of diamonds as in themines on the land. Oil is brought from the bottom of the Caspian Sea. Sand with gold in it has been found off Thailand and Indonesia. But if manwants to continue gathering riches from the sea, he is going to have to look after it 1. What is man only just beginning to realize ?2. When can we plan the growing of crops ?3. What do we find when we get to the bottom of the sea ?4. What has been found off the south African coast ?5. What is man going to do if he wants to continue gathering riches from thesea ?

TEST 8 One of the smallest countries in the world is San Marino, a republic, high inthe mountains of Italy. It is also the oldest, because it was founded some 1,500years ago. San Marino covers 61 square kilometres and has over 17 thousandpeople. San Marino coins and stamps are eagerly bought by collectors.

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One of the popular small countries in the stamp album is Andorra, themountain state of 11 thousand people which is high in the Pyrenees, betweenFrance and Spain. Anyone who collects the stamps of Andorra soon notices astrange thing about them. Some stamps are printed in Spain and have their valuesand inscriptions in Spanish. Other stamps are like French stamps. They have valuesin Franc or centimes and their inscription is in French. The reason for this lies in Andorra's history. For nearly 700 years the littlestate has been under the joint protection of France and Spain, and these twocountries have separate postal services in Andorra. In the chief village of Andorrathe Spanish and the French post offices stand near each other but sell differentstamps.1 . Where is San Marino situated ?2. Where is Andorra situated ?3. What is the strange thing about stamps in Andorra ?4. Why are there postal services of both Spain and France in Andorra ?5. What are some of the things that are similar in San Marino and in Andorra ?

TEST 9 Half the brain a child wiil have as an adult has already developed by thetime he is four years old. It is now recognized that children who have beenencouraged and stimulated into mental activiry during the early years will becomemore and more intelligent adults.

Language, the way we express ourselves, is a vital part of learning. A babylearns his native tongue naturaily by hearing speech around him. If the speech hehears is rapid, not clear and never directed at him then he learns slowly and speaksbadly. A child of two or three years old who can't make his desires known or puthis thoughts into words will usually become angry. His relationships with otherswill get worse. If the speech a baby hears around him is clear, and his family talk tohim, he will gain a satisfactory command of language directly, by his mother, hislanguage ability will be greater. By the time he is two, it is quite possibre for him to have a vocabulary oftwo thousand words and by the time he is three, he will be able to read. Once aheadhe will stay ahead.1.How is language defined by the writer ?2. How does the baby learn his mother tongue?3. How does a child usually react when he can’t express himself ?4. What is the role of the mother in the education of her child ?5. What are the ideas expressed by the writer on how a child should be taughthis native language ?

TEST 10 It wasn’t supposed to be a big wedding. The Browns didn't like thenewspapers and TV to give news of their wedding. They wanted a small, quietwedding – that’s why they went to Hawaire Island off the Pacific coast. The boat

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didn’t carry cars, so they packed their bikes for the trip. The couple found a lonelyhill overlooking the ocean. The weather was supposed to be fair, so they asked thefather at the church there to marry them the next morning. “When we got there, we found a crowd of bikers watching the view,” laughedGivon Brown. When Jeane kissed his bride, the bikers clapped their hands and rangthe bicycle bells loudly. “We didn’t expect to have fifty wedding guests, but we lovebiking and we're not sorry,” Givon said.1. Where was Hawaire Istand ?2. How did they go to the place where they had their wedding ? 3. Where in the island did they get married ?4. Who were the couple ?5. Which of them was the husband and which was the wife?

TEST 11 Walt Whitman, born in New York in 1918, was one of America's unusualliterary figures. As an individualist, he rambled through the country seeing peopleand places, and making.them his own. His experiences in earning a living werevaried, at times he was a printer, a teacher, a carpenter, a nurse and a newspapereditor. He was a big-hearted man, open and accepting. He gave freely his time tocare for the wounded during the Civil War. Though he lived in the city, he oftenspent his time in the countryside, developing his strong sense of nature, which wascarried through to his poems. In 1835 he collected verses he had written, andpublished them in one volume, "Leaves of Grass", a book which he revised andrewrote all the rest of his life. The book was ridiculed by some poets and generallyignored by others, probably because his verse forms were not traditional. He hadfelt that it was necessary to achieve a new poetic form in order to communicate hisviews. His reputation didn't grow until after his death, and it reached a high point inthe 1920s. Since then, Whitman style has greatly influenced modern poets.l. What did Walt Whitman do to earn his living ?2. Why was Whitman considered as a big-hearted man ?3. Why were Whitman's verse forrns ignored by other poets ?4. What might be the best title for the passage ?5. What does the word "ramble" in line 2 mean ?

TEST I2 The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many differentpoisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists didn't think that these chemicals couldharm a non-srnoker's health. Recently, though scientists changed their opinion afterthey' studied a large group of non-smokers, they discovered that even non-smokershad unhealthy amount of these toxic chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact,almost all of us breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realized it or not. Forexample, we cannot avoid smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places.Even though many public places have "non-smoking is permitted", it is even harderfor children to avoid second-hand smoke. In the United States, nine million childrenunder the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker. The research shows

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that these children are sick more often than those who live in homes where non- smokers live. The damaging effects of second-hand smoke on children alsocontinue as they grow up. The children of smokers are more than twice as likely todevelop lung cancer when they are adults as children of non-smokers. The rate iseven higher among children who live in homes where both parents smoke.1. What is second-hand smoke ? Why might it harm non-smokers ?2. What was the scientists' opinion ?3. why have the scientists changecl their opinion nowadays?4. why is it harder for the children to avoid second-hand smoke than it is foradults ?5. What are some effects of second-hand smoke on the children ?

TEST 13 A gesture is an action that sends a message from one person to anotherwithout using words. We use gestures to communicate with others. There are somegestures that have completely different meaning depending on when and where theyare used. When an American wants to show that something is OK or good, he raiseshis hand and makes a circle with his thumb and forefinger. The circle sign has onlyone meaning for him. He might be surprised to learn that in other countries it canmean something very different. ln Japan, for instance, it is the gesture for money. In France it means "zero"or "worthless". Such differences can lead to all kinds of misunderstandrng whenforeigners meet. But why is it that the same gesture has so many different meanings ? When some people want to show something is exact or precise, they make asign to show that they are holding something between the tips of their thumb andforefinger. In this way they make a circle with their fingers. Many people from allover the world do this when they want to make a specific point as they arespeaking. People later started using this signal to mean "exactly right" or "perfect"This was how the famous OK sign was born. In Japan, money means coins, and coins are round. Thereflore, making around hand sign came to represent money. It is as simple as that. The French signfor “nothing” or “worthless” also has a simple origin. This time the circle doesn'trepresent a coin, but a nought. Nought ecluals zero, zero equals nothing, nothingequals worthless.1. What does an American do when he or she wants to show that something isOK or good ?2. What do you understand by the word "gesture" ?3. What does the circle sign mean in Japan ?.4. Does the circle sign have the same meaning in Japan and France ?5. Why can gestures be misunderstood ?6. What sign can be used when some people want to make an exact point ?7. What does the circle sign represent in France ?

TEST 14

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FEED IN ENGLISH, PRINT OUT FRENCH Once upon a time, according to a much-told story, a cornputer was set thetask of translating “traffic jam" into French and back into English. The machinebuzzed, clicked, blinked its lights and eventually came up with "car-flavouredmarmalade”. Machine translation has come a long way since then. Computertranslation systems are now in operation in many parts of the world. Notsurprisingly, the EEC is very involved. With so many official languages, translatingand interpreting take up more than fifty per cent of the Community’s administrativebudget. But although the efficiency of machine translation is improving rapidly,there is no question of human translators being made redundant. On the contrary,people and machines work together, in harmony. Today's computers are of littlevalue in translating literary works, where subtlety is vital, of the spoken word,which tends to be ungrammatical, or important texts, where absolute accuracy isessential. But for routine technicar reports, working papers and the like, which takeup so much of the translation worktoad of international organizations, computersare likely to play an increasing part. The method of operatiol will probably be forthe machine to make a rough version, which the translator will then edit, correctingobvious errors, and where necessary referring back to the original. If machines can translate languages, could-they ever teach languages ? Yes,say enthusiasts, although they doubt, that the teacher could ever be totally replacedby a machine in the classroom. Good old teachers know best.1. What is the role of computers in translating literary works ? Why ?2. What do good old teachers of language know ?3. Why is the EEC involved in language translation and interpretation ?4. What is typical of spoken language ?5. How can a computer herp in the translation work of internationalorganizations ?TEST 15 Vet Peter Pocock has been left a fortune by a spinster whose horses and dogshe looked after. The 90-year-old spinster, Miss Marguerite de Beaumont, was helped in otherways by Mr Pocock. He cleaned and tidied her 11-room Elizabethan mansion whenshe became too old and ill to care for it. When she died she left him everything in her will. her money, the house and gardens, her stables - all of which is worth 3 million pounds. Miss de Beaumont,s famiry are furious. Her niece, Mrs. chairman Pickfordsaid, “We are very upset. We are going to fight the will. My aunt didn't know whatshe was doing - she was senile in her last years”. Mr Pocock, 42, lives in the next village with his wife and baby daughterThey were shocked by Miss de Beaumont's generosity. “We can't believe it,” said Mrs. Pocock, "so much money is wonderful, butwill it make us happier ? Money can bring problems. Our hope is that the mansionwilt be made beautiful again. Perhaps we can do that now with the money". Miss deBeaumont bought the mansion in 1934 and started a horse farm. It has not beenlooked after well for many years, but the beauty of the buildings and the garden canstill be seen.

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1. What did Miss de Beaumont do to leave Mr. Pocock her fortune?2. What reason did Mrs Pickford give to explain her upset ?3. Why did Miss de Beaumont buy the mansion ?4. What was the Pococks' reaction to the news ?5. Where are horses kept ?

TEST 16 Mr. William Murphy, from Montreal in Canada, now knows that honestypays. Last Sunday he returned a lost lottery ticket to its owner and he was given$1.2 million as a reward! Last Thursday, Mr. Murphy, aged 28 and unemployed found a wallet on aMontrear street. It contained $85, some credit cards and some lottery tickets MrMurphy checked the address in the wallet and immediately posted it back to itsowner, Mr Jean-Paul Dupont, but he didn't send the lottery tickets back. "I kept thetickets. I wanted to checkthem. I thought maybe I'd win $10 or something". On sunday, Mr. Murphy bought l newspaper and started checking thenumbers on the tickets. He couldn't believe it - he had the winning ticket! It wasworth $7 million !. He thought about keeping the tickets and getting the money for himself. He sat and thought about it for two hours, but he knew what he had to do He took the

bus to Mr. Dupont,s address and knocked at the door. The door was opened not byMr. Dupont, but his son, Yves, who doesn’t speak English very vell. “Good evening!,” said Mr. Murphy. "Are you Mr Dupont ?" . "Oui," said Yves. “Well, congratulations ! You're a millionaire !” "Uh ?" said Yves. Then his father came to the door. He understands English, but he didn'tbelieve his ears until he was shown the lottery ticket and the newspaper. “What an honest man !” he said. “You deserve a reward - at least I million, Ithink”.1. What did Mr. Murphy do with the wallet ?2. What did Mr. Murphy do immediatery after he found that he had thewinning ticket ?3. What does Mr' Murphy do ?4. How did Mr.Murphy find he had the winning ticket ?5. How did Mr.Murphy go to Mr.Dupont's house ?

TEST 17 Doctors estimate that about 40% of women over thirry in Britain areoverweight. This figure may be misleading as certainly a large number ofoverweight people never seek medical advice. Many women are very worried about being overweight. They feel that itshows a lack of will-power or self-control on their part. ln addition, fat women donot, conform to the modern idear of beauty exemplified by fashions models and

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young film stars who are all incredibly thin. Apart from aesthetic reasons, there arestrong medical grounds for not overeating. Overweight people are particularlyprone to heart disease and are easily tired by physical activity. Losing weight wouldcertainly make them feel healthier and increase their life expectancy. Some women feel guilty about being fat and their guilt is repressed by eatingmore. On the other hand, there are women who unnecessarily lose weight in orderto conform to a model of sociar acceptability. Some of them end up by starvingthemselves to death! So perhaps it might be better to try to remove fat people'sunhappiness than to try to remove the fat.1. Why do many doctors underestimate the percentage of overweight women ?2. Why are many women worried about being overweight ?3. What are the advantages of losing weight fbr fat people?4. Find the words in the passage that mean:a) look for b) be likely to getc) to die of hunger d) sense of doing something wrong5. What may happen to people who try to lose weight ?

TEST 18 How can we keep our teeth healthy? First, we ought to visit our dentisttwice a year. He can fill the small holes in our teeth. He can examine our teethbefore they destroy the teeth. He can examine our teeth to check that they aregrowing in the right way. Unfortunately, many people wait until they havetoothache before they see a dentist. Secondly, we should brush our teeth with atooth brush and fluoride tooth paste at least twice a day, once after breakfast andonce before we go to bed. we can also use wooden toothpicks to clean between ourteeth after a meal. Thirdly we should eat food that is good for our teeth and ourbody: milk, cheese, fish, brown bread, potatoes, red rice, raw vegetables and freshfruit. chocolate, sweets, biscuits and cakes are bad, especially when we eat thembetween meals. They are harmful because they stick to our teeth and cause decay.1. Only when do a lot of people visit a dentist ?2. How often should we try to clean our teeth ?3. What shouldn't we eat a lot ?4. Why are sweets harmful ? 5. what happens when food and germs collect in a small crack ?

TEST 19 For many years people believe that the cleverest animals after man werechimpanzees. Now, however, there is proof that dolphins may be even cleverer thanthese big apes. Although a dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish. It is a mammal. Itis in many ways, therefore, like a human being. Dolphins have simple language.They are able to talk to one another. It may be possible for man to learn how to talkto dolphins. But this will not be easy becalle dolphins cannot hear the kind ofsounds man can make. If the man wants to tatk to dolphins, therefore, he will haveto make a third language which both he and the dolphin can understand. Dolphinsare also very friendly towards man. They often follow ships. There are many stories

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of dolphins guiding strips through difficult and dangerous water.1. Which animals do people think may be the cleverest ?2. What other beings are dolphins like in many ways ? 3. What have scientists discovered about dolphins ?4. Why is a third language necessary if man wants to talk to dolphins ?5. ln what way are dolphins friendly to man ?

TEST 20 Fire was very important to man. He needed fire to keep himself warm atnight. He used fire to cook his food. He used fire to frighten away enemies and wildanimals. In some parts of the world he used fire to signal messages. Red Indians,for example, used fire to make smoke signals. File was also used to give light.Before the invention of the oil lamp, man used burning sticks as torches. Andbefore man discovered gas and electricity, he hung small fires in wire baskets fromposts to light, the streets. One man even used fire to tell the time. He invented acandle clock. He made a candle that took exactly twelve hours to burn. Then hemarked this candle in twelve equal parts. He lit the candle and could tell the time bycounting the number of parts left of the burning candle. But the candle clock did notalways work well. If there was a wind blowing on the candle, the flame burned tooquickly.1. What did man probably first use fire for ?2. For what purpose was fire used by Red Indians ?3. What were the first street lights ?4. How long did the candle clock take to burn ?5. What would happen if a wind blew on a candle clock ?

TEST 21 Uri Geller was born in I946. When he was only three, he was aware that hehad an amazing ability. In 1969 he gave his first performance in a school. He gentlyrubbed a spoon with his fingers, and it began to bend. Three years later he drove acar blindfolded through the crowded streets of Munich. Later Uri Geller appearedon television in Britain in front of a small studio audience of scientists. He bentspoons and broke metal objects simply by touching them gently with his fingers. Healso drew pictures of hidden objects. After the programme, however, there werehundreds of telephone calls. People reported that spoons in their homes bent duringthe programme. Metal objects broke, and watches which had stopped many yearsago suddenly started to go again.

1. When did Uri Geller discover that he had strange powers ?2. What did Geller do on television in Britain ?3. What could he do during his first performance ?4. What happened after the performance ?5. What did a lot of people report in their homes ?

TEST 22

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Sir Winston Churchilt (1874-1965) was the greatest British statesman ofmodern times. During his long, colourful public career, he was a Member ofParliament for 63 years. He also held almost every government post. And mostimportant of all, he led the country to victory in world war II. He also wrote manyimportant books and was a talented painter. In May 1940, he became Prime Minister. Throughout the war, Churchillshowed great strength and energy. He worked for long periods with little sleep andtravelled many thousands of miles. By courage and determination expressed in hisspeeches, he inspired the people of Britain to keep on fighting. In the generalelection at the end of the war, the Conservative Party, of which he wil.s the leader,was defeated. But he became Prime Minister again in 1951. He resigned as PrimeMinister in 1955. 1. When did Churchill first become Prime Minister ?2. By what did he inspire the people of Britain to continue with the fight ?3. How long was he a Member of Parliament ?4. When was his Conservative Party defeated ?5. When did he resign as Prime Minister ?

TEST 23 Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for manyreasons. The first is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Rawmaterials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined inPeru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is discovered inthe Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occursbecause a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than itcan prolduce internally and thus must import sugar.1. Why must the united' states import sugar although it is a major sugarproducer ?2. Where can copper mostly be found ?3. What is foreign trade ?4. What is the first reason for foreign trade ?5. What is the second reason for foreign trade ?

TEST 24 There is little doubt that one of the chief roles of the horse in art, just as inlife, is that of our servant and companion. We can have very little idea of how ahorse feels in its natural state. Left to itself, it is unlikely that it would pull a plough.take a soldier through a dangerous situation in battle, or do most of the other thingsthat have attracted painters and writers to the animal ever since the dawn of history.The horse is controlled by the wishes of its owner. When we describe it, we say ithas the virtues and qualities that it has so often been praised by painters and poets.Then we must consider the horse's own beauty, speed and strength.1. What best title can be given to the passage ?

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2. What is one of the chief roles of the horse in art ?3. Name TWO things a horse would do.4. What do we admire most in the horse as in ourselves ?5. What must we consider the horse in art ?

TEST 25 The anser that descends, on people when they get behind the steering wheelof a car used to be treated as a joke. But the laughter is getting noticeably quietefnow that the problem has become increasingly widespread. Stuck in a traffic jam,with family cars inching their way past, the driver of a fast sports car begins to losehis temper. Despite the capabilities of his car, there is nothing he can do. Theoutcome is anger. Many people live in fear of losing control. This is true of manysituations but driving is a good example. People think that the car might not start, itmight break down, or someone might run into it. Before anything even happenspeopre have worked themselves up into a state of anxiety. And when somethingdoes happen, they’re ready to explode. In fact, it's their very anxiety about losingcontrol that makes them lose control.1. What can be the best title of the passage ?2. Why does the laughter become quieter now ?3. What causes the driver of a fast spofls car to lose temper ?4. What kind of fear do many people live in ?5. Why do many people lose their control ?

TEST 26 The search for alternative sources of energy has led in various drrections.Many communities are burning garbage and other biological waste products toproduce electricity. Converting waste products to gases or oil is also an efficientway to dispdle of waste. Experimental work is being done to derive synthetic fuelsfrom coal, oil shale and coal tars. But to date, that process has proven expensive.Other experiments are under way to harmless power with giant windmills.Gebthermal power, heat from the earth, is also being tested. Some experts expect utility companies to revive hydroelectric derived from streams and rivers. Fiftyyears ago hydroelectric power provided one third of the electricity used in theUnited States, but today it suplilies only four per cent. The oceans are anotherpotential source of energy. Scientists are studying ways to convert the energy ofocean currents, tides, and waves to electricity. Experiments are also under way tomake use of temperature differences in ocean water to produce energy.1 . What is the best title of the passage ? 2. What provided one third of the electricity in the United State fifty yearsago ? 3. What could best replace the phrase geothermal power' in the passage ?4. Name three alternative sources of energy mentioned in the passage.5. According to the author, what is the impracticability of using coal oil shaleand coal tars as sources of energy due to ?

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TEST 27 The world's oceans are so vast that they can cope with the present levels ofpollution. However, little is known about the long-term effects of such slowpoisoning. The most serious problem of modern time is that man is destroving theearth’s natural resources and transforming huge areas into wasteland. As a result, itis becoming extremely difficult to grow enough to feed the world's rapidlyincreasing population. A way of protecting all the wildlife on the earth must also befound as many species are in danger of disappearing completely from the face ofthe earth. The dangers, however, are not confined solely to the land and the sea. Thesmoke in the atmosphere, for example, is increasing so much that the amount ofsunright has been reduced in many cities. Man's whole environment is beingchanged in a serious way.1. What is the process of making something dirty or impure ?2. Find a word or phrase frorn the passage with the same meaning as the air,water and land in which we live ?3. What is the air surrounding the earth called ?4. What word can be used to replace “wealth, goods or products” ?5. What is a difficulty which needs attention and thought ?.

TEST 28 Few men have influenced the development of American English to theextent that Noah webster did. He was born in west Hartford, Connecticut. In 1758, his name has become synonymous with American dictionaries. Graduated fromYale in 1778, he was admitted to the bar in 1781 and thereafter began to practiselaw in Hartford. Later, when he turned to teaching he discovered how inadequatethe available schoolbooks were for the children of a new and independent nation. In1807 Noal webster began his greatest work, An American Dictionary of the Englishlanguage. In preparing the manuscript, he devoted ten years to the study of Englishand its relationship to other languages, and seven more years to the writing itself.Published in two volumes in 1828, An American Dicrionary of the EnglishIanguage has become the recognized authority for usage in the United States.Webster’s pulpose in writing it was to demonstrate that the American language wasdeveroping distinct meanings, pronunciations, and speilings from those of BritishEnglish. He is responsible for advancing simplified spelling forms: develop insteadof the British form develope, theater and center instead of theatre and centre, colorand honor instead of colour and honour.1. what would be the best title for the passage ?2. In how many volumes was An Anterican Dictionau of the Englishlanguage published ?3. When was An American Dictionary of the English Language published ?4. According to the author, what was Webster's purpose in writing AnAmerican Dictionary of the English Language published ?5. According to the passage, which spellings would Webster have approved inhis dictionary ?

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TEST 29 The first stamp in the world was an English stamp. It was made in 1840Before that, people paid money to the postman for every letter that they receivedand the postman did not give the letters to anybody who did not pay him. An English teacher, whose name was Rowland Hill, thought much aboutthis. One day, he said that the people who wrote the letter should pay for them, andnot the people who got the letters. He then spoke about it to the people in thegovernment. Soon the post offices began to sell little pieces of paper with a stampon them.l. Which country made the first stamp ?2. When did the first stamp appear ?3. Before that, what did people have to do when they got a letter ?4. Did people get the letter if they refused to pay ?5. Who invented the stamp ?

TEST 30 A tiny school is soon to celebrate its 100 birthday - against all expectationsFive years ago it seemed certain to close but parents and other villagers fought thelocal education authority and raised fund to keep it open. It is now ending its firstterm as a school run by the village community and the villagers are justly proud oftheir achievement. They were furious when education chiefs tried to make them send thevillage children to other schools further away because the number of pupils at thevillage school is small. The villagers started a huge campaign to raise money. Theycollected enough to hire a teacher and begin to help with school cleaning, lunchsupervision and lessons. Now the school is doing well and it seems as if it will continue to run in the future.1 . What effects would the closure of the school have had on the villagechildren ?2. When did the parents get the money they needed to keep the school open ?3. What was the villagers' reaction to the decision of closing the school ?4. What phrase is used in the passage to show that it was surprising that theschool reached its 100th birthday ?5. Why does the writer think the school will not be closed ?

TEST 31 Toronto, Ontario. Roop Sandhu made the catch of the year on the weekend.Sandhu saw a young child hanging from a sixth apartmet balcony, ran onehundred metres, jumped over a 1.2 – metre fence, and held out his arms to catch thefalling child. Eric Minhas, only three years old, knocked sandhu down when he fell. Theboy is in the hospital but doctors say he'll be OK. The Minhas family live in a high-rise apartment building just outside Toronto. On the day of the accident, Mis.Minhas was at work and Eric was athome with his father. They both fell asleep while they were watching TV. Eric

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woke up a little late when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair ontothe balcony, and climbed up to see them. When he looked down, he accidentallyslipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a couple of minutes and screamed forhis father, but his father didn't hear him. Sandhu, a mechanic, was fixing his car when he heard the scream. He lookedup and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly threw aside his tools, andstarted running, arms out. “He saved my son’s life,” said the boy's mother. "I don't know how to thankhim. ” “ I didn’t want the boy to be hurt,” said Sandhu, who emigrated from India twoand a half years ago.1. What floor does the Minhas family live on ?2. How far did Roop run ?3. How high was the fence ?4. How old is Eric ?5. How long did Eric hang on to the balcony ?6. When did Sanlhu come to Canada ?

TEST 32 It's official: too much work is bad for you. That's the finding of a new studyexamining the stresses of contemporary urban life experienced by working coupleswith children. “ We found the families that play together stay together," said a University ofNew England sociologist, Ms Gurjeet Gill, who looted at 35 two-income families.The study found that even in two-income families, although men helped with somehousehold chores, women still did most of the domestic work. "Most of the families

still had traditional roles, with the women having most of the responsibility fordomestic chores and child care," Ms Gill said. Many of the families who took part in the survey were in "near crisis"situation because of the strain of trying to cope with household tasks, outsideemployment and children. Often, parents depended on children to do 25% of the housework. Children asyoung as two were given routine household tasks. "Children are having to learnabout a work ethic from a very early age," said Ms Gill, who visited 35 familiesfrom Armidale for six months to look at how they did their housework. "But a tidyhousehold is not necessarily a happy household. The families who are more relaxedand flexible about their housework routine are the happiest ".1. Who carried out this study ?2. How many families did she study ?3. How long did the study take ?4. How did most of the families have the traditional roles ?5. What were the children expected to do ?

TEST 33

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EDUCATION IN ENGLAND Every chird in Great Britain between the age of five and fifteen must attendschool. There are three main types of educational institutions: primary (elementary)schools, secondary schools, and universities. State schools are free, and attendance is compursory. Morning school beginsat nine o’clock and last, until half past four. School is open five days a week. OnSaturdays and Sundays there are no lessons. There are holidays at Christmas, Easterand in summer. In London as in all cities there are two grades of state schools forthose who will go to work at fifteen: primary schools for boys and girls between theages of five and eleven, and secondary schools for children from eleven to fifteenyears.The ressons are: reading, writing, the English language, English literature,English history, geography, science, Nature study, drawing, painting, singing,woodwork and drill (physical training).I . What are the three main types of educational institutions ?2. What are the two grades of state schools for those who will go to work at fifteen ?3. What subjects do chitdren study at school ?4. Are state schools free ? 5. When do pupils have holidays ?TEST 34 One surnmer afternoon Jean and Michelle Duboit, an elderly coupte, visitedtheir daughter at her home in Lille, France. A few minutes before six o'clock, theDuboits Jecided to leave. They said goodbye to the daughter, walked to their car,and got in. They expected a quiet, safe ride hornt. The ride, however, was anythingbut quiet and safe. Mr. Duboit was about to start the car when a gunman jumped up from theback seat. He held the gun to Mr. Duboit's heid. "Drive me to Paris !" he demanded. “All right,” said Mr. Duboit. "I'll drive you anywhere you want to go. Butfirst let my wife out of the car. She can't stand long journeys, you know. "1. What was the ride home like ?2. What do you think a gunman is ?3. What did the gunman want Mr Duboit to do ?4. What did Mr. Duboit do at the gunman's command ?5. What did Mr. Duboit request the gunman ?

TEST 35 After many days alone at sea, Joshua Slocum saw a sailor steering his ship. Itwas the captain of the Pinta, one of Columbus's ships. In writing of his round-the-world journey in the 1980s Slocum told of how real the captain seemed. Sir Ernest Shackleton told a similar story. He and two friends were trampingthirty-six miles across South Georgia, Antarctica, in 1914. They became aware of afourth member of the group. It guided them across the snow, rock, and ice of theisland. No one knows yet why people, alone or with others, imagine suchcompanions. When we find the reason, it will be important, especially to astronautsand deep-sea explorers, who must work in lonely places. It may also explain why

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children often tell of unreal playmates.1. Who did Joshua Slocum think he saw ?2. What did he write about this companion in his book ?3. Who else described another imaginary companion ?4. What did the companion do ? 5. In what situation did the three men feel a fourth presence ?

A. GAP-FILLINGTEST 1give surrounds necessary living shape controlsfood centre structures slore addition carry

CELLS Cells are the smallest part (or unit) of life. All (1) …………………… things aremade of cells, and all cells have the same parts: nucleus, cytoplasm, andmembrane. The nucreus is the (2) ………………….. of the cell. It contains thechromosomes and the genes. The genes (3) ……………. the information that tellsthe cell what to do. Chromosomes and genes help to make the cells. The cytoplasm(4) …………………….. the nucleus in the cell. It contains several different things.Different kinds of cell have different things in their cytoplasm. The cellmembrane is around the cell. The membrane (5) ………………..the flow of liquids inand out of the cell. Planr cells are different from animal cells. ln (6) ……………………. to thenucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane, they contain a cell wall, vacuoles, andchloroplasts. The cell wall is around the membrane. It is made of cellulose, and it isnot living. It gives plant cells a (7) ……………….., like a box. Vacuoles are round(8) ……………….in the cytoplasm. A membrane surrounds them, and they contain water and other things. The cell uses the vacuoles to (9) ……………….things. Theysometimes contain pigments. These pigments (10) …………………. flower cells theircolors. Chloroplasts are also in the cytoplasm. They contain a green pigment,chlorophyl, and they make (11) ………………………for the plant. Chloroplasts are(12) ………………..for photosynthesis.

TEST 2decay found number discover ancientnecessary use means Iived calculate

CARBON-14 DATING There are many uses for radioactive carbon (C - 14). One important(1) ………………. is in archaeology. Archaeologists use radioactive carbon to(2) ………………..the age of ancient plants. C - 14 comes from the sun and is(3) ………………. in all living things. Archaeologists can (4) …………. the age ofplants that (5) …………… in the past because radioisotopes (6) ………….. at thesame rate. The rate of decay is called the half-life. The half-life is the time(7) ………………for half of the atoms to decay. Radioactive carbon (C -14) has ahalf-life of 5,730 years. That (8)…………………… that after 5,730 years, half of the

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radiocarbon atoms remain; one half of the radioactive atoms are still in the sampleAfter 11,460 years, one-fourth of the atoms are still in the sample, and after 17,220years one-eighth of the atoms remain. Archaeologists can measure the (9) ………….of radioactive atoms and discover the age of (10) ………………. Plant material.

TEST 3bills employees carry customer pay hankbuys employer deposit system receives withdraw

ELECTROMC FUNDS TRANSFERIn the future, machines will take the place of many bank tellers. A new(1)……….…….., electronic funds transfer (EFT) aIIows the bank or theto move money from one account to another. For example, aworker (3)……………… her monthly paycheck, her salary, Her (4) ……………, thecompany that she works for, can (5)……………………her salary into her checkingaccount directly. She does not have to go to the (6)……………. . Her bank can alsopay her monthly (7) ……………………..: the telephone, the water, the gas, and theelectricity. It will also be possible for her to pay for food at the supermarket byEFT. The supermarket will automatically (8)………………..money from her accountat the bank to pay for the food that she (9) ………………….. Some employers already deposit their ( l0) ………….. ' checks in the bankdirectly. Maybe, in the future, people will not (11) ………………….. money, andmachines will ( 12)……………….for everything.

TEST 4lose amounts guess supply invest materialsearn producer buy examples Iow increases

INVESTMENT IN COMMODITIES A rather risky way of investment is in comrnodities. They are the(1) ………………… that companies and businesses use. Some (2) ………………. ofcommodities are wheat, corn, coffee, chickens, and copper. Investors buy large (3)……………. of a commodity and hope that the price(4) ………………. They often buy directly from the (5) ……………………or a farmerbefore the commodity is produced. There are many things that can affect the(6) ……………… of a commodity, and, therefore, the price. If the weather is goodnext year, there will be a lot of corn, and the price will be (7) …………………The investor will (8)……………….. money. If the weather is bad, the corn will be moreexpensive, and the investor will (9) …………………… more money. People who(10) ……………… in commodities are called speculators. To speculate means to(11) ………………about the future and to take risks. Speculators take many risksWhen they (12) …………………..commodities.

TEST 5manages succeed comparison operale earn companyindividual begins directly process idea different

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SMALL BUSINESSES When consumers want to buy something - food, crothes, furniture, or books- they most often go to a retail store. Retail stores sell (1) ……………………… to theconsumer. Many retail stores are small businesses. In the United States, ninety-sevenpercent of the businesses are small businesses. They are an important part ofthe marketing (2) ……………… . small businesses are businesses that are small in(3) ……………….. to large companies. These small businesses (4) ……………….. lessthan $2 million a year. They are usually owned by an (5) ………………………… or apartnership (two or more people who own the business together). The owner veryoften (6) …………………. the business, and there are not many employees. In the 1960s, a new (7) …………………… for retail ownership became verypopular in the United States. This was the franchise store. The franchise storeallows an individual to own and (8) ………………… a small business with betterchance of success. If someone (9) …………… …. a small business such as arestaurant or a dress shop, it is sometime difficult to (10) …………….alone. With afranchise, the new owner has the name and the help of a well-known business andis more likely, to succeed. Many retaurants are franchise businesses. Some of themare Mac Donalds, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Przza Hut. Eachrestaurant has a (11) ……………….. owner. The owner owns the business, but the(12) ………………. gives the owner the name and the menu and a lot of help with theBusiness. Franchises give owners of small businesses a better chance of success.

TEST 6knows calculate charge chance insurescollect age protection profit company

INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND PROBABILITY lnsurarrce is based on probability or odds. The (1) ………………………ofsomething happening is its probability. For example, insurance companles (2) ……… ………… statistics which show how many people die at what (3) …..……….each year or how many fires theie are each year. The insurance company usesthese statistics to (4) ………………..insurance premiums. Premiums are the amount ofmoney that an individual or business pays for insurance (5) …………………… Here is an example of how the (6) …………….calculates the premiums. It(7) ……………….. that 2 percent of the people who are 50 years old will die next year.If the company (8) ……………… 1,000 people who are 50 years old, they know that20 people will die. If the twenty people are insured for $ 100,000 each, then thecompany must pay $ 2,000,000. Therefore, they will (9) ………………. the 1,000insured people $ 2,000,000 plus the costs and (10) …………………. for the contpany.This is a very simple example, but all insurance premiums are based on theprobability or odds of something happening.

TEST 7colony mine praclice leatler respects organize

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returned ended freedom fought means racismMAHATMA GANDHI

Mahatma Gandhi was one of the great leaders of the world. He wanted(1) …………………and peace for all people. He helped to free India from Britishcontrol.His name was Mohandas Karamchand, but people called him Mahatma.This name (2) ……………………."great soul." Mohandas Karamchand was born onOctober 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. He studied law in London, and in 1893 hebegan to (3)…………… law in South Africa. ln South Africa. Indians did not have the same rights as others Gandhi didnot like this (4) …………………. He believed that everyone should have the samerights. He worked for the Indian people in South Africa for twenty-one years. Atone time, he (5) ………………………………. a strike of Indian miners. The Indian(6) ……………………workers did not go to work. Gandhi did not use violence. Hefought with nonviolence, resistance, and strikes. The Indian word for nonviolentresistance is "satyagraha. " ln 1915 Gandhi (7) …………………..to India. He became the (8) ……………… of the Indian Nationalist Movement, and he worked for the independence of India.He wanted India to be free from Great Britain. Gandhi (9) …………………….. forfreedom. He did not want tndia to be a British (10) ……………………. He continued touse satyagraha nonviolent means such as strikes and fasting. Gandhi's' nonviolent fight for independence (11) …………………….. whenBritain gave India her independence in 1947. On January 30, 1948, Gandhi was

assassinated in New Delhi - he was shot when he was on the way to a prayermeeting. Grandhi died for peace, and the whole world (12) …………… him for hispeaceful-way of getting independence for his country.

TEST 8great themes avoided happy civil workswin influenced movement wealthy dressed helped

EO TOLSTOY Leo Tolstoy was a famous Russian writer of the nineteenth century. Helived between 1828 and 1910. He wrote many novels. Two of his most famous(1) ……………are War and Peace and Anna Karenina. Tolstoy was born into a(2) …………… family. However, he was not (3) ………….. that others were poor.He did not like living the rich life when others did not have food or money. In fact,Tolstoy often (4) ………………… like a peasant. He wanted the simple life. In his novels, Tolstoy wrote about many things, but one of his mostimportant (5) …………………. was nonviolence. His ideas about nonviolence(6) …………………two other famous leaders: Mahatma Gandhi and Martin LutherKing. In fact, Tolstoy and Gandhi wrote letters to each other when Gandhi was inSouth Africa. Tolstoy's ideas (7) ………………… Gandhi to use nonviolence. Martin Luther King, the American (8) …………………… rights leader, also

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believed in nonviolence. In his demonstrations during I 960s, he always(9) …………………….violence. He helped to (10) ………………more rights for Blacks. Thus, Tolstoy the (11) …………………….. Russian writer of the nineteenthcentury greatly influenced two other great leaders of peace (12) ………………….

TEST 9great still variation words write usesay within part spoken slightly communicate

DIALECTS Languages have dialects. A dialect is a (1) …………………of a language. Thismeans that there are differences (2) ………………. a language. For example, French isspoken in Paris. There is a (3) ……………….. different French in Canada. The Frenchspoken in Africa is different (4) …………………. However, speakers of these threedialects can understand each other. Usually, a dialect is a variety of a language thatother speakers of the language can understand; dialects are usually mutuallyintelligible. Not all dialects of Chrnese are mutually intelligible Chinese lurs manydialects that speakers of Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese Chinese cannot(5) ………………with each other in the (6) ………………..language. To communicate,they must write to each other or (7) …………………. a second language. Still, these twoChinese languages are dialects because China is one country and one culture withone language. The differences between American English and British English are not as(8) …………………….. as the differences in Chinese dialects. Two of the differencesbetween American English and British English are vocabulary and spelling. InAmerican English we (9) …………………. elcvator, truck, and apartment. The Britishsay lift, lorry, and flat. Another difference is spelling. In American English we( l0) ……………………………… honor, meter, and realize. In British English, these(l l) …………………are honour, metre, and realise. Dialects are in interesting (12) ………………..of language study. Alllanguages have dialects. Usually speakers of one dialect can understand speakersof another dialect. TEST 10dispense depletes retrieve proliferate apparatus deviatesfundamental transaction depsited anxiety thwart retail

THE PLASTIC REVOLUTION Some people call it the plastic revolution. Others refer to it as the cashlessSociety. No matter what it is called, the use of bank cards has caused some(1) …………………….changes in how people handle money. How did the revolutioncome about ? For years, most workers (2) …………………..their paychecks intochecking accounts. Then they wrote checks to (3) ………………. cash or to pay forpurchases. In recent years, many employers decided it would be more expedient toput the money directly into each worker's checking account. This practice. called

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direct deposit, has reduced the (4) ……………….many workers have about losing acheck or getting to the bank too late. Instead of a paycheck, the employee gets anotice saying that the (5) …………………. has occurred. Computers take care of therest. Another important factor in the revolution is a(n) (6) ……….……..called theautontatic teller machine, or ATM. This machine can (7) ………………… cash from anaccount twenty-four hours a day. A bank card allows depositors to get this cashfrom their accounts. Users must enter a secret password to (8) ……………… anyonewho tries to use a lost or stolen card. If the password (9) ……………….. by a singleletter, the ATM seizes the card.

Bank cards have ctrargea tlre way people lpend money. These cards can nowbe used to pay for purchases in (10) ……………. stores and service stations. Unlike acredit card, a bank card is not a tool for borrowing money. lnstead, a bank cardmoves money from a peiron's account into the account of the store. Each use(11) ……………….the amount of money in a person's account. People do not yetlive in a cashless society. However, as the uses for bank cards (12) ……………….,society moves closer to plastic and farther away from cash.

TEST 11operations counterparts glamorous space microcomputer handle components variety unlike factory

INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS One step beyond automated machines is the industrial robot, the heart andbrain of which is the (1) ……………….. (2) …………………. most automated machines,industrial robots can be programmed to do a (3) ……………………of tasks that areusually accomplished by human (4) ………….……………… workers. Like their human(5) ………………, industrial robots can be switched from one job to another and canbe programmed to (6) ………………..new tasks. Thus far, robots have found theirgreatest use in assembling (7)……………………. . However, they are swiftly branchingfrom basic assembly (8) …………………… to construction and mining, and their most(9) ………………. use of all, the exploration of oceans and outer (10) ……………….

TEST 12transtmission growth developed energy popularbasic possible improved practical regular

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION Television was not really invented. Many scientists invented or(1) …………..parts of the system that have become the television systems weknow now. Radio, of course, was necessary before television could be(2) …………….,because television uses the same principles of electromagneticwaves that radio does. As soon as radio became possible, the possibility oftelevision (3) ……………….. was also known, but it took many years for it to become

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(4) …………………… British and American scientists helped to develop the (5) ………………….ideas that made television (6) ………………….. , but it was a Russian who made thefirst practical television system. By 1923, Vladimir Zworykin, a Russian, hadinvented a camera tube that could turn pictures into electric (7) ……………………..By1929, Zworykin had built a television system that worked. By 1935, (8) ……………. television broadcasts were begun in Germanl.The first broadcasts in the United States began in 1939, but television did not reallybecome (9) ……………… until after the Second World War. Between 1945 and 1955there was rapid (10) ……… in the pracrical use of television.

TEST 13live space signals poor events radiountil transmitted expensive landing one use

All early television was broadcast in black and white. Color television waspossible, but it was too (1 ) ………………. and of very (2) …………………….quality(3) …………….…..the middle of the 1950s: Color television broadcasts began in the United States in 1954, in Japan in 1960, and in Europe in 1967. The first (4) ……………….on the moon was broadcast (5) …………………on television in 1969 and; television programs are (6) ……………………… all overthe world immediately through the (7) …………………. of sateltites that transmit the(8) ………….. from the earth, through (9) …………………. and back to the earth More people now get their news and information through television thanthrough newspapers and (10) ……………………..The development of television is(11) …………………… of the most rapid and exciting (12) ……….. of our century.

TEST 14continues printing value sides plastic preciouscontain expensive vary replaced values holes

MONEY When we think of money, we usually think of currency, or metal coins andpaper bills. In the modern world, almost every country and every person uses coinsand paper money to exchange for other objects of (1) ……………….. The sizes andshapes of coins are different in various countries, and the size and colour of papermoney also (2) …………….……. In India, for example, some coins have square(3) ……………….In Japan, some coins have (4)……………..in the centre. In theUnited states, all paper money is the same size and the same colour; only the(5) ………….on the bills is different. Most other countries have various sizesand colours for different (6) ………………….of paper money. . Until the twentieth century, most coins were made of (7) …………………metals such as gold and silver, or they (8) ……………… at least some gold or silverBy the middle of the twentieth century, all coins that were actually being used hadno gold or silver and were made of less (9) ………….. metals, such as copper or

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aluminum. Paper money has (10) ……………… metal money for most purposes, andnow paper money is being replaced by paper checks, (11) ……………………creditcards, and even electronic messages. If this (12) ………………., we may soon findthat we will not use money at all, but only a series of numbers in computers to buyand sell goods and services.

TEST 15alike As a result beneficial circulate createdose extent fortunately harmful includelike prescribe relief sensation

All drugs can affect the body in both helpful and (1)……………….. ways.For example, a particular drug may produce a stronger heartbeat, (2) ……………….from pain, or some other desired effect. But that drug, (3) ………………………any otherdrug. can also cause undesired effects - especially if the (4) ………………….. is toolarge. Such effects might (5) ……………………………. fever, high blood pressure, orconstipation. Most drugs produce changes throughout the body because the drugs(6) …………….. through the blood stream . (7) …………..most drugs used to affectone part of the body also affect other parts. For example, physicians sometimes(8) ………………. , morphine to relieve pain. Morphine depresses the activities of cellsin the brain and thus reduces the (9) ………………… of pain. But morphine also altersthe function of cells elscwhere in the body. It may decrease the rate of breathing,produce constipation, and (l0) ………………….. other undesired effects.

TEST 16available consequently disturbing eliminating evenexplains For example in marine poisonsrefers scattering too with

Environmental pollution is a term that (1) ………………… to all the ways bywhich man pollutes his surroundings. Man dirties the air with gases and smoke,(2) ………………the water with chemicals and other substances, and damages thesoil with (3) …………… many fertilizeis and pesticides. Man also pollutes his surroundings (4) …………………. various other ways. (5) ………………., people ruinnatural beaury by (6) ………….. junk and litter on the land and in the water. Theyoperate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with (7) ……………..noise. Environmental pollution is one of the, most serious problems facingmankind today. Air, water, and: soil,.are necessary to the survival of all livingthings. Badly polluted air can cause iltness, and (8) ………………..death. Pollutedwater kills fish and other (9) life.'l'ollution of soil reduces the amountof land that is ( l0) ………………… for growing food. Errvironmental pollution alsobrings ugliness to man's natural beautiful world.

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TEST 17abruptly : as because benefit dischargeexhaust garbage gradually individuals orprotects provides purify require too

Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution problem is(1) …………..….complicated as it is serious. It is complicated (2) ………………….much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. For example,(3) ………… from automobiles causes a large percentage of all air pollution. Butthe automobiie (4) ………………..transportation for millions of people. Factories(5) …………….. much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories giveemployment to a large number of people. Thus, to end (6)………………, greatly reduce pollution immediately, peoplewould have to stop using many things that (7) …………………. them. Most people donot want to do that, of course. But pollution can be (8) ………………….. reduced inseveral ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the amountof pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments canpass and enforce laws that (9) ……………..businesses and (10) ……………..to stop,or cut down on certain polluting activities.

TEST 18control deficient devote generation Iead tonecessary plays plentiful produce properproposing providing scarce seek solution

Food (1) ……………..an important part in the development of nations. Incountries where food is (2) ………………, people have to spend most of their timegetting enough to eat. This usually slows down progress, because men have littletime to (3) …………… to science, industry, government, and art. In nations wherefood is (4)………………and easy to get, men have more time to spend in activitiesthat (5) ………………. progress, human betterment, and enjoyment of leisure. Theproblem of (6) ………………. good food for everybody has not yet been solved.Many wars have been fought for the (7) ………………of rich food-producirrg lands.But it is no longer (8) …………….to go to was for food. Nations are beginning toput scientific knowledge to work for a (9) …………… to their food problems. Theywork together in the Food and Agricuilture Organiiation of the United Nations(FAO) to help hungry nations (10) …………………more food.

TEST 19barely constantly creater destroyed dropevery factors items natural pestspreserved resulted from result in rise widespread

Famine is a prolonged food shortage that causes (1) ……………… hungerand death. Throughout history, famine has struck at least one area of the world

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(2) ……………….few years. Most of the developing nations of Africa, Asia, andLatin America have (3) ………………. Enough food for their people. Millions in thesecountries go hungry. When food production or imports (4) ………………….. for anyreason, famine may strike and trousands of milrions of people may die. Many famines have more than one cause. For example, the great Bengaifamine of 1943 in Eastern India was ,caused by both (5) …………….. and historicalevents. World War II (6) ………………….. a general food shortage and led to the cutoffof rice imports from Burma, which had been occupied by the Japanese. Then acycrone (7) …………………much farmland. Famine struck, and more than l,5 millionpersons died. Nearly all famines (8) …………… crop failures. The chief causes of cropfailure incrude (1) drought (prolonged lack of rain ), (2) too much rainfall andflooding, and (3) plant disease and (9) ………………… Many other (10) ……………..may also help create a famine.

TEST 20according to bring about coverage designed entertainmentestablished events fun in addition to makemeans pictures purposes through throughout Television is one of man’s most important (1) ……………………. ofcommunication. It brings (2)…………………..and sounds from around the world intomillions of homes. A person with a television set can sit in his house and watch thePresident (3) ……………… a speech or visit a foreign country. He can see a warbeing fought and rvatch statesmen try to (4) ………………peace (5) …………..television, home viewers can see and learn about people, places, and things infaraway lands. Television even takes its viewers out of this world. It brings them(6) …………….of American's astronauts as the astronauts explore outer space.(7) ……………….. all these things, television bring its viewers a steady streamof programmes that are (8) …………… to entertain. In fact, television providesmany more (9) …………… programmes than any other kind. The progranlmesinclude action-packed dramas. light comedies, sporting ( l0) ……………….andmotion pictures.

TEST 2Iaffiects beside besides brings about disasterenables exist included limited norside raising rush scattering scene

HOW TRANSPORTATION AFFECTS OUR LIVES Without transportation, our-modern society could not (1) ……………..Wewould have no metals, no coal, and no oil. (2) ………………….would we have anyproducts made from these materials. (3) ………………., we would have to spendmost of our time (4) …………………food - and the food would be (5) …………. tothe kinds that could grow in the climate and soil of our own neighbourhoods.

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Transportation also (6) ………………our lives in other ways. Transportationcan speed a doctor to the (7) …………… of a sick person, even if the patient liveson an isolated farm. It can take police to the (8) …………….. of a crime with inmoments of being noticed. Transportation (9) ……………….teams of athletes tocompete in national and international sports contests. In times of ( l0) …………….transportation can rush aid to persons in areas stricken by floods, famines, andearthquakes.

TEST 22as a result curious earliest in addition inventedtook like occupalion poltery purchasedraise record remains set up term

The first human beings probabty lived about 2.5 millions years ago Butman did not begin to (1) ………………. history until he had invented writing onlyabout 5,000 year ago. The period before man began to write is called prehistory.and the (2) ……………… prehistoric man refers to peopf e who lived during thatperiod. Prehistoric man (3) ………………the first steps in building civilization. The(4) ……………......people were all hunters. In time many hunters leamed to plantcrops and (5) …………………. animals for food, and they became farmers. Prehistoricman(6) …………… simple tools, and he discovered how to make fire. He paintedthe first pictures and shaped the first (7) ………………. And he built and governedthe first cities. Because early man kept no written records, scientists search for bones,tools, and other prehistoric (8)……………...They study these objects to learn whatearly man looked (9) ………………. , how he lived, and how he developed intomodern man. Most of the tools that have been found and studied are made of stone.(10)……………………, the entire period during which early man lived has been calledthe Stone Age.

TEST 23behind called carry even explainedfill heaps lift painful pressesspreads swarms when where which

The mosquito is an insect that (1) …………..some of the worst diseasesof man and animals. Certain kinds of mosquitoes (2) ………………..the germs thatcause such serious diseases as encephalitis, malaria and yellow fever. When amosquito “bites”, it may leave germs (3) ………………. Many kinds of mosquitoesdo not spread diseases, but they have (4) …………….. "bites''. Mosquitoes are found in all parts of the world, (5) …………….. near theNorth Pole Most kinds of mosquitoes that cause diseases live in the hot, damplands near the equator. In some countries mosquitoes often gather in great(6) …………… that look like clouds. They attack men, interfering with such work

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as fishing, lumbering, and mining. Man controls mosquitoes in many ways. Scientists have developedchemicals (7) …………….. insecticides, which kill mosquitoes and other insects.Small amounts of these chemicals kill mosquitoes (8) ………………..sprayed inhomes, garages, and other buirdings. Man also controls mosquitoes by destroyingthe places in (9) ………………they grow. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in marshes,swamps, and other pools of quiet water. Engineers may build canals throughmarshes to drain off the water, and often(10) ……………… small pools and swampswith soil.

TEST 24

After at convinced despite difficultydistracted dozes during falls fromlose nods of perform problem

People who are deprived (1) …………….. sleep lose energy and becomingquick-tempered . (2) ………………….…. two days without sleep, a person finds thatlengthy concentration becomes difficult. He can force himself to (3) ………………..tasks well for short periods, but he is easily (4) ………………….. . He makes manymistakes, especially at routine tdsks, and his attention slips (5) ……………….. timesEvery 'sleeptess' persort experiences periods in which he (6) ……………….off for afew seconds or more. He (7) ………………..completely asleep unless he is kept activecontinuously. Persons who go without sleep for more than three days have great(8) …………………thinking, seeing, and hearing clearly. They have periods ofhallucinations, (9) ……………….which they see things that do not really exist. Theyalso confuse daydreams with real life and ( l0) ……………….track of their thoughtsin the middle of a sentence.

TEST 25

accurately approaching departing despite farfortunately guide instead of Iikely long-rangeowing to possible protect search vessels

Radar is an electronic device that can'see'great distances (1) ………………fog, rain, snow, and darkness. It can find and (2) ………………………locate missiles,aircraft, ships, cities, rainstorms, and mountains. Radar uses radio waves(3) ………………light waves, which the human eye uses in seeing. This makes it(4) ……………… for radar to locate many kinds of objects at (5)……………… greaterdistances than the eye can see. Radar became an important military device during World War II. Today,networks of radar lookout stations guard the United States and Canada 24 hours aday against (6) …………………….missiles and airplanes. Patrol planes and. ships

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(7) ………………..the oceans with radar for hostile ships and aircraft. Airports useradar to (8) ……………… planes safely to earth in fog or storms. Ships use it to steerclear of other (9) ……………… or icebergs. Radar helps weathermen warn of( l0) …………………..hurricanes and tornadoes.TEST 26it called he if recognizedto then whether which inthan started was these an

BIRTH OF THE COMPUTER Most people think of computers as very modern inventions, products of ournew technorogical age. But actualty the idea for a computer (1) ……………………..worked out over 2 centuries ago, by a man (2) ……………………, Charles Babbage. Babbage was born (3) ………… 1791 and grew up to be a brilliantmarhematician. He drew up plans for several calculating machines (4) …………….he called "engines". But despite the fact that he (5) …………………. building some ofthese he never finished any of them. Over the years people have argued(6) ……………..his machines would ever work. Recently, however, the ScienceMuseum in London has finished building (7) ………………….. engine based on one ofBabbage’s designs. (8) ………………….has taken six years to complete and more(9) ……………….. four thousand parts have been specially made. Whether it works ornot, the machine will be on show at a special exhibition in the Science Museum(10) ………………. remind of Babbage's work.

TEST 27raised risen they tells thrownbut says without with thancame travelled put when such

HOLIDAYS THAT DON'T COST THE EARTH The tourist indusrry is considered to be the largest industry. Before 1950 onemilion peopre (1) …………..…….aboard each year (2) ………………by the 1990s thefigure had (3) ………………to 400 million every year. (4) ……………. large numbers of tourists, however, are beginning to causeproblems. For example, on the Alps the skiers are destroying the mountains(5) ………………. came to enjoy. Even parts of Mount Everest in the Himalayas arereported to be covered (6)…………………. old tins, tents, and foods that have been(7) ……………. away. But at a time when we have greater freedom to travel (8) ………………everbefore, more and more people are asking how they can enjoy their holidays (9) ……………….. causing probiems by spoiling the countryside.

Now there ls a new holiday guide called "Holidays That Don't Cost TheEarth". It (10) ………………….you how you can help the tourist industry by askingyour travel agent the right questions before you go on holiday.

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TEST 28

thoughts impediment confidence freedom proofdistance Ianguages benefits opposition changeattainment interchange tone humanity tongue

The greatest (1) …………. to free intercourse between nations is neither(2) …………….., nor the difference of mental habits, nor the (3) ……………. of nationalinterests; it is simply the imperfect manner in which languages are usuallyacquired, and the lazy contentment of, mankind with a low degree of (4) ……………….in a foreign tongue, when a much higher degree of attainment would.be necessaryto any efficient (5) …………….. of ideas. It seems probable that much of the futurehappiness of (6) ………………… will depend upon a determination to learn foreignlanguages more thoroughly. Foreigners do not open their minds to one who blunders about theirmeanings, their (7) …………….is only to be won by a demonstration of somethinglike equality in intelligence, and nobody can give (8) ……….. of this unless he hasthe means of making his (9) ………………itself, a somewhat bold and authoritative(10) …………………….

TEST 29plenty compared need wish smallerdirectly without "barter" for whether Money is something we take for granted in our lives. Some of us(1) ……………………..we had more of it, but we all recognize it when we see it,(2) ………………….in the form of coins, notes, or cheques. It is difficult to imaginehow people manage (3) …………….. money. In the earliest periods of humanhistory, people used to exchange goods (4) …………... They would exchangethings they had (5) ……………of for things they were in (6) ……………..of. Forexample, they might offer food (7) …………….. tools. This method of exchange,which is known as (8) ………….. , has many disadvantages. Certain goods may bedifficult to carry; they may not last long, or may be impossible to divide into(9) ………………units. It can also be very difficult to know the worth of something(10)……………….with other goods.TEST 30badly beter books computers happenmuseums nearby office schools stop.students studying talks teachers worse

WILL TECHNOLOGY REPLACE SCHOOLS ? Some people believe that soon schools will no longer be necessary. Thesepeople say that because of the Internet and other new technology, there is no longerany need for school buildings, formal classes, or (1) ……………… Perhaps this will

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be true one day, but it is hard for me to imagine a world without (2)………………….In fact, we need to look at how we can use new technology to make schools(3) …………………, not to eliminate them. We should invent a new kind of school that is linked to libraries,(4) ……………., science centres, laborutories, and even companies. Experts couldgive (5) ………………… on video or over the Internet. TV networks and local stationscourd develop programming about things students are actually (6) ………………… inschool. Is this just a dream ? No. Already there are several towns where this isbeginning to (7) ……………….. Blacksburg, Virginia is one of them. Here the entirecity is linked to the Internet, and learning can take place at home, at school and inthe (8) ……………….. Businesses provide programmes for the schools and thecommunity. The schools provide computer labs for people without their own(9). ………………..at home. Because everyone can use the Internet, older peopleparticipate as much as younger ones, and everyone can visit distant libraries andmuseums as easily as (10) …………….. ones.

TEST 31of tooth down food foundto decay teeth sugar toothacheout increased destroyed looked salt

Many people nowadays have to wear false teeth when they are middle-aged.Since the beginning of this century, (1) …………………….decay has greatlyIncreased. The amount (2) ……………..sugar in our food has also (3) ……….Doctors and dentists now know that (4) ……………… is the chief cause of toothdecay. Eskimo’s teeth, for example, started to (5) ……………when they began toeat sweeter (6) …………… Long ago doctors did not like (7) ………………..treatpeople’s teeth. Barbers and blacksmiths (8) ……………. after people's teeth andpulled them (9) ……………….. when they decayed. Some people thought(10) …………….. was a punishment from the gods.TEST 32objection recommendations suggestion joking surpriseddoing changes connection apology usuallythreat laughing

We all welcomed the teacher's suggestion that we should do somethingelse after the last exercise.(1) ……………..the teacher gives us very good adviceand we have faith in all her (2) ……………… . So we were rather (3) …………….when she asked us to make small (4) …………….. in the form of words like suggest,advise, and so on. In fact, one of the students seemed to have a very strong(5) …………………. to the idea because there was such a clear (6) .. ………..betweenthese words and the words we had just studied. “I’ll jump out of the window if wego on (7) …………….this,” he said. The teacher smiled because she knew thestudent was only (8) ……………., and then asked: “Are you making a promise or is

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that a (9) …………….. ?” There was a great deal of laughter as we listened to thestudent's ( I 0) ………………………..

TEST 33translated believed spoken decided storedrecognised discovered estimated tended inventedtelevised called increased speak attached

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE English has for more than a century and a half been (1) ……………….. aworld language. The number of people who (2) …………………… it as their mothertongue has been (3) …………………. at between three hundred million and fourhundred million. It is (4) ……………….. as an official language in countries wherel.5 billion people live. In China, the importance(5) …………………….to learningEnglish is such that a (6) …………. teaching course drew audiences of up to100 million. But this spread of English throughout the world is relatively recent. Inthe late sixteenth century English was (7) …………….by just under five millionpeople. The arrival of English in North America was the key step in its world-wideexpansion. The United States is a huge commercial market and this has(8) …………….. to promote the English language in many other nations. Abouteighty per cent oc the data (9) ………………….. on the world's computers is(10) …………………to be in English and nowadays insufficient knowledge ofEnglish can be a problem in business.

TEST 34agriculture almost beneath available containconsist too so next to covermostly irrigation Iocked evaporation most The earth has a tremendous amount of water, but (1) …………….……all of it isin the oceans. The oceans (2) …………………about 70% of the earth's surface. They(3) ……………… about 97% of all the water on earth, and are the source of(4) ……………….. precipitation that falls on earth. Ocean water is (5) …………………salty to be used for drinking, (6) …………………, or industry. But the salt is left behindduripg (7) …………………., and the precipitation that falls to earth is usually water. Only about 3% of the water on earth is fresh water and most of it is noteasily (8)………………. to man. It includes water (9) ……………….. in glaciers andicecaps, more than 2% of the earth's water. About haft of 1% of the earth's water is(10) ……………..the earth’s surface. Rivers and lakes contain only about one-fifthof 1% of the earth's water.

TEST 35affected almost output by whichtherefore that any other obtains used

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supplies during however in addition most Agriculture is the world's most important industry. lt provides us with(1) ……………… all our food. It also (2) …………..….. materials for two other basicHuman needs - clothing and shelter. (3) ……………….agriculture provides materials (4) …………….in making many industrial products, such as paints and medicines.About half the world’s workers are employed in agriculture - far more than in(5) ………………. Industry. Agriculture is one of the world's oldest industries. It began about 10,000years ago in the Middle East, (6) ……………………that time, certain Middle Easterntribes had discovered how to grow plants from seeds and how to raise anirnals incaptivity. Having mastered these skills, they could begin to practise agriculture. Before the development of agriculture, people got all their fodd bygathering wild plants, hunting, and fishing. They had to search for foodcontinually, (7) ……………. left them little time for other activities. But asagriculture developed and farm (8) ……………….. increased, fewer people wereneeded to produce food. The non-farmers could then develop the arts, crafts,trades, and other activities of civilized life. Agriculture (9) ……………………. not onlygreatry (10). …………………..the food suppry but also made civilization possible.

B. CLOZETEST I lt has been said that the British and Americans are 'two peoples(l) ……………….by a common language'. However, the (2) …………….betweenBritish and American English are comparatively small. Although some Britishpeople occasionally complain about the latest American TV series of which theyare (3) …………….. to understand a word, it is clear that few people have serious(4) …………… In fact, it is television, films, and pop music that have helped to(5) …………….them closer together, and those minor difficulties (6) …………….might occur in comprehension are probably much fewer than 40 or 50 years(7)…………... Normally four or five American programmes are found in anevening on British television, and 6 or 7 of the American 20 best records are played(8) ……………… British artists. It is true that most Americans would say:'Pardon me! Do you have .. ……………….?'while in Britain it would be more (9) ………………….. to say:‘Excuse me ! Have you got ………………..?’However, both forms would be (10) ………………………..in both countrtes.

TEST 2 During the teenage years, many young people can at ( 1 ) ……….……… bedifficult to tall to. They often seem to dislike (2) ……………………..questioned. They mayseem unwilling to talk about their work at school. This is a normal development atthis (3) ……………… Though it can be very hard for parents to (4) ………………., it ispart of becoming independent of teenagers trying to be adult while they are(5)…………… growing up. Young people are usually unwilling to talk if they

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believe that questions are trying to check up on them. Parents should do their (6) ………………… to talk to their son and daughter(7) …………………. school, work and future plans but should not push them to talk ifthey don’t (8) ………………….to. Parents should also watch for danger signs. Someyoung peopte in trying to be (9) ………………. may experience with sex, drugs,alcohol or smoking. Parents need to watch for any signs of unusual behaviourwhich may be connected (10) …………………….these and help if necessary.TEST 3 We send our children (1) …………………….. school to prepare them(2) ……………..…..the time when they wiIl be big and will have to work for(3). ……………….. They learn their own (4) ………………so that they will be able totell others what they want and what they know and understand what others tellthem. They learn foreign languages (5) …………………..order to be able to benefit(6) ………………what people in other countries have written and said, and in order tomake people from other countries (7) …………………… what they themselves mean.Nearry everything they study (8) ………………school has some practical use in theirIife. We go to schoot (9) ……………….all to learn how to learn, so that when we haveleft school, we can (10) ……………….. to learn.

TEST 4 My home is (1) …………………… the air - I do an enormous amount oftravelling. It is a fast life and full (2) ……………….work, but I like it and that is theonly way for me. Everything is tiring – music, travelling - but what can I do ? I amnot (3) ………………. to complaining. lt is hard to imagine now that I will ever bevery long in one place. My home town is in the Caspian Sea. (4) ………….. is sea,wind, sun and too many tourists and hotels. I (5) …………… my own flat with fouror five rooms, but I am seldom there. If I am there for a day (6) ……………. Two, Iprefer to (7) ……………………. with my mother and grandmother. They live in a smallhouse, (8) …………………… it is very comfortable and my mother cooks for me. I likegood, simple food. I have no wife, o brothers or sisters, and my father died when I was ten.He was an engineer and I don't (9) ………………….. him very well. He liked music verymuch and wanted (10) …………………… to become a musician.

TEST 5 Usually the decision to marry is based on a mutual (1) …………… betweenthe man and the woman. Parents may or may not be asked to (2)……………….theirpermission. The marriage (3) …………….….. may be a simple visit to city Hall, wheremarriage vows are exchanged and papers are signed, or it may be an elaboratecelebration. There are numerous (4) ………………… to the traditional weddingceremony. Couples who do not with to get divorced may decide by mutualagreement to be separated, in this case (5) ……………... are still legally married.Couples who have (6) ……………………. for divorced are separated until the(7) …………………….. is finalrzed. Divorces can be obtained easily in most Australian states. Either husbands

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or wives can apply for divorce. Bases for divorcetcan (8)……………… as diverse asmutuat agreement. There is usually a minimal waiting time for remarriage. Child(9) …………… Payments, alimony, and the division of property (10) ……………….usualy arranged by the courts on by mutual agreement between the husband andwife.

TEST 6 Helicopters have one distinct difference (l) …………all other vehicles, itis (2) ……….. they can fly vertically. Helicopters can fly (3)…………… junglesand forests, hills and mourrltuins, and they can take off or (4) ………… almosteverywhere. Because of this, they have been especially (5) …………. to explorers' In the jungtes of South .Ameriqa, heliqopters have helped explorers inlooking (6) …………… new places to drill oil wells. They are used to bring in veryheavy drilling equipment and anything that may be (7) ………………. Big helicopters can lift loads up to ten tons. They can go anywhere andhover over a chosen spot. This (8) ……………….helicopters excellent flying cranesHelicopters have rescued (9) ………………from the seas and mountains. As they getmore efficient, they will be found to be more and (10) …………….useful.

TEST 7 Our century has seen great changes in the life and.(1) ………….conditions ofpeople. Less than a hundred years ago, many of the things we do now seemed(2)…………. No-one could imagine that people (3)………………… fly, or that wecould (4)…………….. to music thousands of miles away. Today, radio and televisionserve many purposes besides preasure. They help us find fish in the sea and landairplanes in bad (5) …………………. or at night. They control the work of large numbers (6) ……………. machines in industry.Never before in history have (7) ………………….been such rapid changes in our way oflife as at the present moment. Scientists have been using what is called ‘a scientificmethod’ to make new discoveries. Among the most important scientific discoveriesare new medicines. Many illnesses that people died (8) ………… 50 years ago areno (9) ……………….dangerous.The study of science helps us widen our outlook and opens a whole newworld for us.The progress of science is leading to a better and better (10) ………………..for man.TEST 8 Science has told us so much (1) ………………. the moon that it is fairly easyto imagine what it would be like to go (2) ………………… It is certainly not a friendlyprace. As there is no air or (3) ………………. , there can be no (4) ……………..of anykind. There is no variety of scenery (5) ………………. For mile after mile there areonry flat plains of dust with mountains around them . Above, the sun and stars(6) ……………..….in a black sky. If you step out of the mountain shadows, it willmean movlng from severe cold into great heat. These extreme (7) …………………….continually break rocks away from the surface of the mountains. The moon is also a

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very silent world for sound waves can only travel (8) ……………….air. But beyondthe broken horizon, you see a friendly sight, our earth is shining more brightly (9) ………………. the stars. From this distance, it looks (10) …………… an immenseball, coloured blue and green and brown.

TEST 9 Agricurture is the world’s most important industry. It provides us with(1) ………………all our food. It also suppries materiars for two other basic humanNeeds-clothing and shelter. In (2) ………………, agriculture provides materials(3) …………… in making many industrial products such as paints and medicines.About half the worldls workers are emptoyea in agriculture - far more than in any(4) ……………industry . Agriculture is one of the world's oldest industries. It began about l0,000years ago in the Middre East. (5) …………………..that time, certain Middle Easterntribes had discovered how to grow plants from seeds and how to raise(6) …………………in captivity. Having mastered these skills, they courd begin topractise agriculture. Before the development of agricurture, people got all their food bygathering wild prants, hunting, and fishing. They had to search for food continually,(7) ……………… left them little time for other activities. But as agriculture developedand farrn output increased, fewer people were (8) ………………. to produce food. Thenon-farmers could then develop the arts, crafts, trades, and other activities ofcivized life. Agriculture (9) …………….. not only greatly affected food supply butalso (10) ………………… civilization possible.

TEST 1O The country is more beautiful than a town and pleasant to live in. ManyPeople think so, and go to the country (1) …………..the summer holidays thoughthey cannot live (2) …………. all the year round. Some have a cottage built in avillage (3) ……………….. that they can go there whenever they can find the time. English villagers are not all alike, but (4) …………… some ways they arenot very different from each other. Almost every village has a church, the round orsquare tower of (5) ……………… can be seen for many miles around. Surroundingthe church is the churchyard, (6) ……………… people are buried. The village green is a wide stretch of grass, and houses or cottages are(7) ………………round it. Country life is now fairly comfortable and many villages(8) ……………….water brought through pipes into each (9) …………… Most villages are so close to some small towns that people can go there tobuy (10) ………………….. they can't find in the village shops.

TEST 11 Laura Ashrey was a woman (1) ……………… simple tastes and strong moralbeliefs. She was born in Wales and one of her largest factories producing clothes(2) ……………… situated in the countryside there. Her employees were encouraged tohave healthy lives, enjoy the fresh air and good diet. Many of the Ashley's family

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were involved (3) …………….. the business, but in 1985 (4) …………….was decidedthat the public (5) …………….. be given the opportunity to invest money in thecompany. Obviously this was (6) ………………. major development and a clear sign ofcommerciar success. But the woman (7) ……………….ideas had been the basis of thecompany’s development did not live to see it. She (8) ………………….down in stairs(9)…………………….. staying at a friend's house and died in hospital a few days(10) …………………. She was only sixty-one.

TEST 12 Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a famous nineteenth-century engineer. He(1) …………………. born in 1806 in Portsmouth, a seaport in the South of England. In1823, after studying (2) …………………..two years in Paris, he started (3) …………… forhis father, (4) ………………… was an engineer and inventor. He had been born nearRouen in France but in 1792 had left France for the USA and had later settled inEngland. Both father and son were responsible for the design (5) …………………….construction of the first tunnel under the River Thames. The digging of this tunnelwas (6) ………………… in 1825 and completed twenty years later. Today, it(7) ………………..part of the London Undergiound system. Isambard Kingdom Brurnelwent (8) ………………. . to design the Great Britain (1845), (9) ……………..was the firstlarge ship to be built (10) ……………………. iron instead of wood.TEST 13My friend Jonathan; who lives (1) ……………….the road, develops and printsfilms. (2) ………….. to Jonathan, most of us take awful pictures. Usually, we fail toaim (3) ……………..the subject so that the subject is not even in the picture.Sometimes the subject is too far (4) …………., sometimes too near. Some photosare spoilt because the sun is in (5) ……………….of us, when of course, it shouldarways be (6) …………….. us. Some of us take blank pictures (7) …………. we takethe lens cover off (8) ………………….we have taken our shots. We take most of ourpictures when we are on holidays and like to catch our friends when they arefooling (9) ………………… It is a pity we don't practise using our cameras(10) ……………….. we go on holiday.

TEST 14 In addition to reducing poltution, public transport (1) ……………valuable cityspace. Buses and trains carry more people in each (2) …………………. and, if theyoperate on their own rights of way, they can safely rur (3) ……………….. much higherspeeds. In other (4) …………….., they not only take (5) ………………. space but alsooccupy it for a (6) ……………. Time. Public transport also plays an important (7) ……………… in areas of the ThirdWorld . In many cities in Asia and Africa, buses make 50 to 80 percent(8) …………….. all motorized trips. Buses are sometimes hopelessly overcrowded. Itis not uncommon to see several riders clinging to the outside. Yet most Third Worldcities have (9) ……………. public transport use per person than (10) ……………… inWestern Europe.

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TEST 15 My grandfather was born in China. He came from a very poor (1) …………….. His parents rived (2) …………. a small farm. He didn't have a very good education. At the age of 17 he (3) ……………. Home. First he went to Shanghaiand (4) ………………..he went to HongKong. He (5) ………….as a waiter and then asa cook. when he was 21, he (6) ………………my grandmother and had four children.My mother was (7) …………………oldest. My grandmother died recentry, and my grandfather lives alone now. He isalmost 80, (8) ………………………he is still very active and interested in everything(9) …………….. is going on. He reads the paiers and watches television even thoughhis ( 10) ……………………… is fairly poor.

TEST 16 How are things with you ? Since I saw you last, I've been ill. By the(1) …………. I arrived home after seeing you on Monday, I had an a'nrful headache. I thought that perhaps my eyes were tired (2) …………..I've been working sohard so I took some aspirins and went to bed. However, when I woke up the nextmorning the headache was (3) ……………………. than ever and my throat was(4) ………………… I tried to get up but my arms and my legs were stiff. I saw the doctor and she (5) ……………me I had a temperature. She said Iprobably had flu. She advised me to take some medicine and (6) ………………in bed.The medicine tasted horrible and it didn't make me feel any (7)……………. . I felt sickand I didn't want to eat anything at all (8) …………… I was very hungry. I have almost(9) ………………now and I'm going to start work again tomorrow, I still have a sliqhtcold and a cough but my chest doesn't hurt when I breathe. Can we meet on Sunday ? I'm looking forward to (10) ……………you.

TEST 17 People who are nearsighted can only (1) ………… things that are very close totheir eyes. Everything else seems (2) …………...Many people who do a lot of(3) …………. work, such as writing, reading and sewing are nearsighted. Then theyhave to (4) ……………..glasses in order to see objects clearly. People who are farsighted suffer from just the (5) ………………….. problem.They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulties in (6)……………… abook unless they (7)………………it at arm's length. If they want to do much reading,they must get (8) ……………. too. Other people do not see (9) ……….. because theireyes are not exactly the (10) …………….. size.

TEST 18Computers are helpful in many ways. First, they are fast. They can work withinformation (1) ………….. more quickly than a person. (2) ………….., computers canwork with r lot of information, at (3) ………………… same time. Third, they can keepinformation (4) ……………a long time. They do not forget things the common peopledo. Also, computers are (5) ……………………. always correct. They are not perfect,(6) …………………. course, but they usually do not make mistakes.

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These days, it is important to know about computers. There are a number of(7) ……………to leant. Some companies have classes (8) ………….. work. Also, mostuniversities offer day and night courses in computer science. Another way to(9) …………….. is from a book, or from a friend. After a (10) ………….. hours ofpractice, you can work with computers. You may not be an expert, but you canhave fun.

TEST 19 Vegetarian food (1) …..………a system of eating is gaining popularity all thetime. There is no denying the fact (2) ……………. such food can do only good for allpeople. Doctors insist (3) …………….aging people eating this food at least severaldays a week. Some even say “We are what we eat” .And people (4) …………...aim atkeeping their hearth up to the mark should pay (5) ………………….to what they eat. In many countries there, are restauranls which invarilbly keep (6) ……………only vegetarian food. The personner of these restaurants persists in providingdifferent kinds of meatless (7) ……………. They succeed in having a lot of elderly(8) ………………… They say that people can eat delicious, nutritious, economical meals.(9) ……………….. using too much (10) …………….the world's resources.

TEST 20Where do you start if you want to write a successful story? Clearly, whatyou need first of (1) ………………..is an idea which you can develop into a strong plot.But (2) …………………… do ideas like this come from ? The (3) ……… is 'anywhereand every where” . They may come from something that has (4) …………… to you orto (5) …………………. else, frol a newspaper, an inteiesting picture, or even a song. Itis a good idea to keep a notebook nearby (6) …………….. that you can write down thedetails or any odd incidents (7) ………………..catch your imagination. Make a note ofideas (8) ………………..titles too, and any special phrases or descriptions that you thinkof. A small tape recorder can (9) ………………. useful for this purpose. Some writerseven keep (l0)……………………..by their bed in case they wake up wilI the ‘idea of thecentury'.

TEST 21 He was born in a very poor part of London. His father (1) ………………… acomedian and his mother workld (2) ………………a dancer and singer. (3) ……………of them was very successfur, however, and the family had very (4) …………………….money, at one time they were (5) …………… poor that he and his brothers had onlyone pair of shoes (6) ………….. them and they had to take turns wearing them. Thefirst time he himself earned any money (7) ………….…..dancing and singing, he wasonly five years old. He did many kinds of jobs, but what he loved (8) ……………..wasworking in the theatre. (9) ……………..he was about 15 he joined a travelling theatrecompany and went on trips to America. on (10) ………..such tour he was offered apart in a film, so he went to Hollywood where he eventually became both an actorand a film director.

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TEST 22 Books are written to provide knowledge and good books enrich the mind. Byputting (1) …………… under the influence of superior mind, we (2) ……………. ourmental powers . Through good (3) …………..we learn that people everywhere arethe (4)……………..,in all ages and in all (5) ………….This knowledge improves ourlove (6)…………….others and helps us to live in peace with them. We also(7) ……………..that the world was made not only for man (8) ……………… but forEvery creature that can feel hunger and thirst, warmth and cold. Though it may be possible for us to travel (9) …………… the world and seethe things happening today, it is not possible for us to see the things that happenedin the past. But good books (10) ………….us to see not only into the most remoteregions of the world today but also the world in which our ancestors lived.

TEST 23 It was a cold night. The train (1) ……………….. through some very lonelycountryside. There was no sign of human life and the station at Brest seemed likean oasis. The passengers (2) …………….. advised to get (3) …………….. the trainbecause they were going to be there (4) …………….……a long time. The customsofficers had to (5)……………their duty, searching the entire train looking mainlyfor illegal literature. They (6) ………………. quite a lot, including some interestingmagazines to take home to their families (7) ………….this was happening, the trainmoved away from the platform to get its wheels changed. It was lifted up andswung over onto a wider set of wheels, but the passengers in the station did notknow (8) ………….. this. To them, it was a long unnecessary wait, made worse bythe fact that their, luggage disappeared with the train for at (9) ………… an hour. Ifthey had (10) …………. given a better explanation of what was going on, theywould have been in a better mood.

TEST 24 One thing about London which every visitor from abroad admires is the largenumber of parks. These “lungs” of London, as they have been called, are(1)………….. green islands of peace and quiet in the middle of the noisy sea. They(2) ……………an important part in helping to form the city's character. The best-known parks are, of course, the central (3………….where one canget the impression of being deep in the country (4) ……………….. the central parks ofLondon are necessarily the most f opular. Every district of London has (5) ………………parks, great or small. Here, in fine weather, carl be seen hundreds of lucky peoplewho have escaped for a while (6) ……………… the noise and bustle of the city; somesitting on chairs, some lying full length (7) …………….. the ground, some strollingaimressry around. Almost every kind of tree and plant (8) …………… carefully tendedin large green houses or in the open (9) …………………. Even for a Londoner it is diffrcult to know and enjoy all London's parks. Thevisitor to the (10) …………….. may be confident that wherever he is, he is not far awayfrom a park which waits to offer him the same pleasures and relaxations that it doesto Londoners.

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TEST 25 We have seen photographs of the whole earth taken from great distances inouter (1) ……………….This is the first time, the (2) ……………. first time, in man's long(3) ……………… that such pictures have been possible. (4) ……..….. many years mostpeople have believed that the earth is ball-siraped. A few thought it was round and(5) …………………,like a coin. Now we know, beyond (6) …………., that those few were(7) …………….. The photographs show a ball-shaped (8) …………. , bright and beautiful.In colour photographs of the earth, the sky is as black as coal. The sea looks muchbluer than it usually does to us. All our grey (9) ……………. are a perfect white in colourbecause, of course, the sun is forever (10) …………….. on them. we are fortunate to liveon the beautiful earth.

TEST 26 About two hundred years ago man lived (1) ……………….. greater harmonywith his environrnent (2) ……………….industry was not much developed. Today thesituation is quite (3) ……………….. People all over the world are worried about(4) …………… is happening to the environment because of modern industry and theneed for more and more energy. Newspapers and magazines (5) ………………. aboutwater and pollution. Why is (6) ……………… . so much discussion about pollution ?After (7) …………., peopre have been polluting the world around them forthousand, of years. But in the (8) ………….....there were not (9) …………… peopleand lots of room in the world, so they could (10) ………………to another place whentheir settlements became dirty.

TEST 27 According to the writer, the modern father looks after his children and helpsin the house, even (1) ……………..his wife does not go out to work. The division(2) ……………the roles of the mother and the father is no (3) ……………..veryClear,and dad does (4) …………….share of child care: he can change the baby,dress the children or make the dinner. This new image of the father is, of(5) ………………….completely (6) …………………….from the still traditional dad(7) ……………….represents authority, is the head of the household (8) ……………makes all the “important” decisions. His wife is (9) ……………….. for the domesticside of family life while he (10) ………………..the one who advises or punishes asnecessary.

TEST 28 Someone once said that (1) …………. your first baby is a bit like buying awonderful new computer and then finding that there is no instruction rnanual.Certainly (2) …………..up children is not an easy task. A young child can ruinyour (3) ………………….life, and can strain your relationship with your(4) ……………….., if you don't (5) ……………. eye to eye about the child's diet,Behaviour or bedtime. Later on, the first child is always (6) …………..of its littlebrother or sister, and their constant fighing can reduce even the most easy-going

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parent to a nervous wreck. Above all, chitdren are a source of constant worry. Willhe (7) ………….. knocked off his bike on his way to school? Will they wreck the house while l’m out ? What if I don't (8) ………….. to her latest boyfriend ? Manyparents can’t wait to see the (9) …………… of their children when they leave home- but then find they're dreadfully (10) …………….. without them.

TEST 29 People have always dreamed of living forever, and although we all knowthis will (1) ……………happen, we still want to live as long as possible. Naturally,there are advantages and disadvantages to a long (2) ……………………… In the first place, people (3) ………………live longer can spend more timewith their family and friends. Secondly, people who have busy working lives lookforward to a long, relaxing (4) …………... when they can do the things they havenever had time for. On the other hand, there are some serious disadvantages. Firstly, manypeople become ill and consequently have to (5) ………………time in hospital orbecome (6).................. on their children and friends. Many of (7) ……………. findthis dependency annoying or embarrassing. In addition to this, the (8) ………………people get, the fewer friends they seem to have because old friends die or becomeill and it's often (9) ………………… to make new friends. To sum up, it seems that living to a very old age is worthwhile for peoplewho stay healthy (10) …………………. To remain independent and enjoy life.

TEST 30 John Lennon was born in Liverpool in 1940- He was (1) ………………..onmusic and played in pop groups (2) …………….school and Art college. John gotmarried (3) ……………….. Cynthia in 1962 and they had a son, (4) …………… namewas Julian. At that (5) ………………., John was member of a group (6) ………………“The Beatles". Many beautiful songs (7) ………………..written by John and whereverthe group went, crowds of fans gathered to see them. They (8) ………………… screamand faint when "The Beatles" played, and lots of people (9) …………………… their haircut in a Beatles styles. Soon everyone lrad heard of "The Beatles" and John was(10) ……………………. richer than he had ever been.

TEST 3IINTELLIGENCE

Are some people born clever and others born (1) …………………..? Or isintelligence developed by out environment and our experience? Strangely enough,the answer to both these (2) ……………… is "Yes". To some extent, our intelligenceis given at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a(3) ……………………..born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child(4) …………….. lives in a boring surrounding will develop his intelligence less thanthe one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the limits of a person'sintelligence are fixed at birth but (5) ………………….. or not he reaches those limits will(6) ………………..on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be

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supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is something weare born with (7) …………………we take two unrelated people at random from thepopulation. It is likely that (8) ………………………. degrees of intelligence will becompletely different. If, on the other hand, we take children - identical twins, theywill very likely be (9) ……………………intelligent as other. This clearly suggests thatintelligence depends on (10) ………………………….

TEST 32 Tonight I’m going to stay in and watch television. There is a film on that Iwant to see. It is (1) ………………a poriceman trying to find the man who killed hisbrother. I saw it last year (2) …………………the cinema. It was on late at night and Ifell asleep (3) ………….. the end so I can't remember (4) ………………happened. I don't (5) ……………. watch much TV. There are too (6) ……………….stupid quiz shows and boiing programmes about politics. I sometimes watch thenews (7) ……………….I don't enjoy it. There is never (8) ……………. good news -just wars and disasters. I don't think that there are (9) ……………….. comedyprogrammes. They should put on more. They cheer me (10) …………….and makeme laugh. And, of course, I'd like to see more exciting movies !

TEST 33 The country and the city have (1) …………….and disadvantages. People inthe country live in more beautiful (2) ……………..They enjoy peace and quiet, andcan do their work at their own pace because no one is in a (3) ………………. Theylive in larger, more comfortable houses, and their (4) ……………..are more friendly,and ready to help them when they need it. Their life can be (5) …………… and theycan be isolated, a long way from the nearest town, which is a serious problem ifthey are ill or (6) …………….. to take children to school. The city has ail the services the country lacks, but it also tras a lot of(7) ……………. Cities are often ugly and (8) ……………..; they not only have badair but are also noisy. Everyone is always in a (9) …………….and this means thatpeople have no time to get to know each other and make (10) ………………….

TEST 34 Rabindranath Tagore lived in lndia many years (1) ……………. . He was afamous Indian. He wrote many poems, stories and songs. He wrote (2) ………………in his language, Bangali, and in English. Today we find his language in otherlanguages too. People still like to read his books because his books are good.Tagore was (3) ……………….in 1861 in Calcutta in India. His parents were rich.When he (4) ……………still very young, he was arready interested in reading,writing and in music. He wrote his first book of poems when he was only 17(5) …………….old. He also liked to watch things around him: the trees, the birds,the flowers, the grass and so on. All these things were beautiful for him. When hewas old (6) ……………. to go to school, his father sent him to a school in his

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(7) …………….town. But he did not like his school. He did not like his lessons. Hedid not like his teachers' way of teaciring. So after some time he (8) ……………. hisschool. His father found him a teacher. He then learned at home. A few years(9) ……………..., his father sent him to England. He wanted Tagore to study law. ButTagore did not want to. So he (10) ……………….back to lndia before he finished hisstudy.

TEST 35 The story of the English language is a story of (1) …………………... The oldEnglish languagr, or Old English, is different from (2) ……………….. English. If wedo not study Old English, we cannot understand it. Some of the words are the samebut many are not (3) …………………..now. The story of the English language beginssome time after the year AD. 400. At this time some people came to England fromnorth-west Europe. There were many groups of people. They were called Angles,Saxons and Jutes. Their (4) ………………... Old English, is like some of the modernlanguages of north-west Europe. In old English the ends of words were veryimportant.These endings had many meanings. They showed (5) ………………….timeand present time and many other things. In Modern English most of these endingsare gone. This is the biggest (6) ……………………..berween old and modem English.When the Church became important in England, Old English became a(7) ………………..language. Before this writing was not very important. Only a few(8) ………………… wrote English. Latin, the old language of ltaly, was used in thechurch. (9) ………………… of this many Latin words became a part of the Englishlanguage. The word school came from the Latin (10) ……………. At that time mostschools were a part of the church. In the year 1066, soldiers from France attackedEngland. French became the language of England. English was not usually used forwriting books or songs.

TEST 36 Although people's reactions to your dress will vary, (1) ………………. willdraw conclusions about you based on the way you dress. You need to determine(2) ………………..you are trying to say and then dress appropriately. There are times (3) …………………… it is in your best interest to meet theexpectations of others. Busines, managers are likely to have a clear idea of theimages (4) ……………. want their businesses to portray. If you want to prosper withthose busines, you will want to (5) …………………….in a way that is in line with thoseimages.Likewise, audiences expect public speakers to dress appropriately for theaudience and occasion. Peopfe (6)………………….. the right to their individualdifferences, and we believe that society is moving in the right (7) ………………. in

allowing persons to express themselves (8) ………………. individuals. Nevenheless,your clothes are still perceived (9) ……………… others as clues to your anitudes andbehaviours. Clothes do communicate, however accurate or tnaccurate( l0) ……………………..may believe that communication to be.

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TEST 37. There is nothing new in the use of herbs and spices. They have human lifefor thousands of years providing both comfort and luxury. They have flavoured ourfood, cured our ailments and surrounded us (1) …………….sweet scents. They havealso played some part in our folklore and magic. It (2) ……………………be a verydifferent world without them. Nobody is really known to the ancient Greeks and spices, or for whatPurpose. AII their properties were known to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians andto (3) ……………….living in early Biblical times. The knowledge that theyemployed, and that we (4) ………………use today, must, have been based on the trialand error of early man, who was originally drawn to the plants (5) …………………..oftheir aroma. He gradually discovered their individual effects on his food and wellbeingand our use of them comes from those early experiments. For centuries herbsand spices were appreciated to the full but in modern times the arrivai of(6) …………………..convenience foods and new medicines of the twentieth centuryAlmost (7) …………… us forgef them. But anything that has been so much lovedand valued (8) ………….. never be completely neglected. The knowledge has beenkept alive and (9) ……………….our present-day search (10) …………… ali thingsnatural, herbs and spices have come into their own again.

TEST 38 Let us suppose that you are in the position of a parent. Would you allowyour children to read any books they wanted to without first checking its contents ?Would you take (1) ………….. to see any film without first reading out whether itis suitable for them ? If the (2) ………… to these questions is 'yes', then you areeither extremely permissive, or just irresponsible. If your answer is (3) ……………then you are exercising your right as a parent to protect your children(4)……………..what you consider to be undesirable influences. ln other(5) ……………. by acting as a censor yourself, you are admitting that there is astrong case for censorship. Children need protection and it is the parents' responsibility to provide it.But what about adults ? Aren't they old enough to decide (6) ………….. is good forthem ? The answer is that many adults are, but (7) ………..make the mistake of

thinking that all adults are like yourself. Censorship is for the good of society as awhole. Highty civilized people might find (8) ………..possible to live togetherwithout laws of any kind: they would just reply on good sense to (9) ……………..their problems. But imagine what chaos there would be if we lived in a society(10) ……………….laws! Like the law, censorship contributes to the common good.

TEST 39 Money is soryething we take for (1) …………… in our life. Some of us maywish we had more it, (2) …………….. in the forms of coins, notes or cheques. lt ishard to imagine (3) ……………. poeple would manage (4) ……………….money. ln theearliest periods of human history, people used to exchange goods (5) ………………..

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They would exchange things they had (6) …….….of for things that they were in(7) ……………of.For example, they might offer food (8) …………………….tools.Thismethod of exchange, which is known as (9) ……………….., hes many disadvantages.Certain goods may be difficult, or may be impossible to divide into smaller units. Itcan also be very dlfficutt to know the work of something (10) ………………… with othergoods.

TEST 40 In a village on the east coast of Scotland, people were warting anxiously fornews. Two of their fishing-boats (1) ………………………….. been caught in the storm(2) ……………………had blown up during the night. In the cottages round the harbour,people stood by their door, (3) …………………. worried to talk. The rest of the fishing fleet had (4) …………………. the harbour before dark,and the men from these ships waited and watched with the wives and families of(5) ……………….. missing men. Some had brought thick blankets and some flasks of hot drinks, knowing that the men (6) ……………….be cold and tired. As dawn beganto break over in the east, a small poin of light was spotted in the darkness of thewater and a (7) ………………….. minutes later, (8) ………………. was a shout. Beforelong, the two boats were turning in, past the lighthouse, to the inside of the harbour. The men (9) …………..helped out of their boats, and although they were stiff(10) ………………….. cold and tiredness, they were all safe.

TEST 41OXFORD UNTVERSITY

Oxford is a beautiful (1) ………………….on the River Thames about fiffy-fivemiles (2) …………….London. (3) ………………of the colleges are built (4) ……………grey stone: they have (5) ………..there for many centuries. There has been auniversity in Oxford (6) ……………. the thirteenth century. It began when someteachers, each with a few (7) ……………, decided to live and work (8) ………….in the same house. Other colleges followed, and little (9) …………… little the greatuniversity we know today grew up. The oldest college, Merton, began in 1264; thenewest college opened its doors for the first time onty a few years (I0) ……………..So the university is still growing.

TEST 42 In the 1960s women tennis players received little or no prize money at allIn the 1990s, (1) …………. , the top players can earn twice as much in a fortnight asa successful compmy director does in a whole year. And (2) …………………mostyoung people their age were still studying for exams' players (3) …………………..Monica Seles and Jennifer Capriati were earning thousands of pounds a weekWhen she was only sixteen, Seles was rich enough to buy any car she(4) …………….. Nowadays, most of a (5) ……………. . tennis player's income comes fromsponsorship contracts with fashion or sportswear companies rather than from majorchampionships. Players are (6) …………….huge sums of money to wear anything

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from tennis shoes (7) ………………a wristwatch. Official prize money, in fact, onlyaccounts for a fraction of total earnings. But (8) ……………. so much money in the bank, and the worrd at their feet it will be surprising if these young stars (9) …………………not affected by successBoth Seles and Capriati are coached by theii fathers, (10). ……………. do their bestto protect their daughters from the pressure fame has brought. Only time will tellwhether this is enough.

TEST 43 The state of California in the United States is famous for its trafficproblems. We’ve all seen terevision picture of Los Angeles during the evening rushhour. Too (1) ……………cars want to use the roads and motorways at the sametime. Scientists, who have been trying to solve these problems (2)………………….several years now, have suggested various solutions, such as two-storey motorwaysNot surprisingry, peopre rejected this idea (3) …………………of the damage it wouldcause to the environment. Now the scientists have (4) ……………. of another solution: they want carson motorways to be controlled by computers instead (5). ………………..human beings.

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