tieu luan pp bvcam
TRANSCRIPT
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M U
Trong ngnh cng nghip du kh, mt mng li phc tp cc h thngng ng !n chu"#n du th, kh t$ nhi%n, cc &'n ph(m t) du khi t) cc khu ch*+i*n, nh m" lc du---- . thng ng ng n" +/o g0m cc ng ng d1n duchnh t) cc m2 kh/i thc *n cc h thng 34 l5 t/nk ch/, h thng ng ngthu gom du kh t$ nhi%n, h/" ng ng !n chu"#n cc &'n ph(m t) du th t)nh m" lc du i *n cc n6i ti%u th7- . thng n" 8ng /i tr9 c:ng ;u/ntrng l &$ &ng c8 8ng /i tr9 nh mch mu luthng cho dn kh/i thc nh m" ch* +i*n- ?o 8 ic !n hnh 'm +'o !nhnh thng &ut cho h thng l mt "%u cu +c thi*t- @t ngu"%n nhAn gA" /uu cc kB & !n hnh l &$ Cn m9n- Dic +'o pht hin hin tEng Cn m9n l"%u cu & mt-
Trong = ti ti#u lu!n n" nh8m n%u r/ nhFng ngu"%n nhAn ch< "*u cc
+in php chng Cn m9n g0m G phnHIhn JH KLc i#m mi trng
Ihn MH N6 ch* gA" Cn m9n
Ihn OH Ih6ng php 3c Pnh ki#m tr/ Cn m9n ng ng
Ihn GH Nc ph6ng php +'o chng Cn m9n ng ng
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MC LC
Tr/ngI.Q> J- KRN KS@ @US TVWX>Y------------------------------------------------------------------------O
S- I.Z> [\]S KWX>Y >Y, _ N.`a---------------------------------------------------------O
SS- b>. .W>Y Na @US TVWX>Y De NfN TfN >.Z> YZ > @>-GJ- bnh hjng c
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PHN 1. C IM MI TRNG
>gnh cng nghip du kh c8 mt mng li phc tp cc h thng ngng !n chu"#n du th, kh t$ nhi%n, cc &'n ph(m t) du khi t) cc khu ch* +i*n,
nh m" lc du---- . thng ng ng n" +/o g0m cc ng ng d1n du chnht) cc m2 kh/i thc *n cc h thng 34 l5 t/nk ch/, h thng ng ng thugom du kh t$ nhi%n, h/" ng ng !n chu"#n cc &'n ph(m t) du th t) nhm" lc du i *n cc n6i ti%u th7- . thng n" 8ng /i tr9 c:ng ;u/n trng l &$ &ng c
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B cha
shu +# ch/ &'n ph(m
shu +# ch/ du th
>goi r/ c9n mt & h thng +# ch/ khc nhH +# ch/ nc cu h2/, +# ch/nc th' -
N! "#$, %&' ()!*+ %- !*+ /+, 0 234 ('56 782 ()92 ('56:
_= mLt +%n ngoi ti*p 3c tr$c ti*p iH sh ;u"#n, xt nc y&ng h0,+i#n{
_= mLt +%n trong lun ti*p 3uc i &'n ph(m, du, kh, nc, mi trng Cnm9n cc +i#n ch/ OO-~ mui ho t/n- Thnh phn c
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i=u kin thng, tr%n += mLt nc +i#n, hm lEng o3" h9/ t/n d/o ngt) ~mgl, cng 3ung &Au, hm lEng o3" h9/ t/n cng gi'm-
Trong nc +i#n ti p. trung tnh ng mLt o3" h9/ t/n, tc Cn m9n kimloi rxt nh2 gn nh khng ng k#- shi c8 mLt o3" h9/ t/n, tc Cn m9n tCngnhng 1n +P khng ch* +ji ;u trnh khu*ch tn, tc Cn m9n ph7 thuc o hm
lEng c
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gA" r/ ;u trnh Cn m9n thzo nhi=u c6 ch*- $ ch*t i h/" &u" gi'm cc t* +o j lpmng &inh hc khng c8 ngh/ l c8 &$ ng)ng 'nh hjng *n cc ;u trnh in h8/m ;u trnh Cn m9n pitting 1n c8 th# ti*p t7c din r/ di lp lng ng c\3,.M{, !" &$ Cn m9n thng 3'" r/ j :ng += mLt d +P tch t7 (m, cng l n6it!p trung cc tc nhAn gA" Cn m9n +P h9/ t/n-
T*' '4+ ! % T% l mt khi nim c6 +'n Ec &4 d7ng rxt ph +i*n
trong nghi%n cu n m9n kim loi- Thi gi/n lu (m Ec tnh l thi gi/n m tr%n+= mLt kim loi t0n ti mt mng dung dPch in l" m2ng < # cc pin Cn m9nhot ng ;u trnh Cn m9n 3'" r/- T%Ec Pnh ngh/ l kho'ng thi gi/n yh{m khng kh c8 nhit oN (m t6ng i , khi 8 &$ ngng t7 +t u i=u kin ;u trnh Cn m9n 3'" r/ ng/" c' khi kh ;u"#n &ch- Kng ch 5 h6n llp (m hxp ph7 ti thnh +ji nhFng ngng t7 u ti%n & d dng +o h9/ o3i, do 8
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tc Cn m9n trong trng hEp n" & ln h6n yngu" hi#m h6n{ &o i trng hEptr%n += mLt kim loi to thnh mng nc m2ng j (m c/o h6n-
Tr%n th$c t*, khi khng kh +P nhim hoLc trong khng kh +i#n th do &$ &/lng cc tp chxt ht (m tr%n += mLt kim loi y\ 3, >\3, >/Nl, @gNlM, >.Gy\G{M,@g\G{ gi trP (m ti hn & gi'm 3ung, khi 8 Cn m9n kim loi 3'" r/ th!m
ch c' khi (m c/m Ec Lc trng +ji nhit c/o ytrung +nh MOoN{, th/" i nhit thzo m:/ khng ln (m t6ngi c
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;+ !+ 2D4 25 %!4
@/ g8p phn to n%n mng dung dPch tr%n += mLt kim loi, tu" nhi%n, &$ 'nhhjng c\3, Nl
;+ !+ 2D4 VO7, NO7: sh \3, >\3 l nhFng kh th'i cng nghip ch\ M- >\M honton khng t/n trong nc,ch c8 J phn nh2 ph'n ng trong ph/ kh i gc h"dro3"l to thnh /3it nitric,/3it n" t/n tt trong nc l tc nhAn gA" Cn m9n-
;+ !+ 2D4 CW: Son Nl t0n ti di dng cc ht rn hoLc l2ng li ti, l6l4ng trong khng kh, thng gLp trong kh ;u"#n +i#n zn +i#n hoLc :ng cngnghip &ung ;u/nh cc nh m" &'n 3uxt .Nl hoLc n/tri h"pocloru/-
Trong kh ;u"#n +i#n zn +i#n, ion Nl l tc nhAn ch< "*u gA" Cn m9n, !" ngu" c6 h h2ng cc chi ti*t thi*t +P cng trnh c/o h6n nhi=u ln &o i trongxt li=n d 3'" r/ cc t/i nn r
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Nl cng lm tCng d1n in c
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Tnh 3Am th$c c
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>0ng .M c/o c8 th# gA" r/ nhFng h!u ;u' nghi%m trng do ;u trnh Cnm9n i &$ kh4phAn c$c c
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z .MN\O zN\O .M
Nc nghi%n cu } ch r/ r|ng, Cn m9n thi*t +P, ng ng !n chu"#n,kh/i thc du kh do N\M ykhi c8 mLt c0ng c8 c8 kh' nCng o3" ho thp to lp &'n ph(m Cn m9n dng o3it zM\OhoLczO\Gtr%n += mLt kim loi, Lc +it di tc d7ng c
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H+ \. bnh hjng c
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H+ ].bnh hjng chit ph'n ng
>hit c9n l mt trong cc "*u t ;u/n trng trong ic hnh thnh mng+'o c/c+on/t &t trong ;u trnh Cn m9n di tc nhAn N\Mcng nh lm tCng tc
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;u trnh khu*ch tn cc tc nhAn Cn m9n &'n ph(m Cn m9n ti += mLt phAn chi/ph/ kim loi dung dPch-Nc nghi%n cu ch r/ r|ng, # hnh thnh mng +'o c/c+on/t &t trong mt thi gi/n ngn, ph'n ng Cn m9n din r/ hoLc j i=u kinnhit c/o hoLc p. c/o- TCng nhit lm tCng tc Cn m9n kim loi cho *n khit Ec nhit gii hn- shi nhit ;u nhit gii hn, &$ hnh thnh k*t thit ti hn cng th/" i thzo p. n0ng ion z Mtrong dungdPch nh ph6ng trnh di-
Tc hnh thnh c/c+on/t &t yVzN\O{ c8 th# Ec +i#u din nh mt hmchit cng c8 th# lm th/" i dng phAn t4 c
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?9ng ch'" cgoi r/ trong ng ng d1n du th$c t* lun c8 ct n%n khi tc d9ngch'" tCng c9n gA" r/ hin tEng mi m9n, mt trong nhFng ngu"%n nhAn gA" Cn m9nng ng d1n du-
PHN Q. C_ CH` G@ N MN
_'n chxt c
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ti tc Cn m9n kim loi l \M, tc ng c
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in c$c khc nh/u-
D d7 Cn m9n g/l/nic trong cc hEp kim 0ng th/u c, c8 ph/ giu Nu
ph/ giu n, h/i ph/ n" c8 th* in c$c rxt khc nh/u-
bc$ G4"4+'2
$ khc nh/u = in th* Cn m9n giF/ h/i kim loi to thnh &c in ngc
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Ti nhFng khz giF/ cc mLt +ch c8 lp m c
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Ti :ng /not ngho o3i &t +P ho t/nH
z Mz zM
Ti :ng mn nc giu o3i h6n 8ng /i tr9 c/tot 3'" r/ ph'n ngH
1
2\M Mz .M\ M\.
hnh thnh lp k*t t
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II. N MN bO ;NH HNG C
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H+ 11. .nh 'nh kim t6ng ci{ hoLc hEp kim thp khng gz>iNrJ- K# trnh hin tEng Cn m9n chn lc n%n &4 d7ng cc hEp kim ch/ tkim loi c8 in th* Am- D d7 gi'm hm lEng km trong hEp kim 0ng km-Thng i lEng km trong hEp kim nh2 h6n J~ th km khng +P ho t/n- >*uth%m o hEp kim 8 J n hoLc mt hm lEng nh2 /&zn ya&{ th tc Cn m9nchn lc 0ng th/u gi'm mt cch ng k#-
Q. + %F+ ()p+ 0'p+ 'u' e(
n m9n tr%n +i%n gii ht l dng Cn m9n 3'" r/ j +i%n gii ht hoLc lAn c!n+i%n gii ht-
Thng thng, khi mt kim loi +P Cn m9n th j :ng +i%n gii ht yn6i t!ptrung nhi=u tp chxt, nhi=u &/i lch mng h6n{ c8 hot tnh c/o h6n &o i n=n +P
Cn m9n nh/nh h6n, nhng &$ ch%nh lch n" rxt nh2 c8 th# +2 ;u/-Trong mt & trng hEp ythng l trong ;u trnh 34 l5 nhit{, do nhFng
ngu"%n nhAn khc nh/u lm cho +i%n gii ht c8 hot tnh rxt c/o- Nhnh th* Cnm9n j +i%n gii ht trj n%n rxt ;u/n trng c8 th# gA" n%n ph h\M, Nr\GM{ 0ng thi c8 mLt cc chxt hot ho Nl , _r, S y d7mi trng nc +i#n{ c
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H+ 1Q.?ng Cn m9n i#m
.nh dng cc i#m yl{ do Cn m9n gA" r/ ph7 thuc o +'n chxt cc lp ph
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H+ 1\.IhAn + & lEng chi=u &Au l thzo thi gi/n
.nh tr%n trnh +" mt & th$c nghim = &$ phAn + d'i chi=u &Au cc c
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H+ 1].?ng Cn m9n l c
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PHN \. PH_NG PH?P w?C xNH => dIM TRA N MNNG NG
Nc ph6ng php ki#m tr/ pht hin Cn m9n h h2ng do Cn m9n c8 rxtnhi=u dng thng 3u"%n 3uxt hin ng1u nhi%n j nhFng P tr khc nh/u, do 8ic 3c Pnh ki#m tr/ Cn m9n l khng d dng t Pnh lEng- N8 nhi=u
ph6ng php 3c Pnh khc nh/u, tu" nhi%n l$/ chn ph6ng php c8 hiu ;u' nhxtth c9n ph7 thuc o nhi=u "*u t nh mi trng, loi Cn m9n, tin c!" c
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3'" r/- @t & "*u t khc nh ic chu(n +P, lm &ch cng 'nh hjng- /u khi cAn 3c Pnh khi lEng mxt mt, tc Cn m9n Ec 3c Pnh nh &/uH
mmnCm
m'3()*
+' , ' t
Di mH l khi luEng kim loi +P mxtyg{
aH ti*t din += mLt ycmM{
H khi lEng ri%ng cgoi r/ +oco cn th%m k*t ;u' = kh'o &t += mLt chFng khp ni tr7c ;uxn Ec chu(n +P &n / o ng ng nhnhFng Noupon ln thng c8 thi gi/n hot ng kh lAu, kho'ng i thng thng k*t hEp i nhFng kB thu!t o khc- >8 th# hin Ec mc Cn m9n choton + += mLt ng ng, c8 th# o Ec chi=u &Au chFng gi trP nh!n Ec & Ec chu"#n
i &/ng tc Cn m9n +|ng cc dF liu cng thc do nh &'n 3uxt cung cxp- DicphAn tch gi trP thu Ec gLp mt & gii hn ging nh ic &4 d7ng Noupon- D d7nh u d9 c8 th# +P mt & chxt +m,ngCn c'n &$ ti*p 3c i nhFng chxt trong mitrng Cn m9n-
@" o in trj phAn c$c
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Di m" o in trj phAn c$c, tc Cn m9n l tc tc thi- Trongph6ng trnh n", hin tEng in ho Ec gi l in trj phAn c$c tu"*n tnh Ec&4 d7ng- >*u mt in th* c
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gi trP tc Cn m9n- Thi*t +P n" c8 th# d:ng o Cn m9n mt cch Pnh tnh h/" +nPnh lEng thng Ec k*t hEp i nhi=u ph6ng php khc- .in n/" c8 nhFngm" d9 phc tp h6n c8 th# o Ec lEng h"dro khu*ch tn ;u/ thnh ng thi*t +P-
] PZ+ (2 4 t2
c Pnh hm lEng &t h9/ t/n-@t ph6ng php d$ on nh gi Cn m9n c8 hiu ;u' l 3c Pnh lEng
&t c8 trong lu chxt thng ;u/ m1u lx"- N8 mt i ph6ng php # 3c Pnh &t c8trong m1u m1u ph'i th2/ mn cc "%u cu nhH
Thi*t +P lx" m1u ph'i th!t &ch-
D/n lx" m1u ph'i khng +P r x" +(n, /n n" thng Ec lm +|ng0ng # hn ch* "*u t tr%n-
@1u lx" ph'i i din cho ton + lu chxt, khi mun 3c Pnh ti mt i#m
no 8, ph'i lx" m1u cng gn i#m 8 cng tt- Thi gi/n hot ng c
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Ec nui cx" trong mi trng nui dng Lc +it &/u 8 & Ec *m phAn tchhot ng # nh gi mc 'nh hjng c
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PHN ]. C?C PH_NG PH?P B;O =s => CHNG N MN
Dxn = Cn m9n l mt trong nhFng ngu"%n nhAn chnh gA" r/ h h2ng ng
ng- Trong khi 8, &$ /n ton ng ng +i#n c8 tm ;u/n trng Lc +it- . h2ngng ng d1n ti tn thxt = con ngi, = kinh t*, Lc +it l nhim mitrng- D !", cng tc chng Cn m9n Ec ;u/n tAm Lc +it c' trong gi/i onthi*t k* l1n thi cng !n hnh ng ng-
@i trng gA" Cn m9n ng ng +/o g0m mi trng trong ngoi ng-@i trng +%n trong ng ph7 thuc tr$c ti*p o thnh phn chxt tru"=n d1n trongng c8 tnh 3Am th$c c/o h/" thxp- D!n tc nhit d9ng tru"=n d1n cng c8 'nhhjng tr$c ti*p *n tc Cn m9n- Nc hEp chxt lng ng to n%n cc hin tEng g&t trong ng to i=u kin cho &$ pht tri#n c
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cc tc ng c6 hc, tnh chxt !t l5 ho hc n Pnh, d &4 d7ng +=n trong mitrng-
Q.1 Lu6 6D 2E 0 %( +E-':
D!t liu lm lp phhFng loi !t liu ;u/n trng d:ng +/o ph< +%n ngoinhH
>h$/ ng n8ng
I II
_
_|ng pl/&tic
a&ph/l m/&tic
pikotz ymt loi nh$/ 3uxt pht t) th/n {
Yii hn nhit &4 d7ng c
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Iol"t"lznH l loi !t liu Ec &4 d7ng rng ri nhxt hin n/", Ec coi lloi !t liu +'o +%n ngoi tt nhxt kho'ng J J~ nCm trj li A"- _= d" c
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+'o n%n ng" n/" ph6ng php +c ng +|ng +Cng pl/&tic khng c9n Ec pd7ng trong h thng d1n du kh nF/-
[p ph< /&ph/lt m/&ticH a&ph/lt pl/&tic, nh om/tic l mt hn hEp c
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ph: hEp, lm kh- /u 8 thoi & di chu"#n ton + += mLt +%n trong & Ec &6nph
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li%n k*t i nh/u +|ng nhFng li%n k*t !t l5, & lEng lp ilm i khi < d" # c8th# thx" Ec-
>hFng lp ilm thng +P +8c to thnh li%n t7c- shi l$/ chn chxt c ch*th7 ng, ngi t/ thng ;u/n tAm *n nhFng "*u t &/uH
T6ng thch i nhFng chxt ho hc trong du-
shng to nh t6ng i nc h/" du-
n Pnh nhit-
To k*t t
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H+ 1^. 6 0 ngu"%n tc +'o ng +|ng N/thod
>gu"%n l5 c
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sim loi cn Ec +'o , cc ng ng d1n nhi%n liu di xt, 2 tu +i#nEc ni i c$c Am c
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H+ 1a.6 0 +'o +|ng /nod h" &inh trong @T +i#n y/{ trong @T xt y+{' S'+ 4+E( $ K'+ ' X:
YiF/ !t +'o /not h" &inh c8 hiu in th* < ln
D!t liu /not c8 in th* lm ic t th/" i-
D!t liu /not ph'i c8 dung lEng c/o, n Pnh, khng +P th7 ng-
BX+ ^.Thng & kB thu!t c
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Ki i ng ng ngoi kh6i, khng th# cung cxp d9ng in, do 8 ngng Ec +'o +|ng /nod h" &inh- >hFng /nod n" Ec chn j nhFng kho'ngcch c Pnh i nh/u Ec ni i ng ng +|ng dA" d1n- D!t liu lm /nodthng l @g n nhng gn A" nhm Ec &4 d7ng nhi=u nhxt-
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T>I LIsU THAM dH;O
J- >gu"n DCn T,n 9n ! B0 : :;t h 3uxt +'n kho/ hc kBthu!t . >i, MM-
M- TrPnh uAn n, n m9n +'o kim loi, >h 3uxt +'n Ki hc uc
Yi/ . >i, MwO- Nhilton, -I-, Irinciplz& o mzt/llic corro&ion, Mnddition, thz Nhzmic/l
oizt", J}O-
G- ohn a- _z/zr& /nd >zil Y- Thomp&on, 3tzrn/l Norro&ion o \il /nd>/tur/l Y/& Iipzlinz&, NN Tzchnologiz&-
~- [% ThP .0ng [i%n, n mn v ph hy vt liu kim loi ton!m"i t#$n! kh% &uy'n nhit ()i *it +,m- .p /h% kho, h/ v /"n!n!h- 2012
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