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TRANSCRIPT
TIpo(?jejiMofiiußzou lepManckpioJl3Mkp3HaHUß
M3dareAbCTeo M öckobckozo ynueepcuTeTa 1978
nocgMuaercsidoKTopy (puAOAoeiiHccKux nayk
npocpeccopy
H. C. ‘JEMO/lAHOBy
ne^ iaT aeT C H n o nocTaHOBJieHHK)
P e a a K U H 0 H H 0 -H 3 Ä a T e .ib c i< 0 r0 c o B d a
M oCKOBCKOrO yU H B C pC IIT C T a
P e A a K U H O H H a a k o j i j i e r h h :
9. M. MednuKOßa, H. H. (PuAuueaa,A. r . UlupoKOßa
P r n . e H 3 C H T b i :
ä o k t o p ( j) iu io jio rH 'ie cK H x iia y K , n p o t j )e c c o pA . JI. ü leeu n ep ,
fl0 K T 0 p (J jH J io jion n ecH H x H ayK , n p c x jr e c c o p
10. C. PootcdecTeencKiiü
npoöjieMbi oömero h repiwan-CKOrO H3bIK03HaHH a. M . , H 3 ä -b o
M o c k . y H -T a , 1 9 7 8 .
184 c.
KHHra nocB H iu en a B iw io M y y n e iio M y , ü o k - T o p y (JiH jio^orHHecKHx n a y n , n p cx fre c co p y . M o c - KOBCKoro yiiHBopcHTCTa H . C . MeMOÄaHOBy h COÄCp>KHT CTaTbH HO BOnpOCaM o ö m e r o H3bIKO- 3HaIH15I h repMamicTHKii.
„ 70202—087 077(02)—78
© M 3daT eA bC T 80
M o cko6 c ko 2o y H u e e p c u T e r a , 1978 s .
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LIEMOUAHOB
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>iecKHX nayK, npot|)eccop, b T e n e - H H e MHOI'HX JieT B03rJiaBJI5II0mHH K a ^ e a p y repMaHCKoft cjniJioJiorHH M 0CK0 BCK0 r 0 yHHBepCHTeTa, a p a -
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113 Kpyniibix coBeTCKiix cneuna^H- ctob b oßjiacTH o ö m e r o n repMaH- cK oro H3bii<03HaiiiiH, y iieiibiM, ccme- TaiomiiM ö o j i b i n y i o 3 p y z 1.Hi1.n 10 c ro- p n q i iM m i T e p e c o M k a K T y a j ib H U M
3 a A a iiaM i i a p o f l H o r o 0 Ö p a 3 0 B a H H H ,
a B T o p o M 3 a cJ iy > K H B m n x B b i c o K y i o
ou cn K y cneuHajibHbix n a y n u u x T p y -
flOB 11 y iic6iniKOB ä j i h B b i c m e f l iuko- Jlbl. IU l ipO K O H3BeCTIia KaK b na- m ei i cTpa iie , T a K h 3 a ce npeß e j ia - Mii hc TOJibKO n j i o A O T B o p n a H H a y n -
HO -neAaronm ecKaH , 110 h pa3iiocTO- Pohuhh nayqHO-opraHH3aunonna5i h H a yM H O -ii3 / i .aT e j ibC K an a e a T e j i b -
i iocTb H . C. HeMOflanoBa.HiiKOJiafi C ep re eB im ^leMOAa-
h ob p oA iu ica b 1903 r. b K upoB -CKOII OÖJiaCTII B KpeCTbHHCKOH ceMbc. C nHTnaaiiaT ii jict n a q a j ia cb e r o TpyAOBan >KH3Hb. CoTpyflHH- iian c 1921 no 1930 r. b ra3eTax , H . C. ^eMOflaHOB b Te^eHHe p n ^ a j ieT 6 h j i o p r a H H 3 a T o p o M p a Ö K o p o B
5
«ripaBflbi» b oTAe.ie «Paßowaa >Kii3Hb», KoxopbiM pyKOBO- ÄHjia M. H. yjibHHOBa. C yAOCTOBepenneM «üpaBÄbi» oh peryjinpno nocemaji npeAnpH5miH Mockbh, JleHHHrpa/ia, rieTp03aB0ACKa, H>KeBCKa, CopMOBa 11 Apynix r0p0A0B, 3HaKOMHJicn c paooMiiMii, npiiBjicKaji hx k paÖKopoBCKoft ÄenTejibHocTii !. KojuieKTiiB npaBflncTOB n b 0C06eHH0CTii M. H. yjibHHOBa, KOTopasi nocTOHHHO noÄ^epKHBajra «nap- thiihvio n rocy^apcTBeniiyio BawiiocTb paßora npaBAHCT- ckhx oprami3aTopoB» 2, 0Ka3ajin snamiTCJibiioe BJiiiHmie na ero AaJibiieiimiiii >Kii3iieniibiii nyTb.
B 1930 r. H. C. HeMOAaiiOB 3aKanqiiBaeT 4>n.noJiorime- ckhh 4> aK y j ibT eT M f y n i i a n p a B j u i e T c n n a n a y q H y i o paßo- T y . C 3 T o r o B p e M e n n 011 CBH3aji cboio >Kii3Hb c c y A b ö a M H
coBeTCKoro H 3 b iK 0 3 H a m iH ii B b i c u i e r o 4 ) i u i o j i o n i q e c K o r o 0 6 -
p a 3 0 B a m i H b nameii cipaiio. Ilocjie oKoimamiH a c n n p a i i T y -
pbi b 1933 r. 11 ao 1941 r. H. C. HeMOAaiiOB paöoiaeT b
I Mockobckom rocyAapcTBemioM iiHCTHTVTe imocTpaHHbix h3wkob 11 b Mockobckom rocyaapcTBeiinoivi HHCTiiTyTe n c -
TOpHH, cj)IIJIOCO({)IIH II JlHTCpaTVpbl UM. H. I\ ^CpHblUICB- C K oro , t a c 3 a B e A y e T K a ^ c v ip o f t o ö m c r o H3biK03HamiH. B 1934 r. CMy 6 b i j i o n p i i c B o e n o y q c n o e 3Bamic AoueiiTa, a b 1940 r. — n p o ( f ) c c c o p a . B 1941 — 1942 rr. H. C. MeMO- AaHOB cT a n oB iiT C H n p o t j ) c c c o p o M y m iB e p c i iT e T -a B CBepA- jioBCKe, ho c oceim 1942 r. BiioBb B03BpamacTCH na cJmijio- j i o r im e c K i i i i ( { jaKyJibTCT M T Y .
OAHOBpcMciiHO c npciio/iaßaHiicM b Mockobckom ynn- BcpciiTGTc M. C. l Icmo;i;iiioi5 c 1943 no 1948 r. HaxoaiiTCH Ha OTBeTCTBCimoii paßoTc no Bcccoio3iiom KOMHTeTe no ae- jiaM Bbiciueii niKO.nbi npn CoBCTe M iim icTpoB C C C P — Mn- HiicTepcTBc Bbicmcro oßparioBaniisi C C C P , a c 1963 r. 011 B03rjiaBjisK'T naymio-MCTO/ui'iccKiiii cobct M iiiiBysa C C C P no M H O C T p a i l l lb I M M 3 b II< a M .
Ha (jjiuiojioriniecKOM (])aKy.übTCTe M F Y H. C. HeMOAa- h o b H i i T a e T p a 3 H o o ö p a 3 i i b i e j i e K i u i o i n i b i e K y p c u , c B H A e T e j i b -
C T B y r o n x u e o m u p o T e e r o n a y M H b ix m i T e p e c o B : B B e A e H H e b
H3 b IK 0 3 H a iü IC , c p a B H I IT e .T b l lV IO r p a M M a T I I K V I I H A O e B p o n e f i -
C KHX H3 bIKOB, I ICTOpiI IO C p a B I IH T e J Ib H O - I IC T O p n q e C K O rO 5I3 b IK 0 -
3 H 3 HHH, B B e A C H I ie B i e p M a i l C K y i O (|)I IJIOJIOniIO,. e p a B H H T e .T b -
1 Cm.: K a p a b a ui k 0 b a C. B. M . H . y jib m iO B a -x y p n a .n H C T .
M ., 1972, c. 66.2 y j i t H H O B a M . H. 3aÄ a ’ iii yno.iitoMOMeiniHX «ripaBAbi» npii a>ieii-
K a x B K n ( 6 ) . M ., 1929, c. 15.
6
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. i i c m i u c y q c u H K i i I I . C . H e M O A a n o B a , c p e A H K o x o p b i x H e M a -
.mo (| ) i i j i 0 J i0 r 0 B - r c i )M a m ic T 0 B B b ic iu e i i K B a j i iu j i i iK a m m , y c -
11<-11111c> T p y A H T c a b p a s j i i m H b i x B V 3 a x ii i i a y M i i o - u c c j i e A o i i a -
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lk )3 r j ia B ; iH H K atJ ieA p y r e p M a n c K o ü (J ) iK io j i o r m i , H . C . M e - .
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U iiaJib iio cTe fl n o r e p M a n n c T i i K e . I l o e r o i m i i m i a T i i B e ii c ro
ncy roM iiM biM H C T a p a m iH M ii iia Kacjieape b 1 9 6 3 r . Bnepßbic
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I IjioaoTBopiiaH paßoTa H . C . M e M O A a n o B a b b h c u i u x
yicGiibix 3 a B C A c m m x b 1944 r. öbi.’ia oT iM o^ en a b m c o k o u
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1 9 5 0 r r . H . C . H e M O A a iio B 6 biji n e p B b iM r.naBiibiM peAai<-
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7
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C pe^H paßoT n ep ß o ro n a n p aB j iem m o co ß o e M ecra 3a- HHMaeT HayMHbifl an n a p a T (KapTbi h K O M M e m a p n n ) , co- CTaBjieHHbifi H . C . ^eMO^aHOBbiM ajih nyöjiHKam m pyKom i- ch O . 3Hre/ibca «O p a i iK C K i i i i A n a j ie K T » H3AaHHe 3 toh KHHrn, BnepBbic o cy m ecTB jie i iH oe na HeMem<OM h pyccKOM H3biKax b C C C P , 0K33aji0 , KaK ii3BecTno, ßo j ib m o e bjihh- HHe He TOJIbKO Ha p 33BHTHe COBeTCKOH repMamiCTHKH, HO h Ha nocTanoB Ky A iia jieKTOJior imecK iix h c c j ic a ob sh i iü b A p y r n x oßjiacTHX. H a sB a n H a a n yß j iH K am ia n o j iym u ia b h c o - Ky io oueHKy BbiAaiom erocsi n eM eu K oro repM aHiicTa T . O p i iH rca , K0T0pbifi oTMeTiui, m o oHa BbinoJiHeHa 06- p a3U0B0 5. B KOMMenTapiiHX k «OpaHKCKOMy A H a j ieK T y » He TOJibKO Aaexcsi pas^HCHeim e cnem ia j ibH b ix TepMHHOB 11 noHHTHH, i icno ;ib3yeMbix O . 3 n re ; ib coM , ho 11 npoBO/uiTCH Tm aTe^bH oe conocTaBJicHiie B3r j ihaob O . S H re j ib ca co B3rjIHA3MII IieMeUKIIX IICTOpiIKOB 513 bl K a II flHajICKTOJIOrOB, a T3KJKG C H3BeCTIIbIMII B TO BpeMH II3bICKaHHHMH B o 6 j ia - c t h HCTopiiMecKoii A i ia^eK Torpa ( } ) in i . M t o ö h TaK KBajintJjn- UHpOBaHHO BOCCTaHOBHTb BeCb HCTOpiIKO-IiayHHblH (})0H, |Ia KOTOpOM MO/KeT ÖblTb AOJIJKHblM 0Öpa30M OUeHCHa HOB3- TOpCKan 3H34HMOCTb HCCJieAOBailllSI <t>. 3HTe;ibCa, Hy>KHO 6bi.no oöJiaAaTb ßo/ibiuoii s p yA im n e ft 11 umpoKiiM Kpyr030- poM JiHHrBiicT3 -repM aiincTa.
H am m an c 3Toro BpcMetiii H . C . Mcmoa3hob iioctohhho B03Bpaui.aeTca k p a6 oT3M K . M apKca 11 O . 3 nre;ibca, cbh- 33HHHM c nocTanoBKoii 11 pemeinieM JiiiHrBocomio.ioni'-ie- ckhx npoSjieM. LUiipoKyio H3BecTnocTb noJiyniiJi 0ny6;iHK0- BaHHbift H . C . MeMOAaHOBbiM b 1945 r. (noA o6mei"i peAaK- UHefi 3K3AeMHKa H . H . M em am inoBa) y iic6h iik «BßeAeHHe b H3biK0BCAeHHe» (aBTopbi P . O. LLIop 11 H . C . ^eMOAa- hob, c Hcn0Jib30BanneM jiHTepaTypiioro HacjieACTBa P . O . U Iop) 6, Ha kotopom Bbipocjio ne OAIIO n0K0Jiemie C0BeTCKHX jiHHrBHCTOB. B pHAe p a3Ae;iOB 3Toro y^eöm iKa
4 S H r e j i b C <J>. tJ>panKCKHH Äi-iajieKT. M ., 1935.5 Cm.: <J> p h h r c T. SH reJibc KaK (J)hjiojioi\ — B k h .: H eM eitKaa /» la -
jieKTorpac})HH. FIo ä peaaKuueü B. M . > K npM yncK oro. M ., 1955, c. 2 20 .8 LI1 o p P. 0. h HeMOAaiiOB H. C. B B eA eiu ie b H3biKOBe,neiine.
M., 1945.
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(«Hink, MNiiMemie, oßmecTBO», «rioHHTHe H3biKa b hcto- 11 ii ii h i N K o i i c / i c i m s i » , « O o p M a h c o A e p > K a H H e b H 3 b iK e » , « 0 6 -
I><i um;imit' iioiiHTiiH») H. C. HeMOAanoB nbiTajiCH •— äjih \ 11r (>111>ix lU'.'U'ii nncpBbie b TaxoM MacuiTa6e — ii3Jio>KHTb MilpKCIICTCKyiO KOimenmilO nOHHMailHfl HBJieHHH 5T3bIK3.
A\norilM riOKOJICHHHM repMaHHCTOB x o p o iu o H3BeCTH3 ■> Xpl'CTOMaTIIH no IICTOpUH IieMeUKOrO H3bIKa» 7, BblÄep- /i\;iii111;ivi psia H3 f laniift n coAeftcTBOBaBinaH yrjiyßjieHHK) in i:i,ioiobkii crieuuajiucTOB ii noBbiiueiiiuo ypoBHa n p en o a a - nanmi ncTop im rcpM ancKH x 5I3hkob b ym iB epcH TeTax h ne- ; i ; i i (n ii'iockiix i i i i c T H T y r a x .
. { ;Kviy>KCHHyK) nony j iH puocTb y jiiiHrBHCTOB n p n o ö p e ^ ii.iik.ii p;i6oT H. C. MeMOflaiiOBa, o th o c h iu i ix c h k ncTopun I' I) .III1111TCVIbHO-HCTOpHHCCKOrO MeTOAa B OTeMCCTBeiUIOH Hay- kc, ii ocoßeiiHOCTii ero Monorpac|)HH «CpaBiniTejibHoe H3bi- K i i in a im e b P o c c i i h » 8. B s t o h K im re H. C. MeMOÄaHOB .iiacr c>KaToe n BMecTe c TeM BecbMa coAep>KaTejibHoe H3- .io>KtMine BHyTpenHeii ah h3m iikh pyccK o f i KOMnapaTiiBiicTH- k ii, n o Ä LicpKiiBaeT, mto y>Ke M . 13. JTomoiiocob nocTaBHJi :ta;ui‘ iy cpaBiiiiTCJibiioro i i3 y iieHiia l i i iAoeB poneßcKu x H3bi- koh ii co3/iaji o cn o i jy Aa.nbHefimero pa3BiiTHH p y ccK o ro >i:ti>iK03iiaiui5i b s tom i ianpaB jien ii i i .
BbicoKyio ouenKy no.'iy'iacT xak>kc A. X. Boctokob, ko- roporo H. C. MeMoaaiioB 3ac.Tiy>Kt'iiHo c t 3b iit b oahh pha c ia'iiiHaTc.THMii miAOCBponeiicKoro H3biK03iianiiH iia Sana- AI' — <J>. BonnOM, P. I\. PaCKOM II >1. I'pHMMOM.
B i i c T o p i m e c K i i x n c c j i e Ä O B a n i i H . x O . H . B y c J i a e ß a
I I . C . M e M O f l a H O B B b i A C J i H C T n p e w A e B c e r o K\7 i b T y p n o - n c T O -
p i i ' i c c K y i o T c i i A e i m u i o , a j i h K O T o p o n ö b i j i x a p a K T e p e H k o m -
l UI CKCI I b l f l n O A X O A K I I C T O p I I I I p y C C K O T O H3 b I I <a , p a C C M O T p e -
l l l i e I I C T O p H I I 5I3 b I K a B C B J I 3 H C H C T O p i I C l I A I i a j I C K T O B H c
y i c T O M B 0 3 3 p e H H H n a p o A a , e r o M i i p o c o s e p n a i i H H , p e j i n r n n ,
a T a K > K e « ß b u a e e M e i i i i o r o n r p a > K A a n c K o r o » .
B r j i a B e , nocBamcimofi A. A. IloTcöiie Kai< KOMnapara- m i c T v , o T M e q a e T c s i c n e u n c } ) i iK a c p a B iiH T e j ib i i o -H C T o p H M e c K O -
r o MCTOAa 3 T o r o B b i A a i o m e r o c H i ic cJ ieA O B a T e j iH , p a ß o T a B -
m e r o n o npeiiMymecxBy n e b ociiobhnx o ß . ' ia cT H X KOMna- parHBiicTiiKii (cpaBHiiTCjibiiaa ( j i o i i e n i K a h cpaBHHTejibHan
7 l I e M O . u a h o b M. C . X p e c T o M a m a no n cT op u n neMen.Koro 5i3UKa.
M ., 1953." ' I e M O A a i i O B H. C. CpaBiinTe.'ibiioe si3biK03iiaiiiie b P occiih . M-,
1956.
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MoptJJOJiorHa), a b oßjiacTii CHHTaKcuca, Majio noAaTJiiiBOH äjih cpaBHHTejibiioro aHajiii3a. O co6oe yAapenne AejiaeT H. C. HeMOÄaHOB ea Ty 0 C0 6 eHH0 CTb K O H u e n m m A. A. EIo- T e ö m i , c o r j i a c n o K O T o p o i i c i iH T a K c im e c K i i f i CTpon 5i3biKa 0 6 -
H a p y j K H B a c T p5iA n a c j i o e H H H h H a n jia cT O B a H H H , o t h o c h -
m ilXCH K pa3HbIM HCTOPHMCCKHM 3II0XaM. A. A. ]loTe6HSI C TaKOH TOMKII 3peH H fI 6 bIJI ÖJ1H30K K p a 3 p a 6 0 T K e M e T O ^ a
nepe>KHTKOB 11 B i i y i p e n n e ü p e K O H C T p y K m m c i iH T a K c im e c K H X
HB^emifl.B pa3Aejiax o K a 3ancKoii h Mockobckom jiHurBHCTHwe-
CK1IX n i K o . i a x 5ipK0 n p e A d a B .ie H b i cncTeM b i n a y w H b ix B03- 3pemifi H. A. BoAysna Ae KypTens, H. B. KpymeBCKoro,B. A. BoropoAnuKoro, O. <J>. OopTyHaTOBa, M. M . IIok- poBCKoro. B r ; i a n c 0 O. O. OopTynaTOBe H. C. l IeMOAaHOB n o A ^ e p K i i y j i o p i i r im a j i b H o c T b K O H u e n m m 3 a M en a T e J ib H o ro pyccKoro yqenoro 11 oßpaTiui B H U M a m ie na pa3paöoTKy hm
couHOJionmecKoro noAxoAa k (JiaKTaM BHeinneii HCTopnn H 3 U K 0B . H c n 0 J i b 3 0 B a B i i c n 3 A a i iH b ie M a T e p n a j ib i O . O o p -
TynaTOBa (3anncn Kypca jickuhh no cpaBiniTeJibiioMy 5i3bi- K03H3HHI0 1883/84 yqcÖHoro roAa), H. C. HeMOAaHOB cne- UHajIbHO BHACJIHJI 3Ty B3>KIiyiO CTOpOHy (|)OpTyHaTOBCKOf[ Koimenumi. B 3tiix jieKmiHx, mimeT H. C' MeMOAaHOB, «AaHa noApoßiiasi xapaKTepncuiKa H3biKa KaK comiajibiioro HBJieHiiH b ero cbh3h c ncTopneft oßmecTBa. PaccMaTpiiBan H3UK c 3toö to iik ii apeH iin , OopTynaTOB (})opMy./nipyeT y^ieHiie o Buemiie» 11 Biiyipcnnefi ncTopini 5i3biKa. Bueiu- h h h ncTopnsi pa3BHTiisi H3biKa, corjiacno ero Miieinno, onpe- AeJineTCH toh tccmoh CBsi3bio, KOTopaa cymecTByeT Me>KAy H3bIK0M II 0 6 UICCTB0 M 1IJIII üßlUeCTBCIIHblM C 0I03 0M , TO BO pH - 1UIIM Ha AailHOM 513 blKC» 9.
M o n o r p a c ^ i m « C p a ß i n m v i b i i o e 5 i3 b iK 0 3 i ia im e b P o c c i i h » ,
o c B e i u a i o m a s i c y m e c T n e m i b i i i b k j iü a , K O T o p u f t BiiecJin b CTanoB.neii iie n p a s B im ic cpaB in iTe j ibH oro MeTOAa p yccK i ie yneHbie, cnocoöcTBOBaJia ne TOJibKO nony.i5 ip i i3am in rix HAeH, h o ii n p i i 3 i i a n n i o n p n o p m e T a p y c c K o f i H a yK ii no m h o -
n i M BonpocaM KOMnapaTiiBiicTiiKii. OAHOBpeMeHHO H. C.He- MOA3HOB nO K 33a j1 311 aM C H IIC IICCJieAOBailllii QTCMCCTBCHHblX
JlIIIirBIICTOB A»TH (J)OpMIipOBaiIHH OÖIUeÖ Teop i l l l 5I3bIK3 ( o c o -
ÖCHIIO B TaKILX CJ10 >KHbIX OÖJiaCTHX, K aK CBH3H 5I3bIKa II
H C T o p im napoA a , CB5I3H 5i3biKa ii o ö m e c T B a ) , noA^epK iiyB n p n s t o m r j i y ß m i y n o p i i r i n i a J i b i i o c T b T p a A i i m i i i c o u i i o j i o -
9 LI e m o a a ii o n II. C. Vnan. c c i . , c. 63.
10
n i 'u v K o r o noA.xofla k H3biKOBbiM fiBJiemiHM, xapaKTeptib ix ;i . i>i ii ii,iK03iiainiH b n a m e i i CTpane.
I »o.ii.i i ioc 3 i ia lic i in e a j ih p a 3 p a 6 o iK i i npoöjie.vi hh aocb - l><>iu iic 'koii apea jibHoft jiMiirBiicxiiKii iiMeioT TpyAbi H . C . M e -
Mii/i,aii<>na, i i o c B s i m e m i b i e BonpocaM A p e B i m x K O H T a K T H b ix
t un U l"l II 6.IIII3KOpt>ACTBeUHbIX OTIIOLLICIIIIH repMailCKIIX H3bl- M Hl c A p y n i M H I I I IA O e B p O n e f t c K I IM H 5I 3 b IK a M I I . B oc i iob i ioh I• .1 (><) ic •-jTüio npo(|)iijiH — M 0ii0rpa(} ) im ccK0M HCCJieAOBaiimi » A\l“l"l'() I'l'pMailCKIIX 5I 3 bIKOB C])CAH A p y n i x I IH AO C BpO nC Ü -
r i i l is MlblKOB», BOLIieAHICM B I TOM «C p a B H H T e j Ib l lO H T p a M -
M aink i i i i -pM aiicK iix H3UKOB» 10, — H. C. HeMOAaiiOB upeA- .'io/kii.h iioikh- pciia-ii i ie c n o p n o i i n p o 6 ; i c M b i ApcB iie ro mjic- IICIIIDI IIIIAlH'HpOIIciiCKIIX M 3 bl KO B lia TeppiITOpin i EBpOIIbl. I l . i ' i .m ci ioc n c c . ’a ' A O B a i i i i e c o iiciil> m iT e p c c i io r o n coAep- /Kaii ' j i i . i io ro K p irn n ie cK o ro oÖ3opa o ß m n p i i o H j i i r rcp a T yp u , e\mir nsyiomeii n o 3T0My B onpocy , II. C. M e M O A a i i o B Bbi-
./i ihii :u- i a a T C M c o o c T B C i i n y i o KO im cnum o n p o ß j i e M b i , H a M e -
Nan iu "iop ii 'K -cKyio n e p i i o A in a w n o a p e a j i b i i b i x KOHTaKTOBIII >( 11 O l 1']) M a I IC K< >]<) C A p y i ' I I M I I 513 bl KOB bl MH eA H H C T B a M I I B
n p i ' A t ' J i a x i ' i i p o i u ' i u 'K o i i ' l a c n i m i A O C B p o n e f l c K o f i o 6 l u , h o c t i i .
( . i i o i i i i o . i i o/kc i i i ih o i i A O K a 3 b iB a e T n a ß o j i b i u o M c f i a K T im e -
c k o m m;i U ' p i ia . ' K ' , c o ß n p a n n a n a j i i i 3 i i p y H q a c T i i m i b i e c o o t -
n c n r i i in i ( i i p c i i M y i u e c T B e i i r i o j i e K c i m e c K i i e ) , o m o c i i M b i c h m
K A O 11 C T O p 11 lICCKII M n e p i I O A a M K O I IT a K T I ip O B a i lH H A p C B I i e r e p -
m; i i i i/k i i x r u i c M e i iH b i x A i i a j i e K T O B c n j i e M e m i b i M i i A n a j i C K T a -
m ii A p y r n x j i i iH r B H C T im e c K H X r p y n n . C y m n o c T b s t o h k o i i -
H C I im m CBOÄHTCH K CJlCAy iOUUIM OCHOBIIbIM nOJIO/KeHHHM:
n c T o p i i ' i e c K i i c J iO K H B m u c c H r p y n n i i p o B K i i i i i i A o e B p o n e i i c K u x
vi.1 b i k o b J im u b b M a j i o f i C T c n e i m o ' r p a > K a i o T n e p B i m i i o c A n a -
.mi’ k t i i o c M J ic H e m ie n p a H 3 b iK 0 B0 ii o ß j i a c T i i , B e c b M a 3 b iÖ K O c
ii i i e o n p e A e j i e i i H o e , b c b a 3 i i c o ß i u e c T B e n i i b i M i i y c j i o b h h m h
'■>iioxii c K .T a A b iB a n i iH i n i A o e B p o n e i i c K o r o C A im c T B a . 3 t h
I p y i l l l l i p O B K I I 5IBJ1HIOTCH p C 3 y J lb T a T 0 M AJIHTCJlbHOrO II CJ10>K-
i i o i o n p o u e c c a p a 3 B iiTH H , n p o A y K T O M M H o r o K p a T i i o r o B 3 a -
I IM0ACHCTBH5I II C M e iU e i lH H C A p y n i M I I pO A C TB C H IIb lM H H HC-
po A C T B C H I Ib lM I I H3 b IK 0 BbIMII r p y n n i i p O B K a M I I . r i 0 3 T0 M y MJie-
i K ' i m e H H A o e B p o n e i i c K O H j i m i r u n c T i m e c K o i i o ö u u i o c t h b
p a 3 i ib i e n c T o p i m e c K i i e a n o x n ß b i j i o p a 3 J i im H b iM , n o a h h h
IV >Ke H3bIKI I B OA HH n e p i I O A p a 3 B I I T I I H M O rJlII BK.TIOM aTbCH
ii r ] ) a H i m b i O A H o r o J i i i H r B i i c T i m e c K o r o a p e a j i a , b A p y r o f t
i K 'p n o A — b r p a H H U b i A p y r o r o a p e a j i a .
111 CpaniuiTeJibiiaH rpaMM aTiiKa r e p M a n c K iix si3 h k o b , t . I. M., 1962.
11
C 3T0H TOMKH 3peHHH lICTOpHfl AHaJieKTOB, MOryiUHX ßblTb H33BaHHbIMH npOTOrepMaiTCKIIMII, AeJIHTCH Ita ABa ne- pHOÄa, H B Ka>KAbIH 113 HHX 3TII AHajieKTbl BXOAHJ1H B r p a -
HHU,bi pa3H bix a i ia j i e K T H b ix a p ea j iO B H H A oeB poneficK oft 0 6 m -
h o c t h . B ß o j i e e p au H H ft nepiiO A s t h AnajieKTbi co cT a B jiH jm o ö i u h h a p e a j i c AnajieK TaM ii , 0 ß p a 30 B a B in i iM ii BnocjieACT-
b h h r p y n n y ß a jm iH C K iix H3biKOB. B ß o j i e e no3AW iH n e p n o A
i ipeAKH no3AHeHimix rep M a im eß HBjiHJincb MacTbio A p y r o r o
a p e a j i a BMecTe c HTajimicKHMii n j ieM en a M ii , K orA a Te 0 6 11- T a j in 11 a T e p p i iT o p im c ß o e f t npapoA H H bi. I l o c J ie n e p e c e j i e -
h h h HTajiHKOB Ha T e p p H T o p m o A neii i i i iH repMaHHbi b o iu j i i i
B T e c i i o e COnpHKOCHOBeHHC C KejIbTaMII, CBH3b C KOTOpbIMII y h h x npoAOJi>Kajiacb BnjioTb a o n e p B b ix BeKOB h o b o h sp b i .
B 3 t o h xpoiio jioniM CCKOH n epH O A H 3am n i H. C. MeMOAa-
h o b HiueT oö 'bH C H eim e TOMy, i t o A p c B in ie r e p M a n c K i ie 5i3bi-
k h b CBoeü c T p y K T y p e j i b h o 0ßHapy>KiiBai0T nepTbi, c ö j i h - >Kaiom,ne h x 11 c B ocT om ib iM ii 11 c 3anaAHbiMH H iiA o cB p o n e i i -
c k h m h H3biKaMH E ß p o n w . O h n o j i a r a e T TaK>Ke, m to n e p e -
KpeiHHBaioiii,eecH b j i i i h h h c C B p on en cK iix AnajieKTOB A p y r Ha
A p y r a y * e OMCHb p a H o c o 3 A a ß a ; i o o ß m u e H e p r a , x a p a K - T e p H b i e A^IH ß aJ ITH H C KH X , CJiaBHHCKIIX, r e p M a i lC K l I X , K e j I b T -
CKHX H HTajIHHCKIIX H3blKOB, MTO II BblAejIHJlO IIX KaK HeKOC
eAHHCTBO, o iy i im a B iu e e c H H3BCCTiibiM KOMnjieKCOM c b o i i x
npH3H3KOB n o cp aB H em iK ) c loro-BOCTOMHbiM apea j iO M h ii- A o e B p o n c f t c K H x H3HKOB. 3 t o i i c c j i e A o u a H i ie H. C. H eiwo- AaHOBa nojiyHHJio B b icoK y io ou eH K y n e TOJibKO b H am eii
CTpaHe, h o 11 3 a py6e>KOM.
CßHAeTejIbCTBOM UIHpOKOrO npH3H3HIIH ßOJIbUIHX Hayn- Hbix 3a c jiy r H. C. HeMOAaHOBa HBJiHeTCH npucyjKAeuHe eMy b 1971 r. yqenoft CTeneHii AOKTopa ( })HJioJiorHqecKiix HayK 3a u h k ji onyßjiiiKOBaiiHbix paßox noA oßmHM Ha3Ba- HHeM «IlpoßjieM bi oömero h cpaBUHTeJibHo-HCTopimecKororepMaHCKOrO H3bIK03HaHHH».
H. C. HeMOAaHOB Miioro pa3 aoctohho npeACTaßjiHJi co- BeTCKyio HayKy Ha MemAynapo/iHbix jiiinrBHCTHHecKHx 4>o-
pyMax. Oh ß b u i v m 3cthhkom nayHHbix KOH(J)epeHUHH b B e p -
j iH H e ( 1 9 5 9 ) 11 Ä M C T e p A a M e ( 1 9 6 5 ) , a TaKJKe M e > K A y H a -
poAHoro jiHHrBiicTHHecKoro KOHrpecca b B o j i o H b e ( 1 9 7 1 ) .
3 a MHoroJieTHioio nJiOAOTBopiiyio iiay^HO-neAarornMe- CKyio Ae^TeJibHOCTb no noAroTOBKe Bbic0K0KBajiii( })HUHp0- BaHHbix cnemiajincTOB-c})iiJ io^oroB 11 b c b h 3h c 70-JieTHeM
c o a h h pojKAenHH H. C. MeMOAaHOBy ß b u ia oß'bHBJieHa
ß j ia ro A a p n o cT b npH Ka3aM ii aeK an a cj3HJioJioniiie cK o ro cj>a-
12
ky.'iMeTa, peKTopa M r y hm. M. B. JlciMOHocoBa akaÄeMH- iui P. B. Xoxjioßa h MHHHCTpa Bbicmero h cpe/m ero cne- miiuibiioro 0öpa30BaHHH C C CP B. n . EjiioTHHa.
U hiAaiom uftcH yneH bifi, n p o c T o ö , 6 ,/iaropoAHbiH, A o ß p o- »«(MiiiTcjibHbiö h 0T3biBHHBbiH MeJioßeK, H iim n a ft CepreeBHU <>K|>y>KeH HeH3MeHHOH JlIOÖOBbK) H TJiyßOKHM yBa^KeHHeM
c iio iix KOJiJier h y^eHHKOB, KOTOpbie >Ke;iaiOT eM y A o ß p o ro j ; i( i|) ( ) I ib H , H eH CCH KaeM O H JKH3 HCHHOH S H e p rH H , HOBblX T B O p - MITKIIX CBepillCHHH Ha 6 j ia r O COBCTCKOH JIH HrBU CTHH eCKO HnnyKH.
H. M. (PuAuneea
B. H. HPUEBA
•
MeMhH3bLK06bie
KOHmaKmbi u
cmuAucmtmecmn
cucm eM a m u n a
ripOÖJieMbl MejK'bHSblKÖBblX KOH*
TaKTOB B ce ra a 6 h j ih oß-beKTOM n p H c x a . ib H o r o BHHMaHHH jinarB H -
CTOB. ripH H H H U , yCJIOBHH, a T3K>Ke
p e 3 y jIb T 3 T b I B33HMOBJIHSIHHH H 3bl-
KOB HCCJieÄOBajIIICb KaK B T p y -
Aax 0 6 m e H 3 b iK 0 B e A y e c K 0 r 0 x a p a K -
T e p a , T aK h b K O H K peTH bix p a 6 o -
Tax.B KHnre Y . B aÖ H paßxa , b H3-
BecTHOfl M epe CTSBiuefi KJiaccime- ck oh \ pacGMaTpiiBaeTCH b c ip y K - xypnoM n nc i ix o j ion m ecK O M ii ji a ne He TOJibKO TO, 4T0 MOHiHO 6bIJI0 6bl Ha3BaTb «M exa m i3 M O M » 33HMCTB0- BaHHH, HO (XOTfl Ii B MeHbUiefl CT6- n en n ) h t o c 0 n,HajibH0 -KyjibTypH 0 e OKpy>KeHHe, np i l KOTOpOM 33HMCT- BOB3HHH OCymeCTBJIHIOTCH. OAHOH H3 IICTOpHKO-KyjIbTypHblX CHTya- U.HH, np i l KOTOpOH B03HHK3CT B33HM0ÄeftCTBHe H3MKOB, MO>KeT OK333TbCH ÄByH3bITOe, B CBOHX KOHKpeTHbix (J)opM3x onpeAejis ie - moc MHoniMH cjisraeMbiMH. C j ie - A yeT o c o 6 o noÄ^epKHyTb t o t 4>aKT, MTO npH MOKTiHSblKOBblX KOHT3KT3XHeT npHM oro h BcerA3 o a h h 3 k o b o -r o COOTBeTCTBHH Me>KAy COHIiaJIb- HblMH, nCHXOJIOrHHeCKHMH H J1HHT- BHCTHMecKiiMH npeA n ocu jiK aM H H HX nOCJieACTBHJIMH. PeiH3IOIHHM <J)3KTOpOM OKa3bIB3IOTCH KOHKpeT- HO-HCTOpimecKHe ycJiOBHH o cym ecT - BJieHHH h pea j iH 3am iH s th x npeA- n o cbu oK .
Beponrao, no3TOMy Tepnejin He- y A a M y n onb iTKH A a T b eA H H y io a i h
‘ W e i n r e i c h U. L an g u a g es in con - tact. N ew Y ork , 1953.
14
NH'X l ipt'MCH H H apOÄOB CXeMy K.flaCCH4>HKaUHH MeÄtHSbl-hiui 1.1 \ 1UIII51HHH 2. B M e c T e c TeM H e o c n o p H M O H a jin n n e
n m i i M o c n s n i i n c T o p u n e c K H X , c o m i a j i b H b i x , n c H x o j i o r H n e c K H X
n .’ i ii ii i n n cT in ie cK H X (})a K T o p o B b n p o i i e c c e H 3 b iK 0 B 0 r0 k o h -
i i i k i i i p o u a m i f i : 3 a a a H a c o c t o h t b n p a B H j i b H O M n o H H M a H H H
n x v A i ' . ' i i . n o r o B c c a a j i h T o r o h j i h h h o t o M O M e H T a b h c t o -
11II' U K ( )M p a 3 B H T H H ß a H H O r O H 3b IKa .
I In/i, ;uiyji3bmneM Mbi noHHMaeM cocym ecTB O B am ie f lByx iiii . iKim n iicTopiiHecKii cJio>KHBLueHCH oöm ecTBenHoft e/ui- iim ir jnofioro o6i>eMa h jiioöoh iicTopimecKofi (J)opMaii,HH: ui' nrpiioflb iT iio ft oöm iiHb i f lo H am ion a j ib H oro rocy/iapcTBa. V| II11II1111> ofllUCCTBeHHOrO pa3BHTH5I KOJIJieKTHBa, nOJlb3yro- iiii'i neu 7i,-i11iii,imh H 3 b i K a M i i , pa3yMeeTCH, H M e e r p e m a io m e eii.'iimi11nc na xapaKTep ,n.ByH3bniHH. C(J)epbi 4>yiiKmionnpoBa-ii ii ii ("r. ’ i ji K i i B a i o i u H X C H h 3 b i k o b M o r y T 6 b i T b p e 3 K O p a 3 r p a -
111111(' 11111.1M II HJIH, J i a o ß o p O T , f lOBOJIbHO 6J I H3 KHMH, HO nOJT-
iii x - 1 i . io o h ii i n i K o r A a n e c o B n a ^ a i o T . B c o n e T a i i H H c o m h o -
i i imi i / i p y n i M i i c ) ) a K T o p a M i i Kai< S K C T p a j i i i n r B H C T H q e c K o r o
HopH/UU! ( n . l I i p i l M C ' p JUHITCJIbHOCTb C O C y m e C T B O B a H H H H3bl -
m i i i ) , r a u ii n o p i u i K a c o f H ' T H c i n i o - j i H H r B i i c T i m e c K o r o ( H a -
l l p l l M I ' p ( I C I I C I I I . C T p y K T y p H O Ö 6 j l H 3 0 C T H H 3 b l K 0 ß ) T i m b l
i|>N'ii iui Hon a . ' i i > i l oro p a 3 r p a H i i ii eHH H f l B y x H3 b iK 0 B C Ka 3b i -
n a i o r o i n a p c t y j i b T a T a x H 3 b i K 0 B 0 r 0 B 3 a n M 0 f l e H C T B i i n .
O f iu ' in o pa3Jii-mai0T flBa n y m npoiiHKiiOBCHHH 3anMCT- i ionaiiii i. ix c j iob — ycTHbiii h nncbMeHHbift. B HCTopiiii pa3- .llll'lllbix 5I3MKOB CymeCTBVCT ÄOCTaTOMHOe KOJIimeCTBO n p n -
Mcpoii, nOÄTBep>KflaiomHx to nojio>KeHHe, h to n p n y c m o M IIV III laHMCTBOBaHHH HH0fl3bHIHbie CJIOBa ßOJIbUie H3MeHHK)T
ciioii (|ioncTimecKHH ii Mopcjjo jionmecKHH o ö j ih k h ß u cT p e e i ixo/iht n TKaiib 3a iiM CTByiom ero si3biKa, CTanoBHCb o p r a -
i i i i ' locKofi nacTbio e r o cJ ioßapHoro cocTaß a . CjiOBa, npoHH-
Kaio im ie n iicbMemibiM nyTCM h o cT a io im ie cn «nnocTpa iiHb i- mii», nnor/ia n a m m a io T BbicTynaTb KaK H3biK0Baa npHMeTa Toro hjih n i io ro c th j ih p e m i . O / u i a n o CTUJiiiCTimecKaa u e n -
nocTb h cTeneHb yeTofiqHBoeTH 3Toro npneM a b H3biKe 3a- IIIICHT Iie CTOJIbKO 0T KOJlHTCCTBa 3aHMCTB0BaiIHbIX CJIOB, c KojibKO o t hx x a p a K T e p a h MecTa j i a m io r o c th j ih c p e a n /ipyriix 4)yiiKmiOHaJibHbix pa3H0Bii/iH0CTeii H3biKa, a TaiOKe flOJIbmeii HJIH MeHbUieft 33MKHyT0CTH 3T0r0 c th j ih . E c j ih t o t
l l c m p l G. L a n g u a g e riva lry and speech d ifferentiation in the ca- sr o f race-m ixture. T ra n sa ction s o f the A m erican P h ilo log ica l A ssociation , 1898, v o l. X X IX .
15
HJIH HHOH C T H JIH C TH qeCK H H n p H eM Ä a > K e n p H CBOeÖ HpKO H B b ip a ^ e H H O C T H H IIH TeH C H B H O C TII B O Tß e Jlb H b ie n e p H O /ib i C y m e C T B O B a H H H H3bIK3 He Ö VÄGT B UeJIOM C 0 0 T B e T C T B 0 B 3 Tb TeH fleH U H H M p a 3 BIITH H (J)yHKHHOH 3JIbHbIX CTH Jieft, OH CO BpeM eH eM HeM H HyeM O o ß p e n e n H a n c H e 3 H O BenH e.
3 n o x a Bo3po>KÄeHHH npHHecjia b sh t j iu h c k h ö H3biK XVI B. ÖOJlbUIOe KOJIHHeCTBO JI3THHCKHX H rpe^eCKHX 33 H M -
c tb o b s h i ih . 3 h 3 h h c KJiacciiHecKHx h3mkob, pacnpocTpaH eH - Hoe cpeflH nHcaTejrefi h yneiib ix , ii n0CT0HHH0e Hcn0Jih30- BaHne hmh jiaTH iicK iix h rpen ecK i ix i i c to h h h k o b np iiBe jio K TOMy, h t o A a m e npH hs j ih hhh b H3biKe p3BH03H3HHoro aH- r jiHHCKoro cJiOBa npeanoM iiTa jin ynoTpeß jiHTb JiaTHHCKHfi HJiH-rpenecKHH TepM im . Kan nu m eT T. y a f iT x o j i j i o th o c h - Te j ibHo nofloÖHbix s b to p o b , « i i x n pH im im TBOpnecTBa co- c t o h j i b vnoTpeß jieH H ii J iaT in io-rpeHecKiix MHorocjioJKHbix c j iob b paM K ax JiaTHHCKoro c m iT a K c i i c a » 3. 3 t o t ny>KAbiH /uih aHTJinfiCKoro HiiTaTejiH h o iie iib cTpaHHO 3ByqamHH Ha- 6op cjtob (no jiy^HB iunn b HCTopiiH aHrjiHHCKoro H3biKa cne- UHaJibHoe o 6 o 3H acie i in e KaK in k h orn t e r m e s ) 6 h j i HeAocTy- nen coBpeMciiHHKaM, e c jm ohii ne o 6 j i3 ä 3 j ih cojiHAHbiMH n03H3HHHMH B JI3THHH. I\ yaHTXOJIJl BHAHT B 3T0M IIpHHH-Hbi noHBJieHHH b X V I—XVII bb. uejioro pnaa cJiOBspefi «T py A H bix cjiob». C j ie A y e T 3aMeTiiTb, hto 3to B n epB bie B AHrjiHH /i,jih TpyAOB noAo6iioro po.ua 6hjio ynoTpeßjieHO H a3B an iie «cJioBapt», xoth cfoKTHnecKii nepBbiM c j iO B apeM
«TpyflHblX CJIOB» HBJIHJI3Cb p360T3 P . KOÄpeJI 4. CxO>KHMH
n o r a n y ßbiJin TaK>Ke p3Ö0Tbi 3. Oiuijinncs h HecK0JibK0 no3>Ke — T. K e p c e n 5. 3 to t nocjieAHiifi cJioBapb bkjiiohsjj KpOMe 3aHMCTBOB3HHbIX (lIHOCTpailHblx) CJIOB np3B0Bbie TepMHHbl, npOBHIIU,H3.TII3MbI II 3pX3H3MbI. PeH ICTp 3H.HH B CJI0B3p«X nOÄ M3pK0H «TpVflHblX CJIOB» MHOTHX 33HMCTBO- B3HHH H3 JI3THHCK0r0 H ÄpyriIX H3bIK0B CBHA6TeJIbCTB0B3Jia 06 OTCyTCTBIIII IIX 3CCHMIIJIHUIIH ailTJIHHCKHM H3bIK0M. KaK H3BecTH0, fl3JieK0 He Bce jiaTiiHCKiie h rpenecKHe 33hmctbo- B3HHH, nOHBIIBUIIICCH B XVI B., VÄCp>K3JIHCb B SHTJIMHCKOM- H3bIKe; HTO B3>KHee — 3T0 CMeH3 npeaCT3BJieHHH 0 « x o p o - iueM» JimepSTypiiOM CTiuie. IlpocTOTa b ciimaKCHce (hto HeKOTOpbie (jMuojiorn cniiTaioT pe3yjibTaTOM BHeApeHHH b
3 W h i t e h a l l H . In trodu ction to W eb ster ’ s N ew W orld D iction ary o f the A m erican L a n g u a g e , 1958.
1 C a w d r e y R. The T a b lc A lph abetica l o f H ard W ord s, 1604.5 P h i l l i p s E. T he N ew W orld o f E n g lish W ord s, 1658; K e r-
s e y Th. D iction arium A n g lo -B ritta n icu m , 1708.
16
nHCbMeHHyio penb sjieMenTOB pa3roßopHoro H3biKa, npnHe- ce H H o r o 6yp>Kya3Hofi peBOJiiouHefi X V I I b., a A p y r n e , b tom HHCJie H YaHTXOJlJI, OTHOCS1T 3a CHeT (J)paHUy3CKOrO BJIHH- h h h ) h n y p n c T H H e c K i i e T eH A eH u im b o r a o m e H H i i c j iO B ap -
H o r o c o c T a B a n pcceK J i i i p a 3 B i iT n c 3B ( } )y i i3M a h 3 i iaH iiTej ibHO H3MeiIHJIH OÖJIIIK aiHMIHHCKOrO IIIICbMeHHOrO H3bIK3 X V I I B.
O a h 3 k o n en o c p e A C T B e H H b ie j ieKCHHecKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHH
hjih a a a n T a m ia HAHOMaTHnecKii ii30Jiiip0BaHHbix c h h t 3 k c h - necKHX MOAejiefi h bjih io tch HaiißoJiee 3pHMoß, ho BMecTe c TeM H HailÖOJiee nOBepXHOCTHOH (})OpMOH B03AeilCTBIlH 0Ä- n o r o H3biKa H3 a p y ro H . H e A a p o M öbrnaeT 6o j ib iu oe KOJiHHe- c tb o jieKCHHecKiix 3aiiMCTBOBaHin"i ii npn oTcyTCTBim noji- n o r o ÄByH3biHHH (n a n p i iM ep npn K y jibTyp iib ix KOHTaKTax AByx c T p a H ) , a TaK>Ke h npn Tex cj)opMax ABy5i3biHiiH, Kor- Aa c<|)epbi npHMeHeHHH A B yx H3biK0B CTporo pa3rpaHHHH- naioTCH. r i03T0M y noK333TejieM 6oJiee i\ny6oKHx npoueccoB H.'tailMOACHCTBHH AByX H3bIK0B MOryT CHIITaTbCH cTpyKTyp- H o-ccM anT im ecK iic KajibKii, B03i-niKai0mne b o a h o m H3biKe noA BJiiiJiiineM A p y r o r o ii c o x p a i in io i iu ie cT pyK T yp y ii c e -
M airn iK y K a j ibK i ipyoM oro oßpa3na. CjieAOBaTejibHO, HBjie- m i e Kaji i .K i iponam in ne m o ä c t 6biTb orpa im neH O TOJibKO y p o in i c M jh 'Kc i ikm , no MO>KeT iiaß.noAaTbCH h n a yp o ß i ie rpsM M iir i iK i i , >iainc B cero ee cuHTaKciinecKoro pa3Aejia .
r ip n imipoKOM c})poHTe ( J j y i iK m io n a j ib i i o r o conpHKOcHO- BCIIIIH H.tblKOB pOJIb CHHTaKCHHeCKOrO KaJIbKIipOBailHJI B03- p a c T a o T , B qacTHOCTH MOJKeT HaßjiioAaTbCH Kaj ibKupoB am ie KOHcrpyKLUift H3biKa-cy6cTpaTa. T a n , i ianpHMep, aHrjmß- CKIIH 513bIK B MpjiaHAHH OTpa3HJI HeKOTOpbie CIIHTaKCHHe- c K i i e ocoßeHHOcTH np^aH ACKoro 5i3biKa. A. Bau X a M e j i yn a - 3b iBaeT , h t o aHrjiHHCKiift H3biK n oc j ie nopaöom cH H H H p jiaH - AHH He cp a 3 y pacnpocTpaH iiJ icn cpeAH n i i ip oK i ix HapoAHbix Macc, h nosTOMy o h cn i iTaeT ecTecTBeiiHbiM, h t o « i ip jiaHAUbi AOJiHiHbi ßbiJiH HanaTb roßop i iTb no-aHTJiiiHCKii, nepeBOAH rasjibCKHe 4>pa3bi aHrjiHHCKHMii c jioBaivm». B pe3yjibTaTe, KaK im m eT X aM e ji , « r a s j ib c K o e BJiiiHHHe m o >k c t ßbiTb npo- cjie>Keiio b ßoJibininicTBe Tex cTpa m ib ix ciiHTaKCHnecKiix KOHCTpyKUHH, KOTOpbie AejiaiOT aurjio-iip jiaHACKiiH noHTH HenoHHTHbiM H3HKOM AJ1H T ex , k t o n e 3 H aeT ra s j ib cK oro . TeHAeHUHH jKe ynoTpeß j iH Tb raajibCKiie c j ioBa b aHrjiHHCKoft p e n n He B e A H K a »8. B cBoeii HeAaBiiefl p a ö o T e iiccjieAOBa-
6 H a m e i A . van . O n A n g lo -lr is h Syntax . E n g lisch Studien, B. 45, 1912, p. 273, 274.
17
reiih npoßjic.M aiir.TiiäcKoro 5i3biKa b HpjiaHAUH A. Bjtiicc TaK>Ke npuBOÄHT p^A ciiHTaKciiHecKiix aurjio-HpjiaiiACKHx K a j i e K 7.
C iiH TaKc im ecK oe n a j ibK i ipoB am ie MO>KeT HMeTb pnA ac- neKTOB. H e o Ä H O K p a m o H aß jnoA aeM oe BjiiiHHiie — s t o nepe- neceH iie H a c ra m io ro coBnaAem iH KOHCTpyKunfi, cxo>khx b
A ß yx H3biKax, Ha yH iiBepca jibHoe y n o T p eö j ieH n e TaKoft chh-TaKCHHCCKOH MOACJIII B aAanTHpyiOIUeM H3blKC. H3CTOH-mero i i npomeAiuero n p e M C H i i iip.iaiiACKoro rjiarojia Kpoiwe M0pcj)0Ji0nmecKH n p o c T o i i cjiopMbi napajuiejibiio cymecT- BycT c.iOÄHan, co BcnoMoraie.ibiibiM rjiarojiOM öbiTb. 3 ia noc^eflHJiH no CBoeMy 3iiaMenmo 6 j i i i 3 K a 3 n a H e H in o anrjiiift- ckiix «AJiHTeJibHbix BpeMcii» (Continuous Tenses), no o t -
JiH^aetCH o t h h x b t o m o T H o u i e i i i i i i , m t o , BO-nepBb ix , ne HMeeT HiiKaKiix j i c k c h t c c k i i x orpaiiimcmifl h, b o - b t o p h x ,
nepe^aeT iiMeiomce m c c t o c o c t o h h i i c i um AeiicTBiie. A. BaH XaMeJi npiiBOAHT npiiMepbi 113 Cimra ii Fleica, tag no Hop- M a M 6 p i i T a n c K o r o a n m i r i i c K o r o c J i e A O B a j i o 6b i o w i i A a T b
npocTyio, a ne cjio/Kiiyio cfjopMy rjiarojia: I’m thinking it’s dead he is surely (Synge. The Shadow of the Gien, 1 0 ) ;
The boys would be laughing at you (Yeats. Cathleen Ni Houlahan, 51) 8. H j u i i o c T p a m i e f i BbiABimyToro Bbiiuc no- jio>KeHiiH MO>KeT c.iyjKiiTb T a K > K e p a c n p o c T p a H e i n i c b a n -
rji0-HpJiaiiÄCK0M cjiyjKeönoro rjiarojia let na b c i o n a p a A H r -
My UMnepaTiiBa. B n p j i a i iA C K O M «3biKe noBejiHTCjibHoe na- k j i o h c h ne H M e e T Tp fi J i im a h A B a m i c j i a — Bcero mecTb (J)OpM b napaAHrMe. B aurjuiftcKOM (})opMa noBejiHTejibHO- r o i iaKJiOHemiH c y m e c T B y e T TOJibKO a.üh 2 - r o j n m a , a a j ih 1-ro i i 3 - r o . t i ih m o /Kc t ö b iT b n c n 0 . ib 3 0 B a n a o n i i c a T C J ib n a n
K O H C T p y K u i iH c let, UMCiomaH ( n o m i i c h i i i o p s iA a ( } )h j i o j i o -
t o b ) M O A a . ib i io e s n a w e n n e io cc i iB a . B anr.TO-np jianACKOM
let n p o B C A c n o n o Bcei 'i n a p a A n r M e i i M n e p a n i B a (Let you stay here tili I coine back), h o Ae.no n e TOJibKO b o B i i y T p u -
n a p a A i i r M a T i i M e c K O M BbipaBHHBanini no aiiajiorHH, n o , K a n
n o K a 3 b iß a e T A. B.inec 9, n b t o m , m t o n oA O Ö H oe ncn0Jib30- Banne m o a c j i h c o cJiyweßiibiM rjiaro.noM « B n n c b i B a c T c s i » b o
b c i o r p a M M a n m e c K y i o c i i c i e M y iipjiaiiACKoro H3biKa. EcTb
7 B l i s s A . J. L a n g u a g es in contact: som e prob lem s o f Ilib e rn o - E n g lish . P roceed in g s o f the R oya l Irish A ca d em y , v. 72, S ection C, N 3. D ublin , 1972.
8 H a ni e 1 A . van . O p. eit., p. 275.9 B 1 i s s A . J. Op. cit., p. 72— 73.
18
IliVKo.'ibKo iihoh cjiv^afi BjiiiHHiiH OAiioro fl3HKa Ha Apy- hui n pacnpocTpancH iiH KOHCTpyk u i i h , ocHOBaHHbix He t i o .mi.ko i ia TOH<ÄecTBe c rp y K T y p H o ro oöpa3ii,a , cKOJibKO Ha (TM.-IIITIPICCKOM KaJIbKlipOBailHII. B COOTBeTCTBHH C TeHAeH- niii ’ ii lavibTCKiix 5i3biKOB Bbipa>KaTb coAepvKam ie npHflaTOH-iii.ix i ip e/ y io K e im i i oßopoTaivni c oT r j ia r o j ib i ib m hmchcm b miivio-iipjiaHÄCKOM oq e i ib HacTbi K on cTpyK m ii i c iiikJw hhth- n«>m: l ’ d s o o n e r a s t r a n g e r no t to c o m e to l l ie hou se the 1111>111 b e fo re m y w e d d i n g (Y e a t s . C a th le c n , 4 1 ) . Pa3yM eeT - < >i, it ßpiuancKOM aiir junicKOM TO>Ke ynoTpeßjisiioTCH hh- <|>l 11111 I lIBIIliIC OÖOpOTbl, 110 IIC CTOJIb MaCTO II HC B IIOAOÖIIOH in> iiiium. TaK iiM ü6pa30M, Mbi noAxoAHM k cm e OAHOMy nriu'KTy BJiiiHiiiiH O A iio ro H3biKa iia a p y r o i i : noBbiinemie • I . H' IOT1IOCTII y ilOTpcßjieilHH TOH II.TII IIHOÜ F p a M M ä T11 lJ CC KO ft
Ii YCJIOBIIHX ^ByH3bmH5I B3aiIMOB.riIIHIIIie M3blK0B flCHCT- nycT b o ö o u x nanpaBJieHHHX. M . JI. C b e cT e A T yKa3biBaeT,
•im c. ioßapHbix KajibK c au r jn i i icK oro b upjiaiiACKOM H3biKe O’ ICIIb MaJIO, OAIiaKO I13MCIieHIIC 3 Iia iieHHH CJIOB II IIX CHH- TaKCIIMCCKIIX nOTClIIUlil MO>KeT 6bITb AJISI IipjiailACKOrO H3bl- na 11 pH/i,c c j i y ia c B oß-bHCHeiio b ju i^hiicm a i ir j in i icK oro . H a - lip i iMcp, iipjiaiiACKiift r j ia r o j i f a g h ä i l paß en aurjuificKOMy, iio-BTopbix, n oA oö i ib ie CABiim b 3Haiicm i i i nponcxoAH T b y c - j ioBiiHx noMemeHiiH cJioBapiioß cA in iim b i b on p cA e j ie in io e oicpyjKeHiie, t . e. cc ynoTpeß jie in is i b ycTofnniBOM (c b o ö o a - IIOM IIJI1I CBH3aHH0M) CJIOBOCOHCTailHH. HmCIIIIO nOSTOMy Hhiii ienpiiBeAeiiHbie n p in w e p u mo>kho o m o c i iT b k o ß j ia c r a H U.IKOBOrO KajlbKIipOBaHHH B IUIipOKOM CMbICJie CJIOBa. B y - ,/I.V'III OAHIIM 113 HaCTHblX CJiyqaeB B3aiIM0BJlIIflIIHfl 513bIKOB, e.uyiiaii KajibKiipoBaHiiH norpaHHMiibi 3aiiMCTBOBaiiH5iM. M ( » k h o yKa3aTb na oa i ih 113 HHTepeciibix t i i i io b n a j ib K i ip o -
namiH, npeACTaBJiHiomiix coß o i i npoMe/Kyromibii i • cJiynaH MC/KAy JICKCHlICCKIIM 3aiIMCTBOBaHIICM II K3JIbK0H. 3 T O T a -
k.'iji j icKciiKO-ceMaiiT im ccKaH KajibKa, n p i i KOTopoft ueiiT- Im>m cjiOBOCOHeTamisi cjiy>KiiT 3aiiMCTB0Banii0e c j iobo c 3a- Mi-iion A p y m x hjichob cjiOBOCOHeTamiH j ieKceiwaMii aaa n - i i i|iyl o m e r o Ji3biKa ii n p i i c o x p a n e i im i o ö i n n o c T i i c o ö p a3 - hiim e ro CTpyKTypHO-ciiiiTaKCHHecKoro oß jn iKa . I lpH M epaM H m <>ry r cjiy>KHTb cj)paimy3CK0-aHrji i i f icK iie KajibKii THna f a i r e
i lo i i le — l o m a k e d o u b t coM H eearbcn10. MacTO ßbiBaex, h to
111 i . m. : H p u e n a B. II. P a3m m ie nauiioiia jibiioro j i i i r e p a T y p i i o r o an- ■ mmiU-Koro H3LiKa. M ., 1969, c. 8 0 — 81.
19
ÄSHHOe 3aHMCTBOB3HHOe CJIOBO IIOflBJiaeTCH B 3aHMCTßyK>- meM H3bIKe OAHOBpeMeHHO C CaMOII KajIbKOH. M ojkho a y - MaTb, qTO 3T0T Tlin KaJIbKHpOB3HHH HMeeT BeebMa oßu iH p- Hbie HCTOpHHCCKIie p3MKH, nOCKOJIbKy OH CBOHCTBeH KaK JiHTepaTypno-nHCbMeHHOMy H3biKy, TaK ii ycTH 0 -p a 3r 0 B0 p- HblM BHflaM peHH.
r ip H paCCMOTpeHHH CeMaHTHKO-CHHTaKCimeCKHX K ajieK KaK OÄHOrO H3 p e 3yj!bTaTOB B3aHMOflefiCTBHH H3bIKOB H 0 A ‘ r io ro H3 th iio b npoHBJienHH b jihhhhh o a h o to H 3biK a Ha A p y- ro ft c jie iiy e T p a 3JiHHaTb: a ) B03HiiKH0 BeHne b aAanTH pyio- iu,eM H3biKe caMOH MOAejin ii 6 ) ycJiOBna, p a cn p eÄ e jie im e h nacTOTHbic n oK a3aTe jin ee (})yHKUH0 iiH p0 BaniiH. P a 3 JiHMiie B OÖCTOHTeJlbCTBaX II HCTOpimCCKHX npiIH H H aX KOIITaKTIipO -
B3 HHH 5I3WKOB T3 K>Ke HaKJiaAblBaeT CBOH OTneHSTOK H3 TII- nbi 3aiiM CTBOB3H H H h k s jick . B y c j i o B i i n x M a p n in a jib H oro COnpHKOCHOBeHHH cj3yHKU,HOHajIbHbIX C(j)ep Ä ß yx H3bIKOB o 6 bmHbi KajibKH Ha ypoB H e JieKCHKH, ii p e jK e HaßjiiOAaiOTCH H30JIHp0 BaHHbie CHHTaKCHlieCKHe MOACJIH, B3H Tbie H3 H 3bl-
K a-cyn ep cT p aT a h jih H3bii<a, o ß jia A a io m e ro 6ÖJibUiHM co- UHajibHbiM npecn i>KeM . O opM b i BBeAeHHH h aßarrrauHH 3 a- HMCTBOBSHHblX CJIOB, K aK II3BeCTH 0, BOCbMS MHOrOOßpa3Hbi; ÄJIH HCTOpiIII JIHTepaTypHO-IlHCbMeHHblX H3bIKOB ßblJIO 6 b l
nenpaBHJibHo iieAooueH H BaTb p o jib nepeBOAOB, K0T0 pbie He TOJIbKO MOrJIH CJiy>KHTb HCTOHHHKOM CJIOB H 06pa3H,0B CHHTaKCimeCKHX KOHCTpyKUHH, HO T 3 K>Ke H CTHMyjIIipOBajIHBbiHBjieHHe h ncn0 Jib30B3iiHe noTeHu,HH p oA H oro H3biKa ne- p eB O A ^ H K a.
C03H3TeJIbHbIH MOMeHT B nOHCK3X 3 KBHB3JieHTHbIX KOH- CTpyKUHH h aAGKBaTHbix n o coAep>KaHHio c jio b , xapaK T ep- hbih a jih n p o u e c c a nepeBOA3, b OTAejibHbie nepnoA bi h c t o - pHH AaHHOrO H3bIK3 MOr ÖblTb Bbip3>KeH C 6ojIbIIieH HJIH MeHbiuefl nocjieAOB3TeJibHocTbio, h o , 6e3ycjioB H o, ä jih TeH- AeHUHH HCn0JIb30BaTb CeMaHTIIKO-CHHTaKCHHeCKHe KaJIbKH oh BcerA a u rp a ji SHamiTejibHyio p o jib . H 3 B ecra o , mto Ha- HHHaH c o cpeAneaHrjiHHCKoro nepHOAa b aHrjiHHCKOM H3bi- Ke oah h m h3 c n o c o ß o B pacKpbiTiiH sHa^emiH neAaBHO 3 a- HMCTBOBaHnoro c jio ß a cjiy>Kiijio noMeu;eHHe phaom c hhmCHH0HHM3 JIHÖO HCKOHHO TepMailCKOrO, JIHÖO 33HMCTB0BaH- Horo, ho yme nojiHOCTbro accHMHJiHpoBaBmerocH b aH- rjiHHCKOM H3biKe. Xopouio H3BecTHbie npHMepbi cherite pet is luye (MiiAocepdue, t. e. Atoöoeb), in desperaunce pet is in unhope (s othühhuu, t. e. e 6e3HadeMHocTu) H3 cpea- HeaHrjiHHCKoro naMHTHHKa HaH3.ua X III b. (Ancrene Riwle.
20
«NY ran M O H a x H H b » ) H e 6 h j i h e a n H im H b iM H BJieHHeM . f o , • im n d . i o Ö H b ie n a p H b i e c h h o h t i m m 6 b a n B b is B a H b i c T p e M J ie -
n ih m n cT O J iK O B a T b n a i i J i y q i u i i M 0 ß p a 3 0 M c o a e p > K a m i e r i o a -
. 1 1m 1 1 iii<a, ;>O K a3 b iB a eT C H t c m o ö c T O H T e j i b c T B O M , ' i t o s t o t
ii I>i it'M npiiMeHHJiCH n p n n e p e B o a e h 6 e3 H e n o c p e a c T B e n n o -
iii (aiiMCTBOBaHHH n o B o r o cjiOBa. H a n p H M e p , n p i i n e p e B o a e
j i; i r i i n c K o r o TeKCTa T p eB H 3 a ( X I V b . ) n e p e a a e T j i a T im c K o e
m o r c m n o o ö b m a io KaK u s a g e a n d m a n e r e , JiaTHHCKoe l in g u a H3biK — KaK l a n g u a g e a n d t o n g e , JiaTHHCKoe e x
c o m m i x t i o n e e C M cu ien u u — KaK c o m y x t i o u n a n d m e l l y n -
K i ‘ . H eTpyAHO B i i f l e T b , h t o t o j t b k o b n o cJ ie a n e M c j i y n a e B3H-
t o J ia T H H C K o e c j i o b o , b o c T a j i b i i b i x — Ha nepBbui n jia i i
i t i . i c T y n a e T i iM eniio n p n e M n e p e ß o / i a n a p i i b i M i i c h h o i i h -
MIIMII.
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k o n o H B J ie H i ie K O i i K p e T H o r o c } ) p a 3 e o . i o r H 3 M a , c o c T o n m e r o
i n A B y x c j i o b , n o h 0 6 p a 3 0 B a n n e c a M o r o C T p y K T y p H o r o t h -
i i a n a p u b i x c h h o i i i i m o b .
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i t o a a x n a p H b i e c h h o h i i m h ( n a n p i i M c p d i g n e a n d w o r t h y ) .
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n p o H 3 B e a e n H H x K a K C T O H a , t o m o j k i i o a y M a T b , m to ä j i h
X V b. 3 T a k o h c t p y k h h h i i a ' i i i n a e T n p i i o ß p e T a r b x a p a K T e p
■ i i i c t o cTHJincTim ecKiiii , h t o O K a s a j i o c b a j m n e e c B o f t c T B e n -
in>iM b c o B p e M e n n o M aiirj iniicKOM 5i3biKe. T a K , b « F l p o j i o r e »
k « S i i e n A e » K s k c t o h y n o T p e ö J i s iC T T a K i i e n a p b i , K a K o l d e
a n d h o m e l y t e r m s ; I d e l y b e r e d a n d c o n c l u d e d h t . a . V x e
n c p e f l H e a n r j i H i i c K O M n a p H b i e c h h o h h m m n p i iM e n a i o T C H b
p s i a e n p o i i 3 B e a e H H H K a K C B o e o 6 p a 3 H b i f t n p n e M « y K p a m a -
T i M b C T B a » T e K C T a . B o j i e e c> i< a T o e h j i h ß o j i e e p a c n p o c T p a -
n e i i H o e H 3J io>K e i iH e 3 3 b h c h t , p a 3 y M e e T C H , o t C T iu i e B o f l Ma- iiepbi c a M o r o n e p e B o a ' i H K a — B ea b b n e p e a a ß a e M O M n o a -
jn iH H H K e n a p u b i x c h h o h h m o b n e T . F I o m h m o m i a n B H a y a j i b -
n o r o c t h j i h n i i c a T e j i n - n e p e B o a H i i K a m o j k h o n a M e T i i T b i i c t o -
p i m e c K H B a p b i i p y i o m y i o c H T e H a e n m n o k ßo j ib iue ft h j i h
M C H b u ie f i n p o c T p a i i H O C T i i H3Jio>Kei iHH. H 3 B e c T H O , h t o a n -
i v n i i i c K a H n p o 3 a X V — X V I b b . C T p s a a j i a y n o T p e ö J i e n n e M
iu i e 0 H a 3 M 0 B h 3 a n y T a H H b i x c n i i T a K C i m e c K H X K O i i c T p y K U H H .
/l ,a>Ke n n c a T e j i H , b u e j iO M n e cK J iO H H bie k n j i e o H a 3 M a M ,
i i o / i a s B a j i n c b M o a e C B o e f t a n o x H . C T i u i e B a a M a H e p a B e p -
iH -pca b u e j iO M n e x a p a K T e p i i 3 y e T C H ( b O T j n m n e o t e r o
n p i 'A H i e c T B e u H H K O B ) n p o c T p a H H b i M n e p e ( j 3 p a 3 i i p o B a H H e M , h o
/i ;i >ne h o i i b n c p e B o a a x m s c t o y n o T p e ß j i n e T c j iO B a p H b ie
21
Ä y 6 ; i e T H u . H a n p H M e p , b nepöBoAe, cAejiaHHoM h m b 1 5 2 3 r. a j i h n p o .iora k « X p o H i i K a M » O p y a c c a p a H3 n p e -
ä h c j i o b h h k « H c T o p i m e c K o i i ß i i ß A i i o x e K e » X U i o A o p a C i m n -
j iH H C K or o , B e p H e p c n e p e A a e T j i a T i m c K o e p r o b o s u cr ib iT a H -
H b iü K aK s u c h e as b e n n o b l e a n d v e r t u o u s . n p e A C T a B J i e m i e
o P 3 3 J i i i h h o h CTHJieBOH M a n e p e MO>KeT A a T b cJi i ineH H e n e -
peB O AO B O A n o r o ii T o r o >Ke T e K c x a , c A e J ia in ib ix pa3HbiMii aB T O paM II. CKeJIbTOII, OTJIHHaBIUHHCH CKJIOHHOCTblO K A ^ H H -
HOTaM h A o n o j iH e H H io n e p e B O A a c m i o H i i M a M i i , n e c o A e p m a -
i u h m h c h b noAJiHHHHKe, n e p e A s e T j ia T H H C K oe c u s t o d e m b
c r p a o t c e KaK c h i e f d e f e n s y f w a r d e y n e a n d c o n t y n u e l p r e -
s e r v c r , b t o B p eM H i o k d o j i e e 3KonoMiibifi K s k c t o h n e p e -
b o a h t s t o >kc M ecT O K aK c o n s e r u a t r y c e a n d K e p a r . O a i u i -
ko h K s k c t o i i , K aK Mbi b i i a c j i h no B b iu ie n p i i B e A e i i i i o M y npn- M e p y H3 « F l p o j i o r a » k « 3 h l ' i i a c » , y n o T p e ß j i s i e T n a p i i b i e c i i -
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ß o J i b i u e ii ß o j i b i n e c x o a h t n a y p o ß e H b c T i u n i c T i m e c K o r o
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A B y x n p n j i a r a T e j i b H b i x , i m o r A a A ß y x r j i s r o j i o B , c t s h o b i i t c h
T H nH H H oß M a n e p o H a j i h p » A a n i i c a T e j i e H . H e B A a B a a c b b
pa3Öop 4 ) y H K m iO H H p O B a H i in 3 T o r o c T i i j m c T i i n e c K o r o n p n e -
M a , O T M eT H M , h t o h s c t o b n o A o ß i i b i x n a p a x c o H e T a i o T c a
pOMaHCKHH (4)paHU,y3CKMH IIJIII JiaTIIHCKHH) II repM 3H CKH H
( t . e . h c k o h h o a u r j i h h c k h h ) a j i e M e i iT b i , ii t s k h m 0 6 p a 3 0 M
p e 3 y j I b T 3 T b I B 3 3 H M O A e i IC T B H H H3bIKOB II I I3 C J ie A I ie SnOXH
H 0 p M 3 H 0 -3 H rJ IH H C K 0 r0 AByfl3bIHHH OTpa>KaiOTCH n a c o ß p e -
MeHHOM H3bIKe.
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6 o h n o H 3 6 o p y H 3biKOBbix c p e A C T B , n p e B p s m a i o m i i x c H n p H
h x u e j i e n s n p a B j i e H H O M n c n 0 J i b 3 0 B a i m H b C TH JiiicTiiH ecKiie
n p n e M b i n c T a n o B H m ,n x c H b y c j i o B i i a x A a n n o r o c t i i j i h e r o
x a p a K T e p i i c T i i K o ß 12. M e jK -bH 3b iK O B bie k o h t s k t h , npiiHHHbi
11 W o r k m a n S. K. V ers ion s by Skelton , C axton and B erners o f a P ro lo g u e by D iod oru s S icu lus. M odern L a n g u a g e N otes, v. L V I, 1941, N 4.
12 H. S iikbhct c n p a B e Ä J iH s o n i i iu e T , >ito c T i i j i i ic T i m e c K n i i a i ia j iH 3 B c e r A a o c u o B a i i n a c p a B H e m m , n 0 Ä p a 3y M C B a e M 0 M h j i i i a K c n jn m n T iiO M .
« C p a B i ie m ie H B JisieTC H e A H n c T B e m ib iM k j i io t o m k cthjihctumcckhm p a 3 - jiH m iT e J ib H b iM n p i i3n a K a M , t . e . k TeM C T iiJ ie B b iM M a p n e p a iw , K O T O p u e x a p a K T e p i i3y iO T A a H H b iii t c k c t K a K o T J iim H b if i ot a p y r u x . H B c e C T H .n iC T il' ie c K iie o n i ic a i iH H ,no.n>Kiibi n a m m a -T b c a c H iiB e i it a p s i c m .n e -
22
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i'uim m p e 3y j ib T a T a M b o h t h b c ( } ) e p y j i h h t b h c t h k h . B 3aHMO-
n i 'i icTBHe H3MKOB, HBJIHIOIHeeca BajKHbIM (|)aKTOpOM B HCTO- pll' ll 'CKOM p a 3BHTHH M H O niX H3bIK0 B, MO>KCT T 3 K>Ke H rp a T b
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o ß j ia c T b n a y K i i y>Ke noJiyH iiJ ia c b o c c n e m i a j i H 3i ip oB aH H o e e j ioBCCHoe Bbipa>KeHiic . B j i i iH H i ie MO>KeT He o r p a m iH H B a T b - CH JieKCHHeCKIlM 3 aiIMCTB0 BaHHCM II KaJIbKHpOBaHIieM, HO
p a c n p o c T p a i iH T b c n ii Ha ( j jo p M y o p r 3 HH3 a m m B c e r o Bb icKa- ■ibiBaiiHH, t . e. c T p y K T y p y a ß 3 a n a , 3 aH in ib i ii k o h u o b k h Bbi-
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M iipoB aH H e io p i iA H H e c K o r o >K an pa b a c j i o b o h n p 03e n p o - x o a i i j i o n o A c i i . ibHbiM B0 3 A e i icTB i ieM ( } ) p a i m y 3C K oro h, b
II3BeCTHOH M epc , JiaTIIIICKOrO 513 bl KOB, HTO O T p a 3IIJIOCb HC TOJibKO B TepMUIIOJIOniH, HO II B IICKOTOpblX TpaAHUHOIIIIb lX
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u o r o n o p a A K a m o>kct ßbiTb 0 x a p a K T e p n 3 0 B a i i0 K aK nacTiiH-
n oe b A B y x c M b ic j ia x : BO-nepBi. ix , s t o B jn ia n i ie oßbiHHO p a c -
i ip o c T p a n a e T C H t o j i b k o n a OTAeJibiibie c o H iia j ib H b ie iij ih
i ip o c j )e c c n o n a j ib i ib ie r p y n n b i h, b o - b t o p h x , A a * e n p n 3 iia -
iniii ncTOHHHKa a3b iK O B oro b ji i ih h i ih i i o c i iT e j ia 3aiiMCTByio- i i u t o H 3biK a n c n 0 j ib 3 y i0 T M a T e p iia ji n y j K o r o H 3biK a J in u ib
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x . ip a K T ep u e j i e H a n p a B j ie H i io r o O T ß op a .
ni.i\ MapKepoB» ( E n k v i s t N. E. L in gu istic S ty listics . The H agu e, I'i73, p. 67 ).
23
E o j i e e c j i o j k h h no c ß o e i i npiipoAe c j i y n a H BToporo no- p H A K a , t . e. o n o c p e A O B a H H o e B J i H a i w e A B y H 3 b n n iH H a c t h -
J iH C T H H e c K y io c u c T e M y A a H H o r o H 3 b iK a . ,U,j ih S T o r o n o C B o e -
M y o x ß a T y A B y f l 3 b m i e a o j i >k h o 6 b iT b a o b o j i m i o n o j iH b iM ,
t . e. u i H p o K H e c j i o h HaceJienHH a o j i /k h m b ö o j i b m e f i h j i h
MeHbineß c x e n e H H B J i3 A e T b Hy>KHM h 3 h k o m — h c t o h h h k o m
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KoHKpeTiibie p e 3 y j i b T a T b i n o A o Ö H o r o b j i i i h h i i h o A n o r o H 3 bi-
K a na A p y r o ö 3 3 b h c 5i t o t c T e n e m i e r o A J iH T e j ib H O C T i i , h c -
T o p i i q e c K o r o n e p n o A a n c o m i a j i b n o - o ß m e c T B e r i H b i x y c j iO B H H
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pa3ETHTH5I B 3 a H M O A e i iC T B y iO I IU IX 5I3bIK0B.
H 3 B e c ™ o , h t o n p neM bi A nc}) ( j )epeH m iam in 4>yH Km ionajib - Hbix CTHJieft H3bIKa B 3H3HIITeJIbHOH M ep e OCHOB3HbI Ha 6 o -
raTCTBe c h h o i i i im i ik i i , KOTopoft o ß j ia A a e T A a i i n b i f t H3biK.
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m e c T B y io m H e Ha c im xpoH H O M c p e 3 e H3biKa KaK c t i i j i h c t h -
necK ii M a p K iip oB a in ib ie napaJU iejii i3M bi, b o m h o h i x H3biK3x
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U l l i e B p e 3 y j I b T a T e K O H T a K T I ip O B a iH IH 5I3bIKOB ClIHOHHMHHe-
cK iie n a p a j i J i e J iH 3 M w b o ß j ia cT H j i c k c h k i i h rpaM M an iK H M ory T cJiy>KiiTb i i c t o h h h k o m c t h j u i c t i i m c c k i i x npneM OB,
p a cn p e A e J iH io u n ix c H b T ex h j ih h h h x n p o n o p u n n x b p a 3 -
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24
r m , f i u T b M a p K H p O B a n a . B o 3 H H K a e T B o n p o c : h t o H M e r t H ü
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ii i u v i o m C H C T C M y p e n i O H a j i b H O B a p n a H T a A a H H o r o H 3 b i i< a
( c p a u i i i i a u r j T O - H p J i a H A C K i i H B a p i i a m ) , n e M o r y T 6 b i T b 1 1 c -
n o . ' i b 3 0 B a H b i K a K c T H J i n c T i m e c K a H n p u M C T a . P a 3 y M e e T C H ,
i ; u ‘ Cb n e i w e T p e n b o t o m , h t o n u c a T e j i b , b m b o a h b c b o c m
i i | ) o i i 3 B e A e H i i H i i o c H T e j i H a H r j i o - n p j i a i i Ä C K o r o B a p n a n T a H 3 b i -
k ; i , n e M O > K e T n c n 0 J i b 3 0 B a T b s t o t B a p n a n T K a K p e n e B y i o
x a p a K T e p i i c T H K y n e p c o n a m a , n o i i M e H H O H A H O M a T i i n e c K H
o r p a H i i H e i - i H b i e c e M a i i T i i K o - c i i H T a K C H H e c K i i e K O H C T p y K u m i ,
I I O A O Ö H b i e B H I I l C H C C J i e A O B a H H b l M 0 Ö p a 3 U , a M C B O e O Ö p a 3 H b I X
i i c T o p i i n e c K i i x K a j i e K , i i a u ß o j i e e n p u r o A H b i a j i h y n o T p e Ö J i e -
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• l y j I b T a T b l B 3 a H M O A e f t C T B H H H 3 b I K O B M O r y T n p O H B H T b C H B O Ö -
IU I IX H H a C T I IH H b l X c c { ) e p a x 5 I3 b IK a B 3 a B I I C I I M O C T H O T CJIO-
/ K l I B m e f l C H H C T O p H H e C K O H O O C T a H O B K I I K O I I T a K T H p O B a H H f l
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B n o c j i e Ä H e e Aec f lTHJieTHe b H3bi-
K03HaiIHII 33M eT H 0 yCHJlHJIOCb DHHM anne k H 3 y ii e n i i i o K p y n u b ix
OTpesKOB H3biKa — n e p n o A a , a ö - 3au,a, A H e K y p e a , TeKCTa. T eH A eH -
UHH OnHCaTb H3bIK K aK COBOKyn- n o cT b HBJiemiH (n a n p H M e p , B
KO im cnuH H H3bii<a M j ia A o r p a M M a - THHCCKOH IHKOJIbl) IIJ1H K aK 33 MK-
n y T y io c i i c T e M y ( O . A e C o c c i o p ) , BblHBHTb He TOJIbKO CT3THHeCKOe COCTOHHHe H3bIKa, HO H A H H a M I I i e - CKHH MCX3HH3M CrO (J)yHKLUIOHHpO- Bam iH (n a n p i iM e p , b K o i iu e n u n i i r e i i e p a T H B i io f l r p a M M a n i K i i ) b o c - h o b h o m s a M b iK a j ia e b b cc j )epe n p e A J io jK em iH K aK o n p eA eJ ieH H o f i
33KOHOMepHOH H CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOH CHUTaKTHKO-CeMaHTHHCCKOH CAHHH- Ubl H3bIK3. O a H3KO, K aK 6bl HH 6bl-
j i h n p n 3 t o m 4) y H A a M e H T a j i b H b i h c -
e j i e A O B a H H H C H C T eM bi H3 b i K a b n p e -
A 6 JI3 X CJ1 0 B 3 — CJT0 B 0 C0 H e T 3 HHH —
n p e A J IO J K e H H H , OHH 0 r p 3 H H H H B ajIH C b
paM K aM H c T p y K T y p b i H 3H K a Ha
y p o B H e A a H H b i x eAHHHU,. Ho T a K
K 3 K O C y m e C T B J i e H H e K O M M y H H K a U H H
b o b c c m e e M H 0 r 0 0 ß p a 3 H0 M n p o H B -
J1CHHH O C T a e T C H e A H H C T B C H H blM H 3 -
3 H a H e H H e M H3 b I K a , TO CTO H C CJieAO -
B a m i e b s t o m a c n e K T e H e i i 3 6 e>KHO
AOJTJKHO ÖblJIO I ip H B e C T H H3 bIK 0 3 H 3 -
IIH e K B b l ö o p y T 3 KOTO O Ö 'hQ K T a , KO-
T o p b i f l n p e A C T 3 B jiH ji 6 bi c o 6 o f t H e
S J ie M e H T C H C T e M b i HJIH C T p y K T y p b i
H3 b i K 3 , 3 n p e J K A e B c e r o 3 J ie M e H T
K O M M y H H K 3 H,HH. B K 3 H e C T B e T a K O -
ro 3 J ie M e H T 3 H 3 H K 3 M o r , 6 e 3 y c j i O B -
HO, p 3 C C M 3 T p H B 3 TbCH T e K C T K a K
I i e K O T O p b lH 3 aK O H H eiIIIbIH 0 T p e 3 0 K,
K aK M a K c iiM a jib H o A H C K peT H aa eA H -
HHU,a, K O T O paa co cT a B J in e T ( f )p a r -
M e H T K O H K p e T H O H K O M M y H H K a U H H .
26
iaKOIIOMepiIOCTb HHTepeCOB COBpCMeHHOrO H3bIK03H3HHH K ii ly 'ie n H io TeK C Ta 0 6 y c J i0 BJiHBaeTCH n p e J K ß e B c e r o e r p e M J ie -
imicm o ö ^ h c h h tb h 3h k KaK r j io öa j ibH o e H BJieH Iie, KaK UeJIb- lioe CpeaCTBO KOMMyHHK3HHH.
C o cTopoHbi B H yTpennero ycT p oöcTB a H3biK npeÄCTaB- j iu c t coß o f i o6"beKT cT pyK T yp H oro h cHCTeMHoro onncaHHH, ;i CO CTOpOHbl CBOefl (J)yHKIXHH ;— 0 6 "beKT KOMMyHHK3THBHO- ro anajiM3a. H ecM O Tpa na Hepa3pbiBHoe eflUHCTBO s t h x cropoH , o c o 6 o e BHiiMamie k KOMMymiKaTiiBHOMy H33HaHe- i imo H3biKa ii BbiÄBHHyjio b pHfl aKTyajibHbix npoß jieM H3y- 'ICHIIC TeKCTa KaK pea.TbHOH K0MMVHHKaTHBH0-JHIC})0pM3THB- noii eÄHinmbi oöiuemiH.
B KOMMyHHKauHH ocymecTBjiHeTCH n p o u ecc nepeAaMHmi4)OpMaUHH, II, T3KIIM 0Öpa30M, KOMMyHIIKaTIIBIiaH eÄH- n im a — TeKCT — BbicTynaeT b Heß, npe>K,ue Bcero, KaK cpe^cTBO n ep e f lam i h noJiyHCHiiH h h ^ o p m s u h h ( b m iipo - kom CMHCJie SToro c j iO B a ) , n p e / m o jm rs io m e e ne TOJibKO onpeaeJ ieHnoe o<})opMJieHiie HHcjjopMaTHBHoro <})parMeHT3 co cTopoiib i np0H3B0flHTejiH TeKCTa, ho h 3,n.eKB3THoe nOHH- Mamie cooTBeTCTByiom ero TeKCTa co CTopoHbi nojiyHaTejiH. B 3TOH CBH3II TeKCT KaK OCIIOBHa« KOMMyHHK3THBH3H eflH- inm a, 6e3ycji0BH0, ÄOJi>Ken cT3Tb npe^MeTOM BHiiMaTejibHO- ro jiHiirBHCTiHiecKoro aii3Jii i3a, uej ib io KOToporo äo jd kh o fibiTb onpeaeJ ieH iie ( j jopM ajib i io i i n cMbic/ioBoii opr3HH3a- m m TeKCT3, e r o TunoJion-iH b pa3Jinqnbix cc})epax KOMMy- iiHKaTHBHoro n p o u ecca — n n cbM enn oro h y cT i io ro o6 m e -IIHH
P e m e im e n poß j ieM H o Bbi/iejicumi TeKCTa k s k MapKiipo- liaiHIOrO 4>paFMeHT3 5I3bIKOBOH KOMMyilllKamiH B03M0>KII0 iiph f lByx ycJiOBiiax: a ) np ii o n p e f l e ^ e m m rp a mm aTiHiecKiix ii 6 ) KOMMyiii iKaTiiBHbix napaMCTpoB.
I I o i ic k h rpaM M aT ii ' ic cK i ix npii3iiaK0B TeKCTa CBsnaiibi c or>iiapy>KeHiieM h b h m x 4>opMa.nbnbix npii3 iiaK0B t c k c t s KaK IK'KOTOpOH «KOHCTIITyiipOBaHIIOfl» eflHHHUbl H3bIK3 C HeH3- rio>KHbiM H3 SToro cjieÄCTBiieM — onpeaeJieHneM rpaM M ara - ’k 'c k h x KaTeropu ft 3 T oro HBJieiina 2.
rioHCKII npiI3H3KOB KOMMyHIIKaTHBHOH CyiUHOCTH TeK- c i a, KaK npaBHJio, cBH3aiibi c HccJieAOBauHHMH nnc})opMa- TIIUIIOH, CJieÄOBaTejIbHO, CMbICJIOBOH CTopoHbi, HTO, B CBOIO
I D r e s s i e r W . E in f lü h r u n g in d ie T e x t l in g u is t ik . T ü b in g e n , 1972. C.m . ücoßeiiH O pa3ÄeJi 2 — « T e x tg r a m m a t ik » .
II < ’.m .: T a i b n e p H H H . P . O no i ism m « r e K d a » . — «B on p . H3biKa! iH.-iniin», 1974 , Ns 5.
27
omepeAb, KaK c/ieACTBHe, npnBOAHT k neoßxoAHMOCTii on pe- AeJieHHH JIIIHrBHCTHHCCKIIX, nCHXOJIOrHMeCKHX II THOCeOJIO- n m e c K i ix npH3naKOB TeKCTOBbix (})parMeHTOB H3biKa.
O n p e A e j i e m ie rpaM M aT im ecK iix MapKepoB TeKCTa naTa ji- KHBaeTCH na noHTii HenpeoAOJiiiMbie TpyAHOCTH, TaK KaK r p a M M a n iK a H3biKa a o c hx nop 3aKaim iiBaJiacb b npeAeJ iax npeAJio>KeHHH, n o j iym iB u ie ro c i a T y c caM ocToaTe j ib i io i i h 3aK0HHeHH0H eAHHIIUbl KOMMyHHKaUHH (iIMeiOTCH B BHAy npocTb ie h c j i o * H b i e npeAJio>KeHHH).
ZlHCKpeTHOCTb KOMMyHiiKaTHBiioro n p o u ecca ecTb nep- Boe ycJiOBiie noH iiM aeMocTii BocnpiiH iiMaeMbix aApecaTOM B npOHeCCe KOMMyHHKaUHH OTHOCHTe.TbHO 3aKOHHeHHbIX OT- pe3KOB, coAep>KaniHx onpeAeJ ienuy io MbicJib •— cooßm eH iie . B e3 pacHJieneHHH k o m M ym iKam ii i na oT i io c i iTe j ib i io saKon - Hei-iHbie eAHHHUbi n p o u e cc oßm en iiH ßbiji 6bi neB03M0>Ken B CBH3H C TeM, HTO KOMMyHHKaUHH B 3T0M CJiyHaC 0ßpa30- Bajia 6 bi HenpepbiBHbift n aMopcjnibin KOHTiiHvy m , H3 k o t o - p o r o nejib3H ßbiJio 6bi ii3Bjienb n iiKaK iix KOHKpeTHbix cBeAe- HIIH. «CTpOHTeJIbHblH 3JieMeHT» JHOßOH KOMMyHHKaUHH AOJI- >KeH ßblTb nOSTOMy HCHO OHepiICIIHOH AHCKpeTHOII CAHHH- ueii, 3aKJH0Hai0iueH b ceße onpeAejieHHbiii c m h c j i , AOcxynHbiH noHHM aiim o KOMMyHHKaHTOB. K a K b o i iTo reH e- THHecKOM, TaK ii b 4m.noreHeTimecKOM n j ia n e m o >k i io npeA-CTaBHTb KOMMyilllKaTHBHblll npOUeCC KaK ÖeCKOHeHHblH pHA AHCKpeTHblX eAHIIHU, OnpeAeJieHHOCTb II B3aHMOCB5I3b KO- Topb ix Ka>KAbiH AaHiibifi pa3 o ö p a 3 y e T KOiiKpeTHbiH 4>par- MeHT oßiueHiiH, onpeAe.THeMbiH 3aAa>ieH n c i iT yau n e i i kom- MyHHKaUIIII. B03M0>KHa5I ÖeCKOHemiOCTb KOMMyHHKaTHBHO-r o n p o u e cc a 03HanaeT oAiiOBpeMeHiio, iit o oh m o jkc t 6biTb pacHJieneH na jnoßb ie Koneniibic 3JieMeiiTbi, KOTOpbie, b cboio onepeAb, M oryT 6biTb CBCAeubi, TaK cKa3aTb, k m o - . iCKyjic KOMMyiiHKauim — npeAJio>KeHHHM KaK nepBoft ii eAHHCTBeHHoii AJia H3biKa eA iin i iue, OTJiiHiaiomeiicH 4>op- MajIbHOH II CMblCJlOBOH CaMOCTOHTe.TbHOCTblO.
FIpeAJioJKeHiie KaK cTpyK Typa , B on j iom a iom aH b c eße sjieMeiiTbi 3aK0H<-ienH0r0 cooß iueH im (cyß 'beKTiio-npeAHKa- TiiBHoe q jieHenne, oTnouieH iie tcm m i i peMbi, OTHouieHiie A a n n o ro h H oßoro ii t . A-), TeopeT im ecKH h npaKTim ecK ii o ö p a 3 y e T t o 3Bciio kom myhh Kam m , k o t o p o c caMO no c eße AOCTaTOHHO A>TH Bbipa>KeHIIH COOTBeTCTBVIOmeH MblCJlH O ji ioßoM on p eA e^e i i i io M cf>aKTe, hb.ichhh, c i iTyau nn h t . a- C T p y K T y p n o npeA^o>KeHiie h ecTb n03T0My 3aK0HHeHHaa eAHHHua, nocKO.TbKy oTHom em ifl A ß yx e r o HacTefi — rpy n -
28
iii,i r p a M M a T H n e c K o r o c y f i t e K T a ii r p y n n u r p a M M S T i i n e -
i 'K o r o n p e ^ H K a T a — o ö p a 3y io T MHHHMSJibHbie h s ö c o j h o t h o
AöCTaTOHHbie oTH om eH H H , b KOTOpbie y M e m a e T c a j i i o ö s h j io rH H ecK aH M bic j ib . H e c M O T p n Ha c a M b ie p a 3JiiiHHbie hh-
T e p n p e T a u H H C T p y K T yp b i npe,n,jio>KeHHH, B p j ia j ih b o 3 mo>kho
O T p H U a T b 3 3 K0 HHeHH0 CTb 3 T0 H C T p yK T yp b i B < } )O pM a jIbH O M
II KOMMyHHK3 THBHOM CMbICJie. H 3 3 T o r o ( j )3 KT3 C H e H 3 Ö e X -
n o cT b io c j i e ,u y e T t o t b m b o ä , h t o a j ih K O M M y H H K a m m c TOHKH 3 p e H H H K3 K nOJIVHaTeJ IH , T aK II n p O H 3 B O A H T e j ]H flO-
ct3tohho (jsopMHpoBaHHe o,n,Horo npeÄJioJKeiuiH. B jiio6om npe/i,Jio>KeHHH 6yn,eT cooßmeHa Mbicjib o iickotopom coöbi- tiih — (})aKTe hjih HBJieHiiH, hto ii cocTaßiiT nepBbifi n e o ö -
XOßHMblH MHHHMyM B33IIMOnOHHM3HHH.C u e n j i e H H e n p e / u i o w e m i H , 3 c j i e ,n o B a T e J ib n o , h O T f l e j ib -
HblX B b Ip a > K e H H b lX B HHX MbICJieH B H e K O T O p y iO U e n O H K y ,
/ ip y r H M i i c j iO B a M i i , ( } ) o p M n p o B a n i i e K O M M y H i iK a T H B H o r o n p o -
u e c c a K a K H e K O T o p o r o p a c T a n y T o r o b o B p e M e H i i h b j i c h h h ,
e c T b y m e H e h t o n n o e , K 3 K y c . i o J K H e m i e n e p B i iH H O H C T p y K
T y p b i K O M M y H H K S H I IH — n p e jU IO > K eH H H , yCJIO>KHeHIie , BbI3 -
B 3 H H 0 e b n e p B y i o o n e p e ^ b T e M j e n 0 T 3 T 0 M, K O T o p b i i i c t s h o -
BHTCH n p e f lM e T O M C0 0 6 m e H I IH . X l p y r H M I I CJIOBaMH, ( j )O pM H -
p O B 3 H H e K O M M y H I IK ä T I IB H O f l H en O H K H e c T b c j )O p M I ip O B a H I ie
pHfl ,a B bICK3 3 b IB 3 HIIH 113 C T p y K T y p H O 3 aKOIIHCHHblX C flU-
h h u — n p e Ä J io > K e H H H .
FIoCKOJIbKy TOJibKO npCAJIO>KeHIIfl 0 6 JI3A3IOT cTpyKTyp- HOH 33KOHHeHHOCTbK), nepeHOC T3KIIX >KC CTpyKTypIIblX n p i i -
3H3K0B Ha TeKCTOBbie OTpe3KH BpHfl JIII B03M0>KeH, BCJICA’ cTBue n e ro ä J ih t c k c t 3 H eo 6 xo,uiiMo HCKaTb a p y n i e Äii<})(})e- peHU,H3JlbHbie npH3H3KII, JIOKaiHHC B njIOCKOCTII CCM3IITH- kh 3. J l io ß o e coneT3HHe npe;yio>KeHiiH b TCKCTe, aa>Ke cc j ih oh o ö y a e T orpsHiineHO s633ueM , He mo>kbt im eT b npii3H3- kob c T p y K T y p H O f i 33BepmeHH0CTii (BKJiioqaa aa>i<e i i i i t o h s - m i i o ) .
T a K o e cocTOHHiie pa3paßoTKH Teopnii TeKCT3 o6t,hc- nneTCH He TeM, hto hccjicaobstcjiii eme ne o6H3py>Kiijin A0CT3T0HHHX (|)OpMajIbHO-CTpyKTypHbIX npiI3IiaK0B TCKCTO-
Cm., nanpiiMep, DbicKa3biBanna B. XlpeccJiepa: «SaaaMefi ncc.iej.0Ba- Hiia ceMaHTHKH TeKCTa HBJiaeTCH o n p e a e J ic m ie CTpyKTypbi cMbicjia TeKCTa hjih e ro cj)parMeHTa, h b HacTuocTH. ceMaim mecK iix OTiiome- HHH, KOTOpbie BbIXOAHT 3a paMKII CMbICJIOBblX CTpyKTyp OTAe.'IbllblX npeÄJiOJKeHHH. 3 t ot <J)aKTop HB.naeTCH ociiobhoh npo6.neMoii ceMaimi- 'le c K o f l KorepeHUHH r e x c r a » ( D r e s s i e r W . E in führun g in die T extlingu istik , S. 16).
29
b h x 0Tpe3K0B, a tcm , h t o j iniirBiicTHqecKHH a n n ap aT TeK- CTa KaK cTpyKTypH oß eAiniHHbi ne cooTBeTCTByeT c y m n o - c t h caMoro H3biKa. O op M u p oß aH i ie ,n io6oro TeKCTa aoji>kho CTpOHTbCH Ha SJieMeHTapHblX CTpyKTypIIblX eAHHHU,aX — npeAJio>KeniiHx, a KOMMVHHKamiH, ncnoJib3yioin,aH npeAJio- >KeHHH, AOJi>KHa npH oöpeTaTb v>Ke coBepmenHO A p y rn e npH3H3KH COOTBeTCTBeHHO 3T0My ypOBHIO, T. C., A Pyn iM H CJiOBaMH, ypoBHio ne cT py K T yp n oro , a CMMCJiOBoro 0Öpa30- B3HHH.
C u e n j i c m i e npeAJio>KeHHH b TCKCTe, K aK m u y>Ke t o b o - pHJIH, MOJKeT 6 bITb M apK IipO Ba ilO TOJIbKO CeMaHTHHeCKHMII OTHOmeHH5IMH, B CBA3H C i e M 5I3bIK0 BbIMH H0 K a 3 aTejIHMH
3 t h x OTHOUjeiiHH M o r y T ßbiTb, K aK n p a B iu io , j i e K C H ie c K i i e
eAH H im b i, y K a 3biBaiouj,ne n a K a K y i o - jm ß o n ocJ ieAO B aTe j ib - n o c T b p accy>K AeH H H h j ih c o x p a n e n n e t o h h j i i i h h o h TeMbi K OM M yHHKauiiH . E I o h c k i i ( j j o p M a j ib i ib ix n oK a sa TC J ien TeKCTa
n 0 3 T 0 M y b o c h o b h o m h h i j ih b n j i a n e on peA C J iem iH T e x JieK- CHHCCKHX 3 JICMCHTOB, KOTOpbie O Ö p a 3yiOT SI3bIKOByiO CBH-
3 aHHOCTb- TeKCTa. C j iO B a c o 3H a n e i i i i eM c j i c a c t b h h , n p iR H H b i (riOSTOMy, nOTOMl], 6 COH311 C 3TIIM) , CJIOBa CO 3I i a LieHHeM
HTOra ( UTÜK, TOKUM 0 6 p ü 3 0 M , ß SÜKAtOHeHUe, k ü k C A edyeT
U3 6 b itu eu 3 A 0 M eH H 0 Z 0 ) , c j i o ß a c o 3H aH en i ieM o ß p a m e i u i a k n p e A b iA y m e M y O T p c 3K y ( k ü k m u yKa3b ieaAU ebu i t e ) , c j i o - Ba c o 3H a iie m ie M npoAOJi/KeniiH t c m u ( d a A e e , 3 a re M
h t . A - ) — Bce 3 t h J ie K c im e cK i ie eAH H im b i npeACTaBJin ioT
c o ß o i i He mto HHoe, K aK c eM a i iT i iM e c K i ie n o K a 3 aTeJin o n p e -
A e j i e H H o ß ueJibHOCTii paccv>KAeH H H , A i i c K v p c a .B j i i o ß o M TeKCTe — n a y n H O M , x y a o / k c c t b c h i i o m , n o s T i i -
necKOM — n o K a 3 a T C J in c M b i c J i o ß o r o c u e n j i e i iH H TeKCTa a o -
C T a T o r a o 51C110 M a p i u i p y i o T H 3 b iK o n o f i c l jp arM eH T . 3 t o j ib -
j i e m i e c t o j i b p a c r i p o c T p a n e n o b o b c c x s i a u K a x , m t o o i i o n e
T p e ß y e T , n o c y m e c T B y , n A O K a s a r e j i b C T B a . JÖ,ji« KpaT K O ii
i i J iJ i i o c T p a iu in n p i iB C A e M n os T H H ec K ir i i t c k c t :
Mea.iiiTeabno B.neKyTCH äiiii moii,H Ka>Kflbin Miir b yHbi.noM c e p jm e miio>kiit B c e rop ecT ii neciacT.nHBoii jiioöbh II Bce Me'iTbi öeayMiiH tpcbo>kiit.H o a MOJHy; ne c.nbimeii p o n o T m o h ;51 c.Te3bi .ib io ; Miie c.ie3bi y ie m e n b e . . .4.
B 3 to m OTpbiBKe nepBbie neTbipe c tp o m k h c a M i i n o c e - ße M orj in ßbi c o c T a B i iT b 3a K o n q c in ib iH t c k c t . O a h 3 k o n a n a -
4 n y in k h h A . C . CoHHHemifl. M ., 1949 , c. 5 6 — 57.
30
.'hi m iT oft C T p ü 4 Kii B b ip a > K a c T cMbic.iOBOc n p o T i i B o n o c t aBJie- i i ik ' ii y K a 3 b i B a c T na t o , h t o 3 3 K o i m e i m o c T b t c k c t s c j i e Ä y e T
ncKaTb b 3aB epm e im n ca M o ro n p o T i i B o n o c T a B J i e m i H , h t o
,/uict oc i io B a m ie c n i r r a T b 3 a K o i iH e n n b iM t c k c t o m C T p o ( } ) y c IIOCJieAHHM C.TOBOM « V T e i U C I I b e » .
K o i i c h h o , 3 t i i n o B c p x H O C T i ib ie n p i i 3 HaKii n e o 6 ; i 3 A 3 i o t
. ■ lö co j i ioT H o i i A i i ( j ) ( | ) c p c n m ip y i o u i , e H c i u i o n , a C K o p e e B c e r o
c.;iy>KaT J in u ib n o A T B c p ^ a e i n i G M TOMy, h t o r p a i i i m u TeKCTa
M apKHpyiOTCH .TOrilHeCKHMII IIJIH CMblCJIOBblMII n p i i 3Hai<aMii
A i i c K y p c a .
EcJIIi B KOMMyHHKaTHBHOM nOTOKC BblHJieHCIUie 3Jie- MCIITapHblX eAIIHHU npeAJIO>KCHIIH ( iO K B yCTHOH, TaK II B IIIICbMeHHOH pCHIl) 6a3IipyeTCH 113 OHCBIIAHblX CTpyKTVpHblX lipiI3HaKaX, TO Bbl H.TCIICH IIG OTAeJIbHblX (])parMGHTOB STOTO IIOTOK3 AOJl>KIIO CTpOIITbCH, BIIAHMO, B nCpBVIO OMCpeAb, a MO>KeT ÖblTb II IICKJIIOHIITC/IbllO, 113 npiI3HaKaX, CBH33HHbIX ne c o CTpyKTypoii, 3 c coAep>KaiuieM KOMMymiKamiii. U,enb IipeA^OJKCIIIlii rp3MMaTIIHeCKII BpHA JIH MOJKeT ÖblTb CTpo-10 (J)OpMaJIbHO M 3 p K lip OB 3H 3 , T aK K aK H3bIK IIC p3CnOJ13-
I'aCT HHKaKIIMII A p y n i M I I CIIIITSKCIIHeCKHMII n p iI3H 3K aM II ,
K poM e T e x , KOTOpbie 3 aK ji ioH e i ib i B i iy T p n npeAJio>Kcii i iH .
l l e p B b l M 0 C H 3 aC M b IM n p i I 3 I I 3 K 0 M K O M M y i lH K a T I IB I IO H UC-
noHKH 5iBJiHeTCH K O J iH H e c T B e i i i ib in n p i i 3 i i a K , a i i m c h i i o n a j i n -
■nie M n o > K e c T B a n p e A J io > K C H i i i i , c o c T a B j i H i o m n x K O M M y m i -
K a T H B I Ib l f l ( j ) p 3 r M e i I T , OÖ-bCA III ieHHb lÜ TCM STIIH C CK H M CIO>Ke-
t o m . Ü A n a K O B K J i i o ' i e m i e j i i i r n b K O J i i in e c T B e i iH b ix n p n 3 n a -
KOB B nO IIHTIIH TC K CT3 K 3 K K O M M y H I IK a T I IB H O T O t | )p a rM e i IT 3
I ie MO>KCT A a T b a A C K B a T H O H K a p T H H b l , T a K K 3 K JII0 6 0 Ü KOM -
M yH H K a T I IB H b lH K O I I T I I I i y y M IIC I IMCCT B I i y T p i I CCÖ5I SICHblX
r p 3 H H U , KOTOpbie COOTBeTCTBOBaJIII 6 bl n p i I 3 H 3 K y 3 a K 0 I IH e i I -
HOCTII TCM bl COOÖmCHIIH . M cH IIC J ieH I IC KOJlI IHeCTBa n p eA ^ IO -
>KeHIIH T e M b l COOÖmCHHH I ICB 0 3M 0 >K H 0 ÜO TOH n p H H H I ie , HTO
HCB 03M 0>K H 0 C 0 3 A a i m e TaÖ J I I IU b l A ‘TH C O O TB eT C T B e i lH O B c e x
M b i c j i i iM b ix T e M o ö m e H i i H ii o n p e A C J i e n n o r o K o . i i m e c T B a
11 p e a - t 0 >k e h n i i .
T p y A i i o c T H o n p e A e j i e n H H r p a M M a T H H e c K o i i C T p y K T y p b i
T C K CTa o n p e A e ^ H i o T c n t c m i i c p 3 3 p e n n i M b i M B i i y T p n c h h t s k -
C1IC3 TC K CT3 n p O T H B O p e H I i e M , KO TO pO e B 0 3 H H K 3 C T B CBH3I1 C
o r c y T C T B i i e M e r o ( j ) i i K c n p o B 3 i i H b i x r p s i u m . 3 t o o ö c T O H T e .T b -
c r n o B b iH y v K A a e T n e p e x o A H T b b o ß j i a c T b e r o J io r i iK O -C M b ic -
JIOBOH C T p y K T y p b i .
TCKCT MO>KeT ÖblTb OnpeAeJlCH KSK (| )p 3 rM eH T H3bIK3 n e
110 KOJIHHeCTBCHIIblM, a n o cJ)yiIKUH0 H3 JlbH0 -K0 MMyHHKaTIIB-
31
h m m napaM eTpaM , cpeA ii i<oTopbix p e iiia io m y io p o /ib aoji>k - Hbl HrpaTb npH3HaKII CMbICJlOBOH ÄHCKpeTHOCTII HeKOTOpO- r o a ÄHeKypea. CMbic^iOBbie npusiiaKH TeKCTa äo j i jkh m ßbiTb BbIHBJieHbl B COOTBeTCTBHH C Te M O H H3JI0JKCHHH C OOTBeTCT-
B y i o m e r o M aTepiiaJia, o ö c y > K A a e M o r o b TeKCTe.OrpaHHHIIBaiOlUHM 0 6 cT0 HTe.IIbCTB0 M KOMMyHHKa-
THBHoro c|»parMeHTa M oryT ßbiTb, npe>KAe B cero, JiorHHecKHe n a p a M e ip b i 3aBepinenHOCTn n e x o T o p o r o paccyjKfleHHH. K a - T e rop i iH — TeMa, c i i T y a u i i H , npeflM eT — Bpna jih M oryT MapKiipoBaTb TeKCT, nocKOJibKy ne cym ecTB yeT o 6 i>eKTiiB- Hbix KpHTepiieB HcnepnaHiiocTii, orpammeHHOCTH KaKOH- j ih 6 o TeMbi. T e M a m o > k c t ßbiTb MiinHMajibHOH h y 3KOH no CBoeMy o ß ^ e M y h -reM He MeHee BecbMa neonpeAejieHHOH n o f l e n n e KOMMyiiHKaTHBHoro n ep n o f la . CaMbie a jieMeHTap- Hbie >KHTeHCKHe TeMbi: n o ro A a , BCTpena, npne3A , oß eA H t . fl.. — He M oryT cJiy>KHTb orapaB H o ft t o h k o h a j ih on p e - Ae^eHHH HeKOToporo 3 aKOHqeHHoro TeKCTa KaK 3aKOHHeHHO- r o cj)parMeHTa K o n K p e ra o r o KOMMyHHKaTHBHoro n p o u ecca . E c j i i i o ß p a T H T b C J i k n a y m i b i M T e M a M , t o h 3 A e c b H eJ ib 3 >i
HaHTii HHK3KHX ocH3aeMbix n p i i3naKOB TeMaTHHecKoß on pe- AejienHOCTH a^ih TeKCTa. TaK , TeMbi «aTOMHoe H A p o » hjih «SKOHOMH^ecKoe n o J io^eH i ie O p a im H i i » , «B epoH TH oeTb », «paAHoaKTHBHoe H3JiyHenne» h t . a. M oryT ßbiTb H3Ji0JKe- h h KaK b TeKCTe a j ih h ok ) b oa h h a 63au, TaK h b n,e;ioH mo- Horpa<j)HH.
B o 3 b M e M , k n p n M e p y , o t p h b o k H3 r e o r p a t J j H H e c K o r o
T e K C T a « H o j i H T i m e c K a H K a p T a M H p a » ;
O o p M i i p o ß a H i i e c o B p e M e m i o i i n o J i im m e c K O H K a p t b i .
C o B p e M e m ia a noJiHTHqecKaH KapTa MHpa CJio»H^aCb He c p a 3 y . OopM iipoBam ie e e — sto ajiH TejibH biH H CTopim ecK H Ü
n p o u e c c , oT p a > K a io iu n H n c T o p n io pa3BHTHH q e j io B e q e c K o r o 0 6 *
mecTBa...O rp o M im e H3 M eH eH H fl n a n o J i i iT im e c K o f i K a p T e MHpa B b i '
3 B a J in T aK > K e n p o H c x o A n m e e b n o c j i e B o e m i b i H nepHOÄ K p y r n e -
i m e K O J io i i i ia j ib i io H CH CTeM bi H M n e p H a jiH 3 M a — B T o p o e n o
C B o e M y n c T o p im e c K O M y 3 i i a 4 e H H io H B J ie n n e n o c . i e 0 Ö p a 3 0 B a iiH fl
M i ip o B o i i c o u . u a j in c T im e c K O H C H C TeM bi. 3 a c p a B H H T e j ib i i o n e -
6 0 JIbU]0 li e p o K C riO .'IHTH'ieCKOH K a p T U M H p a Öbl.HH C T e p T b l KO-
j i o i i H a j i b i i u e l i M n e p i i i i , n o T o p u e H M n e p n a jiH C T b i C K o ^ a m iB a j iH
B e K a M ii.. .
B ce ro na coBpeMemioii noJiHTHqecKoii KapTe MHpa nacqH- TbiBaeTCH oko j io 200 cTpan. r ipHMepiio 7 3 o ö m e ro HHCJia CTpaH — noJiHTimecKH ne3aBHCHMbie rocyaapcTBa, cpe^n o c -
T a j ib H b ix npeoßjiaÄaioT u e ö o J ib m H e ocTpoBa h m m e TeppHTo- pim, em,e iiaxoÄninnecH b 33bhchmocth o t HMnepHajincTHiecKUX Ä e p * a B . M e w ^ y BceMii sthmh cTpanaMH cymecTByioT n e p e A K o
oueHb 6oJibiuHe pa3^Hqna, KacaiomHecd nojiHTHqecKoro Ctpoä h (|)opM rocy^apcTB em io ro ycTpoficTBa. O ä h 8ko cpeAH hhx m o >kho BbiÄeJiHTb TpH ociioBiibie rpy rm u rocyAapcTB: couna- jiHCTHHecKHe, KaniiTa^HCTimecKHe h MOJiOÄbie HauHOHa;ibHbie rocy^apcTBa 5.
ConOCTaBHM AaHHblH TeKCT C M3TCM3THHeCKHM TeKCTOM:
T a n r e H c cyM M bi 11 pa3H0CTH A B y x yrjiO B
O o p M y jib i äJ ih BbipaJKeHHH cH H y ca h Kocimyca cyMMbi (p a 3 iiocT H ) A B y x yrjiOB q ep e3 c n i iy c b i h k och - H ycbl 3THX yiVIOB n03B0JI5II0T nOJiy>IHTb COOTBeTCTByiO-
m n e (J iop M y jiH ä j ih Tanrenca h K O TaH reH ca.
ZJeficTBHTeJibHO,— (4>opMyjia).r ip ean oiio /K H M , i t o c o s a h c o s ß o t^ h m h u o t HyjiH
( s t o paB iiocH jib iio TOMy, 'i t o t g a h t g ß onpeAe-rceHbi). T o rA a , pa3ACJiHB 'incjiH Te;ib ii 3HaMeHaTeJib nocjieA H efl A p o ß n na c o s - c o s , n o .iy 'iiiM , (ct>opM y.ia).
I I tu k , e c .n i T a iir c iic u yr .ioB u , ß h a + ß onpeA e.ieH bi, t o — ((jjop M y .n a ).
T a n re iic c y m m i>i A n yx yr.'ioB p a ß en cyM M e T a iire iicoB s t h x y w o a , A cjic iin o ii na CÄimHuy, M im yc npoH 3B eA cn nc TaHreHcoB s t h x y iv io i i6.
CoBepmeiiHO oh cbh ah o , h t o tcm s , o6o3H3HeiiH3si b Ha- ■ia;ie p a 3 Ä e ^ a yneÖHHKa reo rpa t } ) i iH — «n oJ iH T im ecK aH Kap- Ta M H pa», ö y a e T OTHOciiTbca ko bccm pa3AeJiaM a o c t 3 t o h - ho öojibiuoH BejiHHinibi. OftiiaKo 3 t o ne o3HanaeT, HTO Becb p a3Ä e^ m o jk g t öbiTb t3k>kc pacHJicueH M3 onpeÄeJieH- Ilbie (J )p3rMe»TbI, OTJmH3IOUJ.HeCfl K3KHMH-T0 npH3H3K3MH TeMaTHHecKoro xa p 3 K T ep s . 3 t h TeM3THHecKiie npii3H3KH M oryT ÖbiTb npiIMCIieHbl B 3aBIICHM0CTH OT Cy6"beKTHBHOH ycTaHOBKH T o ro hji ii in io r o no jiynaTe jiH TeKCT3 (yneHHKS, i isyH H oro peuen3enTa n t . a . ) , TaK KaK B nepBOM OTpbiBKe BnO^He M oryT 6bITb BblAeJICIIbl TpH TCKCTa, OTMCHeHHbie a63auaMH. B o b topom , MaTeM3TimecK0M TeKCTe T3K>Ke mo- ryT öbiTb BbiACJieiibi no TeMaTiinecKOMy np ii3HaKy 2— 3 TeK- cTa. H o TaK Kai< n o A o ö n o e BbiAejieHiie TeKCTa c tp o h tc h
C OAHOH CTopoHbi, 113 npiI3 IiaKaX HHCTO CMbICJIOBOrO xa pa K - Tcp3 (npcAMGT, p a c c y > K A c m ie ) , a c a p y ro f t — Ha npH3Ha- i<ax, cBH3aiiHbix c pa3JiiiHH0H ucjieycTaHOBKOii, t o ohcbha- iio, h t o hu n c p B b i i i , ii ii B T o p o i i noaxo/ibi k t c k c t y ne ;ie-
1 A p T e M b e s a A. T. h AP- SKoiioMHMecKaH reorpa(})H H 3apy6e>KHbix cTpaH. y q e ö iio e noco6n e ajih cpeAiieii luko.™ . M ., 1973, c. 5.
1 K o t e i K O B a E . C . A jireöp a ii 3JieM enTapnbie {JjyiiKUHH, h. 2. M ., 1972, c. 9.
2 3ax . 164 33
>Kat B tlJIOCKOCTH JIHHrBHCTHKH. B o J ie e TOFO, 3b l6K O C T b
T e M a n m e c K u x r p a m m t c k c t 3 B o o ß m e j i i i m a e T n c c j i c A O B a -
TejIH K a K 0 H-JlI l6 0 npOHHOli OCHOBbI AJIH p a 3 Ö H B K H KOM M y-
HHK3THBHO-HHc})opMaTHBHoro M aTCpiiaJia Ha HeTKHe OTpe3KH( K KOTOpbIM 6bIJIO Öbl npiIM CHeHO JHIHrBHCTHHeCKOe nOHHTHe
TeKCTa. ripaK T H K a KHH>KHoro oiftopMJieHHH a a e T AOCTaTOH“
h o yßeÄ H T ejibH bix npH M epoB p o j w p e A a K r o p a , e r o 3iiaHHÖ
H on biT a a^ih o6o3H aH enH H pa3AeJiOB, naparpa<|)OB, r jia B h
a 6 3 a u e B k h h t .
H a n ö o j i e e npneMjieMbiM b TeMaTHnecKOM n o A x o A e K onHcaHHio TeKCTa 6 h j i 6 h n p H 3i iaK , c B 5i 3aHHbiH c J i o n m e -
ckh m h n a p a M e T p a M H o n p e A C J ie rn io ro 0 T p e 3Ka. K s t h m n a- p a M e T p a M m o>kho ö h j i o 6 h o t i i c c t h o r a o c i iT e J ib H o caMO- CTOHTejibHbie 3BeHbH u e j ib H o r o paccy>KAeH H H b n p e A e J ia x KaKOH-JlHÖO TeMbi. 3 tH 3 Be iIb5I-paCCy>KAeHHH MO>KHO 6 bIJI0 6 bi o 6 o 3H a m iT b K a K 3 Tanbi A i i c K y p c a , CTpoam,erocH n a c u e iu ie n H i i B b icK a3biBanHH b o n i i c a T e j ib i iO M njiaHe K a K o i i -
j ih Ö o TeMbi h j ih Ha saKOHqeiiHOCTH o n p e A e J ie H i io r o p accy> K -
AeHHH n o K aK 0 M y - jn i 6 0 B o n p o e y (H a n p i iM e p , n p i iB e A e i i i i e pHAa HCXOAHblX nOCblJIOK II BblBCACHHe Bcex CJieACTBHH 113 y K a 3 aHHbix nocbiJ iOK c ( jpopMiipoBanneM o n p e A e j i e H H o r o b h - BOAa). T a K i i e j i o n iH e c K H e n p i i3iiaKii TeKCTa onpcAeJ i i iJ in 6 bi
e r o K aK q a c T i i A i i c K y p c a b j i i o 6 om o 6 "beMe — o t aÖ3an a a o u e j i o i i k h h t h , e c j i n 3 a o c i i o ß y 6 biJia 6 bi B3HTa J io rn q e c K a f l 3 aB epuieHHOCTb b u e n n p ac cy> K A e i iH i i — o t nocHJioK a o BblBOAa HJIH 3aKJHOMCHHH nO OnilCaTeJIbHOH X a p a K T ep iIC T I I -
Ke o n p e A e j i e i i i i o r o n peA M C T a . T a K , a j ih n e p ß o r o n p i iB C A e i i - Horo 3A e c b TeKCTa, AJifl aÖ 3 a u a , n a m m a i o m e r o c » c j i o ß a M H i «O rp o M H b ie H3 M eH e in iH . . . » h K o in ia iou x e ro c H « . . .B e K a M i i »
( 3A e c b B0 3 M0 >KH0 n poAO JD Kenne a 6 3 a u a ) , 3a K 0 H q e m i0 CTb
A H e K y p e a o n p e A e j ia e T C H n e p B o i i nocb iJ iKo ft 0 6 i i 3MeneHHHX Ha n o j i i iT im e c K o f t K a p T e M i ip a h k o h k p c t h h m b h b o ä o m H3
3 TOii nocbiJiKii — « K p y m e i i n e K0 Ji0 HHajibHbix H M n e p u f i » .
,H,jih B T o p o r o TeKCTa b Ka^ecTBe A i i c K y p c a mo>kho n p i iB e - c t h nepBbift a 6 3 a u o t c j iOBa « ( j j o p M y j i a » a o c j iob « T a n r e n c , KOTaHreHC», rAe 113 o ö m e i i nocb iJ iK ii o c y M M e c i iHyca 11 k o -
C H H yca AeJiaeTCH b h b o a 06 o n p e A e J ie H im T a n r e H c a 11 k o - T a H re H c a . E c j i i i b nepBOM c j i y n a e AH eKype KaK j ion iH CCKH
on peAeJ ieH H b ii i TeKCT c o c t o h j i H3 l iecKOJibKHx (J)pa3 , t o b o B T o p o M c j i y n a e s t o t t c k c t o r p a in im iB a e T C H o a h o h ( j ) p a 3o f t r
npn^ ieM HHTepecHO, ^ t o aj i^i B To p oro TeKCTa cJ ieA y io m H H
A H e K y p e , b h a h m o , 6 y A e T o 6 i iH M aTb c o ß o f i B ecb o cT a T O K
npHBeAeHHoro oTpbiBKa.
34
OniicaTejTbHbiH Tim TeKCTa xapaKTepn3yeTCH 33K0HHeH- i iocTbio nepeHHCJieHHH b c g x npii3H3KOB k 3 koh -jih6 o TeMbi. B ot sjieM eHTapHbiö npHMep:
«C oB peM eH H an x i iM im ecK an npoMbim jienHocTb c o c to h t H3 HecKOJibKHX OTpac j ieö : a ) ropHO-XHMHHecKOH (Aoßbm a xuMHHecKoro cb ipb f l ) , 6 ) o ch o bh o h x h m h h (n o j iyq eH n e co- j ieö , k h c j io t , MHHepajibHbix y a o ö p e H H ß ) ; b ) x h m h h op ra - HHHecKoro CHHTesa (np0H3B0flCTB0 n jiacTM acc , K ayqyKa , pa3JTHqnbix b o j io k o h » .
T a n a a cM bicJ ioß an 33K0HHenH0CTb jrcrKO npocjie>K H B aeT-
c a n a B ce x BH flax TeKCTa, b t o m HHCJie h xyao>K ecT B eH H bix. I lp iiB e a e M BHOBb CTpoqKH H3 CTii.xoTBopeHHH A . C . F ly u i- k h h 3 :
B jie a iie jia yTpein iflfl Tem>,B o^ a cpeöpn jiacfl n noTone,C oM IlIIT eJIbllb lli p o > K /ia jicü A e ilb
H a o T y M a iie m io M B ocT oK e.
f l c n e j i i i x o jiM b i h j ie c a
H n p o c b i n a j in c b u e ö e c a 7.
B o Bcex nonb iTKax h s h t h KaKiie-jri ißo nciibie napaMeT- pbi ä j ih o n p ea e j icm iH TeKCTa ckbo3h t, 6c3ycJi0BH0, CTpeM- jieHiie npe>Kfle Bcero yKa3aTb Ha cm h c j i h J ionmecKHe npn- 3H3KH, OÄHaKO, KaK Mbl y ÖOKflaeMCH, CMbICJIOBbie npH3Ha- kh ocTaioTCH BecbM3 neonpeaejicH iib iM H, 3 JioniHecKHe npH- 3H3KH M oryT ßblTb npHMeHCHbl JTIIIIIb K nOIIHTHIO TeKCTa KaK HHCToro ÄHCKypca, n p y rn M n cjiob3mh, t c k c t s K3K neKOTO- p o ro 3BeHa J ionmecKH CBH3iioro psccy jKae iiHH . HcTHHHan >Ke 3afl3H3 onpeÄeJieniiH t c k c t s / io.ijkhs 6 u Tb no cym ecT - By jiHHrBHCTiiqecKOH. K s k h m >kc a p cen a j io M npH3H3K0B p3CnOJI3r3eT H3bIK ÄJIH MapKHpOBaHI«! KOMMyHHKaTHBHbTX 0Tpe3K0B, ßö jibun ix 'ieM cTpyK Typ i ian cauHHua 5i3biKa — - npeflJio>KeHHe?
K JioniHecKHM napaMCTpaM (j jparMciiTa TeKCTa M oryT ßbiTb OTiieceiibi cJ ieay iom H e npn3naKH:
а ) m h k p o tc k c t (p a 3 B ep n yT o e on p eA e j iem ie , orpaHHHen- iibift o6"beKT onnca in iH h TOMy n o Ä o ß H o e ) ; t c k c t , 3aKJno- MaiomiiH uenb paccy>KAcnnii — o t nocw jiOK a o BbiBOfla (nanpH M ep TeopeM a h ee aoKasare j ibCTB a, Te3iic h CJien-
CTBHe H T. f l . ) ; MHHHMyM ÄB3 npCflJIOJKeHHH;б ) M aKpOTeKCT; COBOKynHOCTb CBH33HHHX M O Kfly CO-
rioi'i oßCTOHTCJlbCTB paCCy>K/I.einiH, ÄHCKypC B COÖCTBeHHOM
7 11 y in k h h A. C. CcmmieHUH,- c. 234.
CMHCJie cjiOBa; pa f l cBHsamibix m o k ä v coöoh f l i icKvpcoB , naparpat } )b i , pa3flejib i TeKCTa. J Io n m ecK H e napaMeTpbi oa - HOBpeMeHHO KOppeJIHpyKJT C K0MMVHHK3THBHbIMH, TaK KaK nocjieAHHe coAep>K3Tcsi b t c k c t o b o m (} )parMeHTe KaK 3Ha- kh oö p am eH H a k c j iy iuaTejiro -qHTaTeji io (nepeKJnoqeHHe BHHMaHHH, 3H3K n e p e x o A a K HOBOH T eM e ) .
J lo rH K O -K O M M y H H K a T H B H b ie 3H3KH T e K C T a p e a jIH 3yiO T C H B 3ByK0B0M H ÜHCbMeHHOM H3bIKe napaJIHHrBHCTHMeCKHMH C p e flC T B a M H (K 0 M n03 H IIHH C T p O K H m p ii^ T O B ; K H H eTH H eC KH e h » e c T O B w e Ä B H J K e in m , m o a v j ih u i ih r o j i o c a ) .
B KOMMyHHKaUHH Ha ypoBHe TeKCTa ß o j ib inoe sna^eH iie npno6peTaK)T TaKHe cpe/icTBa, conpoBo>KAaiomHe H3biK0B0e oöm eH H e b t o h h jih h i ioh KOHKpeTHOH cpeAe, KOTOpbie cno - c o 6 h m HecTH HMeHiio CMHCJioByio, a ne CTpyKTypHyio H a -
rpy3KV. FlapajiHHrBHCTHqecKHe cpeacTBa, k k o t o p h m ajih. yCTHOH (j}OpMbI OÖmeHHH CJieflyeT OTHeCTH Bce BHflbI KHHe- TH^ecKHx h >KecTOBbix ÄBH>KeHHH, onpefle j ieHHbie m oav j ih - U h h r o j io c a h t . A.; b nncbMeHHoft p e q n — k o m 6 h h 3 u h h
CTpOK H HipH(J)TOB, pHCyHKH H rp a ^ H K V H T. A., eCTb TOT HeHCMepnaeMbiö a p c e n a j i KOMMyHHKaUHH, k o to p h m p scn o - JiaraeT qejiOBeK a j ih coBepmeHHO m ctk o to oripeflejieHHH jtio- 6 0 r 0 OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3aKOHqeHHOrO OTpe3Ka K0MMyHHK3UHH. 3aBepmeHHOCTb p a3 ro B o p a , 3aBepmeHH0CTb cooßmeHHH, rpaHHUbi nepexofla k hoboh TeMe. o6o3HaqeHHOH cooTBeT-- CTBeHHO B yCTHOH HJIH nHCbMeHHOH (})OpMe -— >KeCTOM, MH- m h k o h , flBH>KeHHeM Te jia ; b nucbMe — pacnojio>KeHHeM TeKCTa — KpacHOH cTpoKoft, o6o3 i iaqeH neM rjiaBbi, n a p a - rpa 4 )a h t . a., M a p ra p y e T c n hcho h OAH03HaqH0 b c o o t b c t - CTBHH c aeJieyCTaHOBKOH aBTOpa-KOMMyHHK3HTa. H o Bce 3TH npH3H3KH OTHOCHTCH K C ^ ep e CMbICJIOBblX, a He CTpyK- TypHblX.
ü p e A M eT O M H 3 VKH O TeKCTe nOSTOM y M O * e T ßbTTb Bbl- HBJieHHe JIOrHKO-nCHXOJIOrHqeCKOH OCHOBbI CB5I3 aHHOCTH
TeK C Ta, o n p e A e J in eM o ft Ka>KAbiii AaH H bift p a 3 o r a o c H T e jib H o
TeMaTHHecKoft H3OM0p(})H0CTH H3biKOBoro $ p a rM en T 3 .E cTb Bce 0CH0B3HHH n o s T O M y paccMaTpHBaTb K a T e r o -
pHK) TeKCT3 He KaK o6jI3CTb HCCJieAOBaHHH JIHHrBHCTHKH,
a K3K no MeHbuiefi M epe norpaHHMHvio oß jiacTb MejKAy JIHHTBHCTHKOH, JIOrHKOH H nCHXOJIOTHeH. H e ÖyAeT OUIHÖKH B TOM, MTo6bI OTHeCTH TeKCT He K pa3psif ly H3bIKOBbIX HB- jieHHH, a k p a 3 p n f ly HBJieHHH KOMMyHHKaiiHH, HMea b bh- ny , mto KOMMyHHKamm npeflCTaBJiJieT c o ß o ö K aTeropn io He
m hcto h 3 h ko b v io , a n parM aT iiK O -ncH xo j io ro -peqeB y io . H 3 y -
36
•leime KOMMyHHKaTHBHOTO npouecca HMeeT HecKOJibKO apy- i'yio 3aaany, He^ejiH H3yqeHHe CTpyKTypbi H3bma, noaToisiy TCKCT KaK eflHHHUa KOMMyHHKailHH 33HMeT OÄHO H3 TJiaB- »bix MecT b toh HayKe, KOTopa« ßojiee aeTajibno öyaeT paccMaTpHBaTb npouecc oömeHHH b nejioBeqecKOM o6mecT- ne bo Bcex ero acneKTax (h3hkobom, napajiiiHrBHCTHHe- ckom, ncnxo^orH^ecKOM, jiormecKOM, nparMSTimecKOM ii t . a . ) .
J lH H T B H C T H K a T e K C T a n O S T O M y aOJI>K I ia p 3 C C M 3 T p H B 3 T b -
c a K a K o ß j i a c T b , c m o k h s h M e > K a y J i o r i iK o f i , n c i i x o -n i iH r B H -
CTHKOH H J IHHrBHCTHKOH, OCOÖeHHO B Ce K 0 M M y i IH K 3 T H B H 0 H
o ß j i a c T H , c e e p 3 3 a e ; i a M H , n p e w a e B c e r o r p a M M a r a K o f t n
CTHJIHCTHKOH, K O T O p 3 H B H C TO p ilH I i a y K H H e p e f lK O 0 6 0 3 H 3 -
' i a j i a c b K a K j i m i r B o p H T o p i i K a .
P a 3 p a 6 o T K a T e o p m i t c k c t s b n p c a e j ia x KOMMyHHK3THB-
i iu x H a y K HMeeT He TOJibKO T e o p e T m ie cK o e , h o h npKO Bbi- pa>KeHHoe n p a K T im e cK o e 3H3MeHiie. JJjih T e o p m i KOMMyHH-
Kau,HH 3 t o npe>K ae B c e r o H CCJieaoB3im e n ocT poen H H TeK
CTa npHMeHHTeJibHO k o BceM ccjjepaM oßm eH H si b i ia u ß o ^ e e
3(j)(j)eKTHBHOH H p 3UHOH 3JIbH0H (|)OpMe (0p a T 0 p C K 0 e HC-
K yccT B o, HCKyccTBO n p o n s r s H a b i h t . a . ) .llea a rorH H ecK H H a cn eK T T e o p n n t c k c t 3 3aKJiioqaeTCH b
to m , » it o p a 3 p a ö o T a H H b ie M eT oabi oßyneH H H npaBH^bH OM y
n ocT p oeH H io TeKCTa (coHHHCHKe, paccKa3, a o K jia a h t . a.) n uiKOJie h b o B 3 p ocJ io fi a y a H T o p u n c n o co ö cT B O B a jin 6bi c o - cT aB JieH H io peK O M eH aaunft n o H a n 6 o jie c 3(})(})eKTHBHbiM c n o -
c o ö a M nocTpoeH H H TeKCTa. n e a a r o r m ie c K a a 3 a a a q a H en o-
cpeacTBeH H O CBH33Ha c o ö y q e n n e M n B o cm iT sm ie M k b s j ih -
(|)IIUHp0B3HHbIX K 3apO B.F IpH K^aaH oe 3HaqeHHe T eop m i t c k c t s m o >k c t npocTH-
paTbCH OT HHCTO TeXHHMeCKOH (n o jm r p s ^ n q e c K O H ) o6 j i3 - crii , o t HCKyccTBa (cu eH H qecK oro M acTepcTBs ) BiuioTb ao oC)J] 3CTH, CBH33HHOH C TIOCTpOeHIICM HII(})OpMaTHBHO-JIOrH- MCCKHX CHCTeM a j ih 3 B M .
C. f l . K A U ,H E JIbC O H <J>. f le C o c c i o p 6 b u i n e p ß b iM , k t o
3aroBopnji o qjieH0pa3Ae^bH0CTH • H3bIKOBOH CHCTeMbi H B TJiaBHblX
q e p T a x H aM eT H fl K O H Typbi h o b o h
0 . d e C o cc to p npoß^eMbi. R o Hero o qjieHopaa-3 AeJIbHOCTH rOBODHJIH TOJIbKO n p H -
0 HAeHOpaadeAbHOCmu MeHHTe;ibHO k peHH, HMen b BHfly H3bLKCL cnocoßHOCTb pe^eBoro n0T0Ka qjie-
HHTbCH Iia MHO>KeCTBO SJieM eHTOB.
9 O c o ß o r o H H T e p e c a k c e 6 e h j i c h o -
pa3A C flbH O C T b H3bIKa T o r ^ a H e Bbl- 3 b iB a ;ia ; c j ih u ik o m y>K T p H B H a jib -
HblM H CaMOO^eBHAHblM Ka3ajICH 3 t o t (JjaKT. J l i iu ib n o c j i e T o r o K aK
H3 OÖmeft M a c c b l JIHHTBHCTHHeCKHX
HBJieHHH 6bIJIH BblHJieHeHbl nOHH-
THH «H 3 b IK a » (H3HKOBOH CH CTeM bi)
h « p e n n » ( p e n e ß o r o n oT O K a , h jih
TeK C T a, K aK p ea jiH 3an ,H H noT eH U H H ,
3a JIO *eH H b IX B H3HKOBOH CHCTe- Me), HJieHopa3Ae^bHocTb H3biKa CT3HOBHTC5I npOÖ JieM O H . B o3H H K Jia .
HeoßXOÄHMOCTb BblHCHHTb, MTO CO- OTB eTC TByeT M JieH 0pa3Ä eJibH 0C TH
peMH B H3bIKOBOH CHCTeM e, HJIH,
ApyrHMH CJIOBaMH, K aK COOTHOCHT-
c h M e ^ a y c o 6 o h H JieH opa3,n ,eJib-
HOCTb peH H H q jieH O p a3Ä eJIbH O C T b
H3bIKa.
BblAaiOIUHHCH JKeHeBCKHH H3bl- KOBefl noApoÖHO ocBeraji cjio^Hbie B3aHMOOTHOHieHHH M eJKAy H 3bIK0M
h p e H b io . O h n o j i a r a j i , m t o b 4>o -
K y c e H H T e p e co B j ih h t b h c t h k h ä o j i -
>KeH HaXOflHTbCH HMeHHO H3bIK, a
H e p e q b .
B o H 3Öe>K aH H e jio n iM e c K H X n p o -
THBOpeMHH H nyTaHHHbl HaflO 6bIJI0,
n o e r o y ß e H y je H H io , « c c ü m o z o h ü -
uaAd ecTüTb na noney «H3bifca» u ezo cHurarb HopM-Pu 3ah ecex npo-
38
•nix n p o n e A e m iü p e n e e o ü denreA bH O C TU » 1 (noAMepKHyTO fl «Kypce»). H o BCTaTb Ha «noH By H3biKa» HeB03M0}KH0 6e3 MpcABapHTe^bHOH p a öoT b i n o TeoperanecK O H peKOHdpyK- m m H 3 H K O B O H C H C T e M b i . H e n o c p e A C T B e H H O H a ö J i i O A a e M a
TOJibKO peqb. ä j ih to to h to 6 u o t Ha6jno,ueHHH uaa pe^bio IICpCHTH K H3bIKy, HyjKHbl HOBbie MeTOflH, He TOJibKO HHflyK- I lIBIIbie, HO T3KJKe aeayKTHBHbie. H3bIK03HaHHK), paHee pa3- imBaBiueMycH npeHMymecTBeHHO KaK SMnupHqecKaH HayKa, npeÄCTOHjio Tenepb OBJiaaeTb npneMaMH TeopeTHqecKoro IICCJieAOBaHHH.
P a 3 p a 6 o T K a yqeHHH o qj ieHopa3AejibHocTH H3biKa ( t s k ua3biBaeMOH JMHrBHCTHqecKoii t3K Cohom h h ) MorJia 6 u onn- puTbca Ha BbwejieHHbie j iHurBiicTHqecKoii TpaAHUnen ajie- MciiTbi — 3ByKii, cJ iom , c j ioßa , rpaMMaTHHecKHe cJjopMbi ii npeAJio>KeHHH. H o M exa m m ecK oe n epen eceH iie oÖHapy- >KiiBaeMbix HaöJiiOÄemieM cTpoeBbix 3JieivieHTOB 113 p e q « b vi3 bik 03naqa j i0 öbi ne ymiTbiBaTb cneuH(|)HKy H3biKa h no- npocTy npupaBHHTb H3biK k peqn. « H t o ö m H3Öe>KaTb hji- JII03HH, — TOBOpIITCH IIO 3T0My nOBOAy B « K y p c e » , — paHb- me B cero HaAo npoHHKHyTbca y6e>KAeHneM, h to KOHKpeT- Ilbie CV1H.HOCTH H3bIKa ( t . e. KOHKpeTHbie eAHHHUbl H3HKOBO- 10 CTpOH. — C. K -) He BblflBJIHIOTCH C3MH C0 6 0 H AJIH yAOÖ- c'.TBa H au iero H aö jnoA en H H » (1 1 1 ) . HoM eHKJiaTypa H3HKO- iibix eAHHHH AOJUKiia BbipaßaTbiBaTbCH na och ob c neKOTO- p u x o ß m i ix A o n y m e m iö , hjih ocnoBonojio>KeHHH, h CBepKH iii>iTeKaioii],HX H3 hhx b h b o a o b c pe3yjibTaTaMH SMnupHMe- CKHX h a 6 JI 10AenHH.
n e p B b i f i n p i i H n n n , B b iA B H r a e M b i f i C o c c i o p o M b s t o h c b h -
311, — 3 TO n p H H H H n A B OHC TBeHHOCTH H3 b IK 0 BbIX SJ ieM eH TO B ,
( ' ( ( l o p M y j iH p o B a H H b iH b c j i e A y r o i H e M o T p b iB K e : « M o > k h o H a -
.u ,rnaTb H3 bIK OÖJiaCTblO a p T H K y j IH H H H . . . ; ... K 3 JKAbIH H 3 bIKO-
i io f i s j i e M e H T e c T b M a j i e H b K H H q j i e H , a r t i c u l u s , B H y T p H k o -
T o p o r o H A e a 3 a K p e n j i n e T C H 3 B yK O M , a 3 B y K C T a n o B H T C H 3 H a -
kom a j i h H A e n . . ; . . . j iH H rB H C T , c ^ e A O B a T e j i b H O , p a ß o T a e T b
n o i ’ pa u H H H O H o ß j i a c T i i , r A e c o q e T a i O T c a g j i e M e n T b i o 6 o h x
l l o p j I A K O B » (1 1 2 — 113 ).
1 1 . n e e 10 p O . ä e. K y p c o ß m e f t j iim rB iic t i ik ü ( p y c . n e p . ) . M ., 1 9 3 3 ,
( .'M. P a c c M a T p H B a n « K y p c » , mm h c BAaeMCH 3A e c b b Bonpoc o e r o
p V K d im c iib ix HCTO i iH H K a x i! B K J ia A e III. B a j ib ü h A . C e rn e a b c o A e p > K a -11 in * iio/u 'O TO B JieH H oro h m h T p y A a . M h ß e p e M « K y p c » KaK AOKyMeHT
* 1111 x 11, ycneB iuH H O K a 3a T b c u j ib i io e bjihhhhc n a p a 3B im ie H3b iK 0 3 H a - ii ini e in e a o T o r o , KaK HaqajiHCb pa3bicKaHna 0 6 ayTeHTMHOCTH H3- J H1 >K (' 11111 >1X B HCM H A eft. C c H J IK H Ha CTpaHHUbl « K y p C a » B A a jIb H efl-
1111 • M AaiOTCH B CKOÖKaX B OCHOBHOM TeKCTe CTaTbH .
39
ÄBOftCTBeHHOCTb H3bIKOBbIX HBJieHHH, HX HyBCTBeHHO-
CBepxqyBCTBeHHaa n p n p o A a , o cH O B a H H a a H a ü o c toh h h o mB3aHMOAeftCTBH H 3ByKOBOH (|)OpMbI H (J)yHKUHOHajIbHOrO (ß CBoefi rjiyÖHHHofi ocuoBe M b ic j i i iT e j ibnoro ) coAep^KaHHa, HBjiaeTca, HecoMHeHHO, xapaKTepH eßm eH qepTOH H 3biK a.
nocpeflHHHecKaa pojib H3biKa b npoueccax counsjibHoft KOMMyHHKaUHH H n03H3B3TejIbH0H ÄeaTejIbHOCTH Heoßxo- äh m o nopo>K,zi,aeT 3Ty ABOöcTBeHHOCTb, npoHBJiaiomyrocH He TOJibKO b ueji0CTH0CTii a3HKa, h o h b K a »A O M e ro CTpoeBOM ajieMeHTe. H3 3Toro, o ä h s k o , He cJieAyeT, ^ito Ka>KflbIH SJieMeHT H3bIKa B OTAeJIbHOCTH HBJIfleTCH HOCHTe- JieM nOHHTHH, ■ IIJIII, KaK HaCTO TOBOpHTCH B « K y p c e » , HfleH. Cocciop, KOHeHHO, 3iiaji npeBocxoÄHO, ^to Tarae eAHHHUbi, KaK (|>OHeMa h c j io r , He BbipamaiOT h oh h th h . Ho H3 S Toro t}>aKTa oh a e ^ a j i necKOJibKO Heo>KHAaHHbiH b h b o a : (})OHeMa h c j io r j in m a j in cb b e ro KOHuenumi cT a T yca a3HKOBbix eflH- IIIIU H H3rOHHJIIICb H3 JIHHrBHCTHKH B OÖJI3CTb (J)H3HOJIOrHHpemi (105). HeKOTopbiM H3BiiHeHHeM b abhom cjiynae eMy motjio cjiy>KHTb OTcyTCTBiie b HayKe noHaTHH 0 CMMCJiopa3- JIHMHTejIbHOH CJjyHKUHH (JjOHeM.
OoncMa h cjior npeAC TaBJiH JiH Cb Cocciopy o ä h o c t o p o h -HHMII, MHCTO 3ByKOBbIMII 0Öpa30BaHHHMH, He OTBeHSIOIUHMH npHHUIiny ABOIICTBeilHOCTH 5I3bIKOBbIX eAHHHU. JIioßonbiT- ho OTMeTHTb, hto ii coBpeMeiiHaa AyajincTHHecKaa Teopna MJienopa3ÄejibiiocTH (A. MapTHHa h 4. Xokkct) npoAOJi- >Kaer cHiiraTb c oHeMbi H cjiorn oahoctopohhiimh eAHHHua- mh 2. TojibKO bhboa ii3 tskoh oueiiKii AejiaeTca Tenepb hhoh. üyajincTHMecKaH Teopua b npimuHne AonycKaeT co- cyiuccTBOBaniie oahoctopohhhx eAUHiiu paaoM c ABycTO- pOHHHMH B H3bIKe II TeM C3MbIM OTKa3bIBaeTCa OT JIOTHHe- CKOrO MOHII3M3 B TpaKTOBKe A3HHOH IipOÖJieMbl.
H o B n p3B e «in mh K B3jiii(|)iiuH poBaTb (jjoH eM y ii c j i o r
KaK o A iio c T o p o n H iie eA in m u b i, J in u ie iin b ie b c h k o h coöcT B eH -
HO-JiHHrBiicTHHecKoii (JjyHKimii? C o BpeM eH H . A . B o fly s H a
A e K ypT eH a ii JI. B . L U epßbi H3BecTHo, m o (})OHeMa h c j i o r
o ß jia A a io T cM bicJiopa3JiH im T ejibH oii (JjynKUHcfi h , cJieAOBa-
T e jib iio , e c j i i i n e npnMO, to KOCBemibiM nyTeM , q e p e 3 cjiO B a II MOp4>eMbI, CBH33HH CO CMbICJIOM. B OTJIHHIie OT eAHHHU,
npaM O B b ipa> K aiom iix SJieMeiiTbi cM bicJia , (J)OHeMbi He HMe-
2 M a r t i n e t A. La lingu istiqu e synch ron ique. P aris, 1965, p. 1— 34; H o c k e t Ch. A course in m odern lin gu istics . N. Y ., 1958, p. 574 f.
40
IOT HHAHBHflyaflbHblX (jjyHKHHH, KOTOpbie OTJIHMajIH 6bl Ka- i<vio-jih6o (})OHeMy o t a p y ro f t . H o s t o oöcTOHTejibCTBO e m e 110 a a e T HaM ocHOBaHiift cm iTaTb <})OHeMbi oa h o c to p o h h h m h ivuiiiHuaMH. CjiOBa h MopcjDewbi HHoraa eure npoTHBono- craBjiH ioT 4>OHeMaM h cjioraiw KaK 3naMiiMbie cähhhum He- riiiaHHMbiM. H o yMecTHee, n o w a j iy f i , 6b ij io 6w roBopuTb o iicnocpeacTBeHHO h onocpe/roBam io sHam iMbix eAHHHuax. B o bchkom c j iyn ac , neT cepbe3Hbix ocHOBaHnfi ä j ih Toro, >iTo6bi, no n p i iM epy C o c c io p a , Bbino/uiTb (J)oneMbi h c j io th 3a npeae j ib i H3biKa, paB iio KaK ii juih To ro , m to6 h npeHe- ßpenb npHHnnnoM ABOHCTBentiocTii H3bii<OBbix e/uimm, no npn M epy c to p o h h i ik o b ayajincTi-mccKOH KOHnenmni.
C npHHUHnOM flBOHCTBCIIHOCTII H3bIKOBbIX e/UIHIIH TeC- ho conpHKacaeTcn b cocciopiiancKoii KOimennHH apyroft, He Menee xapaKTepiibiii jyin nee npimunn cTpororo napajuie- JIH3M3, HJIH H30M0p(|)II3Ma, ({)OpMb! II COÄep>KaHHH B H3bl-k o b h x eÄHHimax. B « K v p ce » s t o t n p im m in 0ß p a 3H0 Bbipa- >KeH TaK: «H3biK m o jk h o cpaBHHTb c ji i ic tom 6yMarn: Mbicjib — e r o ,/inu.eBaH CTopoiia, a 3b vk — o ö o p o T H a n ;
iiejib3H pa3pe3aTb j i im e ß y io cT op on y , He p a 3p e 3aB h 060- poTHyio» (1 1 3 ) . 3 t o sHamiT, mto o ; i i ioh 3 b v k o b o h eAHimue, TOMHee, OflHOMy 03HaqaK)IHeMy MOJKCT COOTBCTCTBOBaTb o a - 110 h TOJibKO o a h o 03HaqaeM0e. JXejieHiiHM b ct})epe 3ByKO- BblX 3H 3 LieHHH MOryT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb JIHUIb paBHbie HM ZiejieHHH b c(j)epe MbicjiHTejibHoro coaep>KaHiiH.
npHHUHn II30M0p(J)H3Ma <})OpMbI II COflep>KaHHH on n- paeTCH Ha cB0e0öpa3H0 HHTepnpeTiipoBaiiHbiH b « K y p c e » npHHUIin ÄBOHCTBeHIIOCTII H3bIKOBbIX eailHIIH. O t o jk a c c t b - JieHIie H3bIKOBOH eflUHHUbl CO 3II3KOM H nOHIIMaHIie H3bIKa KaK HepacTop>KHMoro e/iHHCTBa o3 i iaM a iom cro h 03Hanae- Moro, 3ByqaHHH h 3HaweHHH — HeoßxoÄHMan npe/mocbijiKa npHHUHna H30M0p<})H3Ma. Ztpyr i iM h cto h h iik o m aaiiH oro npHHUHna HBJineTCH Hflen «anamiMOCTH», hjih « u c h h o c t h » , « c t o h m o c t h » , nepeneceHiiaH 113 noJiHTimecKoii sk oh om h h
iia noHBy j iu h te h c t h k u .B ji io 6 o m H3biKe Ha Ka^ÄOM m a r y BCTpeiiaioTCH HBJie-
11 uh, n p o T H B o p e n a m n e n p H H n n n y H30M 0pc})H3M a. C io ^ a o t - 1IOCHTCH CJiynaH MH0r03HaHH0CTH H CHHOHHMHH H3bIKOBbIX CJIMHHU, yCTOHHHBbie CJIOBOCOMeTaHHH H HflHOMaTHMeCKHe IIM|)H>KeHHH, CJIOBOCJIO>KeHHe H CJI0B006pa30BaHHe — CJIO- IIOM, Bce HeHCqHCJIHMbie npHMepbl HapymeHHH H30M0p(t>H3- Ma B CTpoe H3bIKa. C nOMOIUblO nOHHTHH 3H3MHM0CTH CoC- l’ iop nblTaeTCH OÖpaTHTb 3TH 4>3KTbI, aÖCOJIIOTHO HecoBMe-
41
CTHMbie, K a 3 a j I0 Cb 6 b l , c TpeÖOBaHHflMH H3 0 M0 p<j)H3 M 3 , Ha
Ö J is ro B b iABH raeM O M y hm npH H U H ny. K a K >Ke o h s t o Ae- j i a e T ?
OrpaHH^HMCH o ä h h m n p H M e p o M . O paHU. m o u to n h p y c . ö a p a n O T na cT H c 0 B n 3 A a i 0 T n o S H a n e H H io ; m ojkho npn- B ecT H p h a c j i y n a e B , K o r A a (J )p a H u y 3 C K oe c j i o b o 6 y A e T c o -
OTBeTCTBOBaTb e r o p y c c K O M y a H a j i o r y . H o T a m i e c j i o B a ,
KaK oTMenaeTCH b « K y p c e » , ne o a h h s k o b m n o 3H aHiiM 0CTii '
x o t h 6 b i noTOMy, h to b p y c c K O M H a p H A y c o cjiobom ö a p a n
HMeeTCH e m e cjiobo ö a p a n u n a . O T cy icT B H e cooTBeTCTByio- m e r o cjiobs bo <|)paHuy3CKOM n 0 3B 0J iH eT y n o T p e ö i i T b m ou - t o n h b 3HaqeHHH ’ o a p a H H H a ’ . Y n o T p e ö j ie H i ie cjiobs 33b h - CHT, T 3 KHM 0 ß p a 3 0 M , Iie TOJibKO OT eTO 3H3HeHHH, HO T 3K -
>Ke OT T o r o , HTO HMeeTCH pHAOM C T 3 KHM CJIOBOM B H3bIKe,
o t c o d a B a j i e K c i m e c K o f i c h c t c m m , b K O T o p y io b x o a h t A a H -
H o e cjiobo . « B x o a h b c o c t s b c h c t c m w , cjiobo o ß j i e n e H O He TOJibKO 3 H a q eH H eM , ho e m e — r j ia B H b iM 0 6 p a 3 0 M — 3 H a -
HHMOCTbK), a 3to y>Ke cob c c m A p y r o e » ( 1 1 5 ) .
3naHHM0CTb, k3k oiia oripeAejiaeTCH b «Kypce», — 3to KaK 6bi 3JieMeHT ocoöoh AyxoBHofi cy6cTaHUHii, npucyTCT- ByroniHH b cjiOBe na paBiibix ycJiOBiiax co 3HaHeiiHeM. Cbo- eö ÄHCKpeTHOCTbK) 3HaHHMOCTH OÖH3aHbI CHCTCMe H3bIK3, Me>KAy eAHHHuaMH kotopoh pacnpeAeJieHa onpeAejieHiian «Macca MbiuiAeHHH». CjieAyn 3a CoccropoM, JI. EjibMejieB nncaji: «Ka^Abifi H3biK npoBOAHT cboh rpaHHUbi b aMopc})- •
hoh Macce MbicJiH, n0-pa3H0My pacnojiaraeT iix... 3to no- xoaht Ha OAHy h Ty >Ke ropcTb necKa, Korepaa npHHHMaeT coßepmeHHO pa3JiHHHbie (J)opMbi»3. MjienopasAejibHocTb MbICJIH 33BHCHT B TaKOM nOHHM3HHH OT HJieHOpa3AeJIbHO- cth H3HK3 h, b cymHocTH, jiHHib AyßjrapyeT ee. Hto M<e K-1 •
CaeTCH 3H3HeHHH, TO B «Kypce» OH II OTO>KAeCTBJIHIOTCH C
nOHHTHHMH, npHMO HJIH KOCBeHHO OTOÖp3>K3IOmHMH BHeill- HHe oß'heKTbl. B CBOeft ÄHCKpeTHOCTII 3H3HeHHfl, B OTJIHHHe OT 3H3HHMOCTH, OnpeAeJIHIOTCfl He CHCTeMOH 5I3bIKa, a Aeft- CTBHTeJibHocTbio. Pa3JiHHHe noHHTHH «AepeBo» H «nTHua» KOpeHHTCH B CTpyKType CaMHX 06"beKT0B H npHMOrO OTHO- iueHHH K CTpyKType H3biKa He HMeer. Mbi npnxoAHM, T3khm 06pa30M, K 3aKJHOHeHHK), HTO 3H3HeHHH H 3H3HHM0CTH Cy- m eCTBeH H O p33JIHH3IOTCH MOKAy C0 6 0 Ö; ÖOJiee Toro, 3 TH
noHHTHH HeCOBMeCTHMbl.
* E ^ b M C j i e B JI. npoJieroMeHu k TeopHH H3UKa (pyc . nep. ) . — B. k h .: H op oe b jiHHrBHCTHKe, Bun. 1. M ., 1960, c. 310.
42
M bi nocTyn iM H 6bi, OÄHaKO, BecbMa HeocMOTpHTejibHO, rcvm 6bl Ha 9T0M OCHOB3HHH OTK33aJIHCb OT OflHOPO H3 He- coiiMecTHbix noHHTHH. H e TOJibKo flaBHo yTBepAHBineecH B
nayKe n o H a ra e 3HaqeHHH, h o h BBefleHHoe C occ iop oM no- iiHTiie 3HaqfiM0CTH ä o j u k h o coxpaHHTbCH b HayKe. BTOpOe 113 H 33BaHHbIX ÜOHHTHH HyjKflaeTCH, OÄHaKO, B KOpeHHOM iiepecMOTpe.
nOHHTHe 3HaTOM0CTH HenOCpeflCTBeHHO CBH33HO c npHHUHnOM H30M0pc})H3Ma (J)OpMbI H C0AepJK3HHH B H3bIKe. O h o npH3B3Ho TeopeTH^ecKH ycTpaHHTb npoTHBopenam He anpH0pH0My npHHHHny (JjaKTbi nojiHceMHH, omohhmhh, c h - I IOHHMHH H HM nOflOÖHbie. n O C K O J Ib K y npHHmin H30M0p4>H3- Ma HecocTOHTejien h A0.7i>Keii ßbiTb OTBeprayT, t o BMecTe C IIHM AOJDKHa ÖblTb OTÖpOHieHa H C B H 33H H 3 H C HHM H fleH
0 6 o c o ö b ix eAHH im ax coÄep jKaTeJibHoro n j ian a , cym ecTB y io - HI.HX B CJIOBax H C 33BHCHM O OT 3 H ä ^ 6 H H H H H3 p3BHblX C
1111 mh np3Bax.H o B noHHTHH 3Ha4HMOCTH COAepJKHTCH H HeKHH pa-
HIIOH3JIbHbIH MOMeHT, BHyTpeHHe He CBH33HHbIH C npHHUH- IIOM H30M0p<j)H3M3. M b l HMeeM B BHfly (})aKTOp CHCTeMHO- CTH, HrpaiOIUHH B3>KHyiO pOJIb B OpraHH33UHH 3H3HamHX eflHHHU. K a n pa3 noTOMy, h t o oTHomeHHH M e * Ä y eaHHHU,a- mh ( j )opM a^bH oro 11 coflep>KaTejibHoro ruiaHa HeoAHosHa1!- Hbl H MTO 3ByKOBbie eflHHHUbl CnOCOÖHbl 0K33bIB3Tb OÖpaT- uoe B03fleflcTBne Ha coflep>KaTejibHbiH nji3H, sHa^eHHH c j iob OÖpaCTaiOT pHflOM AOnOJIHHTeJIbHblX 4>yHKH,HH, yCJIOJKHHK)- uj,hx CTpyKTypy ceMaHTHHecKoro n j ia n s . B oß jiacTH j ickch - ' 1CCKOH CeMailTHKH nPÜXOÜHTCSI BCJieflCTBHe 3TOTO pa3JlHHaTb c j ieA y iom H e Tiinbi önaMCHHÖ: ocnoBHbie h np0H3B0ÄHbie(B MH0r03H3HIIbIX CJIOBax) , COÖC. BeHHO-CeMaHTHHeCKHe H CTIIJIHCTHHeCKHe (ß 3JieMeHT3X CHHOHHMHMeCKOrO p H f l a ) , ßyKBajibHbie 11 HflHOMaTHMecKne (b o ^paseo^orH M ecKH X co- ■iCTaiiHHx), aKTyajibHbie h STHMOJiorH^ecKHe ( b np0H3B0fl- iibix 0 6 p a 3 0 B a m iH x ) , npnMbie h nepeHOCHbie (b ( } )H ryp3x no sT im ecK o ro H3 biKa) h t . n. B OTjinnne o t coöcTBeHHO- coManTiiHecKHx eaiiHHU, n p eA n o j ia ra iom H X cooTHeceHHOCTbC OÖ LCKT3MH flCHCTBUTCJIbHOCTH, AOlIOJlHHTejIbHbie THIIbl
: t i ia iienn ft o n n p a io T C H H a cHCTeMHbie c b h 3 h c j io b , p33Jin- ' la iOIUIieCH OT H3bIKa K 5I3bIKY. CjIO>KHbie OTHOIUeHHH Me>K-
/iv ivu iH H uaM H (J )o p M a j ib i io r o h co ,a .ep>KaTe j ibH oro n j ia H a , 1 > 1 > 11; 1 lyiOIUIieCH II a OCHOBe CHCTeMHblX OTHOUieilHH, M02KH0
na l l .m aTb 3IiaHHM0CTHbIMH, OrOBOpHB I ipH 3T0M , HTO 3 H a -
■ill 'VK'TIIbie OTHOIIieHHH He OTMeHHKDT 3H3HeHHH, IipHMO HJIH
43
KOCBSHHO OTOÖpa)KaiOimiX o6"beKTbI AeHCTBHTeJTbHOCTH, a
JIHHIb OÖOramaiOT HX BTOpiIHHblMH (J)yHKU,HHMH.
O ß p a r a M C H T e n e p b k H ex oT op H M ö o j i e e cneu H a j ibH b iM BOnpOCaM COCCIOpOBCKOH T 3 KC0 II0 MHH.
TaK KaK STajIOHOM H3bIK0B0H eÄHHHUbl CJiy>KHJI AJIH Coccropa JiHHrBiicTHHecKiiH 3H3K, xapaKTepH3yeMbifi eAHH- ctbom 03Haqaioinero h 03HanaeMoro, to, ksk y>Ke ynoMH- Hajiocb, eÄHHHUbi, lienocpCÄCTBeHHO He oßHapy^HBaioiime o3iiaqaeMoro, KaK ^oneMbi h cjiom , HCKjiioHajiHCb H3 hhc- Jia H3biK0Bbix eAHHim. B iiTore ocTaBajincb jinuib HeMHorne Tunbi 3naqam,Hx eAHHim, KaK cjioBa h rpaMMaTHnecKiie c[)opMbi. Ho h TaKaa peAyKUHH ne H36aBJiHJia ot TeopeTH- qecKHx TpyAHocTefi, nonbiTKH npeoAOJieHHH K0T0pbix ocTa- BHJIH B «K ypce» HCMaJIO CJieAOB.
O 3HaHam nx c A i im m a x si3biKa b « K y p c e » o6m hho r o -
BOpHTCH o ö o ö m e n n o , 6 e 3 yTOMHeHHH IIX p a 3HOBHÄHOCTefi. A M epH K aH C K H H JIIIIirBHCT P. 2/3JIJI3, CneUHaJIbHO 33HHMaB-
LHHHCH COCCIOpOBCKOii KOHU.eniI.HeH H3bIKa, npHUieJI K 3 a -
kji iohgh ii io , h t o eA H H iiu b i ( u n i t e s ) y C o c c i o p a — « s t o b och obhom t o m e c a M o e , h to Mopt})eMbi y B o A y s H a A e K y p -
TeH 3 ii b c o B p e M e n n o M >i3 biK0 3 n a H H H » 4. C i o j i b K a T e r o p H H -
Hoe cy>KAeHHe M or, OAnaKO, B bicK a3aTb TOJibKO HCCJieAO-
BaTejIb , CMOTpHUXIIH Ha MOpcJ)eMbI CKB03b n p H 3 M y aHMHHCKO- r o H3biKa, b k o to p o m c j io b o h M o p ^ e M a n a c T o c o ß n a A a i o T .
C K O p e e mo>kho, n o > K a j iy H , AyiwaTb, h t o b u eH T pe c o c c i o p o B -
CKOH TaKCOHOMHH H3X0AHTCH CJIOBO.
C o c c io p HeOAHOKp3 THO n0AHepKHB3JI, HTO HCXOAHbIM ä j ih e r o KOHnenmni aBjnieTCH a ö c T p a K r a o e n o H a ra e 3Ha- HHMOCTH. ßM C CTe C TCM OH CKJIOHHJICH K npH3H3HHIO B3>K- HOCTH H T3K0H «KOHKpeTHOH» eAHHHU.bI, KaK CJIOBO. H a M e - naa n p o rp a M M y T eo p eT im ecK o ro nccjieAOBaHHa a3biK0Bbix e A H H im , o h n u c a j i : « H a A O 6 biJio 6 bi BbiacHHTb, H3 neM o c -
H0BbiB3CTCH p a 3A e j i e n n e 113 c j i o b s , h6o c j i o b o , HecMOTpa H3 TpyAHOCTb onpeAe.THTb s t o noHHTiie, ecTb eAHHHua, He- OTCTyriHO npcACTaBJin io iu .35icH H3LueMy yM y , h c h t o ueHT- p s j ibH oe b o BceM MexaHH3Me H3biKa... X la j ie e cJieAOBajio 6bi n e p e H T i i k K J iacc i i ( j )H K am iH e A H H im HH3inero n o p a A K a , 3a-
TeM 6 o j ie e m u poK iix e A u m m n t . a. OnpeAeJiHB t b k h m 0 6 - pa30M s j ieM eH Tb i, k o t o p h m h o n e p n p ye T H ain a HayKa, OHa Bbiiiojii iHJia 6bi c b o i o 3a A a n y u c j ih k o m , h 6 o TeM caMbiM cB e -
* W e 11 s R. D e S au ssu re ’s system o f lin gu istics . — In: R ea d in g s in lin gu istics , ed. by M . Joos . W ash in g ton , 1957, p. 5.
44
;ia 6bi Bce BxOÄHmne b ee oß j ia cTb HBJieHHH k hx ochobho* My n p i i i m n n y ( 1 1 1 ) .
OflHaKo TaKoe noHHManue pojiH cjioBa b «MexaHH3M6 H3biKa» He Bbiflep>KHBaeTCH nocjieÄOBaTe^bHo b «Kypce». I'OTOBHOCTb npH3HaTb CJIOBO eflBa JIH He UeHTpaJIbHOH eflH- IIHUeH H3bIKOBOrO CTpOH BCKOpC y C T y n a e T MeCTO THHtejlblM COMHeHHHM. BcnOMHHaH, HTO ÖCCKOHeHHbie ÄHCKyCCHH 0
n p n po Ä e c j ioBa He np i iB e jm k nojio>KHTejibHbiM pe3yjibTa- TaM , Cocciop npHXOAIIT K BblBOAy, HTO «ÜOHHTHe CJlOBa He- COBMeCTHMO C H3IHHM n p e A C T a B J ie i l l ie M O KOHKpeTHOH eflH- n im e H3biKa» ( 107). BnponeM, b m b o a stot He 0K0HHaTe- jieH. B KOHenHOM cneTe n p e A J ia r a e T C H K0Mnp0MHCCH0e pe- u ieH H e: «He öyflynii b c o c t o h i i h h n e n o c p e A C T B e H H O yxBa- TIlTb KOIIKpeTHbie CyiUHOCTH, IIJIII CflllHHUbl H3blK3, B KaH e-
c t b c M a T e p i i a j i a Mbi ö y ; u ' M n p i i B j i e K a T b cjiOBa. Xoth cjiob o H n e B TOHHOCTII IIOAXOAHT K OHpeAeJlCHHIO H3bIKOBOH
CAHIIHUbl, BCe-TaKH OHO f la C T O HCH XOTH 6 b l npHßjIH3HTeJIb-noe noHHTHe, HM eiom ee t o npeiiMymecTBO, h t o oh o koh- K p eT H O » ( 113).
H t o >Ke B b i3 b iB a e T c o M H e i m n h KOJie6aHiiH b o u e H K e
CJIOBa? Ü C H O B H b ie CTpOCBblC eA I IH H U b l AOJI>KHbI, 110 MbICJIH
Cocciopa, OTBCH3Tb TpeÖOBailHHM KOHKpeTHOCTH H H e n o -
CpCACTBCHIIOCTII . r iO A «K O H K p e T I I O C T b lO » H3 H K O B O H e A H H H U H
HMCJICH B B H A y e e 3 H 3 K 0 BblH X a p a K T C p . Cp. CJieAyiOLH.I ie on- peAe jien iiH K O H K p e T i i o i i c A H H im b i : « B x o A f l m H e b cocTaB H3 b IK 3 3 H 3 KII C y T b l ie SÖ C Tp SK LU IH , HO peaJIbHbie 0 6 "beKTbI. . .
IIX MO)KHO H a 3B a T b K O H K pC TH b lM H Cy iUHOCTH MH 3T0H H a y K H »
( 105). H necKOJibKO A a j i b i n e : «fl3biKOB3H c y m n o c T b (H3bi- K ü B o i i c})3 k t ) c y m e c T B y e T j i i i u i b b c i u i y a c c o m i a u n H M e>K A y
o 3 i i a H a i o m i i M h 0 3 i i a H a e M b i M ; ccjih y n y c T H T b o a h h H3 a j i e -
M e in 'O B , o n a HCHe3 H eT , ii bmccto K o i i K p e T H o r o o 6 "beK Ta n e -
pC'A H 3 MH ÖVAeT HHCT3H S Ö C T p S K H H H » ( 105). 5lBJlHIOmeeCH C T e p jK H e B b IM AJIH BCeÜ COCCIOpOBCKOH TaKC O H O M H H nO H H TH e
3 I iaH l IM O C TH a Ö C T p a K T H O H I lOTOM V HC MO>KeT p a C C M a T p H -
B aTbC H K a K e A H H i m a H 3 b iK a . H e o D X O A H M O n 0 3 T 0 M y n a i i T H
c o o T B e T C T B y i o m y i o 3 T O M y n o n n - n i i o K O H K p e T i i y i o e A H H H u y .
Ho H a 3tom n y T i i c o c c i o p o B C K y i o Konueiimiio noA>KHAaJiH n e n p e o A O J iH M b i e T p y A H O C T i i .
TjiaBHoe npenHTCTBue 3aKJiioHajiocb b OTeyTeTBHH cTpo- r o i ' o n a p a j u i e j i H 3 M a M C >K Ay 0 3 i i a H a i 0 iU HM h 0 3 H a n a e M b iM b
c j i o b o . Ü A H O M y 0 3 H a n a e M 0 M y M o r y T b n p n u u n n e c o o t b c t c t -
MonaTb Aßa h ß o j i e e o3HaHaiom.HX, c p . $paHii,. m w a h mwaz ( i i o c j i e A H e e b c o n e T a H H H un m o i s a p r e s ) Mecnu, cnycrn
45
hjih p y c . Ä pyr-, Ä py31- b cjioB o4>opM ax cjiOBa dpye. C Apy* roft CTopoHbi, 0flH0My 03Haiiai0LU,er^y M oryT c o o t b c t c t b o - BaTb ÄBa h 6 o jie e 03HanaeM bix. B co cT a ß e cJio>KHoro c jio - Ba, HanpHMep p y c . napoxod, BbiAejiniOTCH ABa sjieMeHTa — nap~ h -xod. Tan KaK C o c c io p ucK aji b c jioB a x npHMoe o t o - 6 p a * e iiH e aßcTpaKTHbix 3iiaHHMocTeii, t o HajraHiie b eflH- hom cJiOBe HecKOJibKux 3iiaqHMocTefi He M orjio ne nyraT b e ro .
KpHTepHH «Henocpef lC TBeH iiocT i i » , TaK^Ke BbiABiiraBiuiiH- CH IipHMeHHTeJIbHO K H3bIKOBbIM CyHI,HOCT5IM, npeACT3BJIHeT 3HaMHTeJlbHbIH HHTepeC. K CO>KajieriHIO, OAHaKO, 3T0 nOHH- Tne He nojiynHJio b « K y p c e » AocTaTOHHO n o a p o ö H o r o ocße- meHHH. H m cio tch ocuoBaHHH AyMaTb, MTO o h o npeA n o j ia - raeT nepBHmiocTb t o h h jih iihoh eAUHiiHbi b AcpiiBau,HOH- IIOM pHAy. 3 t 0 BHAHO H3 3aMCMaHHH OÖ OTHOHieHHHX Me>K- Ay CJioroM h (j^OHeMOH, KOTopbie x o th h ne npiHiHCJiHiOTCfl b « K y p c e » k H3biKOBbiM eAHHuuaM, Bce >Ke npHBjiei<aioTCH K paCCMOTpeHHIO.
O T M e q a n , h t o B o n p o c y o B3 aH M 0 0 TH0 m eiiH H X s t i i x eA i i -
hhu. He yAeJ iaeTCH e m e f l o c T a T o n i o BHiiMaHHH, C o c c i o p npoAOJiJKaji : « M e j K A y TeM naiw n e p B im n o a s h He OTAe j ib - HbiH 3ByK; c j i o r A 3 H ß o j i e e i i e n o c p e A C T B e H n o , iieM c o c i a B -
j iH io m H e e r o 3ByKH. M b i B i iA e jn i , mto H eKO Topb ie n e p B o n a -
n a j ib H b ie CHCTeMbi n i i c b M a OTMe<iajni h m c h h o c j i o r o B b ie c a h -
HHUbi; JlHIHb BnOCJieACTBHH npiIHIJIII K a j l ( j )3 BHTH0 H CHCTe- M e » ( 6 5 ) . H c x o a h o h , i i j ih i i e n o c p e A C T B e i in o Aai-iHoft, eAH-
H im e f t O K a3b iB a e T c « 3 A e c b n e 3 B y k H3biK a, n e (jDoneMa, a CJior. H M e H i i o c j i o r y np in iaAJ ie>K iiT , n o C o c c i o p y , i ic xo A i ia s i n 0 3 HU,HH B CIHIXpOHIIOM II IICTOpimeCKOM A ep H B am iO H H O M
p H A y . M o > k h o A y M a T b , ti t o , p a c c M a x p im a H c j i o b o KaK c a - M y io « i i c n o c p e A C T B C H i i y i o » s o u k o b y i o c y m n o c T b ( 10 7 ) h n p e A J ia r a a n a ^ a T b K J iacc i i ( { )H K am iio h 3 m k o b h x e A i i m m c o
c j i o b , a y>Ke 3 3 TCM n ep cÜ T H k e A H i i im a M H ii3iu e r o n o p H A - Ka ii k « o o j i e e u in p o K i iM » e A n i i im a M ( 111) , C o c c i o p i iM e j i
b BH Ay T e » c e A e p i iB a m io i iH b i e c b h 3h. T a K o f i n o A x o A n p e A - CTaBJineTCH HaM b n p i i H H im e ß o j i e e r j i y ß o K i iM , MeM y T B e p -
A i iB u iH H ca n o 3AH ee b c i p y K T y p a j i b H o n j i i in rB i ic T H K e c n o c o ö
KJiaccHcjDiiKauHii j i i i i i r B i i c T im e c K i i x eAHiiii ii ,, o n n p a io m i iH C H Ha p a 3JiimHH p a 3M e p a n p a c c 'M a T p i iB a io iu i iH M i i in iM a j ib H b ie
e A H H H U b l K a K IICXOAHblC.
B HeÖOJlbUIOH CTaTbC IieB03M0>KH0 AaTb AOCTaTOHHO noJiHoe npeACTaBjieHiie 06 o c h o b h h x n flenx COCCIOPOBCKOH TeopHH HJieHopa3AeJibnocTH H3biKa. K aK noK a3aji H a m
46
K p a T K H H anaJiH3 , b «Kypce» ß b i j in n o c T a ß . i e H b i Bce o c h o b - Hbie BOnpOCbl JIHHrBHCTHqeCKOfl TaKCOHOMHH. Cocciop He B cer^a npeAJ iara j i 0AH03naHHbie pe iueH iia TaKCOHOMHHe- c k h x n p o ß . i e M . Bo Mitorux cjiyqanx o h mne6ajicH h npo- T i iB o p e M i iJ i c e ö e c a M O M y . Ho 6 biJ io 6 bi o u i h ö k o h BHAeTb b 3 T 0 M p C 3 y j l b T a T H en O C J IC A O B a Te j Ib H O C TH MblCJIH. Cnopee, Mbi UMceM 3 f l e c b Aejio c SKcncpiiMeHTaMH n c c J i e A O B a T e ^ H ,
c 4) o p M y j i i i p o B a B i u c r o o c n o B H b i e n p n n m i n b i TaK C O H O M H H e-
c K o i i T e o p i r n h n b i T a B i u e r o c s i n p i i M i i p u T b c b o i i TeopeTHne- C Kl ie BblBOAbl C A a i l H b l M I I S M n i i p H H e C K O r O IICCJieAOBaHHH. KoJie6ami$i C o c c i o p a — s t o ü j i o a pa3AVMiiH TeopeTHKa, 3aMCTiiBmero n pon iB op em iH MC>KAy h c x o a h h m h n o ; i o ) K e -
h i i h m h ii 4) 3 KTaMn ii ne 3 iiaioiij,ero em e, hcm eMy n p H A e T c a
n o c T y n i i T b C H — n p i n n i x b i M i i n o c T y j i a T a M H i i j i h rocnoACT- BViomeft b nayne Tpai<T0 BK0 ii aM m ipm iecK ux Aannbix.
O . C . A X M A H O B A ,
B.' JI. 3 A Ü O P H O B A
0 ( })U A 0 A 0 z m e c K 0 M
n o d x o d e tc n e p e e o d y
K A a c c m e c K o ü
11093UU
Bopb6a h CMeHa HanpaBJiemifi b
p y c c K o f i ^ H T e p a T y p e 0T p a> K ajiH C b
h Ha n p H H u n n a x n e p e B o ^ a .
f l o 30 -x ro f loß X I X b . nepeBOß,OCOÖeHHO CTHXOTBOpHblft, nOHTH He OTJIHHajICa OT OpHrHHajIbHOrO TBOp- necTBa l . B aa j ibH eßm eM nepeBoa- Haa j i i iT e p a T y p a B c e ö o j ie e O T ^ a jin -
JiaCb OT OpHTHHaJlbHOH. K aK0e-T0 BpeMH f la m e cnHTajiocb, h t o jxjih
n ep eB O O T H K a n o 3 3 im H e o 6 H 3 a T e ;ie H
n03TIIlieCKHH TaJiaHT, a flOCTaTOHHOyMeHHH BjraÄeTb cth x o m .
B X X b . noBbimaioTCH Tpe6oßa- hhh k Ka^iecTBy xyao>KecTBeHHoro n e p e B O fla . J l y i im i i e n e p e B O flu co- BeTCKoro BpeMeHH coneTaioT b c e ö e BepHOCTb op i i rH H a j iy c no/uiHHHOH nOSTHHHOCTbK). B t o >Ke BpeMH na- MimaeT pacnpocTpaHHTbcn H ay ii- h bi fl n o f lxo f l k ncpeBO/iy, r j iyßoK ii f l ( f )H jio^or im ecK ii i i aHa.7iH3 no/uiHH- HiiKa, coeflHHeuHe b nepeBo/ie noa- 3HH H HayKII (BpiOCOB, J I0 3 IIH- c k h h ) . Ba>KHO TaK>Ke h t o , mto ymiTbiBaioTcn 11 H3ynaioTCH a o c t h - >KeHHR n peÄ b iaym H x nepeBOÄ^HKOB.
HHTepecHbiM npeflCTaBjiHeTCH nepeBOfliiecKiiri onbiT B. B. Bepe- caeßa, CBHfleTejibCTByioiuHft 06 oco- 6 o m noaxofle k nepeßoay. Flepe- BOflH « H jm a /iy » , Bepecaeß ^ ac-THHHO HCn0 ^(b3 0 BaJI TeKCTn e p eB O flO ß rH e ^ H H a h M iiH C K o r o ,
n p n q e M b n p e flH c ;io B H n k n e p e B O ,a y
0 6 0 CH0 B biB a ji cboio n p aK T H K y T e o -
peTHMCCKIi: «... BCe flOCTH>KeHHH
1 Bo33peHHe To ro BpeMeHH Ha nosTHMe- ckhh nepeBOÄ Tan c(j )opMyjiHpoBano }Ky- k o b c k h m : «... no,a.pa>KaTe.nb-CTHXoTBopeu MOJKeT ßblT b aBTOpOM 0pHrHH3JIbHbIM, xoth 6 u on ne nannca.T 11 H ine ro coö-
48
npe>KHHx nepeBOA^HKOB nepe^epKiiBaioTCH, h KajKflHH HaHHHaeT Bce CHanajia. T a x o e OTHOuieHHe k a e jiy n p e a - CTaBjineTCH MHe b KopHe H en p a B H ^ b H b iM ... B ce x o p o in e e , Bce y fla B iu ecca h obm h nepeBOA'iHK äojijkch nojiH oft rop cT b io 6p aT b H3 n p e> K H iix n ep eB O flO B , k o h c m h o ... opraHH^ecKH n epepaöa T b iB aa b c b o h co6cTBeiiHbiH c ra jib , TOMHee, b CTHJib noflJiHHHHKa, KaK e ro BOcnpHHHMaeT AaHHbift n ep e- b o ä m h k » 2. ycTaHOBJieHO, m to M . J I o 3 h h c k h h b cßoeM n ep e - BOfle «TaM JieTa» TaK>Ke n ojib30B ajica yßaMHbiMH Bbipa>Ke- h h h m h CBoero npefliuecTBeHHHKa X I X b . — J\. B . AßepKH e- Ba 3. O nbiT TaK oro p o a a 3acJiy>KiiBaeT ca M o ro npncTajibHO- r o BHHM3HHH 4.
XleöcTBHTejibHO, Ha onpefle jieHi-ioM 3 T a n e pa3BHTHH 06- m e c T B a c o 3 f l a m i e h o b h x n e p e B o ^ o B KJiaccmiccKOÜ no33HH
y>Ke He MO>KeT ßblTb ÄOCTOHHIieM TOJIbKO HHflHBIIflyaJIbHOrO
BflOXHOBeHHfl HJIH BKyCa. H a /IO nOMHHTb, MTO npOH3BefleHH51
KJiaCCHMeCKOH n033HH HBJIflIOTCH KyJIbTypHO-HCTOpHMeCKOH
H (})HJIOJIOrHMeCKOH IieHHOCTbK), Ka>KflOe CJIOBO II MbICJIb
KOTOpOH n p e a c T a ß j ia i o T H a y ' i i ib i i i m iT e p e c . I lo sT O M y H a n -
ß o j i e e npaBHjibiibiM 11 u e j ie c o o d p a 3 H b iM npe/icTaBJiaeTCH
(})HJiojiorHHecKirii i i o ;j x o ,t k h x n e p e B o ^ y , K0T0pbift 3aKJiio- ' iaeTCH b t o m , MTo6bi n o A B e p r a T b (})Hji0 ji0rHMecK0My aHa- j iH 3y npe>KHHe BapnaHTbi h , B b ip a öp T a B TpeßoBaHHH k n e p e - B o a v , c o 3 Ä a ß a T b « n a y M i ib ie » , «o6i:>eKTiiBHbie» n epeBO ßbi.
B p a f l j i i i na fi f leTca HHOCTpaiiHbiß aBTop, CTOJibKO n e p e -
b o ä h b i h h h c h n a p y ccK ii f t H3biK, KaK IU eK cn H p . C y m e c T B y e T IU eK cn n p CoKOJioBCKoro h K eTM epa, Jlo3HHCKoro h LU,en-
KHHoft-KynepHHK, I l I e K c n n p r i a c T e p n a K a h U J eK cn n p M a p -
m aKa... I locpeÄ C T B eH H bie nepeBOAMhkii nepeBOAHJiH e r o ,
H a c b im a n nepeBOflbi 6yKBajiii3MaMH h H ap yu iaa HopMbi p y c -
C K oro H3bii<a. Ta jiaHTjiHBbie no3Tbi, BaoxuoB jinacb 6 e c -
CTBeHHoro» ( ) K y k o b c k h ii B. A . I"Iojih. co6p. ccm. b 12-tii t „ t . 9. C n 6 „ 1902, c. 73— 7 4 ).
! B e p e c a e B B. B. npe/nicjioBiie nepeBOA^HKa. — B k i i .: ToMep. HjiHaaa. M .— JT., 1949, c. 6.
3 I l l e K c n n p h pyccKan Ky.ibTypa. FIoä p e « . M . FI. A jie K c e e B a . M .— /I., 1965, c . 647— 648.
* IO. f l . JleBim, HanpnMep, c raTaer , mto «saKJ im eHnaH b onHTe B e- pecaeßa T eiiÄ em iH H k co3Äanii io o6i>eK T H B H oro nepeBoaa HHOH3biq-
Horo K^acciiwecKoro npon3Be,jeHnsi c Hcn0/ib30BaiiHeM ßocTHxeHHft n p e Ä in e c T B y io m iix n o K o .n e in ii i ö y a e T p a 3 B H B a T b cn b a a jib H e fim e M »
( 0 6 H C T op ii'ie cK o fi 3 b o .i io i i .h i i n p m m iin o B n e p e B o a a . — • B k h .: M ejK- ÄyiiaooaHbie cbh3h pyccKoft .n iTepaTypu. C 6. CTaTefi no/i peA- !A • H. A^eKceeBa. M .— JT., 1963, c. 7 ).
49
CMepTHbIM OpHTHHajIOM, C03ÄaBajIH HeHTO CBOe, HHflHBH- flyajibHoe, no Tpa^HUHH BocnpH H H M aB iueecH n 0K0jieHHHMH p y c c K H X qH TaTe^eft b K a ^ e cT B e nozuiH H H oro IIIeKcnnpa.
B jiH TepaType no n p o ß j ie M a M nepeB0.ua to ii Ä e jio n o -
HBJIHIOTCH CT3TbH O HeOÖXOflHMOCTH C03ÄaHHH HOBblX riepe-
b o a o b L U eK cn n p a , TaK KaK H M eiom necH y>Ke He oTBeqaroT noTpeÖHoeTHM coBpeM eHHoro H H T aT ejin 5. OflHaKO nepeBO -
flHTb LUeKcnnpa, He y^HTbiBan co3flanHoro paHee, b iiacTOH-
mee BpeMH ßeccMbicjieHHO. H euejiec00Öpa3H0 3aH0B0 nepe- BOflHTb « T a M j i e T a » , b t o BpeMH KaK c y m e c T B y e T o k o j i o
20 pyccKHX nepeBOÄOB, HecoMHeHHO, c o u e p w a m n x npK iie h B u p a3H T e ;ibH bie CTpoKH. C einiac, K o r u a n a K o n n j i o c b o r p o M -
Hoe KOjinnecTBo nepeBOflOB llIeK cnu pa, 3aji,ana (JwjiojioroB COCTOHT B TOM, HTOßbl o6o6lU,HTb 3T0T OnblT, BbIHBHB OC'
HOBHHe HeflOCTaTKH H 6epe>KHO OTOÖpaB H C O X p aH H B BCe jiym u ee .
H m ch h o T aK O M y, <<(J)H.n0 Ji0 r H q e c K 0 M y » , n o ,a x o ,a y k n ep e- B o a y Ha p y c c K i in H3biK M0H0Ji0ra T a M J ieT a «BbiTb hjih ne 6 u T b » nocßamaeTCH HacTonman CTaTbH.
H3BecTHO 6onee 30 pyccKiix iiepeBOßOB 3HaMemiToro M 0H 0ji0ra 6.
5 H a n p H M e p : JI e b h k B. H y > K iib i j ih iio B b ie n e p e B o /ib i L U e K c n n p a ? — B k h . : M a c T e p c T B o n e p e B o .u a . M., 1 9 6 6 ; F a B p y K KD. H y x e H j ihh o b u h n e p e B O Ä «T aM JieT a» n a p yccK iiii H3biK? — TaM >Ke.
• T a M J ie T , n p i i n u Ä a T C K H fi. ( F i e p , c i i 3 ß . 1 6 2 3 r . f l . Ä B e p K i i e B a ) . M . ,
Y h h b . Tun., 1 8 9 5 ; « B b i T b h j i h n e 6 biT b?» — A n o j i j i o H O B C . C t h x o t b o -
p eH H H . M . , 1 9 0 0 ; T a M .n e T , h j ih M e c T b 3 a n 3 M e H y . ( r i o a p a jK a H H e
I U e K c n H p y b c T H x a x C . B n c K O B a T O B a ) . C n 6 ., 1 8 1 1 ; FaMJieT. T p a r e ^ H H
b 5 a e flc T B H H X . ( F i e p , c a H r j i . M . B p o i m e n K o ) . C n 6 ., 1 8 2 8 ; T a M J ie T ,
n p H H U Ä aT C K H H . ( F i e p . c a H r j i . ü . r i i e Ä i m a c c o K p a u je H H H M H c o r j i a c -
h o T p e ö o B a H H H M c u e i i b i ) . Ü H T H r o p c K , 1 8 9 1 ; T a M jie T , n p H H U a a T C K H ii.
(n ep . b n p o 3 e c H eM . n o A. I U j i e r e j i i o A. J la H H J ie B C K o r o ) . B H T e ö c K ,
1 8 7 8 ; T a M J ie T , n p H H U a a T C K H ii. ( F i e p , c a u r j i . M . 3 a r y j i s i e B a ) . C n 6 .,
1 8 6 1 ; T a M J ie T . — I U e K c n n p B . F I o j i h . c o ö p . c o q . b 1 2 - t h t . , t . 1 . ( F i e p ,
ü . K a H i i iH H a ) . C n 6 ., 1 8 9 4 ; T a M J ie T . O t p u b o k . ( B o J i b H o e n o A p a > K a -
H H e M 0 H 0 Ji0 r y T a M J ie T a ) . ( F i e p . F I. K a p a ö a n o B a ) . — « J l e K a p c T B o o t
C K yK H h 3 a 6 o T » . C n 6 ., 1 7 8 6 , q . I , N ° 1 7 , 2 1 o k t . ; T a M J ie T . O t p h b k h .
( F i e p . H . K a p a S ^ e B C K o r o ) . — K a p a Ö M e B C K H fi H . n p H n o A H H T a n 3 a B e -
c a . C n 6 ., 1 9 0 5 ; T a M J ie T . — f l p a M a T H q e c K i i e co> iH H eH H H B . I I I e K c n n p a .
( i i e p . c a H r j i . H . K e T H e p a ) . M . , 1 8 6 2 — 1 8 7 9 , 7 ; TaMJieT. ( F i e p .
A . K p o i i e ö e p r a ) . X a p b K O B , Y h h b . T u n . , 1 8 4 4 ; T a M J ie T . ( F i e p . M . J I o -
3 H H C K o r o ) . — I I I e K c n H p B . F I o j ih . c o ö p . c o i . b 8 -m h t . , t . 5 . F I o ä
p e Ä . C . f lH H a M O B a h A . C M H p H O B a . J I . , 1 9 3 6 ; T a M J ie T . ( F i e p .
H. M a K J ia K O B a ) . — Z I p a M a T im e c K H e n p o H 3 B e,n eiiH H B . L U e K c n n p a .
Bun. 1 . M . , T H n . A. T a T u y K a , 1 8 8 0 ; T a M jie T . O t p h b k h ( ä . I , cu. 2 ;
Ä . I I I , cu. 1 ) . ( F i e p . C . M e J ib H H K O B a ). — « B o j d k c k h h BecTHHK», 1 8 8 4 ,
f f y 2 0 , 3 9 ; T a M fle T , n p H H U ä s t c k h ö . ( F i e p , h n p H M e n e n n e k y c j i q -
50
M 3 HHX 22 ÖblJlH iTOABepr HyTbt HäMH JIHHrBHCTtt'
qecK O M y a n a j i i i 3 y 7.n e p e B O Ä b i , c o 3 A a B a B m n c c 5 i u a n p o T H ^ 'n n H 200 JieT
(c 1748 r.), OTHOCHTCH K pa3JTHHHbIM nepHOA3M pa3BHTHH
p y c c K o ö JiHTepaTypbi, a cjieAOBaTejibHO, k pa3JiHqHhiM
jiHTepaTypHbiM HanpaBjieHHHM ii uiKOJiaM. riepeBOAHHKH
B ecb M a OTjiHnaioTCH A p y r o t A p y r a cT e n e H b io TajiaHTa, n p o -
(J)eCCHOHaJIH3Ma H H3BeCTH0CTH. H eKOTOpbie H3 HHX HB-
JIHIOTCH npH3HaHHbIMH nOSTaMH H nepeBOA^HKaMH (H anpH -
M ep , K p o H e ö e p r , TueÄHH, J1o3hhckhh, I l a c T e p H a K ) , Apyrne 3a6biTbi hjih H3BecTHbi j iHiijb y3KOMy K p y r y cneunajiHCTOB.
Taxoe p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H e M a T e p n a j ia o ß j i e n w j i o HaM p a ß o T y
HaA <«J)HJi0Ji0rHHecKHM» BapiianTOM nepeB O A a.JlHHrBHCTHqecKHH a n a jiii3, KOTopbiii npeAiiiecTBOBaji co3-
A a m i io «H a y n H o r o » nepeBOAa, 6 h j i n a iiaT Ha ceMaHTimecKOM ypoBH e c c o n o c T a B j ie m iH cjiOBapeii opurHHaJia h nepeBOAOB.
X o t h b xyAO>KecTBGHHOM (a TeM 6 o j ie e b n03TH>iecK0M) n ep eB O A e hcbo3mo>kho ycTaHOBHTb npHMbie cooTBeTCTBHH Ha ypoBHe c j iob , HeoßxoAHMO ö h j i o npe>KAe B cero BbiHCHHTb,
bhhm c o B p e M e H H o f i c u e i i b i A. M e c K O B C K o r o ) . Cn6., 1 8 8 9 ; O tp m b o k H3 M O H O J iora FaMJieTa. (Fiep. JX. M n x a j i o B C K o r o ) . — «H e B C K H ii ajib- Manax», 1 9 1 7 , Bun. 2 ; TpareaH« o raMJieTe, npHnue AaTCKOM. (FIoa- CTpoMHLiH nepeBOA ii KOMMeiiTapiiii M. M o p o s o B a ) . — M opo- 3 0 B M . M. H 36paH iibie cTaTbii h n e p e B O Ä b i . M., 1 9 5 4 ; MoHo.nor H3 «TaMJieTa» c BojibTepoßa nepeBOAa. — H e jie Ä H H C K iiH -M e J ie u K H H KD. C r a x o T B o p e n H ü . Cn6., 1 8 7 6 ; F a M jie T , n p i iu n . A a T C K iiii . ( F i e p . B. Fla- C T epnaK a). M., 1 9 4 1 ; FaMjierouo pa3MbiuijieiiHe o cMepTH. (Fiep. c neM. H3A. A. I l e T p o B a ) . — Y m i T e j i b , h jih Bceo6man c u c r r e M a b o c iih - T a i i n a . M., Y h h b . th ii ., 1 7 8 9 , q. 1; «Fljib w iiT b h jih ne KHTb, Tenepb pemHTbCH aojijkho». (Fiep. M. FIjieiueeBa). — Onbix TpyAOB BöJibHO- r o PoccHßcKoro CoßpaiiHH, h . 2 . M., 1 7 7 5 ; T a M j i e r , npHiin. AaTCKHH. /IpaMaTHqecKoe npeACTaBJieHHe. (Fiep, c anwi. H. rioJieBoro). M., 1 8 3 7 ; « B b i T b h jih H e ß b i T b ? » ( F i e p . FI. H o n o B a ) . — « H p o c j ia B C K H e
ry6epHCKHe BeAOMOCTH», 2 .7 . 1 8 6 0 r., N° 2 7 ; T a M J ie T , npmm AaTCKHH. (riep. Amibi PaÄJioBoii). J l . — M . , 1 9 3 7 ; TpareAHH o TaMJieTe, npHHue AaTCKOM. (Fiep. K. PoManoBa). C n 6 . , H3A. Anaa. H a y K , 1 8 8 9 — 1 9 0 1 ;
F a M jie T . (Fiep, c aHrji. H. PoccoBa). Cn6., 1 9 0 7 ; raMJiex, npHHU aaTCKHil. (B h o b o m nepeBOfle A. CoKojioBCKoro). Cn6., 1 8 8 3 ; TaMJieT. TpareÄHfl. (üepeAejiaji c ( } )p a H ii .y 3 C K o r o npo3aHqecKoro n e p e B O A a f l e -
jianjiaca A. CyMapoKcm). Cn6., FImii. Anaa. F la y K , 1 7 4 8 ; MoHOJior TaMJieTa. (Fiep. B. MyiiKo no nepBoß peaaKUHH — in quarto). — ^yÜKo B. B. LIIeKcnHp, e r o >K ii3H b h npoH3BeAeniiH. Cn6., 1 8 8 9 .
7 HcKJiioiasi nepeBOÄbi H. LU yBajioBa (3 a rep siH ), A. KpeMJieBa (He 6 h j i H a n e 'ia T a n ), B. ^yÜKo (no nepBofi peAaKiym— in quarto),C. MejibHHKOBa, C. Anojuionoßa (no A. KpoHeöepry); nepe^eJiKH A. CyMapoKOBa, Fl. KapaßaHOBa, C. BHCKOBaTOBa; nepeBOAH He c opnrHHaJia IO. FfejieAiiHCKoro-MeJieu.Koro (c 4>panuy3CKoro), A. f la - HHJieBCKoro h A. IleTpoBa (c iieM eu K oro).
51
noHtoMatoT a n nepeBOAHHKH Te snaueHHH cjiöb, Koropbie ynoTpeßjineT UieKcnnp. JJjih yaoöcTBa cpaBHeHHH b cjio- Bape opnrHHajia 6buio BbiAeJieHO rnecTb «TeMaTH^ecKHX rpynn»; 1. D e a t h (quietus, die, m ortal; consum m ation, end; sleep n., v., dream n., v .) ; 2. L i f e (m ind, conscien- ce, thought; w ill, w ish; konw, say, question, regard, pause; be; natural, flesh, lo v e ); 3. T r o u b l e (calam ity, heart- aches, ills, pangs, shocks, fardels, rub, suifer, bear, grünt, sweat; dread; cow ard, delay, pu zzle ); 4. W r o n g s (con- tumely, insolence, scorns, spurns; despise, outra geous, oppressor, law, office; time, iortune); 5. A c t i o n (enterp- rise, resolution, oppose; come, fly; arms, arrows, slings, w hips, bodkin ). . LUecTan rpynna 06'beAHHHeTCH oßmeü Hfleen «nyTeiuecTBHH» (journcying) — country, bourne, traveller; undiscovered; return; long, weary. K. CJiOBaM, He noAAaBuiHMCH uejieHHK) Ha TeMaTimecKHe rpynnbi, mo>kho OTHecTH: great, noble, proud, unworthy; perchance, rather, devoutly.
n PH conocTaBjieHHH o p H n m a n a h nepeBOAOB Ha cj)OHe flaHHbix TeMaTHnecKHX r p y n n oßHapy>KHjiocb neTKoe pa3Jin- MHe MeJKAy TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIMH «npOCTbIMH» H «CJIOJKHbIMH»cjioßaMH. TaK, dea th , love, w ill, qu es t io n , arrow eAHHOAyui- h o nepeBOAHTCH BceMH nepeBOAliHKaMH KaK CMeprb, aio- 6oeb, eoAH, eonpoc, crpeAa, b t o BpeMH KaK y c jiob c ö o j ie e CJI02KH0H CeMaHTHHeCKOH CTpyKTypOH KOJIHMeCTBO SKBHBa- jieHTOB pe3KO B03pacTaeT ( a o 13 b HeKOTOpbix c j iy n a H x ) . HanpnMep, r e s p e c t — npununa, uctohhuk, pa3zadKa, eonpoc, ocra H O ß K ü ; c o n s c i e n c e — coeecrb, co 3 H a n u e ,
pa3dyMbe, MbiCAb, coMHenbe, öoH3Hb\ c a l a m i t y — 6 e d a , öedcTßun, eope, eopecru, Hee3zodbi, necnacrbH, crpadam n, nenciAU, cKopöu, 3ao, Kapa\ c c i 1 — y3en, noKpbiuiKa, noKpoe, oooaohkci, MUAiime, .np.uo, riAOTb, öpeHHOCTb, cyera, uiyM\ p u z z l e — cmyv^arb, npueodurb e cmyinenue, cöu- e a T b , CKAomiTb, nyiarb, cMupnrb, ceH3bieaTb, rpeeoMUTb, ycrpaiuarb, depotcarb e oKoeax; C A a ö e rb , TpeneTarb, ocra- HÜ8 AU8 UTbC H 8 TpeiieTe H T. A-
CpeAH SKBHBajieHTOB OAHoro h Toro >Ke cjioBa mojkho BCTpeTHTb CTHjiHCTimecKiie ciiHOHHMbi: delay — M e Ö A u r e A b -
nocTb — MedAueocTb, action — dcücTeue, deücreo, fortu- ne •— cydböa, cyöböim a, die — yjueperb, cKonnaTbcn, con sum m ation — Konei\;, ucxod, cow ard — Tpyc, rpycuiwca; c j i o B a , o n e H b 6 j i H 3 K He n o 3 h a h e h h io: thought — pa3MbiiUAeHbe, pasdyMbe-, m ortal — nepexodfiu^uü,
52
TACHHbiü, 6peHHbiü\ d r e a d — crpax, 6oH3Hb\ fa r d e l — spys, n o u i a ; t r o u b le — 6 e d a , H e e 3 Z od a\ c j i O B a , B b i p a J K a i o -
m n e p a 3 H y r o c T e n e H b o f l n o r o h t o t o » e : d re a d — crpax, yotcac-, d e la y — cnaöocTb, 6eccuAbe\ p u z - z le — cMupHTb, depoKarb e oKoeax\ o u t r a g e o u s — 3A0Ü,
c e u p e n b i ü , O K ecroK U Ü , 6 e c n o u {a d H b iü \ h c j i O B a , h m e io -
m n e M a J i o o ö m e r o A p y r c Ä p y r o M : m o r ta l — M e p r e b iu , myMHbiü; c o i l — y3en, cyera, otcuAume-, d e la y — MedAineAbHocTb, ra ^ e r a ; r u b •— npennrcreue, pa3zadKa\ i l l s — öedbi, nc>30p; t im e — epeMH, cydböa. ( 3 t o He M euiaeT
h m , TeM He MeHee, b KOHTeKCTe M 0 H 0 J i0 r3 cjiy>KHTb skbh bs- jieHTaMH flaHHoro cjiOBa, t . e. nepe/iaBaTb b ß o jib in e f i hjih MeHbnieß CTeneHH Ty JKe HHtJjopManHio.)
O f l H a K O e c T b c j iO B a , n p o H 3 B o j i b H b iß n e p e B O Ä k o t o p h x
n p H B O A H T K HCK3>KeHHIO HJIH O Ö e f lH eH H K ) CMbICJia B c e r o MO-
n o J i o r a b u e j iO M . O e p e B O A b e K a K otcurb ( E l j i e m e e B , C o k o -
J IOBCKHß) CBOflHT CMblCJI MOHOJIOra K p a 3 M b m iJ ie H H K ) O c a M o y ö n ß c T B e , n e p e B O f l * e c o n s c i e n c e K a K 6on3Hb ( C o k o -
j i o B C K H ß ) o Ö H a p y j K H B a e T y r a M j i e T a p e j iH r H 0 3 H b iß c r p a x
n e p e a c a M o y ß H ß c T B O M , K O T o p o r o b n o Ä J iH H H H K e HeT .
CjieayiomHM aTanoM aHajiH3a HBHjiocb ycTaHOBJieHHe C T e n e H H c o o t b c t c t b h h na ypoBHe cjioBocoiieTaHHH. B opnrH- najie 0 K a 3 a j i 0 C b b o s m o j k h h m Bbi/iejiHTb T p H rpynnbi c j i o b o -
coneTaHHfl: I. «CßoöoAHbie cjioBocoqeTaHHH», co3/iaHHbie aBTopoM i i J ie rK O p a 3 J ia r a i o iH ,H e c H H a K O M n o n e H T b i (na- n p H M e p , b a r e bodkin = bare + bodkin, outrageous fortune =
= ou trageou s+ fortu n e h t. n . ) . II. «LLIeKcnHpoBCKHe ij)pa3bi», n p e f l C T a B ^ H i o m H e c o ö o h b K O H T e K C T e MOHOJIOra ce- M a H T H q e C K H e e f lH H C T B a H He C B O flH M b ie K COCTaBJISIK)IHHM
( H a n p H M e p , the pale cast of thought, enterprises of great pith and moment, to shuffle off this m ortal coil h t. n .).III. Tpynnbi c j i o b , coaep^am H e «noreHUHajibHbie» cjiOBa —• sicklied over, disprised, pitch (to be sicklied o ’er with the pale cast of thought, the pangs of disprised love, enterprises of great pitch and m om ent).
SKBHBajieHTbi r p y n n b i I b ßojibiuH H CTBe c jiy ^ a e B h c k s -
>KaiOT He TOJibKO jieKCHHeoKoe coAep>K aH H e opHrHHaJibHoro cjioBOCO^eTaHHH, h o h e r o CHHTaKCHC. T a K , w e a r y li fe , n p e fl-
C T aB jiH iom ee c o 6 oh coqeT aH H e T n n a A + N , c t 3 h o b h t c 5i c o -
’ ieTaHHeM r a n a N + N : t h z o c t u jk i i3 h u , u z o o k u 3 h u , r n z o r a
M U3HW , 33MeHHeTCH MOHOJieKCHHeCKHM 3KBHB3JieHTOM:
M U 3H b, ceer hjih n epeßaeT C H coB epm eH H O A pyrH M c o ^ e T a -
HHeM c jio b : o k ü a k ü h d e ä c r e u r e A b H o c T b , 3 eM H b ie n e e 3 Z o d b i ,
53
Thmkuü sueT. — P a t i e n t m e r i t npeßpamaeTCH b 3acAyoweH- Hbie CTpadaAbt{bL h jih 3 a c A y z u , Ö0CT0UHCT80, r e p n e n u e .
N a t u r a l s h o c k s nepeBOflHTCH MOHOJieKCHHecKH KaK M y n e n u n ,
y d a p b i , 6o A e 3 H u , MyKU h t . n. L a w ’ s d e l a y oKaabiBaeTCH
ö e c c u A b e M n p a e , n p oeoA O H K oü b c y d a x , M ed A u reA b H ocT b io
b ucnoAHenuu 3ükohob h t . fl.
C f l p y r o f i CTopoHbi, c o x p a H e n n e (jjopMbi He oöecn eH H B a eT
afleKBaTHOCTH c to^kh 3penHH coflep>KaHHH: ou trageou sf o r t u n e b nepeBOfle c t 3 h o b h t c h 3 a o ü c p o p r y n o u , 3 A o 6 c T B y t o -
w ,e ü c y d b ö u H o ü , o c K o p ö u r e A b H o ü c y d b ö o ü , e p a o f c d y i o w l e ü
cydböoü h t . fl . ; t h e p r o u d m a n ’ s c o n t u m e l y flBycM bicj ieH - ho nepeflaeTCH KaK oöu d u zopdozo, oöudbi z o p d e A u e b i x ,
oöudbi n e c r u , T ü p a n o e z o p d o c i b i i t . fl. J ln u ib nepeBOflbi c j iO B O co n e T a h h h u n d i s c o v e r e d c o i n t r y m o jk h o cnHTaTb ceM aH TnqecK H aueKBaTiibiMii: ö e s e e c r n a R ( raiiH C TeeH H an ,H e e e d o M ü H , H e o T K p b iT a n ) c r p a n a , ö e 3 e e c T H b i ü K p a ü h t . n.
FlepeBOflH «u jeK cn n p oB C K H e (J)pa3bi», nepeBOAHHKH n p o - HBJIHIOT MeHbllie (f)aHTa3HH, CTapaiOTCfl ripHflep>KHBaTbCH opH riiH ajia . TaK, HanpHMep, the n a t i v e h u e o f r e so lu t io n , t h e p a le c a s t o f th o u g h t , to t a k e arras a g a i n s t a sea o f t r o u b le s coxpaHHK)T b ßojibuniHCTBe cjiyn a eB ceMaHTH^e- CKyio h cHHTaKCHHCCKyio CTpyKTypyj xpKuü i bgt ( c ee r ) Mozynezo peuieHbH, peumwocTU pocKoiuHbiü (npupodubiü) Heer, npupodubiü qeer petuetib», ecTecTeennbiü pyM.RH.eu, peuiuMOCTu n t . n .; ÖAedubiü otauö paaMbiuiAenuH ( o r r e - HOK MblCAU), ÖAeÖHÜE TCHb MblCAU, TyCKAblÜ HdtlOp pü3- MbiiuAeHüR, Hanop r y c K A O ü m u c a u , HüAer m icau ÖAednbiü H t . n . ; e o c c T ü T b npoTue ( n a ) Mopn ( Mope ) öeö, onoAuurb- ch na Mope CMyr, soopyMUTbCR nporue i iotokü cedcreuü, BCTCLTb C OpyOKbßM tlpOTU8 MOpR 30A, CTÜTb AUt^OM M peÖ MOpeM öedcTBuü h t . n.
H t o K acaeT C H c,Ji0 B0 C0 Lie T a H iiü r p y n n b i I I I , t o n e p e B O fl-
m h k h B O B ce y n y cT H J in H3 B iifly , h t o b o p i i n i i i a j i e HMeiOTCH
c j i o B a , C 0 3 fla iiH b ie L I Ie K c n n p o M h B o m e f lu iH e b H3biK b p a M -
n a x o n p e f le ^ e H H b ix KOHCTpyKUHii h k o h t c k c t o b . T a n , t o b e
s i c k l i e d o ’ e r w i t h t h e p a l e c a s t o f t h o u g h t n e p e B O fli iT c a 6 0 3
y q e T a o c o ö e H H O C T e ß « m e K c n n p o B c i v o r o » c j i o B a s i c k 1 y :
Ö A e d n e r b neped M p a K O M p a 3 M b iu iA e H b R , Ö A e m y T b o t r y c K -
aozo nanopa pa3MbiuJAenbR, ÖAednerb nod zneroM pa.3M.bitu- A 6H .bR , nOpTUTbCR OT Ö A eÖ H O Ü TCHU MblCAU, H Ü X H yT b U Ö A C d -
Herb nod K p a c K o ü m u c a u , x u p e r b nod naAeroM m u c a u
ÖAeÖHblM, nOK.pbl6a.TbCR Ö O A 6 3 H e H H O -Ö A e d H b lM OTTeHKOM M blC A U H T. fl .
54
* * *
CeMaHTiwecKHfi ypOBeiib npeflCTaBjineT co6ofl k s k 6 h (J)Oh xyao>i<ecTBeHHoro npoii3BefleHHH, Ha kotopom Bce e r o
3JieMeHTbi paccMaTpuBaiOTCH KaK iiacTH h3hkoboh cucreMbi. B KOHTeKCTe xyÄO>KecTBeiiHoro npOH3BefleHHH H3HK0Bbie eflHHHUbl Ha^HHaiOT >KHTb CBOeÜ, CCOßOH }KH3HbIO. 3 tO HO- Boe, o6pa3noe (MeTacJsopHqecKoe, K0HH0TaTHBH0e) coflep>Ka- Hue, ajih KOToporo Bbipa>KenHCM jiBjiHioTCH ii coflep>Kamie, h Bbipa>KeHHe h3hkobhx e/uninu ceManTimecKoro ypoBHH, HccjieflyeTcn na MeTaceMHOTimecKOM ypoBHe.
T oB op H 0 6 0 6 p a 3 H0 CTii n p 0 H3 BefleHHH I I I e K c n n p a , hc- c jieflOBaTejiH no f luepK im aioT KOiiKpeTHOCTb 11 MaTepnajib- nocTb iueKcnnpoBCKiix MeTacj)op 8 ( r ianp iiM ep, th e s l in g s a n d
a r r o w s o f o u t r a g e o u s fo r tu n e , a sea o f t r o u b le s , w h i p s a n d
s c o rn s o f t im e , th e u n d is c o v e r e d c o u n t r y ( = 3 a z p o 6 n b i ü
M u p ) h t . f l . ) . ü a>K e y n oT p eß j in cM o e MeTaceMiioTimecKH, c j io b o y IBeK cniipa He OTpbiBaeTcn o t cß o e ro npHMoro, nep- BiiMnoro 3naHeHHH. C aM bie oöbiqiibie cjiOBa y n o T p e 6 jiHioTCH hm b co^ eT a m in x , o 6 napy>K iiBa iom iix b s t h x c j ioB ax Heo>i<H- flaHHbie koiiiroiauHii 11 o t t c h k h 3HaiieHin“i. ü o MiieHHio M. M. M o p o a o n a , c m iy L lIeK cn n p a KaK ö e ccM e p T H o ro x y -
flO>KiiHKa cocTaBjiHeT «y flHBHTejibHoe c o ' i e T a m ie rjiyÖHHH h flOxoflmiBOCTii, ren iia .T bH oe c a i i i i c tb o npocTOTbi 11 c j i o ä - h o c t i i » 9. LUeKcniip B cer f la Haxofli iT « ! e m o t ju s t e » , k o to - pbiM MO>i<eT öbiTb ca M oe « o ö b i ' i n o e » c j iobo , ho y n o T p e 6fleH- HOe T3K, ^TO OIIO nOpaJKaeT CBOeÜ eMKOCTblO H TOMIIOCTbK) 11 OKa3biBaeT c i i j ibHeii iuee scTeTH 'iecKoe B03fleiicTBHe Ha mh- TaTejiH.
B o 3 m o j k h o , Hecn0C06H0CTb nepcBOflmiKOB namth b p y c -
c k o m H3biKe cjiOBa, paBHbie n o c iu ie meKcniipOBCKHM, h h b - • IHeiCH OCHOBHOH npiIHHHOH CepOCTH, HeBbipa3HTejIbHOCTH f )o j in iT H F icr»a nepeBOflOB. C j ie f ly io m H e <OKBiiBajieHTbi», k.'mic ih o , r e M oryT OKa3aTb s c T e T i in e c K o r o B03fleftcTBHH Ha p y c c K - t i o t;iiTaTCJi5i: s l e e p o f death — c n m m , dpeM om ; w h i p s a n d s c o r n s o f t im e — y d a p u , za ijm hjih h o .cm ?u ik u u K p o e o M a d n o c T b ; s p u r n s — A n z a n b c , to a h k u \ c o n s c i e n c e d o e s m a k e c o w a r d s o f u s al l — c o e e c r b n p e e p a m a e r n a c ß r p y c u m c K .
8 Cm., HanpuMep: M o p o s o B M . M . M st/'< h CTiuib IlIeKcnHpa. — B k h . : C T a T b H o IIIeKcnnpe. M ., 1964.
• M o p o 3 Q B M . M . IUeKcnnp. M ., 1956, c. 185.
55
A H a j I H 3 pHTMHKO-CHHTaKCHHeCKOH OpT3HH33UHH H n p O -
coAHHecKoft CTpyKTypbi HBJiaeTCH HeorbeMjieMOH MacTbio MeTaceMHOTHnecKoro aH3JiH33 no3THMecKoro npoH3Be,neHHH, TaK KaK 3Aecb $opM3 npnoßpeTaeT 3H3HHMocTb, BbinojiHaeT SCTeTHMeCKyiO (^yHKUHIO.
B c e CTHXO TBopHbie n e p e B O Ä b i ( K p o M e n ep eB O Ä O B I l j i e -
m e e ß a , rionoBa, M e c K O B C K o r o ) c o x p a H H iO T 6 e .n b m n n r a -
C TonHbiH hmö o p n r H H a j i a 10. 3 a r y j i f l e B h K . P . [ 0 M aH 0 ß ]
M e p e a y i o T i i h t h - h m e c T H C T o n H b ie ^ M Ö iiM ecK H e c tp o k h , e r a -
p a a c b n e p e B e c r a B c e h b t o * e B peM H c o x p a H H T b o ß m e e
mhcjio C T p oK o p n r n H a . n a (H 3 B e cT H o , mto p y c c K H e c j iob s b c p e f l H e M ÄJiHHHee a H rj iH H C K H x ) . C t h x o b l i c nep eH O C b i , ihh- p 0 K 0 H c n o j i b 3 y e M b i e I I I e K c n n p o M / i j ih n e p e a a M H e c T e c T B e H -
H o r o x o a a M bicJie fi , H a x o A H T o T p s w e m ie h b n e p e B o j i a x .
r i e p e B O Ä I l j i e i H e e B a , y K O T o p o r o c T p o K a c o B n a a a e T c n p e a -
JI0>KeHHeM HJIH CHHTaTMOH, 3ByMHT I103T0My CJIHIHKOM TJia
ko h « H C K y c c T B e H H O » . X o t h b op i irH H a jie npeoß j iaaa iO T My>KCKHe K j i a y 3 y j i b i , b n e p e B O / i a x n p o n c x o f l i i T M ep e f lO B a H n e
JKeHCKHX H MyjKCKHX K j i a y 3 y j l B COOTBeTCTBIill C TpaAHUHeii pyC CKOrO CTHXOCJIO>KeHHH.
CpaBH H TejibH bift cj)OHeTHqecKHH aH a^H 3 op u rH H a jia h
nepeBOÄOB oßH apy>K H ji H HTepecHbifi h B ecbM a Ba>KHbii"i
c})aKT: 3ByMaHHe m eK cn n p o B C K o ro CTHxa, t o , mto Ha3biBaiOT e r o «M y3biK 0H », 3 3 b h c h t b o rp oM H oft CTeneHH o t K anecT B a
h MacTOTbi c o h o p h w x 3ByKOB [1], [m ], [n ] h [ r ] . H c c j i e a o -
BaHHe, n p oß eA eH H oe r p y n n o ö d[)OHeTHCTOB K a ^ e Ä p b i aHrjiHH-
C K oro H3biKa ^ H Jio jiorH M ecK oro (JiaKyjibTeTa M r y , n o K a 3 3 -
JIO, MTO COHOpHbie B aHTJIKHCKOM H3bIKe OÖ ^a^aiO T r o p a 3 a o ÖOJIbineH COHOpHOCTbK), HeM B pyCCKOM. CTaHOBHCb «C B epX -
.UOJirHMH» b c o c T a ß e KOHeiiHbix r p y n n c o r j ia c H b ix , ohh C03-
flaiOT pHTMHMeCKHH 3(})4)eKT H BO MHOTOM CnOCOßCTByiOT «M y3bIK3JIbH0CTH» SHTJIKHCKOTO CTHX3 U. ECJIH yMeCTb T3K>Ke
t o t 4)3KT, mto b a n o x y I I Ie K c n n p s [ r ] ß b ij io B H ßpnpyiom H M H npOH3HOCHJIOCb B nOCTBOKajIbHHX n03HHHHX 12, TO 3ByKO-
BOH 34>4>eKT, C03flaBaeM bIH B MOHOJIOre p33.THMHbIMH COHeTa-
10 FIonoB — eÄHHCTBeHHufl H3 nepeBOA^HKOB M o»o .n ora p n ^ M y e r crpcm- kh, Ha^eacb, bhahmo, tskh m 0Öpa30M c/ie/iaTb M onojior ßojiee npHHT- HbiM ä j ih cj iyxa. 3<})(})eKT noJiyMaeTCH o6paTHbiii.
11 V a r d a n ’ a n Svetlana. R hythm and P ro so d y . — In: R eg isters and R hythm (ed. by O lg a A k h m an ova and T atjan a S isk in a ). M o s c o w U niv . P ress, 1974.
** K ö k e r i t z H elge. S hakespear’ s P ron u n cia tfon . P art 1. N ew H aven , Y ale U niv . P ress, 1953, p. 365— 366.
56
HHHMH H a^JlHTepaUHHMH COHOpHHX H [r ] , CT3HOBHTCH CMC-bhähhm : the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune; the oppressor’s w rong; the law ’s delay; with this regard, their currents turn aw ry//and lose the n a m e of action h t . n.
nepeBOÄHHKH He yAejnijiH uojiJKHoro BHHMaHHH aTOMy H B j i e H H io . P y c c K H e B a p n a H T b i H a c b im e H b i a j i j iH TepauH H M H
Ha [ c ] — [ t ] — [ h ] — [ c t ] — [ c h ] ( H a n p H M e p , k t o 6
c t ü ä c t p a d a r b , c r o H a T b o t t h z o c t h u h 0KU3H.U ( f U e m e e ß ) ;
h o e c a u c o h e u d e n b H n o c e r n r , // H t o 3 a m c h t u n a c M e p T H b iü
c o h c A e T H T ? ( K p o H e ß e p r ) ; h o c M e p i u c o h n p u n o c u x c h o -
e u d e u b n ( K a p a ö n e B C K H H ) h t . n . ) , c o 3 A a io i i i ,H M H c o ß c e M
H H y i o 3 B y K O B y K ) K a p T H H y . y T e x >Ke nepeBOAHHKOB, KO TO
p b i e U IH p O K O HCnOJIb3yK)T nOBTOpbl 3ByKOB [ p ] H [ j i ] ( J l O -
3HHCKHH, r i a C T e p H a K ) , 3B yK O B O H S(})C})eKT, XOTH H npHÖJIH-
>KaeTCH k o p u r H H a j i y , B c e >Ke H en3M ep iiM O c j i a 6 e e , MeM b
o p H rH H a j ie , H3-3a r o p a 3 A O M e H b iu e i i c o h o p h o c t h p yccK H X c o n o p H b ix 3ByK0B: u t ü k p e M U M O C T U n p u p o d u b i ü u , e e T / /X u -
p e e r n o d H c u ie r o M M b i c j i u ß j i e d n b i M ( J I o 3h h c k h h ) ; ... J I o m -
H o e e e j i u u b e / l n p a e u T e j i e ü , H e e e o t c e c r e o ß e n b M O M ,/1 ß c e o 6 u j , e e
n p U T 6 0 p C T 6 0 , H C ß 0 3 M 0 M H 0 C T b l /H 3 J ]U T b C eÖ H , H eCHClCTHyiO
n i o 6 o ß b / / M n p t i 3 p a ‘ iH O C T b 3 a c j i y e . e e j i a 3 a x m iH T O O K e cre
(nacT epnaK ).UrilOpHpOBaHHe 3ByK0B0H CTopoHbi nOAJIHHHHKa HBJIHeT-
CH, OHeBHAHO, HeM3JI0Ba>KH0H npiIHHHOH HeaAeKBaTHOCTH «3ByHaHHH» pyccKHX nepeBOAOB M on o j io ra .
* * rfc
JlH HrBH CTHlieCKHH 3H3JIH3 n03B0„THeT Bb ipaÖOTaTb npHH-
U im bl, Ha KOTOpblX AOJI>KeH CTpOIITbCH « I i a y H H b l f t » , «(})HJIO-
j i o n m e c K i i n » n ep eB O A n p o H 3 B eA eH i i i i KJ iacc im ecKO H no33H ii.
Ü T M eT H M i i a n ö o j i e e B a x H b i e , Ha n a iu b3i\tiha, AJia nepeBO - A o b L U e K c n n p a : l ) c o ö jn o A e H i i e b o p h o c t h noAJiHHHHKy (6 e 3 n p0H 3B 0 jibH b ix c o K p a m e H H i i h A o ß a B j i e H H Ü ) ; 2) c o ö jn o A e H H e
Hop.M H3biKa n ep e B O A a ; 3) H cn 0 j ib 3 0 B aH i ie apxaH 3M O B h
CHH>KeHHOH JieKCHKH TOJibKO B CJiyMaHX KpaHHefi H eOÖXOA«- m o c t h ; 4 ) n e p e A a u a o c o 6 e n n o c T e ü m eK cn H poB C K H X T p o n o B ;
5 ) c o x p a H e n n e p iiT M a o p i i n i H a j i a ( n a c K O J ib K O s t o bo3mo>k- h o b p yccK O M C T i i x e ) ; 6 ) y n e T 3ByKOBOÜ CTopoHbi noAJiHH-
m iK a . 3 t h n p i iH u n n b i He TOJibKO n 0 M 0 r a i0 T OTOÖpaTb j i y n - m i i e M ecT a , h o h n p e A O C T e p e ra iO T n poT H B H eyAanH b ix .
B c e p e A H H e n p o u i J i o r o B e K a orpoM Hoft nonyjinpHOCTbio n o j i b 3 0 B a j i c H n e p e B O A « T a M J i e T a » K p o H e ö e p r a , B U A e p j K a B -
57
üihh ÄecHfKH nepeH3^aHMö. O a h s k o ec jtn BsrjiHHyTb bh h - M 'aTejibnee na nepeB O A MOHOJIOra, t o oÖHapy>KaTCH n o rp e m - h o c t h b pyccKOM H3biKe. H snpH M ep, BpaoKdym u^aa. c y d b -
6a — Bpa>KflyiomaH c KeM? K o z d a c r p a x u e u m u c y e r y
36M H yto — KaK m o jk h o c r p H x n y r b c y e i y l K a K nOHHMaTb!
c a a 6 e e t// )K u e o ü n o a e r o r e c iM H u x n p e d n p u n -
t u ü ? H e oneHb jierKO c e ß e npeACT3BHTb poßKuü n y r b .
I lep eB O Ä MOHOJIOra J Io 3 h h ck h m c m h t 3 6 t c h jiyHiHHM c o - BpeMeHHbiM nepeBOAOM . H o ecjiH p a 3 o ß p a T b e r o JiHHrBHCTH-
MecKH, t o O K a»eT C H , m to nepeBOAMHK 3J ioyn oT p eß jiH eT apxaH 3M 3M H h ycT apeB in nM H 4>opMaMH: 6 o a ö n p e 3 p e n -
h o ü A toöeu -, c y d e ü M e d A u e o c r b ; ti n e c n e iu u r b k d p y z u M , o t n a c c o k p bi r bi m (n a s t o KaK u a rjiaBH bifi
HeAOCTaTOK JIo3HiiCKoro VKa3biBaiOT MHorne iicc jieA O B a - T e jiH ); a K poM e T o r o , n a p y rn a e T nopMbi p y c c K o r o fl3biK 3:
h t o 6 o x ü T b u n o t e t b n o d m y d n ou WC n 3 H b io ; 3 ü h o c h u -
BOCTb eAÜCTeÜ. BpeH H blÜ lUyM, M Ope CMyT n e K3>KyTCH HaM
yaaHHblMH 3KBHB3 JIGHTaMH THnHMHO UieKCniipOBCKIIX c o 'i e - TanHH m o r t a l c o i l a s e a o f t r o u b le s ii t . a .
n ep eB O A « I 'a M J ie T a » I la c T e p n a K a b cßoe BpeMH 6biJi 6ojibiiiHM m aroM BnepeA. O h 3iiamiTejibHO npn6jii i3Hji peHb r e p o e B k jkhboii oßbiACHHon peMii. O a h s k o b e r o nepeBOAe M Horo oTCTynjieniiM o t cMbicjia noAJiiiHHHKa, cyß'beKTiiBHbix, MajionoHHTHbix co q eT a m i f l cjiob ii 0Öpa30B. «B b iTb hjiii ne ßbiTb...» M o p o s o B CMiiTaeT caMbiM cjiaßbiM MecTOM nepeBOA a I l a c T e p H a K a 13.
B caMOM A e jie , n o 3 o p c y d b ö b i , G e c n n o d b e y M c r e e n n o z o ry n u K a — 3 t o aßcT paK T H bie M eTac})opbi, c o B e p m e im o hg
CBOHCTBeHHbie LUeKCOIipy. C jiO Ba CKOHHÜTbCH, KpHXTCTb, M a A o d y u iH m a T b , o r A a z a r e A b c r a o c t i i j ih c t i im c c k h A n c r a p -
MOHHpyK)T c o cT a jib H o ii j i c k c h k o ü n epeB O A a. B o t u o r e e r
KaK SKBHBajieHT T h e r c ’ s th e ru b B bi3biBaeT HeAoyM eHHe, TeM ß o j ie e >ito h a o h n o c j ie 3toi"i (J)pa3bi y n a c T e p H a K a —
B on p o cu T e jib H b ie npeAJio>KeHHH: « . . . u e u d e T b cn b i? B o t u o r e e r . I /K a n n e c h m e t o m cM e p rn o M c n e n p u c n n r c H , / /K o z d a
n o K p o e 3CMHOZO u y e c r e a c h .ht? » O im a j i MOHOJIOra c h h t s k -
CHMecKH ABycMbicJieH: « T a n n o z t t ß a io r 3aM bicA bi c p a 3 M a - x o m , l /B n a n a A e o 6 e w ,a e tu u e y c n e x , I /O r ö o a z u x o t a ü z ü -
r e A b c r e » . B pH A Jin Hy>Kiio npiiBOAHTb n p iiM ep b i T o r o , i o k
CTpoKH U le K c n n p a c iu io iu b ii pHAOM 3aMenHiOTCH A pyrH M ii,
15 M op 0 3 o b M. M. LUeKcm ip b nepeßoaax Bopirca F l a c T e p H a K a . —
B k h .: LUeKcnfip, B e p n c , LUoy. M., 1967.
58
ß o j ie e 6jih3khmh n o j\yxy caw oM y n a c T e p H a n y n e r o BpeMeHH. 3 t o 06in,eH3BecTH0. HanoMiniM jinuib t o MecTO m oho- j i o ra , r^e JUeKcnnp pu cyeT OKpy>Kaiomyio TaMJieTa AeftcT- BHTejibnocTb. y n a c r e p H a K a 3Aecb noHBJineTCH «... Aootcnoe e e A U H b e //I Ip a e u T e A e u , n e e e w c e cT e o e e A b M O X c J /B c e o ö m e e
npUTBOpCTBO, H ee03M 0M H 0C T bllH 3A liT b C e 6 n ...» .
B t o » c e BpeMH noHTH y Ka>KAoro nepeBO A^H K a m o h o jio -
r a MOJKHO HaHTH CTpOKH HpKHe, 3BVlIHbie H Bbipa3HTeJIbHbie, B epH o n e p e A a io m n e cm m cji noAJiHHHHKa, T a n n e , KaK E e c -
c u A b e n p a e , T U p a n oß n p u T e c H e m e ( K p o H e ß e p r ) ; B e 3 e e c T -
Hbiü K p a ü , OTK yda H er ß 0 3 ß p a T a (J I o s h h c k h h ) ; M tü k n p u p o d t ib lü HßCT pCÜICKbR MSpKHPT, HlJTb ARMCT Hü HeZO
r e n b Ö A e d n o ä MblCAU (P a A J iO B a ); B o t HTO ydAUHH eTj/ H e -
CHÜCTbHM HaUlUM 0Kll3Hb HCLCTOAbKO AßT (H aC TepH aK ) h t . n.
n p o B e A e H H b iö aH ajiH 3 neoöxoAH M a jih Toro , h t o 6 h npo- n ju iiocTpupoBaTb Ha MaTepnajie, mto npeACTaBJineT c o ö o h (tJHjiojioniHecKHH noAXOA k nepeBOAy. B xoAe aHajiH3a 6 h j ih BbiHBJienw rjraBHbie neAocraTKH, a T a K K e Hanßoj iee yAaMHbie MccTa nepcBOAOB M0H0Ji0ra. B pe3yjibTaTe mm MO>KeM npeACTaBHTb nepeBOA, KOTopufi HBjineTCH KaK 6bi «o6"beKTHBHHM» BapnaHTOM, TaK KaK OTpa>KaeT JiynniHe CTopoHbi pa3JiHWHbix nepeßo/ioB ’4. n o cymecTBy Ham Ba- pnaHT He HBjineTCH nepeBOAOM b coöcTB ennoM CMMCjie c j io - Ba, njiOAOM xyAO }«ecTB eH H oro TBop 'iecTBa . 3 t o — pe3yjibTaT coTpyAHHnecTna « b o B p eM en n » M Hornx nepeBOA^HKOB, Hayn- HO o6pa6oTaHIIbIH HaMH B COOTBeTCTBHII C BbimeH3JTÖ}KeH-
HblMH n p H H U H n a M H .
BbiTb hjih ne 6biTb: b o t b neM Bonpoc.H t o 6 j ia r o p o A H e e — CMiipHTbCH AyxoM F lep eA yA apaM H 6e3>Kaji0CTH0H cyAbßbi
‘H j lb , BCT3B C OpyjKbeM npoTH B M o p n 6eA,Bopbßofi noKOiiqiiTb c hhmh. y M e p e T b —yCHyTb — H TOJibKO; H OKOIIMHTb CHOM.O rpaAaHbH c e p u n a , th c h h i i MyiCHHH, n p u c y m i i x Tejiy . 3 t o jih ne uejib ^KeJiaHHan. YM epeTb — ycnyTb .. . Y cnyT h?H A a ^ e BHAeTb c h h ... B o t b qeM 3arB03AKa; K aKH e CHbl npHCHHTCH B CMepTHOM CHe,
14 M u Hcnojib30Bajm b o c h o r h o m nepeBoau M . J lo3H H C K oro , A. K pone - fiepra, H . ricvieBoro, M . BpomeHKO, B. IlacTepHaKa, A. PajyioB ofl, f l . MnxajioBCKoro, f l . AßepKHeBa, K. P.
59
Pa3 TJieHHyio C TpnxH eM Mbi o 6 o j i o H K y ?
B o t rvie npHMHHa. B o t h t o yzuiHHHeT HeCHaCTbHM HaiUHM >KH3Hb Ha CTOJIbKO JieT.K t o 6 era-ri T e p n e T b c y d b ö b i H e cn p a ß e /y iH B o c T b ,
B e c c n j i b e n p a ß , THpaHOB npH TecH eHbe,
H a c H ^ n e BjiacTefi, n on pan H y io JiioöoBb, r ipe3peHHbix Ayrn npe3peiiHe k 3ac j iy raM , K oraa noKoeM noßapHTb nac MO>KeT OflHH y /iap? K to hec 6bi ßpeMH >kh3hh,K to rH yjicH 6b i n o a TH>KecTbio TpyAOB,
K o r ^ a 6bi CTpax Mero-To r iocjie cMepTH — B e3BecTHbiH Kpaii, oTKyaa HeT B03BpaTa —H e npHBOAHji b CM ym eH be Hamy bojiio ,H e 3 acTaBjiHJi C K o p e ii TepneTb 3eM H bie 6 e/ibi,H e M y ß e r a T b o t h h x k o e A a M 6 e 3 BecTHbLM.
Tax T p y c a M H H a c A e j i a e T p a ccya o K .W TaK npnpoÄHbiH c b c t pemeHbH MepKHeT,M y T b jiH>KeT Ha H e ro T eu b ö./ieAHofi m h c j i h .H 33MbICJIbI BejIHKOTO 3H3MeHbH,CßOpaHHBSH B CTOpOHy CBOH xo ;i ,H e n e p e x o A H T b A e j io .
H. P. TAJIbnEPHH
K tipoÖMMe
HeOÖbtHHblX
coH em anuü cAoe
BajreHTHOCTb c j i o b , t. e. cndcoß- HOCTb CJIOB BCTynaTb B COHeTaHHH c Ä p y r H M H c j i o ß a M H TaK, htoöbi h x CBH3b Ka3ajiacb B n o J iH e ecTecT- B eH H ofi, o p ra H H ^ e c K H o ß y c jiO B J ie H -
h o h , ao chx n o p HBJiHeTCH npe/iMe- TOM oßcyjKAeHHH H rOpHHHX CnOpOB b cpeue j i h h t b h c t o b . 3 t o t Bonpoc b m x o ä h t 3a npeueJibi h h c t o jiHHrBH- CTHMecKoft c<})epbi h nepeceKaeTCH c
jiorHKoft, ncHxojiorHefi h acTeraKoß.T epM H H «BaJieHTHOCTb CJIOBa»
npeflC T aB JiH eTC H B e c b M a yuaH H O H
3 K C T p a n o j iH iX H e f i x H M H u e c K o r o n o
HHTHH B OÖJiaCTb JIHHrBHCTHKH. BaJieHTHOCTb, KaK OHa onpeaejineTCH B XHMHH,— 3TO CBOflCTBO SJieMeHTa, 0 6 y c j 10 BJiHBaro111.ee e ro bo3mo>k- HOCTb COeAHHHTbCH C KaKHM-TO
HHCJIOM SJieMeHTOB, OÄHOBpeMeHHO OrpaHHHHBaH e r o B03M0}KH0CTb CO- CAHHHTbCH C ÄpyrHMH SJieMeHTaMH.
I l e p e H e c e H H e 3 T o r o T e p M H H a b
OÖJiaCTb J IHHrBHCTHKH H e nOJiyMHJIO
e i n e Ä O J iJK H oro p a c n p o c T p a H e H H H ,
O ^ eB H Ä H O , B CBH3H C T e M , HTO M H 0 -
r n e c j i o B a H M e r o T cTOJib u iH p o K H e -
B 03 M 0JK H 0C TH C OeÄHHHTbCH C Ä p y -
t h m h c j i o ß a M H , h t o C T p o r n e KOJIH-
H e c T B e H H b ie h j i h K a n e c T B e H H b i e o r -
p a H H H e H H H n p H M e H H T b ÄOBOJIbHO
T p y ^ H O , 0 A H 3 K 0 H e c T p o r n e o r p a H H -
HeHHH H e TOJibKO B03M O JKH H , HO H
H eO Ö X O Ä H M bl , eCJIH p a C C M a T p H B 3 T b
H 3b IK K a K I i e K H H KO Ä , B £ O C T aT O H -
HOII C T e n e H H a B T O M 3 T H 3 H p O B a H -
H b i f l i i n o s T O M y j i e r K O (J jyHKHHO-
H H p y iO H IH H KaK C p e ^ C T B O K O M M y -
HHK3II.HH i .
1 ÜCMpOÖHee O noHHTHH 5I3bIKOBOrO K0Ä3 cm.: Ta j i b ne p HH H. P. H»(})opMa-THBHOCTb eÄHHHU H3bIKa. M., 1974.
61
KaKHe » e sto orpaHHMenHH? B KaKOM H3 ypoBiieii H3H- KOBOH CTpyKTypbi OHH HailÖOJiee pHTOpHCTHMHbl H KaKHe BapnaHTbi curHajioB AonycKaioTcsi H3biKOBbiM koäom?
rionblTaiOCb OTBeTHTb Ha 3TH BOnpOCbl, yMHTblBafl MHOTO- OÖpa3He H3MKOBHX (J)OpM BbipaJKCHHH II He CBOAH HX K TaK Ha3biBaeMbiM HAepHbiM CTpyKTypaM.
IlocT aB jieH H b ie B o n p o c b i Ba>KHbi TaKJK e h noTOM y, m to
caM O (J)yHKHH0HHp0BaHHe H3biKa A aeT c jiyM a n Hapym eHHH B3 JieHTHOCTH O T fle jIbH blX H3bIKOBbIX eAHHHU — CJIOB, MOp- 4>eM, npeÄJio>KeHHH ( ho He cf)OHeM) — He TOJibKO b no33H ii,
r ^ e TaKHe H apyuieHHH n0M eM y-T0 CMiiTaioTCfl B nojiH e a o -
nycTHM biM H, 6 o j ie e T o r o , nopMaTHBHbiMH, h o h b x y A o m e c T -
BeHHOH n p o 3 e h Aa>Ke b >k h b o h p a 3 ro B o p H o fi peMH.
npeACTaBjineTCH uejiecoo6pa3H biM BbiCKa3aTb HeKOTO- pb ie c o o 6 pa>KeHHH o TaK Ha3biBaeM0i“i o tm cm ch h octh , rpaM - M3THMHOCTH, AonycTHMOCTii, npneMJieMOCTH onpeA ejieH H bix THnOB CJI0B0C0MeT3HHH.
B y A e M HCXOAHTb H3 H C H TpajIbH O rO CTHJIH H3JI0>KeHH
T. e. H eKO ii 33MKHyTOH CHCTeMbi, B K 0 T 0 p 0 f l 5I3bIKOBbie CpeACTBa JIHUieHbl KaKOH 6 bl TO HH ßblJIO SMOHHOHajIbHOH HJIH nO BbIH ieH H O -Bbipa3H TeJIbH O H OKpaCKH H K O TO pbie n o ji- HOCTblO yK JiaAblBaiO TCH B nOHHTHe H O pM bl. H o II B 3T 0H
HeHTpajibHOH ( j )o p M e Bbipa>KeHHH H e Ha Bcex ypoBHHx b paBHOH CTeneHH bo3m o>khh A o n y c T iiM b ie KOjießaHHH H op M bi.
TaK, HanpHM ep, K0 HTaKTH0 e y n o T p e ß jie m ie c jiob , np iraaA - JieJKamHX K BbICOKOMy JIH TepaTypH O-KH H JKH O M y CJIOIO, c
o a h o h C T op oH b i, h k p a 3 r 0 B 0 p H 0 M y — c A p y r o i i , ß y A e T p a c -
C M 3TpH BaTbC H KaK O TK JIO H em ie OT yCTaH OBJieH H blX HOpM .
M t o >Ke K a c a e T c n y p oB H H npeA Jio>K eH H H , t o 3 A e c b A o n y c r a -
m h 3H aM H T ejibH bie B a p n a H T b i c T p y K T y p H o f i op ra H H 3 aH H H .
I Io p H A O K CJieAOBailHH npeAJIOJKeHHH H HX CBH3H Iie jIb3H
yjio>KHTb b C T p o r n e paM K H ycTaHOBjieHHbix n a n 6 o jie e M acTO
BCTpeMaeMbix o 6 p a 3 u o B (M O A e jie fi) H e f iT p a j ib H o r o c t h j i h .
TaKHM 0ßpa30M , K aT eropu n nDaBHJibHOCTH, AonycTHMOc- TH, OÖbIMHOCTH H BapH3THBHOCTH 2, KOTOpbie B TOH HJIH HHOH M epe h (})opM e conyTCTByiOT noHHTiiio «H op M a jiH TepaTyp - h o h peMH», c jieA yeT paccM aTpH BaTb n e TOJibKO npHMeHH- TejIbHO K TOMy HJIH HHOMy (JjyHKHHOHajIbHOMy CTHJHO 5I3bIKa, h o h bo BHecTHjieBOM n jiaH e k eAHHHuaM pa3Hbix ypoBH en.
* Cm.: T a jib n e p m i IT. P. ü p H e M b i i i M eTO Ä bi c e iu a H T m e e K o r o a n a - flH3a CTHJIHCTHqeCKH M a p K H p O B a H H b lX OTpe3KOB TeKCTa. — B K H .:MeTOÄbi h n p u H u n n b i c e M a H T m e e K o r o a H a J i io a , M ., 1975.
62
P a c c k o T p H M iio f ie a e H H e eaH tiH u, H3i>iKa H ä jieK ctonetikO M
y p o B n e .
Heoöbimibie coneTaiiHH Bceraa aeaBTOMaTH3iipyiOT H3bi- koboh Koa. BHHMaHne HeMeaJieHHO nepeKjiioHaeTCH Ha 3HaHeHHe eaHHHu, Koaa, 6yab to cjioBa, Mop4)eMH hjih npeaJiojKeHHH. O a H a n o n aeaBT0MaTH3au,HH, ii cBH3aHHoe c H efl n ep eK jiiO H eH H e BHHMamiH c coaepjKaHHH Ha c})opMy, h nocjieayiom ee nepeocMbicjieHiie eaHHHu Koaa HeoaHHa- KOBO npOHBJIHIOTCH Ha MOp(J)OJIOrHHeCKOM, JieKCHHeCKOM H
CHHTaKCHnecKOM ypoBHHx. Jlpne Bcero s t o t npouecc npo- HBjiaeTCH b coHeTaHHHx Ha jieKCHHCCKOM ypoBHe. 3 t o , o n e -
BHaHO, onpeaeJineTCH npHBbiHHbiMH npeacTaBjieHHHMH o co- aepÄaTejibHofi cxopoHe cJiO B a, nenocpeacTBeiiHO coothoch- MOH C nOHHTHHHOH CTOpOHOH H3bIKa, OTpa>KaiOUJ,eH CBH3H H
OTHOHieHHH 06"beKTHBH0 il aeÜCTBIITejIbHOCTH. BbipaÖOTaH- HblH aBTOM3TH3M COeaHHeilllfl CaHHIIU K O a a 33CTaBJ15ieT noa- BeprHyTb 3naneHHe oanoro H3 KOMiioneHTOB nepeocMbicjie- HHIO aJIH Toro, HTOÖbl CO X paH H Tb CipyKTypHOe COOTHOUieHHe eaHHHu Koaa. rioHCHHM 3to npiiMepoM.
B ce Baum h o u h e m o z ij hu k hcmi). Bbi o6h3ühm s t o cdenaTb. T a K i i e n p o c T b ie pycc ic iie p a 3 ro B o p H b ie npea- jio>KeHHH mo>kiio BcxpeT iiTb BecbMa M a d o . O ß p a m a eT na ceß n bhhm am ie t o t cpaK T, h to ho ii ne M o e y JierKO Bocnpn- hhmaioTCH KaK ea H in m u aB TO M aTiisH poB aim oro K oaa , x o th h ho h ne Moay n o aB ep r jin cb h 3 cth h h oh , h jiii, jiyn u ie CKa3aTb, cn opaaH H ecK o fl, cyßcTaH TiiB au iu i. r ip o i ic x o a iiT s t o n oroM y, h to CHHTaKCHHecKiiii K o a T p eß yeT iio c j ie n p iu iaraTC J ib iioro ece h npH T ju K aTejib iio ro m cctoh m ciiiih eauiu cym ecTBH Tejib- iib ix . H o h to TaK oe cn opaan n ecK aH cyßcTaHTHBauHH? H a - BH3aHa jih on a c jioB aw h coneTaHHHM c jiob , He HMeiom iiM h HaM eKa na s th rpaM M aT iin ecK iie 3naHeiiHH? I I j ih , MO>KeT ßbiTb, TaK oe cjiy>Ke6 Hoe c jio b o , KaK ho, ii coneTaHHe ne mozij b noTeHUHH coaep>KaT b c eß e cn ocoß n ocT b k Mop(f>ojiorHHe- CKOMy nepeBoru iom eH H io? 3 t o He npa3aH bifi Bonpoc. O t e r o pe iuem iH 3aB iiciiT ycTaiiOBJieHHe KaKiix-TO npaBHJi (jjyHKHHOHIipOBaHHH eaHHHU H3bIKa II B 3HaHHTejIbHOH CTe- nenH h x p a 3 BiiTiie n i i3 MeneHHe. B caMOM a e jie . E c jih KaKHe-TO ea iiH iiub i H3biKa M oryT nepeBon jiom aTbCH b CBH3H C TpeßOBaHHHMH CHHTaKCHHeCKOH OpraHH3aHHH BbICKa3bIBa- hhh hjih e ro HacTH, t o HeT H im ero yanB H TejibH oro b tom , h to cok )3 ho ii coH eTaH iie ne Moey npnoßpeTaiO T CBoficTBa (a He (JiyHKUiiio) cym ecTB iiT e jib iib ix ii M oryT aeflcTBOBaTb KaK cym ecTBHTejibHbie. Pl3BecTHO, h to ynoTpeß jieH H e He 6e3-
63
paajitmtto k caMofi cyöcTaHUHM ynoTpeßjiHeMOro. (fryHKUHfl, He B MaTeMaTHHeCKOM CMbICJie, MG>KeT üpOHBHTbCH TOJibKO b tom cjiyqae, ecjiH b eAHHHue KOAa noTeHunajibHO 3ajio>Ke- Ha B03M0>KH0CTb ee npoHBJieHHH. Toraa h o h ne M o a y HecyT B ceße B03M0>KH0CTb Cy6CT3HTHBaUHH. H o, CT3H0BHCb Cy- meCTBHTeJIbHblMH, OHH AOJIJKHbl lipHOÖpeCTH BCe CBOHCTBa cymecTBHTejibHoro. B pyccKOM H3HKe SToro He nponcxoAHT. CjieAOBaTejibHO, noHHTHe qacTimHOH cy6cT3HTHB3u,HH m oäct 6uTb 0npaBAaH0, nocKOJibKy 3Aecb cymecTBHTejibHbie h o
h ne Mozy BbicTynaioT jiuuib b cbohx hcxoahhx (JjopMax. B pyCCKOM H3bIKe, B CBH3H C erO p33BHTbIM (J)JieKTHBHbIM CTpOeM, nOHHTHe MaCTHHHOH CyÖCTaHTHBaUHH BnOJIHe 3aKO- H OM epH O.
Z l p y r o e A e j i o — b a u rjiH n cK O M H 3biK e. Ä H ajiH TH M ccK H H
CTpofi n 0 3 B 0 jin e T ö o j i e e CBoßoAHoe o ß p a m e m ie c noH H T iieM
« q a c T b p e n H » , BCJieACTBHe n e r o y n o T p e ß j i e i m e O T A e jib iib ix
^ ieK C H K O -rp aM M aT H necK H X p a 3 p n A O B npaK T H H ecK H He o r p a -
HHneHO h x HOMeHKJiaTypHOH nacnopTH 3auH eii. TaKHe c jiO B a ,
KaK ro u n d , MoryT 6 b iT b h c y m e c T B H T e jib H b iM , h n p n j i a r a -
T e jib H b iM , h n a p e m ie M , h n p e A -n o r o M . 3H aH H T j ih s t o , h t o
T aK H e c jiO B a jin u ie H b i c ß o e r o r p a M M 3 T ii< ie c K o r o jiH u a h
oßjiaAaiO T M0p<J)0Ji0rHMecK0H n ojiiiceM iieii, peajiH 3yeM oii b Ka>KAOM OTAeJIbHOM C J iy ^ a e CHHTaKCHHeCKHMH OTIlOHieHHH-
MH CO CM OKHblM H eAHHHIJSM H?
M H e npeACTaßjiHeTCH b c h 3T3 ripoßjieM a b h h o m CBeTe. CTapaHCb npOHHKHyTb B CyiUHOCTb CTHJIHCTHHeCKOTO 3Ha- neHHH h T o r o 9(J)cJ)eKTa, K O T o p u ft s t o 3 H an eH H e n p 0H 3B 0A H T ,
n n pn u ie ji k y 6 e > K A e n H io , n 0 A K p e n jie H H 0 M y n cu xo jio rH 'ie - CKHMH AaHHbIMH, HTO HaiUe C03H3HHC CnOCOÖHO BOCnpiIH II-
M 3T b COOÖHieHHe He TOJibKO B JIHHeHHOM CJ1CAOB3HHH eAHHHU. H3bIKa, HO II B HX BepTH K3JlbH OM p 3 3 p e 3 e , HIIbIMH CJI0B3MII, He TOJibKO CHHT3rM3THHCCKH, 110 h n a p a A H T M a T in ie cK ii. Ha- KOnjieHHblH H3M K0B0H OnblT HeM eAJieHH O H Cn0HT3HH0 Ha- HHHaeT (J)yHKHHOHHpOB3Tb HapHAy C nOJiyM 3eM OH HH(J)0pM3- UHefi h Bbi3biBaeT k > k h 3 h h y>Ke ycTOHBuiiiecH npeACTaBjie- HHH O rp3M M3THLieCK0M 3Ha4eHHH A3HH0H eAHHHHbl. TaKHM o ö p a 3 0 M , K o r A a K3K3H-Jiii6o eA H H iiu a y n o T p e ö J in e T c a He b
CBOHX OÖblHHO yCTSHOBIIBIHHXCH (})OpMe H 3H3HeHHH, TO n p O -
h c x o a h t A B o iin a H p e a jiH 3 a m i5 i 3H a> ieH iiii, jieK ciiH ecK oro w
r p 3 M M 3 T H M e c K o r o , n p im e M r p a M M a T im e c K o e 3 H 3 ie H iie b h -
CTynaeT b aKTyajiH30BaiiH0M BHAe, b OTjiimne o t npiiBbm - H oro y n o T p e ö jie H H H 3 t o h c a h h h u h , KorAa ee rp a M M S T iin e -
CKoe 3HaneHHe eAßa npocBemiBseT.
64
B aHrjiHäcKOM H3biKe oco6enno pe3KO BbicTynaeT oaho- BpeMeHHOCTb pe3JiH3auHH rpaM M aTH H ecKoro h jieKCHMecKoro SHaneHHH. CTaBiime y>Ke xpecTOMaTHHHbiMH npHMepbi she danced her did h a grief ago 3aocTpHjiH npo6;ieMy lieoöbm- Hbix coneTaHHH. TpyflHO nepenHCJiHTb pa3Hbie tohkh 3peHHH Ha TaKoro poAa hbjichhh b H3biKe. nocKOJibKy sth npiiMepu B3HTbI H3 nOSTHHeCKHX Iip0H3BeA6HHH, TO HX IipaBO Ha cymecTBOBaHHe orpaHHHHBaeTCH TOJibKO sthm poaom xyAO- >KecTBeHHbix npoH3BeACHHH. B no33HH pa3pemaeTcn otkao- HHTbCH OT HOpM, 3KCnepHMeHTHpOB3Tb C JieKCHHeCKHMH H rpaMM3THHeCKHMH 3HaqeHHHMH, KOMÖHHHpOBaTb eAHHHIJbl H3bIK3 B HapymeHHe HX B3JieHTH0CTH.
H o 3TH H nOÄOÖHbie HM HBJieHHH BCTpeHaiOTCH AOBOJIbHO HaCTO H B 513bIKe XyAO>KeCTBeHHOH n p 0 3 b l , H HepCAKO
b >khboh p a 3 r o B o p n o H p e n n , ksk 3 t o ömjio y>Ke n o K a -
3 a H 0 .
T a n n e m yT O H H bie con e T a H H H , k z k ctco p o n o cTU M H o xce- HUACH, 3ÜKadblHHblä BpCiZ, 3ÜKAHTblÜ dpt/Z, 8H.e3atlH0 t io o ö e d a A , H e p y iu u M a n epaotcda, a T a io n e c K p u t iK a u n e - m h o m k o n e p e n o (M aHKOBCKHÖ), npeacT aB jiH iO T c o ö o f i
H apym eH H e BajieHTHOCTH Hape^HH ( CKo p o n o cT u o tcn o , 8ne3an- h o ) h n p n jia r a T e jib H o r o ( H e p yu iu M ctR ) h aeaBTOM aTH3HpyiOT
h 3 h k o b o h k o a b ceM aH T H H ecK O M n jia H e , a CKputiKa u ne-MHOOKHO H C p 8 H 0 — B CHHT3KTHKO-CMbICJIOBOM. B OÖOHX
cjiynaH X b CBH3H c AeaBTOMaTH3auHeii npOHCXOAHT He no;i- Hoe nepeocMbianeHHe KOMnoHeHTOB, a hx ABofinoe BocnpHH- THe — npeAMeTHO-jiorHnecKoe h K0HTeKCTyajibH0e. OcoßeH- HO B3>KH0 nOAHepKHyTb CnOCOÖHOCTb CJIOB BblAeJIHTb HOBbie CeMbl: «KaTaCTpO(j)HMHOCTb» B Hape^HH CKOpOnOCTUMHO,
«üoctohhctbo» b npHjiaraTejibHOM H e p yiu u M a n ., «SbicTpoTa» b HapeiH H 8H e3atiH o.
T aK H e COHeTaHHH HeJIb3H CMeiHHBaTb C OKCIOMOpOHHbIMH.H to npOHCXOAHT C rpaMM3THlieCKHMH H JieKCH'ieCKHMH
SHa^eHHHMH B T3KHX OKCIOMOpOHHblX COHeTSHHHX, KaKotcueoü r p y n , 6 e 3 o 6 p a 3 H a n K p a ca eu i^ a , CAaÖKan z o p e n b ,
ÖAaZOpOÖHaH nOÖAOCTb H B nOAOÖHblX? nOCKOJlbKy (J)Op- MajibHO-erpyKTypHafl xapaKTepHCTHKa 0KCK)M0p0Ha, ero He- OT'beMjieMbifl npii3HaK, 3aKJHoqaeTCH b aTpHöyTHBHO-HMeH- HOM COHeTSHHH, TO rpaMMSTHHeCKH 3HaHeHHH 3AeCb OCTaiOT-ch HeH3MeHHbiMH: npHjiaraTejibHoe+cymecTBHTejibHoe. O a - HaKO B JieKCHieCKHX SHa^eHHHX npOHCXOAHT CTOJIKIIOBeHHe CeMaHTHMeCKHX XapaKTepHCTHK AByx KOMnOHeHTOB COMeTa- hhh, Bbi3biBaK)m,ee Heo6xoAHMocTb nepeocMbicjieHHa OAHoro
3 3an. 164 65
H3 h h x . Ö ö h m h o TaKOMy n e p e o cM b ic jie H H iö rio,n,BepraeTC3
n p H ^ araT e jib n oe . K s k Bbipa^KeHne KaMecTBeHHoro npH3HaKa n p e ^ M e T a h jih HBJienHH, o h o M eH ee cTaßH JibH o, M eH ee c y ö -
CTaHHHOHajibHO, neM cym ecT B H T ejib H oe . I losT O M y b n p n - BeaeH H bix n p iiM e p a x npH JiaraT ejibH bie 6 e 3 o 6 p a 3 H a R , cAad- KÜH, ÖAaZOpOÖHüH, He TepHH nOJIHOCTblO OCHOBHOrO 3H ane-
HHH, H3ÄeJIHIOTCH KaKHM-TO KOHTeKCTyajlbHblM 3H3MeHHeM.
3 t o n a m e B c e r o npH 3H aK, cjiy iK aiuH H a jih p 3 c h i3 t h b 3 h h h
ceM aHTH^ecKOH C TpyK Typbi h m ch h cy m ecT B H T e jib H oro . K p a - caeuu,a n p n o ß p e T a e T k s k h c - t o cB o ficT B a , OTpHuaTejibHO
x a paK T epH 3yiom ,H e h o c h t c j ih OCHOBHOrO KaM ecTBeHH oro n p n -
SHaKa.HHTepeCHO epaBH H Tb COOTHOUieHHH ÄByX npOTHBOpeHH-
BblX, CeMaHTHHeCKH HeCOBMeCTHMblX KOMnOHeHTOB OKCIO-
MOpOHHHX COHeTSHHH B npHMepaX C p33HbIMH TeMSTHMeCKH-
mh rpynnaM H cym ecTBHTejibHbix. TaM, ra e cym ecTBH Tejib- Hbie KOHKpeTHbie, h x c m m c jio b s h cTpyK Typa no/iBep>KeHa 3HaMHTejIbHbIM KOJießaHHHM, BnjIOTb AO OTpHU,aHHH OCHOBHOrO, B e^ ym ero npH3HaKa. TaK, b coMeT3HHHX HaceAennaH nycTbiHn, caMbie HU3Kiie neöocKpeöu, 6e36odnoe Mope Bce cym ecTBHTejibHbie noAßepraioTCH nepeocM bicjieH H io h b o c - npHHHMaiOTCH KaK HocHTejiH onpeaeJieHHOH cyöcTaHUHH TOJibKO b cbh3H c KOHTeKCTOM. B Tex x e cjiyHaax, KorAa c y m e c T B H T e jib H b ie a öerp a K T H b i, KaK b n p iiM e p a x Ö A a e o p o d -
hüh nodAoeTb, CAadKaa zopenb, öeiuenoe cnoKoucreue, c y m ecTB H TejibH bie oßbiHHO He TepaioT CB oero B e^ ym ero n p n -
3H aK a, h n e p e o cM b ic jie H H io n o^B ep ra ioT C H npnjiaraT ejibH bie, H a n p H M e p : ÖACisopodHüH = onpaBü,aHHa5i u e jib io ; CAadKan =
npHHTHaa, r p y c r a a n ; 6eiueHoe = c TpyßOM c,nep>KHBaeMoe.He c j ie ^ y e T , o a h s k o , 3a6biB aT b , m to ceM3HTHHecK35i He-
coB M ecT H M ocT b, K O Topan HBjiHeTCH pe3yjibT aT O M n o3H aB 3-
TejibHOH ÄenTejibHOCTH M ejioB en ecK oro M 03ra , OTpa^Kaa 3aKOHbI OÖ'beKTHBHOH ÄeHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, H ejierK o C ^aeT
CBOH n03HUHH. HOHBJlHeTCfl ÄB0HH3H peajIH33HHH 3H3MeHHH,
K O H TeK CTysjibH oro h n p ea M eT H O -jiorH tiecK oro (c ji0 B a p H 0 -
r o ) , n p n k o t o p o h o a h o H3 h h x n o Ä 3 B jin eT Ä p y r o e . n p e a - CTaBjineTCH, mto n p o u e c c s t o t n p oT eK 3 eT MrHOBeHHO h He
33B epm aeT C H . C o3H 3H H e y /iep jK H B aeT h t o h A p y r o e 3H ane-
HHe, npHMeM b 3 3 b h c h m o c t h o t u e j i o r o pHÄa ycjiOBHH —
H aK on jieH H oro on b iT 3 , 3H 3jnm iM ecK H X c b o h c t b yM a n e p -
u e n T o p a , x a p a K T e p a TeKCTa, TeM na peMH ( hjih ö b icT p oT b i
cxBaTbiBaHHH coAep>KaHHH nncbMeHHoro TeKCTa) — 3th asa 3H3MeHHH nO-pa3H O M y B3aHMOfleHCTByiOT.
66
B OÄHOBpeM eHHOH p ea jiH 3 a n ,H H A B y x h 6 o j i e e 3H aneH HH
MO>KHO HaÖJIIOAaTb p a 3 H b ie BHflbI HX B33H M OAefiCTBHH . Tan, m o > k h o B b m e ;iH T b : 1 ) B 3 a n M O Ä eß cT B H e f lB y x rp a M M a T H n ecK H X
3HaM eHHH, K aK , H a n p H M e p , b p H T op H ^ ecK O M B o n p o c e , r a e
SHa^eH HH B o n p o c H T e jib H o r o h y T B e p A H T e jib H o r o x a p a K T e p a
B biC T yn aiO T 0 A H 0 B p eM eH H 0 ; 2 ) B 3 3 H M 0 A eficT B H e A B y x JieK-
c n q e c K H x sHa^ieHHH ( H a n ß o j i e e n a c r a B C T p e^ a eM b ifi T H n ),
r a e c j i o ß a p H o e h K 0H T eK C T y3J ibH 0e, h j ih o cH O B H oe npeA- M eT H O -J iorH H ecK oe S H a^ eH H e h 3 H aqeH H e n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H 0 e , h j ih
o a h o H3 h h x h 3 M 0 U H 0 H a jib H 0 e C B 0 e 0 Ö p a 3 H 0 n e p e n jie T a iO T -
c h ; 3 ) B 3aH M O A eöcT B H e J ieK C H ^ ecK oro h r p a M M a T H ^ e c K o r o
SH a^eH H H , K aK b n p n M e p e c h o h n e M o e y h b A p y r u x npn- M e p a x , r A e B bi3biB aeT CH H e o ö x o A H M o e T b M acTH M H oro n e p e -
OCMblCJieHHH KaK rpaM M STHM eCKOTO, T aK H JieKCim eCKOrO
3HaqeHHH.H a n ö o J i e e c j io > k h o ycT aH O B H T b r p a H H iiy M e>KAy JierKO
A eK O A H pyeM biM H h n 0 3 T 0 M y JierKO B ocn p H H H M aeM biM H c o n e -
T3HHHMH C H a p y ilieH H eM BajieHTHOCTH KOMnOHeHTOB H T3KH -
MH, B KOTOpblX A G K 0A H p0B 3H H e He aBTO M aTH 3H pO B3H O H
n o s T O M y o c T a H a B jiH B a e T i i a m e BHHM aHHe, 3 a c T a B jin e T e r o
3aA ep> K aT bC 5i n a (} )0 p M e H3jio>KeHHH, t . e . , A p yrH M H c jiO B a -
MH, 3K T y3JIH 30B 3H H bIM H C0*ieT3HHHM H. K a K H BCHK3H r p a -
HHUa M e>KAy HBJieHHHMH nCHXOJIHHTBHCTHHeCKOrO X 3 p a K T e -
p s , 3 T a r p a H H u a p s c n j ib iB ^ a T a , o a h h T iin coM eT a H iifi H C33-
MeTHO n e p e x o A H T b A p y r o f i , h r p a H H u a TOJibKO T o r A a
CT3H0BHTCH 3aM eTH O H , KOFA3 0H 3 J1HÖO H3XOAHTCH B «C B eT -
j i o f i TOHKe H a r n e r o jiH H rB H C T H ^ ecK oro C 03H aH H H » ( I I I ,e p -
6 a ) , j i h 6 o K o r A a n p eA H a M ep eH H O p e 3 K 0 O M ep^ eH a. T a K , b
OAHOM H3 CTHXOTBOpeHHH M. U ,B eT aeB O H B CTpO K e «O T K a 3bI-
B aiO C b 6 b IT b » , K O T O pan BOCnpiIH H M aeTCH B COOTHOIIieHHH c o
c jie A y io m H M H C T poK aM H («B ö e A J ia M e H e jiro A e n O T K a3bi-
B aiO Cb > K H T b,//C B0JIK3M H njIO U X aA eß OTK 33bIB 3IO C b B b iT b ...» )
b c jiO B e ö b iT b p e a jiH 3 y io T C H A B a sn a 'ie H H H — r p a M M S T im e -
C K oe (sH a ^ H T ejib H O n p i i r j i y u ie H H o e ) h j ie K c n q e c K o e —
n 0JiH 03H aM H 0e — « c y m e c T B O B a T b » . I l e p B o e 3 H a q e m ie B c e >Ke
C O C ym eC T B yeT , nOCKOJIbKy B blpaÖ O T aH H blH aBTOM 3TH3M B
y n o T p e 6 jie H H H S T o r o r j i a r o j i a h b c b h 3 h c s t h m n p e A C K a 3 y e -
MOCTb (Ö b lT b KeM -TO , H eM -TO , C KCM-TO H T. n . ) H3BH 3M -
naiO T STO M y r j i 3 r o j i y c jiy > K e 6 H y io c})yHKu;Hio.
M o >k h o npeA nojio>K H T b, h to co^eTaH H H , b k o t o p h x H a -
6jIIOAaeTCH B33HMOAeHCTBHe A B y x JieKCHHeCKHX 3HaMeHHfl, n a M H o r o cB o 6 o A H e e A on ycK a iO T H ecoBM eeTH M oeTb, qeM
TaKHe, b KOTOpbix peajiH 3yeT C H B 3 a H M 0 A eß cT B H e jieK C irce-
3* 6 7
c k h x h rpaM M aTHM ecKHx 3HaqeHHH. TaK, b coq e ia H H H e o c n o - M üH ü H u e o ö y d y m e m ( jie K c m e c K a H H ecoB M eeTH M oeT b) a j io -
rHHHOCTb a a e T tojitok k n e p e o cM b ic jie H H io KOMnoHeHTa «B ocnoM H H aH H e». C oaep^K aH H e s T o r o cjiO B a H araH aeT
o ß o ra m a T b C H flonojiH H TejibH biM H 3HaqeHHHMH, B p o a e «M b ic -
jih», «M en T b i» , a MOJKeT ßbiT b, cjiobo ö y d y m e e — sto to, hto ÖblJIO B npOUIJIOM H HTO ÄOJI>KHO HOBTOpHTbCH B ß y ^ y m e M .
3/iecb KOHTeKCT n o a c K a ^ e T , m to h M e n h o n 0ü,Bep>KeH0 c m h c -JIOBOH MOflH^JHKailHH.
Ztpyroe aejio — coneTaHHe no./iymiTb c c a u . 3,necb HecoB- MeeTHMoeTb JieKCHKO-rpaMMaTH’iecKoro xapaKTepa. Tjiaroji noAynuTb TpeßyeT ÄonojiHeHHe, K0T0p0e MoxeT 6uTh Bbi- paJKeHO TOJibKO CymeCTBHTejIbHbIM. H o CJIOBO CCAU KaK-TO He no;waeTCH cyßcTaHTHBauHH, KaK cjiOBa h o h ne M o a y b
npHBe/ieHHbix Bbirne npHMepax. nosTOMy co3HaHHe topmo- 3htch, He HaxoAHT KO/ia rjih pacmii(})poBKH 3HaneHHH s t o h
eÄHHHHbi, xoth rpaMMaTHHecKoe 3HaneHHe nepexoanoro rjiarojia noAynarb HacTOHTejibHO Tpeßyer onpeÄMeHHBaHHH coio3a ecAU . noHBjineTCH CMyTHoe npe,a,CTaBjieHHe o tom, HTO 3T0 CJIOBOCOHeTaHHe MOMeT 03HanaTb HeHTO CBH3aHH0e
c HeBbinojiHHMbiMH ycjioBHHMH, t. e. nojiynaTb ne h to -to KOHKpeTHOe, a OÄHH OrOBOpKH.
Bbirne y>Ke roBopnjiocb o tom, mto b aHrjMHCKOM H3biKe, b cbh3h c ero aHajiKTH^ecKHM cTpoeM, name BCTpe- qaioTCH h jierne aeKOflHpyioTCH coneTaHHH, b k otophx na- 6jiK>AaeTCH B3aHMoaeftcTBHe JieKCHqecKHx h rpaMMaTHne- ckhx 3HaqeHHH. H TeM He MeHee h b aHrjmöcKOM H3biKe, b
CHJiy K3KHX-TO yCTpeMJieHHH pa3HbIX n03T0B-M0flepHHCT0B, TOJIKaroiHHX HX Ha nOHCKH HOBblX Cpe/ICTB H3bIKOBOrO Bbipa- >KeHHH, mo>kho BCTpeTHTb HacTOJibKO TpyaHo fleKOflHpyeMbie cjiOBOconeTaHHH, hto hm nocBsrnjaioTCH OT,n.ejibHbie Hccjie^o- BaHHH JIHHTBHCTOB, nblTaKHHHXCH pa3raAaTb 3aMbICeJI aBTO- pa, a TeM caMbiM npHflaTb c m h u sthm HeoöbiHHbiM cone-T3HH5IM 3.
HHor.ua Ka>KeTCH, hto HeKOTOpbie noaTbi yMbiuuieHHO yßejiHqHBaiOT SHTponHio cjiOBOcoqeTaHHß, cHHTaa TaKoe yBejinqeHHe HeorbeMJieMbiM KanecTBOM bchkoto noaraqe- CKoro npoH3BeÄeHHH. TaKHe coneTaHHH CTaHOBHTCH pe6y- com, a HccjieflOBaTejiH erapaiOTCH peuiaTb hx npHMeHeHHeM OÖblHHOTO, y>Ke aBT0M3TH3Hp0BaHH0r0 KOaa.
3 Cm., H a n p H M e p , B b in y c K H j K y p n a j i a «The Language of Poem s», U n i -
v e r s i t y o f South Carolina, 1972— 1974.
68
M üe npeacTaB jiH eT C H , h t o 3A e cb Hy>KeH o c o ö b i f i k o a . E r o e m e Hy>KHO c o 3A aTb. O a h o H3 b o 3m o * h h x npeAnojio>KeH H Ö
o x a p a K T e p e 3 T o r o KOAa H 3B esm o TaK H a3biBaeM biM KOMno-
HeHTHblM 3H3JIH30M. BeayiU,HH npKHIIHII, Jie>KamHH B OCHO-
Be K O M noH eH raoro 3H3JIH33, 33KJiK>H3eTCH b to m , h t o ks>k-
A oe c j i o b o npeÄCTaBjineTCH o ß jia A a T e jie M npH3H3KOB, npH -
c y m n x 3T0M y cjiO B y H3HaHajibH0. KoH enH O , b ß o jib iu eH CTeneHH 3TH npH3H3KH npaBHJIbHO Bbipa>K3IOT OÖ'beKTHBHbie
CB0HCTB3 npeAMeTOB H HBJieHHH, OTp3>KeHHbIX B H3IUeM C03H3HHH. H o HeOÖXOAHMO nOMHHTb, HTO MHOTHMII IipH-
3H3K3MH Mbl HSACJIHeM CJIOBa KSK eflHHHUbl H3bIKOBOrO
K O^a, a H e i io h h t h h . A k o a — B em b ycjiO BH 3H , h nosT O M y HeKOTOpbie npn3H 3KH TO>Ke y c jio B iib i. T aK , H anpH M ep, rp a M -
MaTHHeCKHH pOA — npH 3H 3K aÖCOJIIOTHO yCJIOBHblfi. HhCJIO
aßcT paK T H bix HMeH cym ecT B H T ejib H K x h n p H jia ra T e jib H b ix —
npH 3H 3K OTHOCHTeJIbHO yCJIOBHbIH. K OTHOCHTejIbHO yCJIOB- HblM npH3H3KaM OTHOCHTCH H K 3Ter0pHH BpeMeHH, C KOTO-
pOH, KaK H3BeCTHO, 06p3IH 3l0TC5I BeCbM a CBOÖOAHO HMeHHO
6 jI3rO A 3p H 3TOH yCJIOBHOCTH. HsCKOJIbKO 3TH npH3H3KH
JierKO noAAaioTCH m o a h ^ h k s h h h m , m o jk h o cyAH Tb n o m h o- th m npH M epaM . B3H Tb x o t h 6bi r jm r o j i y x o d u T b . 3ar0 J i0 B 0 K o a h o h h3 cT aT eä b «KoM coM OJibCKOH n p a B A e » ( 19 7 4 ,6 o k t . )
r jia cH T : « ü p e c c a MO>KeT «yÖ T H » H rpO K a». I Io K a s t o t r j ia r o j i
nocTaB JieH b KaBbiHKax. O a h s k o s t o H iin ero He 3HaHHT.
H a r n e co3H 3H H e JierKO H3AeJineT r j ia r o j i y x o d u r b ( b c o B e p - HieHHOM BHAe) npH 3H 3K0M nepeXOAHOCTH H K3BbIHKH 3AeCb
JIHUIb nOKa3aTeJIb T o r o , HTO 3B T0p 3H3KOM C np3BHJI3MH
pyCCKOH rp3M M3THKH, B AaHHOM CJiyHae — C npH3H3K3MH 3 T o r o r j ia r o j ia , h C03H 3TejibH 0 H s p y m s e T npHBbiHHbiß k o a ,
CHHT3HCb, 0AH 3K0, C B03M0>KHbIMH H AOnyCTHMbIMH MOAH(J)H-
K3HHHMH. C jie A y e T T3K>Ke OTMeTHTb TOT (J)3KT, HTO 3TOT
r j ia r o j i y?Ke b jk h b o h p a 3 r o B o p n o ß p e n n H anaji y n o T p e ö -
jiHTbCH KaK n ep ex oA H b ifl, cm ., H anpH M ep: n e o h y m e n , a e z o
y iu A u , npH neM s t o y n o T p e ß jie H H e n e p e c T a e T B036y>KAaTb
OCOÖblfi CTHJIHCTHHeCKHH StJjCjjeKT, nOCKOJIbKy T3K 0e ynO T- peß jieH H e CT3HOBHTCH OÖblHHblM H MO>KeT ßblT b OTHeCeHO K
Bbip33HTeJIbHbIM M0A 6JIHM CHHT3KCHHeCK0H Opr3HH33UHH
B bIC K 33b IB 3H H H .
TaKHM 0Öpa30M, 6 0 JIbIHHHCTB 0 rpaM M 3T H H eC K H X n p n -
3H 3K O B HBJIHeTCH yCJIOBHbIM, OHH He HM M 3HeHTHbI (f)3K T3M
H HBJieHHHM. H M eH H O nO ST O M y, K aK HH n a p3A O K C 3JIbH O , OHH
npeACT3BJIHK)TCH OCOßeHHO yCTOHHHBbIMH h Aa>Ke oßn3a- ' T ejIbH bIM H . B 3TOH CBH3H HH TepeCHO C J ieA y iO m ee BbICKa3bI-
69
B a H n e S flH iu T eH H a : « F I o h h t h h , KOTOpbie OKa3ajiHCb nojiea- h h m h b ynopHÄOHHBaHHH Bemefi, jierKO npnoßpeTaiOT hs/i HHMH TaKyiO BJiaCTb, HTO Mbl 3a6bIB3eM OÖ HX HGJIOBCHeCKOM npOHCXOJKAeHHH H npHHHMaeM HX 3a HeH3MeHHO ÄaHHOe. Tor^a OHH CT3HOBHTCH «HeOÖXOÄHMOCTHMH MblUIJieHHH», «Ä3HHHMH ä priori» h t. a . T s k h m h 33ÖJiy>K,neHHHMH nyTb Hsy^Horo nporpeccs hscto nperpa>Kii,aeTCH Ha flojiroe Bpe- MH. ri03T0My eCJlH Mbl H3CT3HB3CM H3 HeOÖXOÄHMOCTH npO- aH3JIH3HpOB3Tb Ä3BH0 yCT3H0BJieHHbie nOHHTHH H yK333Tb, OT K 3 K H X yCJIOBHH 33BHCHT HX 0np3B^3HH0CTb H B03M0>K- HOCTb ynOTpeßjieHHH, K3K OHH, B IJ3CTHOCTH, B03HHK3I0T H3
A 3 H H oro onbiTa, t o s t o He npa3/iHaH 3 a 6 a B a . 3 t h m caMbiM p336HB3eTCH h x npeyBejinneHHaH BJiaCTb. H x ycrpaHHiOT, eCJIH OHH He MOryT ßOJIJKHblM 06p330M CeÖH y33KOHHTb; HC-
npaßjiaiOT, ecjiH h x cooTBeTCTBue ä s h h h m npe^MeTSM 6bi.no yCT3H0BJieH0 CJIHIHKOM He6pe>KH0; 33MeHHIOT flpyrHMH, eCJIH Mo>KeT 6biTb p33BHT3 HOBaH cucTeMa, KOTopyio m h n o Ka- k h m -j im 6 o npHM HHam n p e fln o H H T a e M » 4.
A H 3 J i o r H m y i o M b i c j i b B b ic K a 3 a . ; i A. r j i a a K O B n p H M e n n -
T e j i b H O k H C K y c c T B y , n o f l q e p K H y B , h t o « p a 3 y * iH B 3 T b C H b
H C K y C C T B e » T 3 K >Ke H eO Ö X O flH M O , K S K H y iH T b C H . n P H 3 T 0 M
n p o u e c c « p 3 3 y i IH B 3 H H 5 I » HBJIHeTCH C IH e 6 o j i e e T p y ß H b lM , H eM
n o c T H > K e H H e k s k o t o - t o y M e H H H .
n p H B e f l e H H b i e h h t s t m p a c K p b i B a i O T c y m H O C T b n p o u e c -
COB H a y q H O r O n 0 3 H 3 H H H . E c J IH HX n p H M e H H T b K 3 H 3 J lH 3 y
T 3 K H X COMeTSHHH, K O T O p b ie H 3 M K3>KyTCH HeOÖbIHHbIMH, TO,
B 0 3 M 0 > K H 0 , HX H eOÖblHHOCTb 0K3JKCTCH JIHIHb 0 6 0 p 0 T H 0 H
C TOpOHOH HJIH, B C pH C e , CnOCOÖHOCTbK) H 3 b IK 0 B 0 r0 K O f la H a -
a e J IH T b CBOH eÄ H H H U b l r p 3 M M 3 T H i e C K 0 H H J ieK C im eC K O Ü
n o j iH (J )o H H e H , t . e. O Ä H O B p e M e H i ib iM 3 B y M 3 H H e M ( p e a j i H 3 a -
U H e f t ) HeCKOJIbKHX 3 H 3 H eH H H , 0 H eM y > K e TOBOpHJIOCb B b irne .
O f l H 3 K O ä o c h x n o p M b i eme He m o j k c m C K a 3 a T b , K a K H M
n y T e M H K a K H M H n p a B H J I3 M H O rp a H H H H B a iO T C H T a K H e B03 -
M 0 >KH0 CTH. A 6e3 BbIHCHeHHH 3THX n p 3 B H J I « y n O p H f lO M H B a -
H H e » H a 3 B 3 H H b IX , T. e . 0 C 0 3 H 3 H H H X , n p O H eC C O B H e MO>KCT
ö b iT b npoBeaeHO c /i o c t s t o m h h m H s y M H b iM o ö o c h o b s h h c m .
4 U ,h t . n o : B o p H M. <J>H3HKa b k h 3 h h Moero noKOJieHHa. M., 1963, c. 185—186.
0. H. MOCKAJIbCKASt
C u H m a K c m e c K a n
n a p a d u zM a m u K a
u c u H m a K c m e c K a H
d e p u e c m u H
H o h h th h cMHTaKcHqecKOH n apaA H f-M3THKH H A epH B aU H O H H H X OTHOUie-
HHH B CHHTaKCHCe, nOJiyHHBIHHe B
nocyieaHHe roAb i rnnpoKoe n p H 3 H a -
HHe b H ayne o n p c a Ji o >i< ch h h , He oö p e jiH em,e, o ä h 3 ko, AOCTaTOHHOH 0AH03HaHH0CTH. H epeA K O b cucTe- My cHHTaKCHHecKOÖ napaAH rM a- THKH BKJIlOHaiOTCH BCe CHHTaKCH- qecK iie KOHCTpyKUHH, CBH3aHHbie CHHOHHMHHeCKlIMH, HJIH TpaHC- 4)OpMamiOHIibIMII, OTHOUieHHHMH, H a n p H M e p : K h u m h ü h r o p e o e j in — T o p z o e a h k h u z ü m u ; O h zen tiü — O h C A bieer zentiem -, O h n p e3u d eH T
Ä K a d eM iiu n a y K — E z o 6bi6pa.AU
np e3 u d e H T0 M Ä K a d e M u u n a y K ; C r y - deHTbi HüTütoT r n u e y — K n u z a hu-
r a e r c H c ry d e m a M U — H u ra iou ^ u e
K H uey CTijdeHTbi — H u ra e M a n c r y - deHTÜMU KHU Za — HuTütOmaRCH c ry d e m a M U k h u z ü i . K a K b iiah o H3 n p H M e p o B , n a p a A u r M a T i m e c K H e o t - HomeHHH ycMaTpHBaiOTCH ne TOJib-k o Me>KAy npeAJio jKeHHHM H, n o - CTpoeHHbiMH n o p a 3 HbiM C T p yK T yp -
h h m c x e M a M (M OAeJiHM) ( c p . Oh n p e 3 u d e n T Ä K a d e M u u n a y K — E z o
e b iö p a A U n p e 3 u d e H T O M Ä K a d e r n u u
n a y K ) , h o n M e * A y CHHTaKCimecKH-
mh eAHHHuaMH p a 3 Hbix y p o B H e i i ( c p . C r y d e H T b i n u T a to T K H u zy •— HuTatoWfüe khuzij crydeuTbi). B n a p a A H r M a T im e c K H e p h a h b k jh o - naiOTCH HHorAa T3K>Ke jieK cn qecK iie n e p n ( j ) p a 3 bi ( c p . K o M a n d u p e p y m iA
ö o ü t ^ y o p d e n — K o M a n d u p n a z p a -
1 W o r t h D. S. The Rolc of Transformations in the Definition of Syntag- mas in Russian and Other Slavic Lan- guages. American Contributions to the V International Congress of Slavists. Sofia, 1963. The Hagua (preprint).
71
ö u a 6oüu,a opdenoM ) h hx naccHBHHe TpaHC(})OpMbi, nanpn- Mep: K oM andup epynun 6oüu,y opden — KoM.aH.dup na- epadüA 6oüu,a opdenoM — KoM andupoM opden epynen 6oüu,y — KoM ühdupoM 6 oeq nazpaoKden op d en oM 2. B t o
x e B peM H k o ß j ia c T H Ä ep H B au H H o t h o c h t c h H H O r^a T aK H e
n p e o ß p a a o B a H H H , n p o T e K 3 io m H e ß p a M K a x o a h o h m o a c j ih
n p e^ J iO K eH H H , K aK o ö p a m e H H e y T B e p A H T e jib H o r o n p e / y i o -
* e H H H b B o n p o c H T e j ib H o e 3, x o t h HMeHHO b 3 t o m c j i y iia e
npeÄ C T aB jiH eT C H ß o j i e e n p aB O M ep H biM r o ß o p H T b o n a p s A iir - M a T H q e c K o ö m o a h (})h k 3 L i,h h '4> opM bi n p e A .n c»K e H H H 4.
T p y a H O C T b p a 3 rp a H H q eH H H n a p a a u r M a T H H e c K u x o t i i o -
HieHHH K AepHBaUHH B CHHT3KCHC0 OßtHCHfleTCH He TOJibKO
MOJIOAOCTblO CHHTaKCHHeCKOH I ia p 3 A H rM 3 T H K li, KaK II CHH-
TaKCHHeCKOH AepHBaTOJIOrHH, HO H TeM, MTO 9TH nOIIHTIIH
HMeiOT HeKOTOpbie OÖIUHe OCHOB3HHH. O öa OHH CBfl3aHbI c AHHaM HiecKHM n 0AX0A 0M k npeA^io>K eiiH io, c noHHTiieM
CHHTaKCHiie c K o r o n p o u e c c s ; 0 6 3 H ccjieA y iO T ca b c b h 3 h c
O Ö m eÖ 33A3M eil BblHBHTb pery jIH pH bie CBH3H M e>KAy P33JIHH- HblMH CHHTSKCHMeCKHMH CTpyKTyp3M H B CHCTeMe H3bIK3 H
C nOCTyjIHpOB3HIieM H3JIHHHH B H3bIKe KOHeMHOTO 4HCJI3
np3BHJi n p eoß p a soB a H H H c h h t 3 k c h h 6 C k h x C T p y K T y p 5. 0 a H 3 K 0 K aK Ca MH CHHTaKCHMeCKHe n p o u e c c b l , T3K H X 3P 3K -
T ep OTHOUieHHH MeJKAy CHHT3KCHHeCKHMH CTpyKTyp3M H , B03HHK3K)mHMH Ha HX OCHOBe, OTHIOAb He OAHOpOÄHbl, 11 pa3JIHMHH M e ^ A y HHMH MOryT CJiy>KHTb KpHTepHeM A^IH
pa3rpaHHMeHHH T ex IIOHHTHH, KOTOpbie paCCM3TpHB3IOTC5I B
A3HHOH CTaTbe.
1 J I o M T e B T. ü . r ia p a Ä H r M 3 T H K a npe/yioweHiia u a OCHOBe K o i iB e p T i i - p ye M O C T H o T H o m e H H Ü . H H B a p H a i m iu e C H iiT a K C H M e cK H e 3 H a M e im fi hc T p y K T y p a n p e Ä J io J K e u H H . floKJiaÄbi Ha K O H <j)ep eim H H n o T e o p e T im e - c k h m n p o ß jie M a M C H iiT a K C H c a . M., 1969.
3 Cm.: K a u H e j i b c o n C. f l . nopoJK/iaiomaH r p a M M a T H K a h n p o u e c c CHHTaKCHHecKoii ÄepHBauHH. — In.: Progress in Linguistics, ed. M. Bierwisch, K- E. Heidolph. The H ague— Paris, M outon, 1970, p. 103.
4 P. Tpocce cnpaBe^JiHBO yKa3biBaeT, mto TaKHe pa3JMMHbie no CBoeMy T H n y c t o h k h 3 p e n H H iiiK O JibH O H rp a M M a T H K H napu hjih p f l f lb i n p e / i -
j io * e H H i i , K a K Du gehst ins Theater, Gehst du ins Theater? Geh ins Theater, n p H H a ,o .jie> K a T k o ä h o h M o a e J in ( G r o ß e R. Zur Problematik von Satztyp und Kernsatz im Deutschen. — In: Problem e der strukturellen Grammatik und Semantik. Leipzig, Karl M arx Universität, 1968, S. 21).
5 Cp.: r i a f l y M e B a E. B. O ceMaHTHKe c m iT a K c n c a . MaTepiiajibi k T p a H c tjjo p M a iiH O H H O H r p a M M a r a n e p y c c K o r o 5i3biKa. M., 1974, c. 15.
72
H an ö ojiee 3HanHTejibHbiM HBjineTCH p a3JiHHHe Me>KayBHyTpHMOAejIbHbIMH MOAH(j)HKaUH5lMH npeflJIO>KeHHH, npo- TeKaiom HM H b p aM K ax eaH H ofi CTpyKTypHOH cxeM bi h He HapymaiomHMH TO>KaecTBa M oaejiH , h MejKMoaejibHbiMH m o - aH^)HKaiI,HHMH, T. e. npe06pa30BariHHMH, BeayiUHMH K H3Me- HeHHio C TpyKTypHofi cxeM bi npeajioJKeHHH. B paM Kax Ka>K- aoro H3 3t h x aB yx ocHOBHbix TuncB cHHTaKCHHecKHx npe- 06pa30B aH iift, b cboio o n ep eab , cocym ecT B y ioT BecbMa o t - jiHHHbie a p y r o t a p y ra cHHTaKcnqecKHe n p o u eccu .
K MHCJiy BHyTpHMOaeJIbHblX CHHTaKCHHeCKHX npoueccoß OTHOCHTCH, C OaHOH CTOpOHbl, peryjIHpHbie pea^H3an,HH MO- ae jm npeaJioxeHHH, a TaK>Ke T a K i i e c h h t 3 K C H n e c K i i e npo- ixeccbi, KaK pa3BepTHBaHiie, pacmupeHHe, ycjio>KHeHHe cxeMbi npeaJio«<eHHH6, h, c a p y r o i i CTopoiibi, paccMaTpn- BaeMbie 3aecb napaanrMaTHHecKHe H3MeHCHHH 4)opMbi npea- jio>KeHHH. Cneu,H4)HKa n ocjiean n x no cpaBHeHHio c apyrHMH B H a a M H B H y T p H M O a e J I b H b l X M0aH(j3HKaU,HH COCTOHT B T O M ,
HTO B paMKax eaHHOH CTpyKTypHOH cxeMbi OHH C03aaK)T CHCTeMy (jjopM npeaJio«<eHHH, naxoaHuinxcn b OTHOiiieHHH MHoroMepHbix onno3Hii,HH, h cjiym aT TeM caMbiM a.fin Bbipa- *eHHH pnaa rpaMMaTHnecKHx 3HaqeHHi”i ypoBHH npea.no- JKeHHH, HanpHMep: noBecTBOBamie — B onpoc — n oßyw ae-HHe (O h npuiueA — O h npuiueA? — flycTb oh npuder\), yTBep>KaeHHe — OTpuuaHHe (O h npuuie/i — Oh ne npuiueA), peajibHOCTb — HepeajibiiocTb (O h npuuieA — X o tö 6 bl OH npuiueA). H h OaHH H3 npHBOaHBIIIHXCH B b l H j e npn- MepoB YopTa He cooTBeTCTByeT h h CTpyKTypHOMy, h h
4>yHKUHOHajibHOMy npH3HaKy napaaHrMaTHnecKHx (J)opM npeaJio>KeHHa: hh b oaHoft nape He coxpaHHeTcn TO>KaecT- bo CTpyKTypHOH cxeMbi (M oaeJin); hh oaH a napa He oßpa- 3yeT rpaMMaTHHecKofi onno3HuiiH. B ojiee cjioweH Bonpoc 0 6 OTHOuieHHH k napaan rM aTH K e npeaJioJKeHHH tb k h x nap , 06pa30BaHHbix nyTeM naccHBHOH TpaHCtJjopMauHH, KaK KoM andup epynuA 6oüu,y opden — Kom andupoM opden epynen 6oüuly. C oaH oß CTopoHbi, 3aecb hbh o npHeyTeTByeT
8 3 t h B H Ä b i C H H T aK C H n ecK H X n p o u e c c o B b Ä a im o f i C T a T b e He p a c c M a T - p H B a io T C H . C m . : III b e a o b a H. K). C T p y K T y p H b ie cx e M b i n p e z u i o w e -
h h h 11 h x p e r y ^ a p H b i e p e a j iH 3 a i i H n . — B k h . : T p a M M a T H K a c o B p e M e H -
H o r o p y c c K o r o j iH T e p a T y p H o r o H3 b iK a . I I o ä p e ,n . H. IO. I I lB e flO B O H . M., 1970; 3 0 J i 0 T 0 B a I\ A. 0 p e r y m p H u x p e a j i i i 3 a u H a x M o jie J iH
n p e Ä ^ O Ä e u H H . — «Bonp. H 3 b iK 0 3 H a H H 5 i», 1969, N° 1; r i o i e n - U 0 b T . T . K o H C T p y K T H B H b ifl a i ia j iH 3 C T p y K T y p b i n p e A J io jK e i iH s i. KneB, 1971.
73
B ecbM a Ba>KHbiH npH 3H 3K n ap a ^ H rM b i, nocK O JibK y 3 a j io r o -
B H e 4>opMbi o 6 p a 3 y K )T rp aM M aT H ^ecK yio o n n o 3HUHio. C a p y -
TOH CTOpOHbl, HeJIb3H He y iH T blB aT b, MTO IiaCCHBHaH TpaHC-
(JjopMaiiHH o^eHb qacTO BeaeT k H3MeHeHHio moäcjih npe/i- io>KeHHH. Cp., HanpHMep, TaK Ha3biBaeMyio AByHJieHHyio h
OAHO'uieHHyK) naccHBHyK) KOHCTpyKUHio ( hcm.) : Manp flückt Ä pfel (N i— V f— N 4)-> D ie Ä pfel w erden gep flü ck t (N i— Vfpass); Man arbeitet (N 4— -V f) - » E s w ird gearbeitet ( e s )— Vfpass). riosTOMy npeÄCTaBjineTCH ßojiee nocjie/ioBa-
TejXbHblM paCCM3TpHBaTb naCCHBHbie TpaHC(})OpMaUHH B
CBH3H C Me}KMOÄejlbHbIMH npe0Öpa30BaHHHMH CHHTaKCHHe- ckhx CTpyKTyp.
npO Ö JieM bl MOKMOfleJIbHblX CHHTaKCHHeCKHX OTHOUieHHH
H M e^M O iiejIbH blX CHHTaKCHMeCKHX npOD;eCCOB H3yHeHbI
OHeHb MajIO. Ilep B b lM n o BpeMeHH B03HHKH0BeHHH nOHH-
THeM, HaTajIKHBaKDmHM Ha H3yweHHe nOAOÖHblX CHHTaKCHMe-
CKHX OTHOmeHHH, HBHJIOCb nOHHTHe CHHTaKCHMeCKOH CHHO- HHMIIH. O^HaKO ÖOJTCe MOIUHblH TOJIMOK HCCJieÄOBaHHK)
Me>KMOÄejibHbix CH HTaKcnqecKH x r ip o u e c c o B a a jia TpaHC-
(})OpMauHOHHaH rp a M M a T H K a , a T3K>Ke TeopHH nepH (J)pa3H-
pOBaHHH. P a3H bIe nOCbIJIKH, H3 KOTOpblX BbipOCJIH TeOpHH
TpaHCcj)opMau,HH h TeopHH nepH (J)pa3bi, 3acT aB iu iH H c c jie a o - B a T e jie fl nocM O T peT b c p a 3 jm m b ix T oqeK 3peHHH Ha B3aHM 0-
OTHOUieHHH Me>KÄy COOTHOCHMbIMH npeAJIOJKeHHHMH. B TO
BpeMH K aK nOHHTHe TpaHC(j)OpMaUHH ßblJIO CBH33H0 c p 3 3 -
HOCTbTO C TpyK Typbi h n p e /m o j ia r a j io c o x p s H e m ie JieKCHHe-
C K oro co cT a B a n p e /u io x e H H H HensMeHHbiM hjih no^TH HeH3-
MeHHbiM, T e o p n q nepn (| )pa3bi x o t h h a o n y c K a j ia H3MeHeHHe
C TpyK Typbi npeÄJiojKeHHH, ho ^ e jia j ia y n o p Ha c iih o h h m h k ) h , cJ ieaoßaT ejibH O , n a M H oroo6 p a 3 H e JieKCHqecKHx cp e a c T B
Bbipa>KeHHH CMbICJia.
B ZieHCTBHTejIbHOCTH M O K M O fle j IbH b ie CHHTaKCHMeCKHe
n p eoß p a30B aH H H npeßCTaBjiH iOT c n j ia B J ieKcnnecKH X h r p a M -
M aTHqecKHx Mo^H(j)HKauHH, o6 p a 3 y iom H x on peÄ ejieH H y io n iK a j i y c t o iik h 3peHHH n p e o ß jia Ä a n iiH j ieKCHnecKHX hjih rp aM M a TH H ecK H X n p o u e c c o B .
Ha rpaHH jieKCHKH h rpaMMaTHKH HaxoanTCH TaK Ha3bi- B a e M b ie n e p n (J )p a 3 b i. O cH O B a n e p n c j )p a 3 b i — MHO>KecTBeH-
HOCTb CnOCOÖOB Bbipa>KeHH H OflHOrO H TOTO JKe CM blCJia.
n e p H (| )p a 3 a uiH pOKO H c n o j ib 3 y e T jteK C H q ecK H e 3a M eH bi h ,
co ß cT B eH H O , ^ a * e o cH O B b iB a e T cn Ha h h x . O ^ H aK O J ie K c n q e -
CKHe 3aM eH bi, b o coöeH H ocT H b cc})epe C K a 3 yeM oro n p e /y io -
K eH H H , noM TH B c e r ^ a B e,nyT k H3MeHeHHHM ^ o p M a j ib H o i i
74
C T p y K T y p b i npeÄJ ic »KeHHH, T aK K aK cHHOHHMHHHbie r j i a r o j i u h j ih r j i a r o j i b H b ie 4 ) p a 3 e o j i o r i i 3 Mbi h m c i o t p a 3 JiHHHoe y n p a B - j ieH H e. T e M caM biM u a a t e j ieKCHHecKHe n ep n (J )p a 3 bi, o c h o -
BaHHbie Ha 3 aM e H e r j i a r o j i a - C K a 3 y e M o r o c h h o h h m i ih h h m r j i a - t o j i o m h j ih 4 ) p a 3 e o j io rH H ecK H M c on eTa H H eM , p e j ieß aH T H b i a j ih
r p a M M 3 THKH H HBJIHIOT COÖOH HH3 UIHe (J)OpMbI JieKCHKO-
rp aM M a T H n ecK O H n e p H < {)p a 3 b i. C p . HeM. M a n m u ß a u f d i e s e
R e g e l a c h t e n — M a n m u ß d i e s e R e g e l b e a c h t e n . O AH aK O H a n ö o j i e e Bbipa>KeHHbm r p a M M a T H ie c K H ü x a p a K T e p o h h
HMeiOT n pH 3 aM eH e o a h o h nacTH p e q n u p y r o H , H an p H M ep :
f l u c t ib iT b ie a t o zoaoö — f l z o A o d e n ; y d e e y u iK ü z o A y ö b ie
Z A ü 3 a — J X e e y a iK a z o A y 6 o z A ü 3 a x n t . n.C n e u H a j ib H b iM b h a o m n e p H ( } )p a 3 bi, n p e i iM ym ecT B eH H O
r p a M M a T i i i e c K H M n o c ß o e M y x a p a K T e p y , h b j ih i o t c h n ep H -
4 ) p a 3 bl, OCHOB3 HHbie Ha Bbipa>KeHHH T aK H a 3 bIBaeMbIX KOH-
BepCHblX OTHOUieHHH. HaHÖOJIbUIHH HHTepeC npef lCTaBJIHeT KOHBepTHpOBaHIIe n p e Ä J IO *e H H H C HeCHMMeTpHHHblMH OTHO- IIieHHHMH. C o x p a H e H H e TOJKAeCTBa HH(J)OpMaUHH npH H eCH M -
MeTpHHHblX OTHOIIieHHHX ÄOCTHraeTCH c n o M o m b io JieKCHHe- CKHX 3 aM eH, HO He CHHOHHM3 MH, K aK n pH OÖblMHOH n ep H -
( } ) p a 3 e, a T a K H a 3 bIBaeMbIMH KOHBepCHBaMH — CJIOBaMH, o ß o s H a ^ a io iH H M H o o p a T H b ie (K O H B ep cH b ie ) OTHOUieHHH. 3 t o M o r y T 6 biTb:
а ) r j i a r o j i b i h j ih r j i a r o j i b H b ie ( j )p a 3 e o j i o r H 3 Mbi, p a 3 JiH-
Harom HeCH TOJibKO HanpaBJieHHOCTbK) AeHCTBHH. C p . HeM. K a r l s c h e n k t e P a u l e i n e n F e d e r m e s s e r — P a u l b e k a m v o n
K a r l e i n e n F e d e r m e s s e r g e s c h e n k t ;б ) HMeHHbie KOHBepCHBbI THIia MÜTb — ÖOHb, OTCU, ---
c m h , c n p a e a — C A e e a , ö o A b u ie n e u — M e m m e h c m . C p .
HeM. M a r t h a is t d i e T o c h t e r v o n B e r t a — B e r t a is t d i e
M u t t e r v o n M a r t h a ; K a r l i s t ä l t e r a l s P a u l — P a u l i s t
j ü n g e r a l s K a r l .
Bb ipa>KeH H e HeCHMMeTpHHHblX OTHOUieHHH C nOMOIUblO j ieK C H n eoK H x 3 aM eH H M eeT n p a M o e oT H o u ieH H e k r p a M M a r a -
WeCKHM, a HMeHHO CHHTaKCHHeCKHM, npOUeCCaM, HBJIHHCb
cpeu cTB O M H3 6 n paTeJ ib H 0 H T eM aT H 3 au,HH O Ä H o ro H3 a p r y -
MeHTOB OTHOUieHHH. OflHH H3 a p ryM eH TO B H3 ÖHpaeTCH B Ka- q e c T B e « T e M b i » h j ih « t o h k h o T c n e T a » , t . e. ocJjopMjiaeTCH K aK n o AJ ie>K am ee , h t o n p e u o n p e A e j i n e T K0 H (} )H rypau H i0
o c T a j i b H o r o c o c T a ß a npe,a,Jio>KeHH,i. T e M caM b iM rp a M M a T H - HeCKaH peJ ieB 3 HTH0 CTb KOHBepTHpOBaHHH npeAJIO}KeHHH KaK
c n e u n a j i b H o r o BHfla n e p H ( f )p a 3 bi H a M H o ro Bb ime, neM e e peJießaHTHOCTb b n j ia H e JieKCHKH.
75
riepH<})pa30H hhcto rpaMMarauecKoro xapaKTepa hb- JiHeTCH H3MeHeHHe KOH<J)Hrypau,HH AepeBa 3aBHCHMOCTH, OTpaxaiomero CHHTaKCHMecKyio CTpyKTypy npeÄJioxeHHH. Oho coctoht b nepecTaHOBKeapryMeHTOBHJiH>KeBnpeBpa- meHHH apryMeHTOB b onpeAejieHHH h oöparao. JleKCHne- CKne 3aMenbi ne HCK-moMaiOTCH h 3Aecb, ho HrpaioT noA^n- HeHHyio pojib, nanpHMep: ü u c a T e A b n o p a 3 U A n a c o ö p a 3 - n o cT b to ce o e a o R 3 b iK a .-* -0 6 p a 3 H O C T b H 3biK a n u c a re A R tio p a - 3U Aa n a c .
O a h h H3 BajKHbix cJ jaK T opoB n p H «nepeBemHBaHHH y3- JIOB» — H3ßHpaTejIbHaH TeMaTH3aiJ,HH.
j^ p y r H M bhaom Me>KMOACJibHbix cHHTaKCHHecKHX n p o -
UeCCOB HBJIHIOTCH TpaH C (})O pM aU H H . H x OTJIHHHTeJIbHafl li e p -
T a — n e p e c T p o Ö K a C T p y K T y p b i npe,'u io>K eH H 5i n p n c o x p a H e -
HHH nOJIHOH HJIH nOMTH nOJIHOH HCH3MeHHOCTH erO JieKCHMe-
C K o r o c o c T a ß a . O cH O B H yK ) M a c c y T paH C (J)opM au H H yp oB H H
n p e a ^ O Ä e H H H c o c T a B J ia io T p a 3 J iiiH H bie b h a h n a c c i iB H o ft
T paH C (J)opM au H H , o K O T o p o ö y x e r o B o p H j i o c b B birne. K n a c -
CHBHOH Tp3H C(J)0pM aH H H n p H M b lK a eT fleM H aK T H B H an T pa H C -
(J jop M auH H . C p . HeM . Ich f r ö s t e l e , Ich b a n g e m i c h h M i c h
f r i e r t , M i c h f r ö s t e l t , M i r i s t b a n g e . B p a a e c ^ y n a e B A eM H -
aK T H B H an TpaH C (j)opM au,H 5i co n p oB o> K A a eT C H ^ eK C H H ecK ofi
3 a M e H o ii. 3 t o K a c a e T c n A B y c o e r a B H b ix npeA Jio>K eH H H c
r j ia r o j ia M U B ocnpH H T H H h m hcjih. C p . HeM. Ich h a b e d e n
N a m e n d e s V e r f a s s e r s v e r g e s s e n — D e r N a m e d e s V e r f a s
s e r s i s t m i r e n t f a l l e n ; E r k a m a u f e i n e n g l ü c k l i c h e n G e
d a n k e n — Ihm i s t e in g l ü c k l i c h e r G e d a n k e g e k o m m e n ; Ich f i n d e k e i n e n G e f a l l e n a n d e r n e u e n M o d e — D i e n e u e M o
d e g e f ä l l t m i r n i c h t ; Ich b a n g e m i c h u m d i c h — E s i s t
m i r b a n g e u m d i c h ; Ich s e h n e m i c h n a c h d i r — E s v e r
l a n g t m i c h n a c h d i r .
Bce onncaHiibie Bbirne npoueccbi MoryT 6bm> onpeAejie- Hbi KaK npoueccbi cHHTaKCHiecKOH AepHBauHH b hihpokom CMHCJie SToro cjiOBa.
M0>KH0 BblÄeJIHTb, OAH3KO, CJiyMaH COÖCTBeHHO AepHBa- UHH B OÖJiaCTH CHHTaKCHCa, T. e. AepHBaHHH B y3KOM CMHCJie c^oßa. nocjieAHHH mhcjihtch KaK ycjio>KHeHHe rpaMMaTHnecKOH CTpyKTypbi npeAJioJKeHHH, cBH3aHHoe c BBeAeHHeM b CMbic.noByio CTpyKTypy AonojiHHTejibHoro 3jie- MeHTa cMbioia. Oahh H3 bhaob CHHTaKCHqecKoö AepHBauHH, a HMeHHO TaK Ha3biBaeMaH Kay3auH3, noApoßHO onncaH KaK Ha MaTepnajie pyccKoro H3biKa (cp. Tann orKpbiAa okho — M aM a 3acraeuA a Tanto OTKpbirb ok h o ; Mbi nepeepy3UAu
76
ezo paöoToü — ößcTonreA bcrea ebinyduAU nac nepezpy- 3UTb ezo paöoroä — M bi 6buu ebinyotcdeHbi nepezpy3UTb ezo paöoToü ) 7, Tan h Ha MaTepnajie HeMeu,Koro H3biKa (D er B rie f fie l zu B oden — Er ließ den B rie f fa llen ; Sein Sohn tippte den B rie f ab — Er ließ seinen Sohn den B rief abtip pen ) 8.
B OTjiHMHe o t n p ou eccoß nepH(J)pa3HpoBaHHH, rue 3a- TpyAHHTeJlbHO pa3^HHHTb Ha OCHOB3HHH 06"beKTHBHbIX KpH- TepueB HcxoAHoe npeAJioxeHHe f. np0H3B0AH0e, npouecc uepHBau,HH b y3KOM CMHCJie 3Toro cjioBa uaeT TaKyio B03- MO>KHOCTb. n P H AepHBaUHH peHb HfleT He npOCTO 0 pa3H0C- th CTpyKTypbi Aßyx npeujio>KeHHH, nocTpoeHHbix no AßyM COOTHOCHinHMCH Me>KAy C060l“l, HO CaMOCTOHTejIbHbIM MOAe- jihm, a 06 ycjioJKHeHHH CTpyKTypbi npeAJio>KeHHH — 0 nojiy- neHHH npeA^ojKeiiHH-AepHBaTa nyTeM AoßsBjieHHH k h cxoa- HOMy npeAJiomeHHio onpeACJieHHoro onepaTopa. Kone>iHO, Kay3au,HH AajieKO He HCMepribiBaeT n p ou ecca AepHBaunn, a jiHinb HBJineTCH oahhm H3 ee bhaob. O ah 3k o hh caMa npo- ß^eMa b uejiOM, hh b h a h AepHB3U.HH, hh Te jieKCHnecKHe, M0p(J)0Ji0rHHecKHe h c;i0B006pa30BaTejibHbie cpeACTBa, KOTOpbie MoryT cjiy>KHTb onepaTOpaMH AcpHBauHH, b H a-
CTOHiu.ee BpeMH em e AOCTaTOHHO He H3yneHbi. Il03T0My Ha- pnAy c AepHBauHefl Kay3au,HH 3Aecb MoryT ßbiTb HaMeMeHbi JiHinb HeKOTOpbie BiiAM cHHTaKCHiiecKoii AepiiBaumi. Oahhm H3 hhx HBjineTCH AepiiBaunn KOCBeHHOCTii, onepaTopaMH KOTopoii CTaHOBHTCH m aro jib i MHeHHH h oueHKH, iiaiipuMep: 3 t o t eon p oc caom ch — f l naxooKy s t o t eon p oc caookhmm-, Oho. K p a c u e a — IlaeeA cn u raer ee K p a c u e o ü ; 9 r a 3adaua HßAsieTCH nepeooH epednoü — f l paccM arpueato ary 3adany Kau nepeooH epednyio.
BjIH3Ka K AepHBaUHH KOCBeHHOCTH T3K>Ke ACpHB3UHH nepu,enu,HH, onepaTopaMH KOTopoii hbjih iotch rjiarojibi iiyB- CTBeHHoro BocnpiiHTHH. HanpHMep, HeM. D ie G locken läu t e n — Ich höre die G lock en läuten; Er kom m t — Ich sehe ihn kom m en.
MOJKHO rOBOpHTb T3K>Ke O AepHBaUHH HOMHIiaUHH, HanpHMep: I le rn — achthü — Toeapum u npo3eaAu (hü36ciau) H erta AeHrneM.
7 X p a K O B C K H H B . C . f le p H B a U H O H H b ie OTHOUieHHH B C lIIIT a K C H C e . — B k h . : H iiB a p u a H T i ib ie cm iTaKcm ecKiie sH a u en u s i h c T p y K T y p a n p e a - jio J K e iiH s i. M . , 1 9 6 9 .
8 H e n ji ji k o b B . ü . K a y 3 a T H B H b ie K o n c r p y K U H H b u e M e u K O M H3 H -
K e . — B k h . : A n a j iH T H 'ie c K H fl K a y 3 aTH B . J I . , 1 9 7 1 .
77
O nncbiBaeM bie cHHTäKCttqeeKHe n p o u e ccb i TecHO n ep e- njieTaioTCH. H eoöxoA H M ocT b jieK dm ecK H x 3 aMeH b ccjjepe CK a3yeM oro npn AeMHaKTHBHoii TpaHC(})opMauHH CBHACTejib- CTByeT o nepexpeuiHBaHHH n p o u e c c o ß TpaHccJjopMaunn h nepH(J)pa3bi. B e^ym an pojib H36HpaTejibHOÖ TeMaTH3aunn n p H naCCHBHOH TpaHCCflOpMaUHH H npH pa3JIHMHbIX BH^aX n ep H (J )p a 3 b I, B OCOÖeHHOCTH npn KOHBepCHH, T3K>Ke o 6"beAH- HHeT n p o u e ccb i TpaHC(})opMauHH n nepn<J)pa3bi. P a 3jm qnbie b h a h AepiiBauHH n0-pa3H 0M y neperuieTaiOTca c naccH Biiofl H AeMHaKTHBHOH TpaHC(J)OpMaUHHMII H He HCKJIIOHaiOT B03- m o>khocth nepH(j)pa3 Ha y p o ß iie npe/yio/KeHHii-AepHBaTOB.
3 T a pa3BeTBJieHHaa B3aiIMOCBH3b MOKMOAeJIbHblX CIIH- TaKCHnecKHx n p o u e c c o ß n03B0JiaeT roßop iiT b o H a j i H ' i i m b H3biKe ein e AajieKO ne HccjieAOBaHHOii, n o om ym aeM oii m iio -
THMH yneHblMH oß m e fl CHCTCMbl MC/KMOAeJIbHblX OTIIOIIie- HHH. M 3 y q e H H e K a K OTAeJIbHblX CHHTaKCHqCCKHX npOUCCCOB, TaK h m e3 A a cHHTaKciiqecKiix CTpyKTyp b u e .iow — o /u ia H3 H acym Hbix h nepcneKTHBHbix 3a,n,aq cmiTaKCHca.
P. 3K K E P T
K eonp ocy
aep jiiaHo-öaAm o-
C A aeH H C K U x
coom eem cm euü
npoßjieM a OTHOineHHH M exay rep- M3HCKHMH, ÖaJITHHCKHMH H CJI3BHH- CKHMH H3HK3MH, 33HHM3K3IU3H JIHHTBHCTOB IIOMTH nOJITOpS CTOJie- t h h , He MOJKeT CTHTaTbCH perneH- h o h . H o TeM ne MeHee nporpecc, AOCTHrHyTbift b Bonpoce onpe,n,ejie-HHH CBH3CH repM aH C KH X H3HK0B C A p y rH M H MHAOeBpOneßCKHMH H3bl-
K3MH, OMeBHAeH, OCOÖeHHO eCJIH y q e c T b H cc j ie aoB a H H H nocjie/iHHX
AecHTHJieTHft. B o j i b m o f i b k ji3 ä bp33BHTHe 3TOH CJIOJKHOH n p o ß j i e M a -
THKH BHeC H . C . MeMOA3HOB, HSÜH-
c 3 BUinii r j i a ß y o «MecTe r e p M a H - c k h x h3bikob c p e f lH a p y r iix HHÄO- eBponeßcKiix H3biK0B» b (JjyHÄaMeH- TajibHOM coßeTCKOM TpyÄe no cp a B - HHTejibHowy repM aH C K O M y h3m k o - 3H3HHIO 1.
,fl,Ba nojio>KeHHH, BbiÄBHHyTbie yqeHbiM, 0Ka3ajiHCb OCOÖeHHO b s >k - HbiMH h njioflOTBopHHMH: BO-nep-Bbix, TpeßoBaHHe TeMSTimecKOHCHCTeMHOCTH JieKCHlieCKHX fl3HHbIX, npH B J ieK aeM b ix ä j i h h c c j i c a o b s h m h Bonpoca repMaH0-6ajiTHftcKHX resp. repMaH0-CJ13BHHCKIIX H3bIK0BbIX OT- HOUieHHH 2, II, BO-BTOpblX, yTCT (J)0- HOMop^ojiorHqecKofi CTpyKTypbi Cp3BHHB3eMbIX CJIOB. HepBOe H3 h h x He TOJibKO n03B0JiHeT npocjie- AHTb CBH3b Me>KÄy p33BHTHeM H3bIK3 H SBOJIIOUHeH TOrO OÖIIteCT- B3, K KOTOpOMy HOCHTejIH Ä3HHOTO H3bIK3 OTHOCHTCH, HO H npe^OCTSB- jineT B p 3cnopfl>KeHne nccjieaoBa-1 CpaBHHTejibHaH rpaMMaTHKa repMaH-
CKHX H3bIK0B, T. 1. T e p M a ilC K H e H3bIKH h Bonpocbi HHAoeBponeflcKOH apeajibHOH JIHHrBHCTHKH. M ., 1962, C. 19— 113. (B AaJibHeHiueM coKp. — Cp. rp. repM.H 3 ., 1 ) .
2 Cp. r p . r e p M . H3., 1, c. 51.
79
TejiH HeKOTOpbie KpHTepHH m ih xpoH O JiorH qecKoro o n p ea e - JieHHH BO3HHKHOB0HHH COOTBeTCTByiOIUHX nOACHCTeM B c jroB ape 3. H to K acaeTcn B Toporo nojio>KeHHH, to oho npn- o ö p eT a e T npHHUHnHajibHoe T eopeTH «iecK oe 3HaneHHe noTo- My, h to rapaH TH pyeT ß o jie e KOMiuieKCHbiö n0AX0A k CJIOJKHOH n p oß jieM e H3bIK0BbIX OTHOUieHHH, COeAHHHH (})OpMajIbHbIH ((|)OHOMOp(})OJIOrHHeCKHH) aCIieKT C JieKCIIKO-ceMaHTHHecKHM (coAep^aTejibHbiM). n p H H3yHemiH npo-ÖJieMbl ÖajITO-CJiaBHHCKHX H3bIKOBbIX OTHOUieHHH Ha MaTepnajie HMeHHbix ochob Ha -i Mbi nbiTajiHCb npHMeHHTb 3Ty MeTOflHKy4. OHa 0Ka3biBaeTcn nepcneKTHBHoii h ueH- hoh TeM, hto b pnAe cjiynaeB no3BojineT yTomHTb Hauiu npeflCTaBJieHHH 06 3KCKJH03HBHMX H3orjioccax, KOTOpbie npH H3yqeHHH AaHHbix npoßjieM hmckjt pemaiomee 3Ha- neHHe.
r ip o c jie > K H B a H H M eH H o (J jo H O M o p if jo jio r H q e c K y io C T p y K T y -
py cjiob 5, c o n o c T a ß j ie H H b ix H3 T p e x n a 3 B a H H b ix B eT Beft
H H flOeBpO neH CKH X H3bIKOB, Mbl H a M ep eH b l yTOHHHTb HeKOTO
p b ie J ieK C H H ecK iie c o n o c T a B jie H H H , H c n o j ib 3 y e M b ie n p n p a c -
cy>K ueH H H x o M e cT e rep M aH C K H x h3hkob c p e A H H H A o e B p o -
neßcKiix AHajieKTOB. FIpu stom orpaHHHHBaeMcn AaHHbiMH H3 OÖJiaCTII 0 C H 0 B 0 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H , HBJIHIOIUHMHCH AOCTaTOlIHO
A peBH H M H , HTOÖbl ß b lT b AO K a3aTeJIbH bIM H B 3T0M OTHOUieHHH.
r i e p B a a r p y n n a n p H M e p o B ( 1— 4 ) o t h o c h t c h k c Ta pb iM
i - 0 CH0 BaM, b t o BpeMH K aK B T o p a n r p y n n a ( 5 — 7 ) n p e A -
C T aB j in eT n p o A O j r a e H H e A p eB H H x HMeH r e T e p o K J i i i T im e c K o r o TH na .
1. CpeAH repMano-cjiaBHHCKHX jieKcnqecKHx napajuie- jieft H. C. HeMOflaHOB paccMaTpHBaeT cpaBHeHHe ap.-aurji. fyst, £p.-(})pH3. fest (h3 *funhsti-), Ap.-caKc., Ap.-B.-HeM. füst ‘KyjiaK’ CO CJI3BHHCKHM *pgstb (pyc. tlHCTb H T. A.) ‘KHCTb pyKH’ 6. FIpHHHMaH H3BeCTHyiO STHMOJIOrHIO AJIH JIHT.ktimste ‘KyjiaK’ O . Ae Cocciopa (M SL, V II, 93), mm mo-
3 MeTOÄ c o r io c T a B J ie n H H T e M a T H 'ie c x H x r p y n n . t c k c h k h ycneumo npn- M e H H e T c a b H O B e flm e fl p a 6 o T e Xp. C. C T a H r a H a 9 T y T e M y . Cp.: S t a n g S. Lexikalische Sonderübereinstimm ungen zwischen dem Slawischen, Baltischen und Germanischen ( c o K p . Lex. Sond.). O slo— Bergen— Troms, 1972, S. 68— 78.
4 E c k e r t R. Zum Problem der baltisch-slawischen Sprachbeziehun- gen am Material der Nominalstäm me auf -i. — Zeitschrift für S lawistik, Bd 17, H. 5. Berlin, 1972, S. 605— 615.
5 Cp. rp. repM. H3., 1, c. 52.6 Cp. rp. repM. H3., 2, c. 80.
80
JKeM B ÄaHHOe COnOCTaBJieHHe BKJIIOMHTb ßaJITHHCKHH MaTe- p n a ji, npn 3tom cpaß iiH BaeM bie cjiOBa m B cex T p ex h 3h ko- b h x rp y n n 0 TJiHMai0 TCH c m e h o flH opo flH ocTb io b oTHomeHHHOCHOBbI.
X tpeBH H H i-OCHOBa CJI3BHHCKHX CJIOB He nOÄJIOKHT COM-
HeHHio, cp. ap.-pyc. h pyc.-uepK.-cji. nncTb, n*cTb\ cepö.- xopB. n&CT, necr-, c jio b ch . pest, T; Mein. pest; nojibCK. pigsc,B .-jiyx. p jasc, pyc. n n cT b .
flpH H aaJie^H O CTb rcpMailCKHX COOTBeTCTBHH K OCHOBaM Ha -i TaiQKe TB epao ycTaHOBjieHa, npHMeM Äp.-aHrji. fyst bo3boü;h tch k *funhsti-, a ,np.-B.-HeM. füst, HeM. Faust Mepe3 *fühsti- BbiBoaHTca H3 Toft * e npacfjopMbi *funhsti-.
BajITHHCKHe aaHHbie Hy>K,HaK>TCH B oß'bHCHCHHHX. o . Re C occiop npeflnojiaraji a jih jniTOBCKoro cjiOBa p a 3 BH- THe Mepe3 M eTaTe3y H3 *punkstis. 3 . O p eH K e jib co r jia m a eT - ch c 9 toü 3THM0ji0rHefi h npiiBO jiiiT b K a iiecTBe n p s^ op M b i fljia j ih t . küm ste *punkste, iiphh hm sh bo BHHMaHHe npOMe- myTOMHyio (})opM y *küm pste 7. H c x o a h H3 npHM epoß, HMeio- m u xca b HaineM pacnopn>KeHHii, mm mo>kcm yKa3aTb Ha 3acBHÄeTejibCTB0BaHHyro (JjopMy kum pstis H3 cTapojiHTOB- CKOH IIHCbMeHHOCTH 8, HTO nOBbHHaeT AOCTOBepHOCTb Bbline- ynOMHHyTOH 3TIIM0JI0niH.
H apjm y c e-ocHOBOH j ih t . kümste, j it iu . kümste b jih - to b c k h x /m a jie K T a x n peÄ cra B J ieH a i-OCHOBa kümstis, cp . tb . n. ea . m.: su kümstimi; hm. n. mit. m. kumstys h tb . n. mh. m. kum stim is9. B o 3 mo>kho, mto h a p . - n p y c . kuntis ‘ Ky-
j i a x ’ o th o c i i t c h c i o a s >Ke 10. TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , H33B3m ie c jio - B a KyACLK, BHyTpeHHIOIO (})OpMy KOTOpOrO MOJKHO OnHCaTb KaK ‘ Fünfheit von F ingern ’ , npe^CTaBjieH O b BH^e i -0CH0Bbi
b 3anaflH orepM ancK H X , b c jis b h h ck h x h ßajiT iificK H X (b jih - TOBCKOM) H3bIK3X u .
2. CpsBHeHHe to tc k . naus (poß. n. naw is) ‘MepTBbiiV, Ap.-ncji. när ‘Tpyn’ (h3 *naw iR) c ap.-npyc. nowis ‘Tpyn’ , .11 h t. növyti ‘MyuHTb, y6iiB3Tb’ , j i t l i i . näve ‘cMepTb’ ; ap.-pyc.
7 F r a e n k e l E. Litauisches etym ologisches Wörterbuch (coKp. L E W ). H eidelberg— Göttingen, 1955— 1965, S. 309— 310.
8 Lituviq kalbos zödynas (coKp. LK2 ), t. 6. Vilnius, 1962, c. 880. 3a(j)HKCHponaHa (j)opMa o c h o b na -i t b . n. m h . q.: kumpstimis.
9 LK2, 6, c. 883.10 E n d z e l i n J. Senprüsu valoda. R iga, 1943, c. 199.11 B cjioB ape <J>. KJiyre (Etym ologisches W örterbuch der deutschen
Sprache, 20 Aufl. Berlin, 1967, S. 187) npHBeaeinioe cß.iiiJKeinie j ih t .
kümste c kumpas ‘ k p h b o h ’ Heyße/uiTeJibno.
81
naeb ‘T pyn ’ n Ap.-H pji. n ü n a ‘ (M accoB bift) r o jio A ’ 12 mo>kho AOnOJIHHTb 60Jiee TO^HblMH A3HHHMH OTHOCHTejIbHO OCHOBbl. /IpeB H ioio i-0CH0By OTpa>KaiOT He TOJibKO repMaHCKHe n pn - Mepbl, HO H 6aJITHHCKHe, CJiaBHHCKHe, a T3K>Ke KeJIbTCKUe H3biKH. C p . jih t . AHaji. n o v is , -ie s >k. p. ‘ MyKa, THeT, cM ep- TejibHbie MyKH, cM epTb’ (y ,HayKaHTaca, cp . K. B ü g a , R ink- t in ia i ra s ta i, I, 3 0 9 , 5 9 8 ; II , 5 0 3 ; L E W , 5 0 9 ; jitlu . AHaji. n ä v s , -s ‘ cM ep rb ’ ; c t . - j i t w . n u o n ä v s 13; n pacji. * n a v b ( - i >k. p .) ‘ MepTBeu’ (p y c . naeb, naebe, naeeü ; pyc.-u epK .-cJ i. naeb: Ap.-neiucK . n a v , poA . n. n a v i ‘ aA, noTycTopoHHHH Miip’ ) h KejibTCK. *n 5vis b upji. n ö in e , n ü n a; Bajui. n e w y n ; a TaK>Ke 6peTOH. n a o u n >k. p. ‘ r o j io / i ’ ( * n o v in jä , n o v in o - ) 14. O ß p a m a e T Ha ce ö n BHiiMaHHe t o o6cTOHTejibCTBo, mto nepeA H3MH, nO-BHAHMOMy, HC CneiJHajIbHOe COOTBeTCTBHe Me>KAy repMaHCKHMII, 6ajITHHCKIIMH H CJ13BHHCKHMH H3bIK3MH, a CKopee npHMep a jih coxpaHeHHH H H AoeßponeftcK oro H acjie- AHH B repM3HCK0M, yK33bIB3K>mHH, K TOMy >Ke, Ha CBH3H repMaHCKHX H3HKOB He TOJibKO C 6aJITHHCKHMH H CJI3BHH- ckhm h 5i3biKaMH, h o h c 3an3AHbiM apeajiOM HHAoeBponeft- CKHX H3bIKOB.
3. LI,ejiec006p 33H0 o t n peA H A ym ero c jiy q a n oTAejiHTb c jie A y io m e e cneixH(f)HqecKoe repM aH 0-n pyccK 0e c o o t b c t c t - BHe, x o th 3THM0Ji0rHqecKH AaHHbie npHMepbi h M aTepiiajibi TOJibKO HTO paCCMOTpeHHOrO a633U 3 CJieAyeT o6"beAHHHTb 15. P e^ b HAeT o A p.-n pycK . n a u te i (a 3 t . n. eA. H . ) , n au tin ( b h h . n. eA- h .) h n a u tin s *Hy>KAa’ (bhh. n. m. q . ) , k o - T opbie n03B0jiHK)T peKOHCTpyKHHK) (Aecj^eKTHoft) napa/uirM bi ApeBHeft i-0CH 0Bbi16, h o n parepM . * n a u d -i-z , KOTopoe c o - Aep>KHTCH b t o t . n a u d is >k. p. ‘ H V *A a ’ 17, aP --h c ji. n a u 5 , n au S r >k. p., Ap.-aH rji. n e a d , n ied , A p .-caK c. n öd, Ap.-B.-neM .
12 Cp. rp. repM. A3., 1, c. 67. Flpn stom HBHoe OTpaweHHe i- ochobh naxoAHM b tot. navis ‘MepTBa’ hm. n. npnjiar. jk. p. n b npim. npom. Bp. ganawistrojjs ‘noxopoHen’, HBJiaioiueMCH OTbiMemibiM 06- pa30BaimeM ot ochobh *no)Ji -strä 'KJiaÄÖHme’.
13 M ü h l e n b a c h K- L ettisch -deutsches W örterbu ch , ergän zt und for tg ese tz t v on J. E ndzelin . R ig a , E rgä n zu n g sb a n d II, S. 9.
14 C m.: JX u 6 o B. A . CoxpameHHe äo jii-o t b KejibTO-HTajmftcKHX H3bi- K ax h e ro 3Ha>jeHHe flJia ÖajiTo-cjiaBHucKofi h HHßoeBponeHCKoii a x - ueHTOJiormi. — «B on p . cjiaBHHCKoro H3biK03naiiHH», Bbin. 5. M ., 1961, c. 10, 13, 25.
15 TaK HMeiiHo n o c T y n a r o T b Cp. rp. repM. H3., 1, c. 67.le E n d z e 1 i n J. A ltp reu ß isch e G ram m atik . R ig a , 1943, S. 20,
96— 97.17 C micToii i-ocuoBofi b cjiojK eH M x, no-BHflHMOMy, BbiCTynaioT t o t .
n a u d i-ba n d i ‘Kaimajibi’ it naudi- £aürfts ‘Heoöxo^HMocTb, nyjKHOCTb’ .
82
n ö t, ‘ N o t ’ . H a HBHyio i - 0CH0By repMaHCKHX cjiob yKa3bi- BaioT 0 . KJiyre h A . A . 3 ajiH 3 HHK18. C jiy q a n , paccMOTpeH- Hbie B nyHKTaX 2 H 3, HBJIHIOTCH ripOH3BOÄHbIMH o t o^ H oro h T oro «<e H H ÄoeBponeficK oro KopHn: * n ö y - i -s h * n ö k -t i-s , t . e. b nepBOM c jiy n a e sto i-0CH0Bbi, a bo b to po m — ociio-
Bbl Ha - t i 19.4 . B KanecTBe AonojiHeHHH k 3 a KOHOMepHbiM c o o tb c t c t -
bhhm i-ocHOB b aaHHOM a p e a jie mo>kho n p iiB ecra äp .-h c ji. ass jk . p. ‘yuiKO, qep e3 KOTopoe B/ieBaioT uiHypoK ( 6 o th - H O k )’ , HOpB. Oes ‘ flbipKa, B KOTOpyiO iITO-TO BAeBaiOT’ , cp.-H.-
HeM. ö s e >k. p. ‘ KOJibueo6pa3Hoe n p iicn o coß jieH iie , neTJin’ , neM. Ö s e ‘ y m K0 ’ > npnneM a jih s t hx c jiob peKOHCTpyupyiOTca o c h o b h Ha - jo h Ha -i: * a n s jö , * a n s i - 20.
H a p H ^ y C XOpOUJO 3aCBHÄeTejIbCTBOBaHHOH ä-OCHOBOH B pa3Hbix HHÄOeBponeiicKHx H3biKax (cp. JiaT. än sa , jih t . g sä , j i t iu . üosa , u osa , a p .-h h a . § s a — dhrl) b ßa jm iH C K iix H KeJIbTCKHX H3bIKaX OÖHapy>KHBaiOTCH COBepHieHHO TOHHbie COOTBeTCTBHH b BHfle i - 0 CH0 B. C p. j it iu . AH aji. üoss, -s ; u öss , -s ; u oss , -s ‘yuiKO, pyMKa y cocyAa; AbipKa, 3a k o to - p y io MTO-HHßyflb 6 ep yT ; neTJin; yuiKO; yuiKO y KOJKaHbix 6 0 - th h o k KpecTbHH a jih BAeBaHHH HiHypKa; yuiKO y j ia n T e ft ;
Äbipa b KOHue öpeB H a ’ 21; Ap.-npycK. a n s is ‘ npiOK ä jih k o t- j ia ’ h cp .-n p ji . es i (m h. h.) ‘y3Aa, iiOBOÄa’ ( h3 * a n s i- ) . ß fle cb HaßjiiOÄaeTCH TaK oe >Ke pacnpocTpaH eH H e i-ocuoBbi, KaK b c jiy q a e : to tc k . n a w is , jit iu . n ä v s , cjiaB . *n a v b h KejibTCK. *n ö v is , t . e. m h HMeeM Aejio He c npHBaTHBiiofi repM aH O -öajiTo-cjiaBH H CKoft H 3orjioccoH , a c coo tb 6 tc tb h 5 i- mh, BKJiioqaioiuHMii b ce ß n ö o jie e miipoKufl a p ea ji.
5. Cßoeo6pa3HbiM aonojiH eH H eM k repM aH 0 -6 a jiT 0 -c jia - BHHCKHM COOTBeTCTBHHM HBJIHeTCH COXpaHeHIie ApeBHen r-0 CH0 Bbi b cjieAyioiUHx cjioBax: cp .-b.-HeM. hader, HeM. H a
18 K l u g e F. Op. cit., S. 515; 3 a j i H 3 i i H K A. A. MaTepiiajibi a j i h H3yM 6HH5i M o p ^ o J io rH M e c K O H C T p y K T y p b i A p e B iie r e p in a H C K H x c y m e c T B i i -
T e J ib H b ix , I. — B k h . : S r a M O J io n iH . M., 1963, c. 151.19 3 tot nocJieAHüfi CAyiaii othochtch k cneuH(J)HHecKHM cootbctctbiihm
MOKAy repMSHCKHMH H3bIKaMH II ApeBHenpyCCKHM H3HKOM( S t a n g Ch. S. Lex. Sonder., S. 78).
20 K l u g e F. Op. cit., S. 525, rae, npaBAa, ap--hcji. cjiobo onpeAe.ieno KaK 0CH0Ba Ha -jö; a T aK w e: W a l d e A. Lateinisches etym ologisches Wörterbuch, 2 Aufl. Heidelberg, 1910, S. 46.
21 M ü h l e n b a c h - E n d z e l i n , W G „ 6, S. 420— 421; Ergbd, 2, 744. fl. 9 HA3eJiHH (Lettische Grammatik, S. 312) BbiAeJiaeT 3Aecbi-0CH0By.
83
d er ‘ccopa*; jih t . k a tä ry t i, k a tä ly li ‘ÖHTb, yuapH Tb’ 22 h c t . - cji. K oropa, Ap.-pyc. K oropa, K or^ pa , ‘ccopa, cnop ’ 23. H a cbh3h repMaHCKHx H3HKOB c KejibTCKHMH b uaHHOM cjiynae yKa3biBaioT TOHHbie co o tb 6tctbhh b BHAe ÄpeBHeii u-ochobh, cp. nparepM. *hupu — ‘6opb6a’ , peKOHCTpynpyeMbie na ocHOBaiiHii Ap.-ncji. hyö (bhh. n. eA- h.) "den K a m p f ’ , Ap - hcji. H g S hmh BajiKiopbi (h phaom c hhm H g 0 r — hmh ßpaTa BajibAypa), a T3K>Ke hmh co 6cTBeHHoe H a d u m ä r (C a tu m e r u s y TauHTa), KOTOpbie coßnaAaiOT c KejibTCKOH ochoboh Ha -u b rajuibCKOM Ha3BaHHH HapoAa C a tu -r lg e s ‘ K a m p fk ö n ig e ’ h b Ap.-Hpji. cath ‘ K a m p f ’ , b to BpeMH KaK rpen. % ötoc, ‘ rHeB, 3Jio6a’ coAepatHT y>Ke 0-0CH0B y24.
6 . H oAO Ö H oe coxpa H eH iie t - o c h o b h , KaK b n peAu iecTB yio- ui,eM a63au,e, HaßjnoAaeTCH b c jiy ^ a e Ap.-ß.-HeM. a n g a r ‘ K o r n m a d e ’ , cp.-B.-HeM. a n g e r , e n g e r lKepBHiiOK, j i im iH K a ’ , HeM. E n g e r l in g ‘ jiHHHHKa MaHCKoro >KyKa’ 25; n p a c ji. *Q g a r -b ( b p yc . yeop b , 6 o jir . eteapeu, ‘ qepBHHOK, jin m n iK a ’ , ^eu icK . u h er, nojibCK. w g g r h t . A -) 26 h b j i i i t . in k s tira s , in k s t ir a s ‘y ro p b , c{)HHHa, TpHXHHa’ , j i h t . A iia ji. (>KeM3HT- c K o e ) ä n k s ta ra ‘jiHHHHKa OBOAa h j i h cjienHH b T e jie CKOTa’ , j i t i h . a n k s te r i ‘^epBHHKH, j i h h h h k h , j i i i h h i i k h M aficKHx >Ky- k o b ’ .
7. H a B03M0>KH0e OTpaxteHHe ApeBHeii - r - / / -n - ochobm b
repM3HCKHX H CJiaBHHCKHX H3bIKäX 0Öp3THJI BHHM3HHe O . H . T p y öa ^ eB b cßoeM « 3 THM0Ji0rHnecK0 M c jio ß a p e c jia - BHHCKHX H3WKOB» 27. H3yH3H H33BaHHH 6 o 6 a B CJiaBHHCKHX H3biKax, o h b o c o ö y io cT3Tbio BbiAejiHeT nojibCK. b o b e r , b o b ru ‘ 6 0 6 ’ h nojibCK. AHaji. b o p f , -b ru , -b ra ‘606 ’ c o c jie - A3MH BepOHTHOH r-OCHOBbl, KOTOpyiO OH Cp3BHHB3eT C p e - jiHKTaMH n -0CH0Bbi, b nparepM . *ba bn ä ‘ 6 0 6 ’ , npeACTaBjieH-
22 0 6 oTpawenHH CTapoii HHÄoeBponeiicKoii o c h o b l i na -r-//-l- b j ih t o b -
c k h x cjioBax cp.: K a r a l i ü n a s S. Lie katälyti ir katäryti. Bal- tistica, H. III (2 ). Vilnius, 1967, s. 219— 222.
23 K coxpaHeHHio HHÄOeBponeftcKOH o c iio b h :i:kotor-, *koter- b Aamibix cjioBax cp.: E c k e r t R. Zu einigen Kontinuanten indoeuropäischer Heteroklita im Baltischen. Baltistica, H. V (1 ). Vilnius, 1969, c. 8.
24 K l u g e F. Op. cit., S. 279— 280.25 K l u g e F. Op. cit., S. 166.26 V a s m e r M. Russisches etym ologisches W örterbuch, Bd 3. H eidel
berg, 1956, S. 172; LEW, S. 185— 186. ÄaHHoe conocTaBJieHHe iipH- b o ä h t ii Xp. C. CTaiir (Lex. Sond., S. 40), K O T op u ft oTMenaeT pacxoK/ieiniH b cycjxjHiKcajibHoft nacTH öajiTiiiicKiix c jio b .
27 M u B 0 cn 0 J ib 3 0 B a jin cb b AanHO M cjiyqae M aTepnaJiO M 113 p y K o n i ic «
a r o r o T p y j a (ß b in . II), 3a i t o x oT e jiH 6 h B b ipa3H T b c b o i o H C K peiim oio
Ö J ia ro Ä a p n o c T b a B T o p y .
84
hom b AP--B.HeM., Ap.-caKc. böna, Ap.-aHrji. bean, c oähoii CTopoHbi, h Ap.-aHrji. bien, ap.-hcji. baun ‘ 606’ — c Apyroß. A . A . 3 3 JIH3HHK28 o th och t nocjieAHHe Aßa npHMepa k Apeß- hhm i-0CH0BaM (*b a u n -i-z ), a nepBbie TpH — k npOAOJi>Ke-
hhhm O-OCHOBH (*ba u n -ö ). Ha B03BeAeHHe sthx npacjjopM k *babn-ö29, * bab n-i h3boaht cpaBHeHHe c JiaT. faba, cji. 606 H 4>aKTaMH H3 ApeBHHX HHAOeBpOneHCKHX H3bIKOB. B pnAe cjiynaeB k apcbhhm HHAoeBponeficKHM n-0CH0BaM npHCOeAHHHJiaCb i-0CH0B3, HTO n0BbIUI3eT ÄOCTOBepHOCTb npeAnpHHHTblX CpaBHCHHH 30. HeJIb3H HCKJIIOHaTb B03M0>K- HOCTb, HTO BCe 3TH npHMepbl CX0ACTB3 repM3IICKHX, ßajITHH- CKHX H CJiaBHHCKHX H3bIKOB B OTHOUieHHH CyAbßbl TeTepO-KJiHTHnecKHx ochob (rpynnbi 5 , 6 , 7 ) cjieAyeT TOJiKOBaTb jiHuib Kan cjiynaH coxpaHeHHH iuiAoeßponeHCKoro HacjieAHfl B 3THX H3bIKaX, H OrpailHHeHHOe HaXO>KAeHHe AaHHblX (})aK- TOB 06"bHCHHeTCH TOJibKO TeM, HTO (})aKTbI ÄPyrHX HHAOeBpO- neßcKHx H3biKOB npocTO He aoiujih ao Hac.
B 3aKjnoHeHHe xoTejiocb 6 bi em e npHBecra HecKOJibKO npHMepOB, nOKa3bIB3IOmHX HCKJIIOHHTejIbHOe CXOACTBO AJIH ynoMHHyTbix Tpex rpynn HHAoeBponeHCKHX H3HKOB b cj>op- M3JIbH0M njiaHe (8, 9) H B 3HaHHMOH CTOpOHe (10).
8. AH3JiH3Hpya sTHMOJiorHio jiht. n asra l ‘nacTb’ , O. H . Tpy6aneB 31 npnuieji k BbiBOAy, ^to h jiHTOBCKoe cjio bo, h ero cooTBeTCTBHH b CJiaBHHCKHX H3biKax (npacji. * n o z d r i— < * n o z r i ) h b repMaHCKOM (HeM. Nüstern ‘ho3APh’ ) bocxoaht k npac})opMe *nos-sri. nocJieAHK)io <J)op- My oh TpaKTyeT KaK cjio>KeHHe AOtjjJieKTHBiioro Ha3BaHHH Hoca (*nos-) h peAyUHpoßaHHoro BapuaHTa HHAoeBponeft- CKoro KopHH *ser- ‘Tenb’ , npnneM K0Mn0HeHTbi cjio>KeHHH 3Aecb BbicTynaiOT b oßparaoH noejieAOBaTejibHoeTH, neM b rpen. ptg, pivog'HOc’ ; (mh. h . ) ‘H03Äpu’ (h3 *sr!-n os). B ot- jiHHHe o t rpenecKoro H3biKa, b repMaHCKiix, öajiTHHCKHx h CJiaBHHCKHX H3bIKaX BCTpeH3I0TCH npOAOJI>KeHHH eAHHOH 06- meü (jjopMbi *nos-srI.
28 3 a ji h 3 h h k A. A. MaTepHaJiH äJih H3yqenHH cjiopMOjrorimecKOH CTpyKTypbi ÄpeBHerepMaHCKHX c y m e c T B H T e jib H b ix , II. — B kh.: 3 th - MOJiorHH. M., 1965, c. 192.
29 K l u g e F. Op. cit., S. 89, a Taxwe: V r i e s Jan de. Altnordisches etym ologisches W örterbuch, 2 Aufl. Leiden, 1962, S. 29.
30 V gl. E c k e r t R. Reste indoeuropäischer heteroklitischer Nom inalstäm me im Slawischen und Baltischen. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, Bd 8, H. 6. Berlin, 1963, S. 887, 889.
51 T p y ö a n e B O. H. JlmoBCKoe nasral ‘nacTb’ : 3TiiMo.norHH h rpaM- MaTHKa. (Te3Hcw). Baltistica, I priedas. Vilnius, 1972, c. 225— 226.
85
9. 4 to KacäeTCH repMaHO-ösjiTHHCKoro jieKCHnecKoro napajuiejiH3Ma b cjiyq ae a p .-hcji. au ö r (>k . p .), ‘cyAböa,
cMepTb’ , coöcTBeHHo T K a H b ’ h j i h t . äu sti äudziu'TKy’ , äudek- las ‘TKaHb’ 32, to, no Bceft BepoHraocTH, ero mojkho pacuiH-pHTb COOTBeTCTByiOmHM npHMepOM H3 CJI3BHHCKHX H3bIKOB. B Äpyroö p aöoT e33 Mbi npeAnpHHHjm nonbiTKy CBH33Tb c 3TOH 3THM0Ji0rHqecK0H rpynnoä cjiob pyc. ähsji. (koctpom- CKoe) y c A Ö ‘nonaTan, 3aTK3HH3H TKaHb Ha CTeHy’ 34. EIo HameMy MiieHHio, cjiobo ycA Ö bocxoaht nepe3*ustlo <C*ut- tlo k hcxoahoh (})OpMe npacji. *o iad -tlo . B AByx Apyrnx 0Öpa30BaHHHx TaK>Ke k Kopnio *oij9d- ‘TKaTb’ npucoeAH- HHeTCH cy(J)(j)HKC -tlo-, resp. -tr-, a HMeHHO b jiht. äudeklas ‘TKaHb’ (3Ä6Cb -tl- npHMKHyjI K TeM3TH3HpOB3HHOH OCHOBe)
h b rp eq . aipiov, Tjipuov ‘ochob3, cnjieTeHHe hhth ochobh h y T K 3 ; T K 3H b ’ (h3 *vä- tri o-m iijih * - e-tr|o-m ).
10. r i o c j i e A H H H npHMep, H c c j i e A y e M b i f l b H s u i e f l 3 a M e T -
Ke, — 3 T 0 H 3 3 B 3 H H e HCJief i B r e p M 3 H C K H X , Ö a j IT H H C K H X H
CJiaBHHCKHX H 3b IK 3X , C X O A H O e T e M , MTO B Ce 3TH CJI0B3 O Ö p 3 -
3 0 B 3 H b I OT KO pHH * e d - , ‘ eC T b , K y i H 3 T b ’ . Cp. TOT. U Z - e t 3
(m . p.) ‘ HCJIH’ , COÖCTBeHHO ‘ t o , H3 ^ e i 'O CKOT e C T ’ 35, Ap .- I ICJ I .
] a t a >k . p. ‘ h c j i h ’ ( h 3 * e t ö n ) , a T a K x e e t a >k. p. ‘ h c j i h ’ h
a p . - u i B e a . ioets 36; j i h t . e d z i o s m h . h. ‘ h c j i h ’ h j i h t . a h s j i .
( > K e M 3 H T C K o e ) u z e d e ( o z i e d e ) ‘ h c j i h ’ 37, a T3 K > K e j i h t .
e d c l e s , - i i j m h . h. ‘ h c j i h ’ h n p s c j i . * e d - s l i , n p e A C T a B J i e H H o e
b p y c . ‘ h c j i h ’ h t . a -
B pyCCKHX AHajieKT3X ÖblTyiOT em e ABa H33B3HHH HCJieÖ c KopHeM *ed-: edöeuw,e h edoeüm e3S. B o Bcex 3thx cjiy- H3HX HaXOAHT OTp3>KeHHe O^eHb ApeBHee 3HaiieHHe KOpHH
32 C p . r p . r e p M . H3 ., 1 , c . 7 2 .
33 C m . : 3 k k 6 p t P. B o 3 M o s < H b ie O T paH ceH H H a p e B H e r o K o p iM * o U o d
( c p . j i h t . ä u s t i ‘T K a T b ’ ) b n p a e J ia B H H e K O M H 3 b iK e . — B k h . : S t h m o -
j io r H H . M . , 1 9 7 2 , c . 4 6 — 5 4 .
34 f l a j i b B . T o jiK O B b i ii c j i o ß a p b » i i B o r o B e j i i m o p y c c K o r o H 3 b iK a , t . I V 2.
M . , 1 9 5 5 , c . 5 1 2 .
35 F e i s t S . V e r g l e i c h e n d e s W ö r t e r b u c h d e r g o t i s c h e n S p r a c h e ,
3 A u f l . L e i d e n , 1 9 3 9 , S . 5 3 8 . B K a q e c T B e Ä p y r n x n p e t } )H K c a j ib H b ix 0 6 -
p a 3 0 B a H H H o t K o p u H * e d - 3 . <J>eftcT n p H B O Ä H T e m e t o t . a f - e t j a
( m . p . ) ‘ F r e s s e r ’ ; a p .-H C J i. a f - o f - ä t ( c p . p . ) ‘ F r e s s e r e i ’ h c p . - h h ä .
o r - e t e , o r - ä t e ‘ o cT a T K H o t K o p M a cK O T a , n o a c r a j i K a ’ , c p . - n . - n e M .
o r t ‘ o c T a T K H o t K y m a i ib s i ’ .
36 V r i e s J a n d e . O p . c i t . , S . 1 0 6 .
37 L e s k i e n A . B i l d u n g d e r N o m i n a i m L i t a u i s c h e n . L e i p z i g , 1 8 9 1 ,
S . 2 7 0 .
38 C j i o ß a p b p y c c K H x H a p o Ä H H X r o ß o p o B , B b in . 8 . J I . , 1 9 7 2 , c . 3 2 2 .
86
*ed - , a H M e H H o ‘ e c T b (o c K O T e , o j k h b o t h h x h j i h 3 B e p n x ) ’ 39.
K p o M e T o r o , oß m ee H 3 3 B a H H e HCJieö b r e p M a H C K H x , 6 a j i -
t h h c k h x h CJiaBHHCKHX H3biKax noAAepjKHBseTCH em e OÄHOH
H 3orjioccoH , o 6 p a 3 y e M o f l a e p H B a T a .M H o t k oph h *ed - , ‘ e c T b ’ .
M h HMeeM b B H A y ä P . - h c j i . aezli c p . p. 'A t z u n g , A a s ’ , H o p B e ® . oetse l, e ts l; Ap.-u iBeA . a z l , A a T C K . a a d s e l40; j i t u i .
Ä H a j i . e s l i ( s ) ‘ k t o n o c T O H H H O >K y e T ; o 6 * o p a ’ ( h 3 * e d - s l i ) h n p a c j i . * e d s l i ( p y c . r c a u h noA -)-
T a K K aK b u a H H b i x c j i y n a n x n e p e f l h 3 m h h m c h h o oß m n e H 0 B 0 0 ß p a 3 0 B a H H H b p a c cM O T p e H H b ix T p e x r p y n n a x , a ne H H U o e B p o n e ö c K H e a p x a H 3 M b i, 3a cB H A eT ejibC T B O B aH H bie no- q e M y -T O Ha s t o h H3biKOBOH T e p p i iT o p m i , <})aKTbi, n p iiB e A e H -
H bie b n o c j ie a H e M a Ö 3 a u e , M o ry T ß b iT b H c n 0 jib 3 0 B a H b i npH
y c T a H O B jie H im c n e u iK ^ H q e c K H x O T H O u iem in M O K A y r e p M a H -
CKHMH, 6 aJITHHCKHMH H CJI3BHHCKHMH H3bIK3M H. 3 t O B
6 0 JIbIH0 H M e p e OTHOCHTCH H K H3yHeHHbIM B b liu e i-OCHOB3M .
B b iH C H e H H e o ^ e H b c j i o >k h h x oT H om eH H ü M e jK A y y n o M H H y r a -
MH T peM H BeTBHMH H H A oeB p on eH C K H X H 3H K 0B , H3 H3HI
B3TJIHA, Hy>KAaeTCH B ACT3A bH O M H3y*ieHHH H30rJI0CC.
39 O ÄpeBHeft ceMaHTHKe kophh *ed-, *ed- cm .: E c k e r t R. Studien zur Geschichte der nominalen Stamm bildung im Slawischen. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, Bd 9, H. 4. Berlin, 1974, S. 498— 499, 500— 503.
40 V r i e s Jan de. Op. cit., S. 682.
P. H. ABAH ECOB
•
K eonpocaM
npoucxoofcdenuH
U pCL36UmUH
pyccK oao
M itn ep a m yp H o zo
m b iK a
B 1973 r. h BbiCTynHJi Ha V I I Me>K,ziyHapOÄHOM C be3ae cjiaBH c- t o b b B a p u ia ß e c a o k j i3aom « K B o n p o c a M nep H O Ä H 3au H H h cto p h h pyCCKOrO 513bIKa», B KOTOpOM OÄHH H3 p a 3ÄeJioB 6 h ji nocBHmeH u ep -KOBHOCJiaBJIHCKOMy BKJiaÄy B HC- TopHK) p y ccK o ro JiHTepaTypHoro H 3b iK a l . I lo 3 Ä H e e O . n . O h jih h onyß^HKOBaji CTaTbK) 2 Ha 6jiH3Kyio TeM y, B KOTOpOH OH Bbipa3HJI CO- MHeHHH B IipaBHJIbHOCTH HJIH TO1!- HOCTH HeKOTOpblX MOHX nOJIOÄe- HHH. B HeKOTOpblX c jiy q a a x H CaM n o /ia ji n0B0Ä k 9TOMy, TaK KaK, orpaHHHCHHbiß 0 6 "beM0 M ÄOKjiafla, He M or KOCHyTbCH Bcex B on pocoB ; B a p y r H X CJiyqaH X COMHeHHH B03- h hkjih , KaK MHe KaJKeTCH, b pe3 y jib - T a T e H 3 B e cT H o ro H eaonoH H M aH H H .
B HH>KeC^eayK)mHX CTpOKaX H x o q y BHeCTH HeOÖXOflHMyiO HCHOCTb B CBOK3 TO'IKy 3peH H H .
KjiaCCHHeCKHH CTapOCJiaBHH -
c k h h , h j ih — K aK ß o j i e e n p e a n o q -
TH TejibH O ero H a 3 B a T b — a p e B H e -
HepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKHH, H3bIK B03HHK
Iia K»KHOCJiaBHHCKOH STHHHeCKOH
nOMBe KaK KHHJKHO-ÜHCbMeHHblH
K y jib T O B b iii H3biK 6 o jira p C K H X , M a -
Ke^OHCKHX CJI3BHH. O ^ H a K O BCKOpe
OH n e p e p o c B KHH>KHO-nHCbMeHHbIH
JIH T epaT ypH blH H3bIK K)>KHbIX H
BOCTOMHblX CJI3BHH ( a b A p e B H e fi-
r n y io a n o x y TaK>Ke h n a c r a 3 a n a a -
HblX CJI3BHH) . flOHBHJIHCb HepKOB- HQCJiaBHHCKHe H3bIKH pa3HbIX H3BO-
1 CjiaBHHCKoe H3HK03HaHHe. VII M e * Ä y - H a p O A H M H CT>e3Ä C Jia B H C TO B . H o K J ia Ä b lcoBeTCKofi aeaerauHH. B apuiaßa, 1973, aßrycT. M ., 1973.
2 0 h j i h h <I>. n . 0 6 H C T O K a x p y c c K o r o .THTepaTypHoro H3biKa. — «B on p . H3bi- K 0 3 n a H H H » , 1974, „Nb 3.
AOß — cep6cKoro, «pyccK orö» (BOCTOMHöCJiaßHHCKoro), cpeAHeöojirapcKoro, — KOTOpbie BnHTajiH b ce6n b 6ojib- mefl hjih MeHbiueft CTeneHH sjieMeHTbi h3h k o b c o o t b c t c t - ByiOIUHX CJiaBHHCKHX HapOAHOCTeß.
B X — X I BB., K KOTOpblM OTHOCHTCH ApCBHeHLUHe H3 CO- XpaHHBUIHXCH CJiaBHHCKHX naMHTHHKOB IlHCbMeHHOCTH, He- c0MHeHH0, cymecTBOBajiH b KanecTBe o c o ö h x h3mkob KaK ApeBHepyCCKHH (ApeBHCBOCTOHHOCJiaBHHCKHß), TaK H ApeBHeöojirapcKHH h 3h kh . üosTOMy ynpeK O . I I . ® h jih h 3 B TOM, HTO HeKOTOpbie JIHHrBHCTbl «CHHT3IOT, lITO CT3pO- CJiaBHHCKHH 3 H ApeBHepyCCKHH H3bIKH B CyiHHOCTH ÖblJIH He H3bIK3MH, a AHaJieKTaMH OAHOrO OÖmeCJiaBHHCKOrO H3biKa» (c. 9 ), h k ce6e oraecTH He Mory.
HcTOpHHeCKHe AaHHbie CBHACTejIbCTByiOT O TOM, MTO HCTOpHKO-3THHlieCKOe CaM0C03HaHIie BOCTOHHblX CJI3BHH öbiJio cjio jk h o . BocTOHHbie cjiaBHHe 0C03HaBajiH njieMeHHoe HJieHeHHe c ero pa3JiimHHMH b oßbinanx h H3biKe. B to JKeBpeMH OHH o6T>eAHHHJIH JIHUIb HaCTb BOCTOHHblX CJI3BHH nOHHTHeM «P ycb », npOTHBOnOCT3BJIHH ee 0CT3JIbHbIM BOC- TOHHbiM cjiaBHHaM. Ilo3AHee noHHTHe « P y c b » 6h jio pac- npocTpaHeHo Ha Bcex b o c to h h m x cjiaBHH. IloHBHjiocb npo- THBonocTaBjieuHe P y c n jinxaM , nexsM, ßojirspaM (AyHafi- CKHM) H T. A- 0AH3K0 OAHOBpeMeHHO CymeCTBOB3JIO — H 9T0 H3AO nOAliepKHyTb — TaK>Ke C03HaHHe CJI3BHHCKOTO eAHHCTB3 B OTJIHHHe OT HHOH3bIHHbIX njieMeH H H3pOAHOC- Teö — yrpoB, b o jio x o b , i iyAH, Becu, Mepn, K3pejiOB h AP-
H t3 K , B X — X I BB., HeCOMHeHHO, CymeCTBOB3JIH ApeB Iie- pyccKHH (ApeBHeBOCTOHHOCjiaBHHCKHH) h A peB H eß ojirap - CKHH H3bIKH, 0ÖCJiy>KHB3K)mHe COOTBeTCTByiOIHHe H apoA - HOCTH.
OAHaKO ApeBHeHepKOBHOCJI3BHHCKHH H3bIK, B03HHKIHHH Ha K»KHOCJI3BHHCKOH ÖOJirapO-MaKeAOHCKOH OCHOBe, n03A- Hee b KanecTBe H,epK0BH0CJi3BHHCK0r0 H3biKa n p n oß p e ji (J)yHKUHH ecjiH He oßm ecjiaB H H CKoro, t o bo bchkom c j iy q s e 0 6 m ei0 >KH0 - h BOCTOHHOCJiaBHHCKoro nHCbMenHoro, JiHTepa- TypHOrO H3bIK3. CaMOCTOHTeJIbHbie HapOAHO-p33rOBOpHbie H3bIKH npOAOJI^ajIH pa3BHB3TbCH H OTAejIHTbCH A p y r OT A p y ra . C o CBOefi CTOpOHbl, HepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKHfi H3bIK npH-
3 KcTaTH rOBOpH, TepMHH «CTapOCJiaBHHCKHH» flByCMblCJieil II nOTOMy MaJioyÄa'ieH. fl npeanoiHTaio eMy TepMHHbi «ApeBHeuepKOBHo- c jiabhhckhh», e c ra HMeeTCH b bhäy <j)yHKUHOHajibHbift acneKT, ii TepMHH «ApeBHe6oJirapcKHÜ», ecjiH no.a.'iepKHBaeTCH ero hctophko-stiih - HecKHH cy6cTpaT.
89
o ö p e T a ji Ha pääHbix h s c th x cji3bhhckoh TeppHTOpHH OKpac- Ky Toro HJIH HHOrO H3bIKa, nOHBHJIHCb ero p a 3 H b ie «H3BO- flbl». B (J)yHKU,HOHajIbHOM OTHOIHCHHH OH 6bIJI «CBOIIM»,cjisbhhckhm ( b otjihhhc ot jistm hh b r io jib m e !). n oCB oeM y CTpOK), B H3CTHOCTH nO (})OHOJIOrHHeCKOH CHCTeMe h (JjjieKCHH, oh 6bui, ocoßeHHO b jpeBHeöuiHH nepHo/i, ÖJIH- 30K K HapOÄHOMy H3bIKy. HeTpyflHO 33MeTHTb, HTO 3TH MOH yTBepjKÄCHHH M3JI0 nOXOJKH Ha TO, HTO npHnHCblBaeT MHeO . I I . O ii j i i ih : « . . . cTapocJiaBHHCKiifl H3biK b /ipeBHeft P ycii, KaK H y ÄPyrHX CJI3BHH, 6bIJI CBOHM, p O fl H bl M H3bIK0M»,
h flajiee em e p a3 : « ... CTapocjiaBHucKHfi H3biK 6 h j i p o a h bi m flJIH BOCTOHHblX H K)>KHHX CJiaBHH» (C. 10, p33pHÄK3 MOH. — P. A. ) . riOHHTHe «pOÄHOH» 3CC0II,HHpyeTCH C HCT0PHK0-3T- HHHeCKHM pOflCTBOM H nOTOMy HenpHrOflHO ä jih npHMeHeHHH noHHTHH «CTapOCJiaBHHCKOrO» H3bIKa KaK IO>KHOCJiaBHHCKOrO b cB oeii OCHOBe k apeBH eß P y cn . y MeHH roßopHTCH, h to UepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKHH H3bIK 6bIJl Hy>KflbIM flJIH ApeBHeft P y - CH B HCT0pHK0-3THHlieCK0M OTHOHieHHH H ÖblJI «CBOHM» (He pOÄHbIM!) B KyjIbTypHO-HCTOpHHeCKOM OTHOUieHHII, nOTOMy HTO ÖblJI CJI3BHHCKHM. ÜOSTOMy H, KaK H ® . 11. OHJIHH, coBepmeiiHO pa3ÄejiHio npHBo^HMoe nocjieÄHHM BbicK33bi- BaHHe H . H . T o jicra ro o tom , h to «BOCTOHHbie cjiaBHHe 0C03II3BajlH He TOJibKO npOTHBOnOCT3BJieHHOCTb pa3rOBOp- HO-pyCCKOrO H II,epKOBHOCJiaBHHCKOrO H3bIKOB, HO H K»KHO- CJisBHHCKoe nponcxo>KÄenne nocJieÄHero» (c . 3 ) . X U , boc- TOHHbie CJ13BHHe 0C03HaBajIH ^yHKUHOHajIbHOe p33JIHHHe «p33roB opH oro» h u ep K 0 B H 0 C jia B H H C K 0 r0 H3biKOB ii reHe- THHecKyio HCTopHKo-STHHHecKyio H y*AO C Tb nocjie/iHero. KaK K)>KHOCJiaBHHCKOrO nO OTHOHieilHIO K CBoeMy pOÄHOMy H3bl- Ky K3K B0CT0HH0CJI3BHHCK0My. «CßOH», He HyjKflblH H3blK H POÄHOH H3bIK — nOHHTHH npHHU,HnH3 JlbHO H rjiy 60K0 p33- JIHHHbie.
HeT Hy>KflbI AOK33bIB3Tb, HTO KO MHe He OTHOCHTCH H npHnHCbiB3eMoe O . ü . O hjihhmm HeKOTOpbiM jihhtbhctsm MHeHHe O TOM, HTO «CT3pOCJiaBHHCKHH H JipeBHepyCCKHH H3bIKH B CymHOCTH ßblJIII He H3bIKaMH, a ÄHajieKTaM H OflHOrO o6ui,eCJI3BHHCKOrO H3bIK3, TOJibKO npHMeHHBUIH'MHCH B pa3- HblX C{})epax >KH3IIH» (c . 9 ) .
B CBoeii CTaTbe h 3aTparHBaio jiiiuib Bonpoc o uepKOB- hocji3 bhhckom BKjiafle b HCTopHio pyccK oro JiHTepsTypnoro H3bIK3. ri03T0M y, eCTeCTBeHHO, *1 He K3CaiOCb Bonpoca o COÖCTBeHHO-ÄpeBHepyCCKOM JIHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe C H3p0fl- H0-ps3r0B0pH0H ochoboh. B 3tom Bonpoce h He ßbiji no-
90
cvieÄOBaTejieH, npeA n oH iiTsn Ha3 biBaTb 0 6 a nHCbMeHHbix H3bIK3 ÄByMH THnaMH KHHJKHO-IlHCbMeHHOrO H3biKa, c o x p a - hhh TepMHH «jiH T e p s T y p H b ifi» aji>i ß o jie e no3AHeii anoxn . O a h s k o ce fin a c h A yM sio , h to mo>kho corjiacHTbCH c
® . n . OHJIHHbIM H TCMH, KTO p33AejI5ieT Ty >Ke TOHKy 3peHHH, h cMHTaTb, HTo bchkhh oß psöoTaH H bn i, 3apaH ee nOArOTOBJieHHblß HJIH TpaAHHHOHHO CJIOJKHBIHHHCH TeKCT OT- pa>KaeT CHCTeMy onpeACJieHHoro jiH TepaTypH oro H3biKa. n03T0M y HeJIb3H OTKa3aTb B JIHTepaTypHOCTH He TOJibKO H3 biKy «P y c c K o ft n paB A b i», no h H3 biKy paH ee c jio k h b ih h x - CH B yCTHOH pe^IH npaBOBblX yCTaHOBJieHHH, KOTOpbie nOTOM nHCbMeHHO (})HKCHpOBaJIHCb B AOKyMCHTaX THna «PyCCKOH npaBAH». B o jib iu e T oro , H ejib3 H OTKa3 aTb b jinrepaTyp- h o c th A3biKy (})o jibKJiopa (BnaAaH b k o ik }) j ih k t Me>KAy s th - M OjiorneH c jioB a «jiH T ep a T yp H b in » u HCKJiioiniTejibHO ycTHbiM 0 (J)0 pMAeHHeM (})OJIbKJIOpHOrO npOH3BeAeHHH) 4. H3bII{ (})0 JibKA0 pa snoxH ApeBHcft P ycH a o Hac He A o m e ji. H o HeT COMHeHHH, HTO (|)OJIbKJIOp 6 bIJI UIHpOKO P33BHT H H3HK erO 6 h j i o 6 p a 6 oTaH h o t to h c h .
Tenepb o t o m , cym ecTB O B aji jih b ApeBH eö P y c n o a h h , ABa HJIH ÖOJIblUe JIHTepaTypHblX H3bII<OB.
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* 0 6 0 6 p a 6 0 T aH H 0 CTH K aK n p H 3 H a K e J iH T e p a T y p H o r o H 3 b iK a h b o 3 m o > k -
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cjieÄyromne r o a H .
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C M M C jie a jih f lp e B H e p y c c K O Ö a n o x n m o j k h o n p H 3 H a T b h s jih - MHe: 1 ) U,epKOBHOCJiaBHHCKOrO H3bIKa, lOJKHOCJiaBHHCKOrO B CBoefl OCHOBe; 2 ) flejioBoro, ropHÄH^ecKoro h 3 h k 3 ; 3 ) (})OJib- KJIOpHOrO H3bIK3. XlejIOBOH, ropHÄHHeCKHH H3bIK H H3bIK (})OJIbKJIOp3 He TOJibKO HMeJIH BOCTO’IHOCJiaBHHCKyiO OCHOBy, ho h ßbiJiH BocTOMHOCJiaBHHCKHMii n o CBoeMy xa pa K T ep y , x o th b cH jiy CBoeii TpaaHUHOHHOCTH ßbijiH ß o jie e a p x a n q e - ckhm h b OTflejibHbix cb o h x s jie M e m 'sx n o cp a B H eH H io K H3- pOflHO-pa3rOBOpHOH, B OCHOBe ÄHaJieKTHOH peMbK). 9 t o TpH pa3H bix H3biKa b nepBOM cM bicjie cjiOBa 5.
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B 3T0H CHTyaUHH, npHHHM3H K TOMy >Ke BO BHHM3HHe s n a m m v ib iiy io ßjiH30CTb (JjoHOJiorHHecKoft ch c tcm h , (J)JieK-
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r o H3bIK3, K flpeBH epyCCKOM y, K3K MHe K3JKCTCH, 6 o j ie e
npneM jieM O He npHMeHHTb n oH n rae H3HK3 b o b top om cm h c- j i e , t . e . c j ie a y e T r o ß o p H T b o T H n a x jiH T ep a T y p H oro H3biKa,
3 He O C3M0CT0HTeJIbHbIX H3bIKaX. OflH aK O , KaK 3T0 HH CTpaHHO, 3T0T BOnpOC HejIb3H CHHT3Tb npHHHHnH3JIbHbIM: B ce fleJIO B TOM, B K3KOM 3H3HeHHH ynO T peßjIH T b TepMHH
«H 3b iK »: H cn o jib 3 y fl e r o b nepBOM 3HaneHHH, m q jk h o roß op H T b
0 ÄByX HJIH HeCKOJIbKHX H3bIKaX, BO BTOpOM — 06 OflHOM
H3bIKe B p33HbIX CBOHX <J)yHKII,HOH3JIbHbIX P33H0BHÄH0CTHX.
5 y n o T p e Ö J iH H b Ä a jib H e f im e M T epM H H « H 3 H K » b K a B b i iK a x , h H M e io
b B H a y n e p ß o e « 3 y K a 3 a H H b ix B b im e e r o 3 H a H eH H fi.
92
C jie u y e T iieTKO p a 3rpaHHHHBaTb cjjyHKUHOHajibHoe n p o -
T H B o n o c T a B jie u H e : ijepK 0B ii0CJiaB H H C K H H (A ejiO B O H , iopHAH- H eC K H H ), (J)OJIbKJIOpHblii « H3 blKH » II HCTOpHKO-STHHHeCKOe
npOTHBOIIOCTaBJieHH e IO>KHOCJiaBflHCKHH/BOCTO'IHOCJiaBHH-
c k h h . To h Ä p y r o e oco3Haoajiocb y>i<e b A p e B H O c ra . Ho 3th TOHKH 3 p e «H H npHHH.HIIHajIbHO pa3JIHHHbI H H e M o ry T p a c -
C M aTpH BaTbC H b o a h o m n jia H e .
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p a T y p H b l M H « H 3b I K 3M H » H J IH p a 3H b I M H T H n a M H J I H T e p a T y p -
H o r o H 3b I K a C T O H J I ÄpCBH epyCC K H l'i H apO A H O -pa3rO B O pH bIH ,
A I i a j i e K T H b l H B C B O e H O C H O B e H 3b I K , K O T O p b l H T e C H O B 33H M 0-
a e f l c T B O B a j i c h h m h : 06p a 30B a H H b i e h r p a M O T i m e j i i o a h ,
n 0J I b 30B a B U I H e C H I i e p K O B H O C J I 3B H H C K H M H J IH f l e J I O B b I M
n n c b M e H H b i M h 3m k o m , o A n o B p e M e n n o ö m j i h h o c h t c j i h m h
O f l H O r O 113 H a p O A H O - A H a j i e K T H b l X p a 3H O B H A H O C T e i i A p e B H e -
p y c c K o r o H 3b i K a , n p i i s t o m r p a n im b i M e > K A y b c c m h s t h m h
«H 3 bIK aM H » 6 bIJIH O T K pblT bl. H 0 3 T0 M y C J ieA yeT yH H TblB aTb
H e TOJibKO COOTHOUieHHe M e>KAy UepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKHM, A e -
JIOBblM H (j)OJIbKJIOpHbIM «H 3 bIK aM H », HO H HX OTHOIIieHHe
K H a p 0 AH 0 - p a 3 r 0 B0 p H 0 M y H3 b iK y :
UepKOBHOCJiaDHIICKHH « »AeJIOHOH <------> 4>OJlbKJIOpHbIH «H 3bIKII»
f IO pH A »lieCKHf[ fI IH apO AH O -ÄH ajieK TIIblfi 5!3bIK
B c e 3T H « H 3b I K H » , H J I I I ( | > y H K U I I O I I3J I b H b i e T i m b l 513b I I < a
( B K j n o q a n H a p o A H O - A i i a j i e K T i i b i i i s n b i K K a K H 3b i K o ö i i x o a h o -
d b i T O B o r o o ö m e H H a ) , T c c i i o B 3a i i M O A e n c T B O B a j i H , 0K a 3b i B a -
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M e p e « O T K p b l T b l M I I » I I n p O H H U a e M b I M H C H C T e M a M H n o o t h o -
i u e H H i o A p y r k A p y r y . U e p K O B H O c j i a ß f l i i c i < i i n H 3b i K ( h j i h T H n
H 3b I K a ) , B O C O f i e H H O C T H B T 3K H X > K a H p a X , K a K > K H T H H H b I H ,
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ß o j i b n i e i i i i j i h M e H b n i e n M e p e n p H H H M a i O T 3J i e M e H T b i u e p -
K O B H O C J i a B H H C K O f O .
O AaJibH efim eH c y A b 6 e uepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKoro h napO A - H O -p a 3 r o B o p n o r o h 3 h k o b 3 A e c b h He 6 y A y r o ß o p H T b , T aK
KaK 3T 0T B o n p o c , XOTH H OHeHb KpaTKO, 6bIJI II3JI0>KeH B
ynoM H H yT O M MoeM A O K jia A e . O T M e q y jiH iiib , h t o h m c h i io
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93
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TaiOT 3HaH H Te^bHyio npoflyKTHBHOCTb, co fle ficT B yH e r o 060-
r a m e H iiio . 3 t o o t h o c h t c h b oeoßeH H oeT H k c j i0 B 0 0 ß p a 3 0 -
B3HHIO, CHHT3KCHCy, K yTBep>KfleHHio u e jib ix K aTeropH H ,
T3KIIX, KaK npiIHSCTHH H fleenpHH3CTHH, K ycB oeH H io CJIOB
B IOKHOCJI3B5IIICKOM 3ByKOBOM oßjIH K e H T. fl. HsnOM HHM ,
HTO pyCCKHH JIHTep3TypHbIH H3bIK — eÄHHCTBeHHblß CpeflH
CJI3BHHCKIIX JIHTep3TypHbIX H3HKOB, npOHeCIUHH TblCHHe-
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c jia ß jiH C K oro H acjie /u iH . J lroöonbiT H O , h t o b X V III b. HauiH
nepeBOÄHHKH c 3 a n a flH oeB p on e iicK H X H3HKOB iunpoK O n o jib -
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TeJIbHblX HepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKHX M O flejieil.
H ecK O JibK o c j i o b 06 HÄeHTH(J)HKaHHH, h j ih pa3rpaH H H e-HHH, H3bIK0B. T 0 >KÄeCTB0 , HJIH 6 n iI3 0 C T b , H3bIKOB, Ha HaiH
B 3 r jiH a , o n p e f le j in e T C H b o c h o b h o m C T p oeM H 3biKa h , Be- p on T H O , b n e p ß y io o n e p e ^ b (J)0 H0 Ji0 rH H ecK 0 ß CHCTeMOÜ h
M o p c jw jio r n e i i . O . ü . O h j i h h , H a n p oT H B , CHHTaeT, h t o « n p n
o n p e A e J ie H ii i i p a3J iiiH H ii M e>KÄy H 3H K 3M H noK a3aH H H jieK C H -
KH HBJIHIOTCH OHeHb B3>KHbIMH, eCJIH H e O npeÄ ejIH lO IH H M H »
( c . 1 1 ) . ECTeCTBeHH O, HTO nOSTOM V OH OCTaBHJI 6 e 3 BHHM 3-
h h h c j i e a y i o m e e M o e 3 3 M e n 3 H H e : « O t j i h h h h M e x a y u e p -
KOBHOCJI3BHHCKHM H3bIKOM «p y C C K O rO » H 3 B 0 Ä 3 H H3pOÄH bIM
H3bIKOM BOCTOHHblX CJI3BHH B npH H H H n e 6 bIJIH T 3K 0B bI >Ke,
KSK H OTJIHHHH M e>K fly UepKOBHOCJI3BHHCKHM H3bIKOM ßOJI-
r a p c K o r o h j ih c e p ö c K o r o h s b o ä o b h H a p o^ H b iM H h 3 h k 3 m h
6 o j i r 3 p h c e p ß o B . B t o m h a p y r o M c j i y n a e o t j i h h h h s t h on- peÄeJIHJIHCb (j)yHKUHeH CTapOCJiaBHHCKOrO H 3bIKa K aK H3bIKa
n p e > K a e B c e r o 6 o roc jiy > K eH H H , a T a K * e H 3H K a b h c o k o h
u ;ep K 0 B H 0 -p e jiH rH 0 3 H 0 H jiH T e p a T y p b i , K y jib T y p b i , H a yK H »
( c . 6 ) . UepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKHH H3bIK BKJlIOHajI B CeÖfl O rpO M -
H o e KOJiHnecTBO rpeu ;H 3M O B , K aK n e p e ß e Ä e H H b ix , T aK h K a jib -
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nOHHTHH CJIOJKHbIMH CHHTaKCHHeCKHMH KOHCTpyKUIIflMH, TaK- >Ke Hepe^KO oTpa^arom M M H c h h t3 k c h c rp en ecK oro A3biKa. B c e r o 3T oro b paBHofl M epe He ßbijio b HapoAHbix H3biKax KaK BOCTOHHbix cjiaBHH, TaK h ß o jira p h cep ß oB . E cjih 6bl MO)KHO ÖblJIO npeÄ'bHBHTb CJIO>KHbIH UepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKHHTeKCT n p ocT O M y HejiOBeKy A peB H eii P y cH h j ih B ojira p H H , t o
m o > k h o 6biTb yßepeH H biM , h t o o h He noHHJi 6bi e r o . H o 0 3 H a -
HaeT JIH 3TO, HTO KHH>KHbIH H HapOAHblH H3bIKH CyTb pa3H bie
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m h ) o c u o B a M H . n o n p o ö y e M n p e A t a B H i b h o c h t c j i i o p y c -
c k o h AHajieKTHOH p e n n c j ie u y io m e e c jioB ocon eT a H H e, B 0 3 -
M0Ä H 0e B ra3eTHOM TeKCTe; «HHTeHCH(})HKau.Hfl n p o u e c c a
HHTepHau,HOHajibHOH KOHueHTpauHH K a n H T a jia ». noiiM G T j i h
o h e r o ? KoHeHHO, HeT. H o 03H anaeT j ih s t o , h t o p y c c K a a
Ä H ajieK raaH p e n b h h 3 h k ra3 eT b i — p a3H bie h 3 h k h ? n p H
OAHOM H3 yKa3aHHbIX B bline IIOHHMaHHH fl3bIKa MO>KHO A a T b
yTBepAHTejIbHblH OTBeT. n P H A pyrO M — Mbl ÖyAeM CHHTaTb,
h t o n e p e ß HaMH p a 3 H u e r a n b i A3biKa, o ö y c jio ß jie H H b ie 4>yHK- UHOHaJIbHblMH pa3JIHHHHMH OÖHXOAHO-ßblTOBOrO OÖmeHHfl
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H nocjieAHee 3aMenaHne. O . n . O h j i h h ynpeKaeT M ensi
B TOM, HTO fl, «BKpaTUe yilOMflHyB 06 HCTOpHKO-3THHHeCKOM noAxoAe», «nojiHOCTbro nepeKjiiOHiiji CBoe HccjieAOBaTejib- CKoe BHHMaHHe Ha <J)yHKimoHajibHyK) TOHKy 3peHHfl» (c . 9 ) . H o 3T0 eCTeCTBeHHO, TaK KaK fl nHCajI TOJibKO 0 U,epKOBHO- CJiaBflHCKOM BKjiaAe b h cto p h io pyccK oro JiHTepaTypHoro fl3biKa. E cjih 6 h fl KOCHyjicfl HCT0pHK0-3THHHecK0ii npoßjie- Mbi, fl nepeKJiioHiuicfl 6bi b oßjiacTb HCTopmi ßojirapcK oro A3biKa, h to He b xoahjio b m o io 3aAaHy.
C T aT bfl O . n . ®HJiHHa on eH b CBoeBpeM eH H a, TaK KaK
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nHUieT, HTO «pa3JIHHeHHe HCTOpHKO-STHHHeCKOH H (J)yHKUHO- HaJIbHOil TOHeK 3peHHfl H3JlHUIHe» ( c . 1 0 ) . B e A b cjjaKT, HTO
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j i a e B , n. A. J laBpoBCKH H n A P - ) .
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TaHHH pa, A a b i i a n a j i e c j ioB a n o A UHpKyMc})JieKCHOH iiHTOHauHeii , otcd,
m Ha M ec T e t j , d j , OTeyTeTBH e n e p e -
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c o r j ia c H b iM n o A yA apeH H C M , na- M aj ibH an r p y n n a j y b m c c t o y , TBep- A o e 3 m e no yc j ioB H H m r p e T b e ü
1 S t i e b e r Z. Zarys gramatyki poröw- nawczej jgzyköw siowianskich. Fonolo- gia. W arszawa, 1969.
97
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m. ii cp. p. -a e o , - m o , c y (})4)iiKCbi -TCAb, - c r e u c , -c h c t b o .
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u e p e ü , e n u cK o n , c m iT p a x u .ib , en u T tM b a , e p e c b , e p c ru K , n o n ,
diiHKOH, p e jin n i0 3 iib ie TepM im bi CTapocjiaBHHCKoro n p o iic - xo>KÄeHHH — K adiiT b (b pyccKOM cooTBeTCTByiom ee c jio b o HMeeT A p y ry io o r j ia c o B K y — n a d i n b ) , HecK0 JibK0 c j iy ia i i - H b ix npHM epoB — 6HC3ütiHo, o 6 p a :i ii ad .
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h h c y T o q i i c u i i a ii n c n p a B j ie H iin b n p e> K H iie iip eA C T aB JieH iin .
6 b in ii y c T a n o B .ie i ib i HOBbie n p ii3 H a K ii. M eT O A H K a iisyneH H H
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h p a c m i ip e H n e A n a jie K T O jio r i i 'ie c K i ix n c c jie A O B a n H ii b h h b ii -
ji ii b r o ß o p a x M iio r o m ic jie H H b ie (JiaKTbi, K o r o p b ie b j i i iT e p a -
TypH O M H3bIKe 110 V K 3 3 3 HHbIM B blllie n p iI3 H a K 3 M AOJI/KHbl
ö b iT b o T H eceH b i k 3aiiM C T B 0B 3H H biM 3Jie.vieH TaM ( i ia n p i iM c p ,
b c e ß c p H b ix roßopax n e n o j i i i o r j i a c H b ie (})op M b i b M ecTHOÜ
AH 3JieK TH O li JieKCHKC'). OM CHb Ba>KIIbIMH IipeACTaBJIHIOTCH
MHe aK u eH T O jioru M C C K iie k pnxepn ii. O n iip a s ic i> i im ch iio na o a h h H3 a K i ie H T o ; i o n i iie cK H x n p ;i3 H a K O B , JI. JI. B a c u j ib e ß
A O K a 3 a ji , ii t o p y c c i< o e . r n ö o e b ne npH H 3AJie>KH T k s j ie M e H -
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B b ix , 3H aK K aM O pbl II3A ÖVKBOH 0 B IiaM H TH H K ax XVI B..
BO -BTO pbIX, COBpCMCHHOC CCBepHOBeJIIIKOpyCCKOC (T O T eM -
C K o e ) ji’yßöc}) 3. U c H iib i i i M 3 T e p ii3 J i c o A e p > K iiT cn b m o h o - rpacj)iiii B. B. Kojiecoßa 4, x o t h ca M a B T o p He n c i i0 j ib 3 0 B a ji
e r o a jih p em eH H H n o c T S B jie H H o r o b A 3 h h o h C T a n ,e B o n p o c a .
H e T COMHeHIIH B TOM , HTO B p yC C K H H H3b IK npOHHKJIO
M HOrO C T3pO C JI3B H H II3M O B , K O T O p b ie H e H M e iO T c n e m « J )H H e -
2 Cm.: i n a x m s t o b A . A . OqepK coBpeMeimoro pyccKoro jii iTepa- TypHoro H3HKa. H3ä. 4-e. M., 1941, c. 70— 88.
3 B a c ü . i b e B JI. JI. O 3 HaqeHHH KaMopu u neKOTopwx jpeB i iepyc -c k h x n a M H T H H K a x X V I— X V II Beuern. K B o n p o cy o n p o ii3 n o L n e ii i i i i
3Byi<a o b BeJiHKopyccKiix H apequ ax . JI., 1929, c. 20.4 K o . i e c o ß B. B. H c T o p i i a p y c c K o r o y j a p e i i m . JI., 1972.
CKHX K)yKHOCJiaBflHCKHX {JjOHeTHHCCKHX H TpaM M aTHM eCKH X
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CKyiO (} )yHKUHK), HBJIHIOTCH MaCTO HOCHTeJinilH OTBJieMeHHblX
3 H aqeH iiH h j ih c jiy > K a T a j i h o6o3H aM C H iiH p e a jn i i i h ji i i n p e A -
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b o h cH T y a u H H , C T H jieii n a p o A H o tö p tH H , A n a j ieK T H O H ( } )p a 3 e o -
j i o r n n . K c o jK a j ic i iH io , c o c T a B H T e j in p y c c K H x Ä i ia ^ e K T H b ix
c j i o B a p e u noMTii n c y ; icJ iH iox B H im a H i iH sT o i i c r o p o n e A e j ia .
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Aoji/Kiibi x a p a K T e p i i 3 0 B a T b CT ii j i i icT in iecK y io ii >K a i ip o ß y io
i ipnna/y ie/K H O CTb c j iO B a , to m h o o r m c b iB a T b e r o c e M a H T im e -
c k o c n o j i e , f l a ß a T b i i e p a p x m o 3Ha>ieHiiii. ,D,a>Ke HOBbie f l i i a -
JICKTHbie CJI0B3piI JIHLUb ( } )HKCHpyiOT Iia jIHMIie CJ10B3 H Aa iOT
c a M y io o ß m y i o e r o c e M a H T im e c K y io x a p a K T e p n c T H K y .B p y c c K O i i A i ia j i c K T i io i i j ie K C i iK o rp ac jn in o o j ib iu i iM n p c -
c t h /k c m n o j i b 3 y c T c a m n e n n e , c o r j i a c n o K ü T o p o M y f lu a j ie K T -
Hbie e j i o B a p n AOJivKiibi ö b iT b AH (j j ( j )epeH ii.HajibHbiM ii . I I m c i o t -
CH A3/KC TeOpeTHMeCKHC O Ö O C H O B aH Il f l . O f l l i a K O CTOpOHHIlKlI
A i K j j ^ e p e n u H a j i b H b i x A n a j i e K T H b ix c j iO B a p e i i s a ö b i B a i o T o . m y
n p o c T y i o n c T H H y : OTcyTCTBiie c j iO B a b c.’i o n a p e t o >k c H i i ( ] )op -
M au H H . r i p H B e f l y o a h h n p i iM e p .B p y c c K O M jn i T e p a T y p i i o M h3hkc- h 3 b c c t h o c j i o b o s a c s ü a
ii e r o n p0 H 3B 0 flH b ie . 3 x o r o c j iO B a neT b öe . iopyccK O .M h
y n p a i i i i c K O M si3bii<ax; ö j i p . 3apa , 3opKa,3opa<iHbi,3opKaßbi, 3apanad, 3opauKa\ \K p . s ip u a , 3ipKoeuü, 3ipHtiü, 3ipnHbsa, sipoHKa, 3ipuaTbiCi. JT i im b i o r o - 3 a n a , i n b i e r o ß o p b i y n p a n n -
C K o ro 5i3biKa 3iiaiOT c j i o b o 3 8 i3 d a ii e r o n p o i i3 B o a i ib ie .
B c T p e iiaeTCH o h o b H3biKe r a . i i iu H i ic K H x n i ic a T c ; ie i i : cp .
« — j l n a - T o B a c 3 ß i3 A a b A a j i e n y r iy r b > k i i t th 3 c o f io io 1 1 0 - B e A e ? » ( H b . < I>paH K o ) . n p m v ie H a T e j ib H O , >ito - j t o io c j iOBa
n e r o n p 0 H 3 B 0 A H b ix h c t b o m h o h i x p y c c i o i x A i ia j ieK T i ib ix
c j i o ß a p H x ( 1 1 3 c a M b ix HOBbix c j i o s a p e i i yi<a>Ky, i i a n p i iM c p , « C j i o ß a p b r o B o p o B F I o A M o c K O B b a » (M., 1969) h jih « O i i u t
c j i o B a p a r o B o p o B K a .u n i i iH C K o n o ö . i a c T i i » (M., 1972). B0 3 - m iK a e T B o n p o c : b A a i iH b ix r o ß o p a x oTCYTCTByeT c j i o b o
:u ic :k )(i h j ih o h o He A a n o b c j i O B a p a x 113 ; iH (f>c } )epeHm ia j ib -
1 1 0 1 0 i i p n i m u n a ? H a n oc T aB J ieH H b iü B on j>oc Ka>Kflbin m o>k ct
o t b i 't h t i j n o -C B o eM y . H 3 t o n e TOJibKO npcA n o .n o/K eH iie , 110
99
h peajibH bifi (})aKT. T a n , npot}). 3 . LLlTH6 ep y 6 e>KAeH, h to b pyccKOM H3bIKe CJIOBO 3 8 ß 3 d a HBJiaeTCH CTapOCJiaBHHH3MOM. O h o npoHHKJio b OTAejibHbie roßopb i H3 J iH TepaTypH oro H3bi- Ka. 3 t o t OTBeT n o jibC K oro jiHHrBHCTa CBH33H c e ro b 3 tjih - AOm Ha c y A b ö y npacjiaBHHCKHx kv, gv.
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k v , g v b nojioJK eH H H n e p e A e h i A H ^ T O H r H ie c K o r o n p o H C -
xo> K aeH iiH ö b i j ia p a 3 J iH 'iH o ft. B A H a jie K T a x , K O TO pbie jie>K aT
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h w e z d a , n .-jiy > K . k w e t , g w e z d a . M h o h ö b i j i a c y A b ö a s t h x
C O 'ieTaH H H B T e x npaCJI3BHHCKH X A H 3 J i e K T 3 X , H3 OCHOBe KO-
T O pb lX B A a J Ib H eilllieM pa3BHJIHCb BOCTOqHOCJiaBHHCKHe H K)}l<HOCJiaBHHCKHe H3bIKH. 3 u ,eC b H 3 q3 J Ib H b ie k , g H3M eH H-
JIHCb rio yCJIOBHHM BTOpOH n a J iaT ajIH 3a U H H 33A H eH eßH bIX .
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k v ’ e t h j ih t v ’ e t n a o ö u iH p H b ix T e p p i iT o p u n x k » k h o - , c p e A H e -
h c e B e p H O B e ji i iK o p y c c K H x r o ß o p o B , a T3K>Ke b r o ß o p a x k
BOCTOKV OT M oC K B bI A a e T OCHOBaHHe A y M a T b , 1 T 0 OHH HB-
JIHIOTCfl HCKOHHbIMH, a t|)OpMbI C H 3q3JlbH bIM C p 3 C n p O C T p 3 -
HHIOTCH IIOA B 03A eiiC T B H eM p y c c K o r o J IH T ep3T ypH O rO H 3bIK 3,
100
Ky.ua OHH npOHHKJIH H3 ÄpeBHeU,epKOBHOCJiaBHHCKOrO H3bl- K a» 5 .
M ts k , n ep eA cneuH3jiHCT3MH no iicT op im ecK o fi A iis jieK - TO jioruH p yc cK o ro H3biKa nocTaß jieH S o jib iu o ii h c j i o jk h m h B onpoc. HajiHMHe b r o ß o p a x pa3JiH4HHX AepiiBaunoHHbix 06pa30BaHHH THna i^ e e r y x a , u,eeTyH bn, ui6c, t o u ih u k , u ,ee-
TCHb, 3 e e 3 Ö y x a , 3 e e 3 Ö b e h M H o rn e A p y rn e ne MO>KeT y ö e A H - Te^ibHO on p oß ep rH yT b B3 rjiH AH LÜTHÖepa. X o p o u io H3 BecTHbi c jiyn a H h o b w x AnajieKTH bix 06p330B3HHH Ha OCHOBe 3aiiM- CTB0B3HHH JieKCHKH. B03M0JKHbt Ha OCHOBe 33HMCTBOBaHHbl.X CJIOB H AH3JieKTHbie CeM3HTH'ieCKHe H3\ieHeHHH ( 38e3Ö a
«ÖOHK3H Ä eB K 3 ») 6. T p y flH e e OÖ’bHCHHTb CJiyi3H MOpcjjOJlO- THHeCKHX npe06p330B3HHH (HanpHMep, PH33HCKOC II AOH-
CKoe 3 e e 3 d ö (3 b ’ 33AÖ ). OKOHisTCJibHoe p e in en n e A a im oro B o n p o cs na OCHOBe H M eiom uxca AnajieKTHbix c jioB ap e fi He- B03M0>KH0.
3 . LÜTHÖep y6e}KAeH, h to H3MeneHHe 33AHeneÖHbix nepeA e H i AHtjjTOHrHMeCKOrO npOHCXO/KAeHHH (T3K H33bIB3eM3H BT0p3H n3JI3T3JIH3aUHH 3aAHeHeÖHbIx) HejIb3H OTHOCHTb K npacjiaBHHCKOMy n ep n oA y . «TaK hjih iw a ^ e TpyAHO BTopyio na jiaTa jiH 3au H io CHHTaTb npacjiaBHHCKHM H B jieH H eM »7. OHa B03HHKJia no3>Ke. B o t n oqeM y TaK P 3 3 jih h 3 io tch cjiaBHHCKHe H3biKH b n ep eA a iie pe3yjibTaTOB BTopofi n3JiaTajiH33HHii. B0CT04H0CJiaBHHCKHe H3biKH Ha öo jib u ie n *iacTH CBoeii Tep- pHTopuH He 3Hajiii BTopofi n3Ji3T3Jiii33UHH. «C jieAO BaTejib- h o , Mbi HMeeM n p a ß o n o jia ra T b , mto B io p a s t najiaTajni3auHH 3aAHeHeÖHbix ... m iK orAa ne oxßaTbiB ajia Bceii TeppHTopHH p y cc K o ro H3MK3, a e c jm h oxßaTbiB ajia , t o to ji i jk o b h c k o to - pbix (jjopM ax. n o KpafiHeii M epe *iacTb (})opM, KOTOpbie bo Ecex (o K0T0pbi.\ HaM T enepb H3BecTHo) ro ß o p a x iiMeiOT c ( < k ) , KaK nena, i^eAbiü, noHBiiJincb b pesyvibTaTe bjiuhhhh JiHTepaTypHoro H3biKa, b k o to p o m oh h , öbiTb MOJKeT, yTBep- AHJiHCb noA B03AeöcTBHeM ApeBHeuepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKoro»8. K 3T0My BblBOAy aBTOp npHUJCJI lia OCHOBaiUIH AHaJieKTHblX K’en, r ’eti (BM ecTo u,eti), K’edurb, K’eea, oöm ep yccK H x pytte, noee, Myxe. B A3hhoi"i CTaTbe m h He ßyAeM anajiH 3npoBaTb apryM eH T am no IÜ TH oepa. O n a npeACTSBJineTCH oneHb yH3- bhm oh h HeAOKa3aTejibHoß. 3 t o ßyAeT cAejiaHO b hobom
s S t i e b e r Z. Op. cit., str. 71.8 J lo n o J iH e H H e k o n b iT y o 6 j i a c T » o r o B e -r iH K o p y c c K o r o c j io B a p a , 1858,
c. 66.7 S t i e b e r Z. Op. cit., str. 69.1 Ibid., str. 70.
4 3 aK . 164 101
H 3 Ä 3 H H H n e p ß o r o T O M a C pa B H H TeJ Ib H O H r p 3 M M 3 T I IK H . H o
T a K j i h J ie rK O o n p o ß e p r H y T b y T B e p v K / ie H H e y q e n o r o , h t o Bce c j i y q a w c n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H M i i 3 a A n e H e 6 H H X b H a q a j i e K o p -
n e ß b i x M o p c j j e M (i^ejibiü, t^ena, cepbtü, cedoü ii u p . ) h b j i h i o t -
c h b p y c c K H X r o ß o p a x c ' r a p o c J ia B H H H 3 M a M H ? Z t ,H a j ie K T H b ie
c j i O B a p i i , i o k n p a B H J io , s t h x c j i o b n e u a iO T . B o o j i a c T u o M
9ip 0 CJiaBCK 0 M c j i O B a p e I \ F . M e j i b H H - q e n K O H a x o f lH M c j i o b o
cueuü, c j i o B a cedoü H e T . B « O n b i T e c j i o B a p n r o ß o p o B Ka.ni- h h h c k o h o ß j i a c T H » H a x o ^ H M b o ^ h o m 3 H a q e n i i i i K e tut Ha ii i^entiHa — <<CBH3 b i B a i o m a 5i q a c T b u e n a » . O q e H b b 3 > k h o h
I IH (| )OpM aU H II 0 B 3 a H M O O T H O II ieH H II 3THX Ä B y X f l l i a J i e K T H H X
B a p n a n T O B b c j i O B a p e H eT . y q e i i b i f i m o j k c t c u e j i a T b b h b o / 1 ,
qTO H p o c j i a B C K i i e r o ß o p b i B o o ö m e H e 3 H a i o T c j i o B a c e d o ü ,
a I ICKOHHblM B p y C C K H X T O B O p aX HBJlSieTCH B a p n a i i T K c n Ü H a .
H o T a K JIII 3 TO?
I lT a K , n p o ß jie .v ia «c T a p o c jia B H H H 3 M b i b p y ccK O M H 3 b iK e»
BbIXOAHT 3 a p a MKH HCTOpiIH pyCCKOI'O J iH T e p a T y p H o r o H3bl-
K a. O n a >iBJiaeTC5i b 3 > k h o h n p o ö j ie iv io n i i c T o p n q e c K o n ,n i3 -
.leKTOJiOTHH p y c c K o r o , y K p a iiH C K o r o h ö e j i o p y c c K o r o H 3bi-
k o b , i i c T o p m i r i o 3 jm e r o n e p i i o u a n p a c j is B H H C K o r o H 3bii<a.
3 t o n oH su i npoc j ) . L L h i i ö e p , n b 3 t o m e r o 3 a c j i y r a .
A. B. flE C H W U K A fl
K u3yneHuto
pciHHux nepuodoe
ucmopuu
ÜAÖaHCKOSO
HBbLKa
P a H e e m h o io ö b u ia y>Ke npeAJio>Ke- Ha c j i e A y i o m a H nepH0AH3au,HH hc- TOpHH ajlßaH CKO rO H3bIKa l.
I . I lp oToa jTÖ aH C KH H , h j ih n p a a j i - ö a H C K H H , n e p H O A - H iu e e T C H b b u j i v
A peB H efiu iee c o c t o h h h c a j i ö a n c K o r o
H3bIKa KaK CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOfi JIIIHr- B H C T im e c K O i i e A H H im b i , B b iH J iem iB -
uieiicH H3 c o c T a ß a H H A o eB p on e i i - CKOH 5I3HKOBOH oßllZHOCTH. BpeM C H - Hi\n n p o T H / K em io cT b 3 T o ro n e p n o ^ a
ripeACTaB.n^eTCH, pa3yM eeTCfl, a o - BOJibHO H con p eA e jieH H O i'i. T e p M ii -
h o m a d q u e m m o >k h o c M in a T b n a -
liaJIO 5I3bIKOBblX KOHTaKTOB HOCHTe- jiei'i n p a a j i ö a H C K o r o H3biKa ( n p e a - n 0 Ji0 >KHTe^bH0 H ju in p u f iu e B ) c P i im o m . O ö j i a c T b i o HccjieAOBaHHi' i
n p H M em iT e j ib H O k 3T0M y A p eB H en - m e M y v x a n y H C T opm i a j iöa H C K oro
H3bIKa HBJIHIOTC3:
a ) peKOH CTpyKUH H K o p n y c a
yH a c^ e A O B a H H b ix a j i 6 aHCKHM H3bi- KOM 3JieM(?HTOB UHAOeBpOneflCKOH H3hIKOBOH C T p y K T yp b i H HHAOeBpO-
n e f t c K o r o K o p H e c j io B a ; 6 ) rcH eTH -
HecKHe h apea jibH b ie c b h 3 » a j i ö a n - C K o ro H3biKa B n yT p H H H f lo e B p o n e i i - CKOrO H3bIKOBOrO eAHHCTBa.
I I . ApCBHeajiöaHCKHÜ nepHOA.KOTOpblH yCJIOBHO MO>KHO O rpaH H - HHTb BpeMCHHOH IipOTHKeHHOCTblO,H a m iH a a o t n o c j i e A H n x b c k o b a o
H. 3. H AO KOHUa I TbICHMejieTHH H. 3.
3 t o t nepiiOA m o>kho n o A p a 3 AeJiHTb
Ha p a H H eA p eB H ea j iö a H C K H ii h n o 3 f lH e A p e B H ea j i6aH C K H fi x p o h o j i o -
* Cm.: f l e c n i m K a n A. B. P e K o i i c T p y K -
uhh sjieMeiiTOB apeBiiea.ißaiiCKoro H3bi- Ka h o6me6a^KaiiCKHe jimirBHCTimecKne npoßjieMu. — In: Actes du Premier Congres International des etudes Bal- kaniques et Sud-Est Europeennes. VI. Sofia, 1968, p. 190.
4* 103,
THHeCKIie 0Tpe3KH. J\jlH peKOHCTpyKUHH 3JieMeHTOB H HBJie- nhii cooTBeTCTByiomHX c o c t o h h h h H3biKa npeHMymecTBeHHO iicnojib3yeTCH M aTepnaji jieKcnnecKH x 3aHMCTBOBaHHii, o t -HOCHIH.HXCH KO BpeM eH3M ApeßH erpeH eCK H X, piIMCKHX, p3HH eBH 33H TH HCKIIX H paHHeCJiaBHHCKHX H3bIKOBbIX BJ1HH- HHii. B coBpeM eHHOM a^öaH O B eA enH H ä jih HccJieAOBaHHH
A p eB H ea jiöaH C K oro c o c t o h h h h B ce ö o j ib in e e 3H3MeHiie n p n -
o ß p e T a e T m c t o a BHyTpeHHeii peKOHCTpyKUHH.I I I . CpeAHeajißaHCKHH nepHOA. 3 t o t 3 Tan a jiösH C Koii
H3biKOBOH HCTOpHH, TaK » e KaK H npeAm ecTB yiom H H , He 3aCBHAeTejIbCTBOB3HHbIH nHCbMCHHblMH naMHTHHKaMH, y c ji0 B H 0 MO>KeT ö b iT b n p H y p o n e H k n e p B o ß n o jiO B H H e
II TblCHHeJieTHH H. 3. H, T3KHM 0ßpa30M , AOJI>KeH COOTBeT- CTBOBaTb a n o x e p aH H H x 4>eoA3JibHbix 0Öpa30B3HHH Ha Tep- pHTOpHH A jl6 a H H H (AO TypeUKOTO 3aBOeBaHHH). OCHOBHbIM n p H HccjieAOBaHHH HBjieHHH c p e A n e a ^ 6 aHCKoro nepHOAa HBJineTCH MeTOA BHyTpeHHeii peKOHCTpyKUHH.
Caino co ö o h pa3yMeeTCH, h to pa3rpaHHqeHHe hbjichhh, peKOHCTpynpyeMbix ajih ApeBHeajiöaHCKoro h ajih cpeAHe- ajißsHCKoro nepnoAOB, He MO>KeT ee öbiTb ycjiOBHbiM.
I V. HoBoaJißaHCKHM nepHOA — o t i i3 H3 j i 3 nucbMeHHOii (JjHKcauiiH a jiö a n c K o ro H3biKa (kohcu , X V b .) a o H acTonm e- r o BpeMeHH. BHyTpH s to h AHaxpoHHM ecKoii npoTHvKeHHoeTH, ocßem aeM O H öoraTbiM H AaniibiMH nncbMeHHbix naMHTHHKOB H HCTOpHHeCKOH AH3 JieKTOJIOTHH, BblAejIHeTCH paHHeHOBO-ajiöaHCKHH nepHOA (X V I — X V III b b . ) .
JlBjieHHH, OTHOCHiutiecH k npoT O - hjih n p ssjiß sH C K O M y
COCTOHHHIO, npH H 3A Jie>K aT K OÖJiaCTH H H AO eBpOneH CKOrO
CpaBHHTejIbHOrO H 3bIK03HaHH H. IlpH M eH eH H e CpaBHHTejIbHO- r o M eTO A a A a e T B03M 0>KH 0CTb BOCCTaHOBHTb B C aM blX OÖIUHX
M cpTax TH noB on o ö jih k o a h o t o H3 A pcB H iix H H A oeB p oneü - c k h x h 3 m k o b s n o x n p a c n a A a H H A o e u p o iie flcK o ro eAH H CTBa.
O cy m ecT B jieH H e s t o h 3aA anH npeACTaBJineT 3HaHHTeJibHbie
TpyAH O CTH , CBH 33H H bie C HeAOCTaTOHHbIM KOJIHHeCTBOM TO-
HCK O n O pbl B C 06C TB eH H 0-3JIÖ 3H C K 0M H3HKOBOM M 3 T ep H 3 J ie .
O a h 3 k o H ajiH H iie p aH ee BbiHBJieHHbix o öm eH H A oeB p on e ficK H x
M O A eJieö A aeT caM O n o c e ö e B3>KHbie 3H3JiorHH, no3BOJi5iK)-
m H e c H3BeCTHOH C T eneH blO BepOHTHOCTH AOnOJIHHTb H eAO-
c T a io m e e h npeACT3BHTb c e ß e n cx o A H y io cT p y K T y p y n p 0 T 0 -
3JlÖ3HCK0r0 H 3bIK 3, n0CJiy>KHBUiy[0 0 T n p 3B H bIM MOMeHTOM
AJiH A a J ib H e ß iu e H 3 b o jiio h h h .
T aK H M 0 6 p a 3 0 M , A p e B H e a jiß a H C K o e h cpeA H ea jißaH cw oe H3bIKOBbie COCTOHHHH, nOAJie>KamHe HCCJieAOB3HHK) C nO-
104
M om bio MeTOfla BHyTpeHHefi peKO H crpyKum i, OKa3biBaiOTCH pacnojio>KeHHbiMH Ha jih h h h AnaxpoHHM ecKoii npoTHJKeH- h o c th b n p o M e x y T K e Me>K,ay flßyMH c o c to h h h h m h (H an a jib - HblM II H CXOÄH bIM ), MOfleJIII KOTOpblX y>Ke 3 a p a i i e e A a H b l—
M O KAy mnOTeTHMeCKIIM npOTOajlCaHCKHM, COOTBCTCTByiO- ih h m T iinoBofi oß m eiiH ÄO eB poneficK oft m o a c j ih , ii peajibHO 33(f)H KCHpOBaHH bIM HOBOaJlÖaHCKHM.
IIcc jie flO B a H iie np0Me>KyT0MHbix c o c t o h h h h , b o c o ß e H -
h o c t i i A p e B H e a jiö a n c K o r o , n peflC T a u ju icT H a iiö o jib n m e T p y a -
HOCTH, TaK KSK HMCHHO B 3TH IlCpiIOflbl OCyiHeCTBHJICH
n p o u e c c K opeH H ofi n ep ecT p ofiK H y u acjie flO B aH iioH si3biK0B0ii C TpyK Typbi. B KOHeMHOM p e3 y jib T a T e a x o r o n p o u e c c a , o c o -
OeilHO IIHTCHCIIBHO npOTCKaBIUCrO, HO BCeii BepOHTHOCTH,
H a npOT5I>KeHHH I' TbICflMejieTHH H. 3 ., aJlßaHCKHH H3bIK flOCTHr COCTOflHHfl CHJIbHO MOfllI(})IimipOBaHHOrO H3bIKa HOBO-
H H floeB pon eiicK oro T iina c xapaK TepH biM H MepTaMii öa jiKaH - C K oro jiiiHrBHCTHH ecKoro a p e a j ia . H m c h h o s t o t n p o u e c c
MOAHC^HKaUHH H HBiiaeTCH B OCHOBHOM IipCflMCTOM II3yMe- HHH C nOMOIUblO MeTOAa BHyTpCHHCli peKOH CTpyKm m , npH -
MeHeHHe K O T op oro mm n ax oA iiM b a jißaH O B eA liecK iix T p y a a x
X . I le A e p c e H a , H . H o k jih h 3 . M a ö e n .
H e npiixofliiT C H paccM iiTbiB aT b na n o jin o T y peKOHCTpyK- m ill ApeBHeaJIÖaHCKOH H3HKOBOH CHCTeMbi. n p n OTCyTCTBHH
TeKCTOB HC npeACTaBJlJICTCH B03M0>KHbIM BOCCTaHOBIITb TO
HJIH IIHOe CHIIXpOHHOe COCTOHHIie 5!3bII<a C OXB3TOM BCefi
cyM M bi xa p a K T ep H bix ä jih H ero h b jic i ih h . P e a jib H o ii 3 a A a q e ii
m o * c t öb iT b ji iiu ib on p eA e jieH H e O o jib iu e r o h jih M e iib m e ro psifla npH3H3K0B ApeBHeajißaHCKon h cpeAHeajioaHCKoii H3biKOBbix M OAejieii c yHeTOM T p y /iiio cT ii x p o i io j io r H q e c K o r o pa3rpaH iH ieH ii5i (})aKTOB, o t h o c h ih h x c h k Ka>KZioii 113 h h x .
n p eH M y m ecT B eH H oe B iniM aH iie c j ie /iy e T , i<ai< m hc Ka>KeTCH, yA ejiH T b n e CTOJibKO nonbiTK aM peK O iicTpyK U ini OTAejibHbix
CHHXpOHHblX C pe30B , CKOJIbKO BblflBJieilHlO T e iiA e im iu i p a 3 -
BHTHH H3bIKOBOli C TpyK Typbi, OnpCACJlflBlHIIX 3TO pa3BHTIie
b e r o AiiHa.MiiKe. O T H O C iiT ejib iioe p a B iio B e cn e yjievieHTOB C TpyK Typbi co ß p e M e H H o ro 5i3biKa ;io ;i> k h o i io . iy i i iT b c e ö e
o ß t H c n e i i i i e KaK KOHeMUbrii p e3 y ju .T a T npoT eisaB L uero Ha
iipoT5i>KeHiiH m h o th x BeKOB n p o u e c c a K o p e iin o ii n e p e c T p o ii - k h sjieM eiiTOB H3biKOBOii CTnyK Typbi, yuacjicA O B aiiH O H o t
n p o T o a jio a H C K o ro n e p n o .u a . H o npiiT O u iie .?n .3;i 3a6biB aT b ,
lITO nOAOÖHbie COCTOHHHH OTHOCHTC.lbHOro paBHOBeCHH H
cooT B eT C T B yio iu n e hm HCTopiiM ecKiio B a p n a n T bi a.noaHCKon
H3WK0B0H MOAeJIH nOCJieAOBaTejlbllO CMeilHJIHCb Ha BCeM
105
npO Tfl/K eH H II 3BOJIIOHHH H 3bllta OT ApeBH OCTH K H O B O M y B p e
MeHH.
B p H A JIH OKaJKeTCfl B03M 0JKHbIM yC T 3H 0B H T b npHHHHbl
K op e H H b ix H 3M en eH iiH , KOTOpbiM n o A ß e p r j i a c b b u p e B H e a ji -
öaH CKHH n e p i i o a H 3biK O B an C T p y K T y p a , y H a c jie A O B a H H a n o t
n p o T o a j iö a H C K o r o c o c t o h h h h . O c T a e T c n c o c J ia T b c n J in u ib H a
t o , h t o a i i a / i o r n m i b i e TpyAH OCTH B 03 H iiK a i0 T n o O T H om eH H io
KO M HOrilM HOBbIM H H AOeBpOIiefiCKH M H3bIK3M .
H a p H A V C A p y rH M H B03M0>KHbIMH npiIH H H aM H , H3BeCT- H y io p o j i b M or j iH u r p a T b c j joH eT im ecK i ie n p o n e c c b i , o n p e A e -
JTHBLQHe H3MeHeHHH 3ByKOBOTO OÖJIHKa H C T p y K T yp b i CJIOBO- ( j jopM ii n a o a A i i r M a T H H e c K i i x p h a o b .
H 3 ( I joueTH '- iccK iix H3M eH ei i i iH A p e B n e a j i ö a H C K o r o n e p n o -
A a 6 ö j i b u i y i o h j ih M eH b iu y io p o j i b m o iv ii i c b i r p a T b c j i e A V io - m i i e HB.ieHHH:
1. I l3MeHeHHe x a p a K T ep a yAapeHHH. C ß oß oA H oe t o h h -
n e c K o e V A a p e H iie , y u a c j ie A O B a H H o e o t o ß m e i iH A o e B p o n e H -
CKoro c o c t o h h h h ii c o x p a i iH B iu e e c H b n p 0 T 0 a ji6 a H C K 0 M , b
piIMCKHH nepilO A CMeilHJIOCb AHHaMimeCKHM, C HpKO Bbipa- >KeHHon T e n A e n u H e ii k 3 a K p e n j i e m n o 3 a B TO pbiM c j i o r o M o t
KOHHa c j i o B a (n a poK C H T O H iin )— «M exaH H H ecKan p e ry jit i- poBKa a j i ö a i iC K o r o aK u eH Ta», n o onpeAeJieHH io H . H o k j i h 2.
2. C jieA C T B iieM H 3M eH eH iiH x a p a K T e p a a K u eH T y au H H
h b h j i c h n p o u e c c o c jia ß jie H H H 11 peA yK U H H r j ia c H b ix b He-
y A a p H b ix c j i o r a x , n o cT e n e H H O n o iiTH p a 3 p y u iH B u iH H C T a p y io
CHCTeM y cJ jjieK diH . OcoöeHHO n o c r p a A a j i o CKjiOHeHHe.
3 . B b in a A e m ie 3 b o h k h x C M bim ib ix b H H TepBO K ajibH O M
n oJ io jK e iiiu -i ( n e p e s n p o M e > K y T o q H y io C T y n eH b cn H p a H T H 3 a -
u h h ) , C H jib u o c o K p a T i iB iu e e o ß t e w M H o n ix C T a p b ix c j i o b H3
c o c T a s a y u a c ^ e A O B a H H o ii j i c k c h k i i , a TaK>Ke jiaT iiH C K H x 3 a -
H M CT B o b a H11 i i .
4 . O o n e T im e c K i ie sB jie iiH H , B 03H H K aB iuH e H a c r a K a x c jiob b o (J)pa3e, a 'ra k>kc Ha C TH Ke c j i o r o B B i iyT p H c j i o B a (b c j i y - q a n x 3 h h h h h ) , i i r p a j i i i o n eH b ß o j ib iu y io p ö j i b b (} )OHeTHiie - c k o h iiC T o p m i a jiß a n cK o ro H3bn<a ji O K a 3a jiH C b o n e H b 3HaHH-
MbiMH b n p o u e c c e n p e o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H e r o M o p ^ o j i o r n H e c K o i i C T pyK T yp b i . P a 3 n o r o p o A a c a H A X d npHBOAHJiH He TOJibKO K H3MeHeHHHM {{)O H eTim eCK O rO oß.'IHKa O T A ejIbH blX CJIOB, HO
HHorAa Ta iöK e k HHHOBamiHM M o p ^ o jio n iH e c K o ro x a p a K T e p a . C o n p o B o > K A 3 H n p o u e c c b i arrjH O T H H au H ii, n p e ß p a m e H H H
2 J 0 k 1 N. Linguistisch-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen aus dem Bereiche des Albanischen. Berlin und Leipzig, 1923, S. 7.
106
C JiyjK eÖ H blX CJIOB B CJIOBOH 3M eHHTejIbHbie H C J I0 B 0 0 Ö p a 3 0 B a -
T e j ib H b ie a<j)(})HKCbi, HBjieHHH c a H /ix i i c o Ä e f ic T B O B a jin c M e m e - h h k ) h n e p e p a c n p e f l e j i e H H io Mop(f>ojiorHMecKHx rpaH H U
M e>K /ty n e p B O H a q a jib H O He33BHCHM biM H 3 jieM eH T 3 M H . C a p y -
r o i i C T op oH b i, n oH B jieH H e a n e H T e n m e c K H X c o r j i a c u b i x b 3 h h -
h h h x Ha CTbiKe c J io r o B ö b i j i o o ä h h m 113 h c t o m h i ik o b o ß p a -
30B 3H H H HOBblX (})JieKTHBHbIX (|)OpMaHTOB. K a K CnpaB eflJIH BO
3aM eTH Ji B. U h m o x o b c k h h , « ä j i h a j i6 a H C K o r o x 3 b iK a oM e iib
xapaKTepHa c n 0 C0 6 H0 CTb k CBH 3biBaH H io c j i o b ( l i a i s o n ) b
p eM H », H HBJieHHH CaHÄXH HeOAHOKpaTHO O K a3bIB ajIII BJIH5I-
H iie « H e TOJibKO n a cj)0H eT H M ecK 0e o (f )o p M jie H H e H a q a j ia 11 KOHU.3 CJIOB, HO T3K>Ke H MOp(})OJIOriIMeCKyiO 3BOJIIOUHIO
3T O rO H 3 b IK 3 » 3.
5 . O ß o ß m e H H e b e flH H y io K o p p e j is r u n io n o T C M o p y u e j i o A
ce p H H cjjOHOJiorHM ecKHX o n n o 3 H U »H : k — k , g — g , n — n
( > j ) , 1 — 1’ ( > : j ) . M e Ä H 0 n a jia T 3 J ib H 0 C T b ( b n p o T H ß o -
n ocT 3B JieH H H e e ö o j i e e 3 3 flH e fi h j ih , H 3 0 6 0 p 0 T , ö o j i e e n e p e / i -
H eft SpTH K yjIH H H H ) HBHJiaCb O Ö m eft npH M eTO H KOppejIHUHH
B u e jiO M . ripeflnO C blJIK O H C03A3H H H 0n n 03H U H II, BOUieflUIIIX B
COCTaB 3TOH KOppeJIHUHH, 6 bIJIH HHTeHCHBHO p33B H B aB IU H e-
c h b Ä p e B H e a j iö a n c K y io s n o x y HBjieHHH n a j iaTa j iH 3au ,H ii c o -
r j ia c H b ix k , g , n, 1 b o n p e a e J ieH H b ix (JjOHeTHMecKHX no3 im H H X
( b o c h o b h o m n e p e f l f , i , e ) . f l e f i c T B i ie m o iu h o h TeHAeHUHH
K 3 a K p e n jie H H I0 H nOJIHpH33UHII B03H HKaBIUH X pa3JIHMHH
npHBOflHJIO K OÖOÖmeHHK) n 0 3 im iI0 H H b IX B ap iiaH T O B H C 03-
a a H i i io H OBbix (J)OHeM, o ö J ia a a B m H x n p ii3 H a K 0 M M e A i io n a j ia -
TaJIbHOCTH. M epeflO B aH H H , nOHBHBIHHeCH T3KIIM n y T eM
B H y T p n n s p s ^ H r M , M o r jiH p a 3 p y u ia T b eflUHCTBO y H a c j i e a o -
B 3H H H X MOp(})OJIOrHMeCKHX pHÄOB. H o B TO >Ke BpCMK' 3TO
OTK pblB aJIO B03M0JKH0CTH flJIH 0 (J)0 pMJieHIIH HOBblX M0 p(|)0 -
j io r i iM e c K H x n p o T H B o n o c T a B J ie H in s c n o M o m b io c p e a c T B B H yT-
p e H H e ii t})JieKCHH. K a K s j i e n e H T o o m e f i c iicT e iv iw c})0H0Ji0rH- M ecKHX n p o T H B o n o c T a B jie H H ii n o n p ii3 H a K y n a j iaTa j ibH O C Tb- H e n a jia T a jib H O C T b , p e a jiH 3 y e M b ix B H yT pn n a p a /u i r M , k M ep e -
AOBaHHHM c o r j i a c H b ix n p H M K H y jih M ep ea oB a H iiH r ; ia c H w x .
0C H 0B 3H H bie H a aCCHMHJIHTHBHOM B ap bIip O B 3H H H (y M J IS y T ) :
3 — e , e — i. P 3 3 B H T H e yK 333H H bIX np0T H B 0n0C T 3B JieH H H II
h x o ö 'b e flH H eH H e b CHCTeM y o t h o c h t c h k I TbiCH M ejieTH io
h . 3 ., t . e . k A p eB H e3 jiÖ 3 H C K 0 M y n e p i i o A y .
3 C i m o c h o w s k i W . Recherches sur l ’histoire du sandhi dans la langue albanaise. — In: Lingua Posnaniensis, II. Poznan, 1950, p. 227.
107
X p o H O jio r n q e c K H e rpaHHHbi B c e x n ep eq H C J ieH H b ix B b im e
(J jo iieT im ecK H X n p o u e c c o ß He c o B n a /t a j in . B ö j i b m a a n a c T b
s t h x n p o u e c c o B (o c j ia Ö J ie H n e h p e^ y K U H H ö e s y u a p i i b ix
e j i o r o B , CBH3aHHaH c H3M eH eHHeM x a p a K T e p a y u a p e m iH ,
n o c n e A O B a T e jib H b ie c n n p a n r a s a u i m h B b in a /ie H H e 3 b o h k h x
C M biqH bix b H H TepBO K ajibH O M nojio> K eH H H , n a jia T a jiH 3 a u ,H H
k, g , n, 1, y .M JiayT ) o c y m e c T B i u i a c b b o c h o b h o m b a p e B H e -
aJlßaH CKHH n epH O A - P a 3 B H T Iie HBJieHHH CaHÄXH HBHJIOCb,
H a o ß o p o T , n p o n e c c o M , A e n c T B y io u u iM H a npoTHvKeHH H B c e ii
H C T op m i a j iö a H C K o r o H 3biK a. 0 ,iu ia K O m o > k h o jiy M a T b , h t o
HMeHHO OAHOBpe.MeHHOCTb flefiCTBH si s t i i x n p o u e c c o B B n e p e -
jio .M H y io ä j ih pa3BH TH H H 3M Ka /ip e B H e a jiß a H C K y ro s n o x y c o -
A e ö c T B O B a jia y c K o p e H H io e ro M o p c ^ o jio n m e c K O H n e p e c T p o i i -
KH. B c e OHII B TOft HJIH HHOH CTeneH H OKa3bIBaJIII p a c r n a -
T b iB a r a m e e u e n c T B H e H a y H a c j ie u o B a H H y io CHCTeM y (JjjieK -
c h i i , y cn .T H B ajiH e e H e y cT o flm iB O C T b .
MHTeHCHBHocTb AeflcTBHH n pou eccoB , pa3pym aB u iH x C Tapyio CHCTeMy, c n eoöxou H M ocTb io B H 3H B ajia aKTHBH3a- HHJO TenaeHHHH K BOCCTaHOBJieHHiO CTpOHHOCTH MOp(j)OJIOrH- HecKOii CTpyKTypbi, e e cn ocoön ocTH p ea jiii30B aTb pejieBaHT- Hbie jxjih uaH H oro H3biKa rpaM M aTH iiecKHe KaTeropHH. I lo - s to m v onpeA ejia rom H M ä jih pa3BHTHH upeBH eajißaH C Koro H3biKa b I TbicHMejieTHH h. 3. cTa ji n p o u ecc pereHepaHHH cpe^cTB nepeuaMH rpaM M an m ecK H X OTHOUieHHH. H apnay c 0öpa30BaHHeM aH ajiiiTH necK iix <j)opM nponcxouH Jia p ereH e- pam iH (})jieKTHBHOH M o p ^ o jio r iiH , K0 T0 paH npoAOJi>Kajia 0 CTaBaTbCH hjih a jiöaH C K oro 5i3biKa och ob h h m THnoM Bbipa- >KeiiHH rpaM M aTim ecK H x SHaneHiiH.
O coöeH H O ß o jib u iy io p o jib n p o u ecc p e reH ep a m u i cj)jieK- c h h i ir p a ji b cHCTeMe HMeHHoro cjiOBOH3MeHeHHH, TaK KaK HMeHHO 3 jiecb n oTepn , npHMHHeHHbie p e flyK u u eö KOHeiHbix c jio roB , OKa3 ajiHCb ocoöeHHO 3 aMeTHbi. O^HaKO ueficTBHe 3Toro n p o u ecca He c o c t o h j i o b BOccTaHOBjieHHH e ra p b ix n a p a a iirM c k j i o h c h h h . PereH epaH H H c h c t c m h naue>KHbix (JjjieKCHH Bbipa3H jiacb b n ep ecTp o flK e e e no h o b o h cxeM e, B OCHOBy KOTOPOII JieTJIH HOBbie npOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHH (J)Op- M a j ib n o r o h ceM a H TH iecK oro xa pa K T ep a . B 3 t o m n p o u ecce o(J)opMjiHjiHCb jiiiu ib H a u ö o jie e cym ecTBeH H bie u jih CHCTeMbl H3 HKa rpaM M aT im ecK iie p a 3JiHHHH. C 4>opMajibHoü CTopoHbi HOBaa cxeM a CKjiOHeHHH, ocBoöo>KueHHaH o t 0 CTaTK0 B ApeB-HHX P33JIHMHH, CBH3aHHbIX C ÖblJIOH A H (j)(j)epeH U H aU H eH TH-
noB CKJioHeHHH n o 0C H 0B aM , n p n o ö p e jia 3HaqiiTejibHO y n p o - meHHblfl BHÄ. y CTaHOBHJIHCb BCerO Ä B a T im a CKJIOHeHHH,
108
pa3JIHHaK>mHeCH TOJibKO B eflHHCTBeHHOM HHCJie H COOTBeT- cTByiomHe Aßy.M rpaMMaTH^ecKHM poflaM.
C oB peM eH H an n a p a fln r M a H eon p e fle jieH H tix (fiopM HMeH-
n o r o CKjioHeHHH, b K O Topofi ocTaTKH npaajißaH C K H X <J)JieK-
ch h n peflC T aßjieH bi b h o b o h AH CTpuöyuHH , n o B cefi B epoH T- h o c t h , c iJ top M H p oB a jiacb y>Ke k KOHiiy flp eB H ea jiöa H C K oro
n e p n o f la . X ap a K T ep H b i c jie /iy io m H e 4)jieKCHH:
E fl. h. m. p .: hm .— , p o f l . , fla T ., o tjio>k . -i (c BapnaHTOM - u ) y BHH. — .
E fl. ii. jk . p .: h m . — , p o f l . , flaT ., o tjio jk . -e , b h h . — .
M h. h. (6e3 pa3JiHiniH no poflaM): hm. — , pofl., fla T . -e,OTJIO>K. -S , BHH. — .
B 3TOH CXeMe (})OpMH HMSHHTeJlbHOrO II BHHHTejIbHOTO n a f l e * e f l o ö o h x q n c e ji 0K33biBai0TCH o m o h h m h h h h m h , c n y -
jieBbiM HOKa3aTejieM cjjjieKCHH. H m n poT H B onocT aB JieH a b
eflHHCTBeilHOM MHCJie CHHKpeTHHeCKaH (j)OpMa pOflHTejIbHOrO,
fla T e jib H o ro h O Tjio>K H TejibH oro nafleJK eii co cn eu n a jibH biM
(f>JieKTHBHbIM a(})(})HKCOM (ßapH aH T bl - i / - u B MyjKCKOM pO fle, -e — b >KeHCKOM p o f l e ) . B o MHO>KecTBeHHOM MHCJie a jih p o -
AH TeJibH oro n f la T e jib H o ro nafle>K efi ne3aBHCHMO o t rp a M -
M aTH M ecK oro p o f la B b icT yn a eT e fliiH an $jieKCHH -e (ß a - p n a n T -v e 0 6 p a 3 0 B a jic n ß j ia r o A a p n an eH T e3e c o r j ia c H o r o
-V - B 3HHHHH). B OTJIO>KHTeJIbHOM nafle>K e COXpaHHJIOCb
ocoßoe OKOHHamie -s , b o3 m o> k h o , BocxoflHui.ee k m if lo e B p o -
neücKoii (})JieKCHii MecTHoro nafle>Ka *-su.O c o ö y i o pejieBaHTHOCTb b CHCTeMe n p n o ß p e j io n p oT U ß o -
n ocT a ß jieH H e o c h o b eflHHCTBeHHoro h MH0>KecTBeHH0r 0 h h c -
Jia. C n e u iia jib H a n OTMeneHHOCTb o c h o b MHOJKecTBeHHoro
MHCJia B CpaBHeHHH C 0CH0B3MH eflH H C TB enuoro HHCJI3 flO-
C T H ra jiacb p33JiiiHHbiMH cpeflC T B aM ii: c n oM om ,b io cy$cj)H K -
COB, 06p330B 3H H bIX H3 CTapblX (jjJieKCHH HJIH II3 CTapblX
0 C H 0B 00 ß p a 3 y i0 m H x (})0pM aH T0B, a T3K>Ke n y re M H cn 0 jib 3 0 -
Bam iH 3ByK 0Bbix MepeflOBaHHH. B H yT p n n a p a A « ™ c k j io h c -
HHH BOCTOp>KeCTBOBajI npiIHUHn HeiI3MeHHeM0CTH OCHOB, K
KOTOpblM CTajlH CBOÖOflHO, T. e. arrjIIOTHHaTHBHbIM, a He
4>y3HOHHbiM c n o c o ß o M , npncoeflH H HTbCH nafle>KHbie o k o h - liaHHH.
H H H O Bauneii ce M a H T u n e cK o ro n jiaH a H B H jiocb pa3BHTHe
rpaM M aTim ecK O H K a T e ro p u n on p efle jieH H oeT H h H e o n p e fle - JieHHOCTH HMeHH, HTO Bbipa3HJI0Cb B 0(])0pMJieHHH flByX Ce-
pnft n a fle ^ H b ix OKOH^aHHÜ. 0 6 e c e p n n BbipaßaTbiBajiHCb Ha npoTH>KeHHH flp eB H ea jiß aH C K oro n e p n o f la H3 oeraTK O B
109
C T a p u x 4>opMaHTOB (naue>KHbie cjjjieKcnH, M ecTOHM eHun), 0Öpa30BaB H0B0e M o p ^ o jio n m e c K o e u e jio e . B pe3y jibT3Te AJiHTeJibHoro n p o u ecca P33bhthh B3aMeH cx a p o fi CHCTeMbl (J)JieKCHH B03HHKJI3 HOBafl, 0Tpa>K3K>IU3H, OAH3KO, CymeCT- BeHHO HHyio CHCTeMy KaTeropna^bHbix pa3JiHqHÖ. FIomhmo nauejKH bix OTHOiueHHii, oßosHaneHHe k o to p h x CBeueHO k HeMHOTHM MOp(j)OJTOrHqeCKHM p33JIHHeHHHM, ÖOJIblUOe 3Ha- neHHe b CHCTeMe n pu oß pe jiH npoTHBonocraB jieHHH ca h h ct- BeHHoro h MHOJKecTBeHHoro m ic jia , on peAejieH H oeTH h iie- on peÄ ejieH H O cra . H 3 A B yx c ep m i n a a e *H b ix 0K0HiiaHHii cepHH onpeuejieHHOCTH OKa33Jiacb 6 o jie e m ctko AHtjxfiepeH- U,HpOB3HHOH. ECJIH B CepHII HCOnpeAejICHHOCTH (})OpMbl HM eHHTejibHoro h BHHHTeJibHoro na.T,e>Keii B ceraa omohhmhh- hm h xapaKTepH3yiOTCH H yjieB oii (fu ieK cneii, t o b cep u a onpeA ejieH H oeTH (j>opMbi s th x nauejKeft b eaHHCTBeHHOM r a c j ie B cera a h ctk o npoTH BonocTaß jieH bi c noM om bio o co - 6 bIX OKOHliaHHli.
HeonpeAeji.: hm. n. eA- m. m. p. m al eopa — bhh. n. m al; hm. n. eÄ. >k. p. fushe paenuna — bhh. n. fushe.
OnpeAeji.: hm. n. e& . m. m. p. m a l-i — bhh. n. m sl-n e( hjih m a l-i-n ) , h m . n. eA- h. >k. p. fu sh -a — b h h . n.
fu sh e -n (e ).
* * *
B 3T0H KpaTKOH CT3Tbe HeT B03M0JKH0CTH nOÄpOÖHO OCT3HOBHTbCH Ha BOnpOCaX npOHCXOJKAeHHH OTAejIbHblX HMeHHblX (j)JieKCHH. HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX y>KC nOJiyiHJIH ß o jie e h jih MeHee yAOBjieTBopHTejibHoe oö^HCHeHne b c y - m ecT B y io m e fi HayqHOH JiHTepaType. O a h 3 k o bo m hotom K3pTHHa em e AaJieKa o t h ch oc th . C jieA yeT 3aMeTHTb, h to o ö p a m eH H e k M aTepu sjiaM cpsBH H TejibH ofi rpaM M aTHKiiHHAoeBponeHCKHX H3HKOB A aeT 3AeCb OTHOCHTejIbHO M3JIO pe3yjibT3T0B . 3H3HHTejibHO 6 o jib m e o ß e m s e T npHMeHeHHe MeTOAa BHyTpeHHeii peKOHCTpyKUHH. Hn>Ke c j ic a v c t onbiT OCBemeHHH OAHOH H3 npHMeHaTeJIbHblX IIHHOBaLlHH B chc- TeM e HMeHHHx (jjjieKCHH, OTHOCHiueiiCH k ApeBHeajiöaHCKOM ynepHOAy.
* * *
X apaK TepH H M a jih n p o u ecca perenepau H H (JjjieKCHii b A peBHeajiöaHCKOM ö h j io Hcn0Jib30BaHHe cjjOHOjiorHHecKHX cpeACTB. M op4 )o jio rH 3au n H B03HHKaBuinx b 3t o t nepHOA
110
(})0H0,Ji0rHHecKHx onno3HU,HH h MepeflOBaHHH n p n o ß p e jia on eH b cym ecTB eH H o e 3H aqeH H e a j ih CTpyK Typbi a jiß aH C K oro
H3biKa, a j ih K O Topofi h b H acT 03iu .ee BpeMH xap aK T ep H a
on eH b B bicoK asi CTeneHb M 0pc})0Ji0n i3M a.
ÜJIH nepeCTpOHKH CHCTeMbi HMeHHblX cJ)JieKCHH, npOHCXO-
A H B in e H b A p e B H e a jiß a H C K im nepiiO A , o q e H b Ba>KHbiM 0 K a 3 a - j i o c b 0Ö pa30B aH H e y n o M H H y T o f i Bbim e TeM Ö poBO H K o p p e jia -
Hhh (J )0H 0ji0riiqecK H x o n n o 3n m i i ! h c o o T B e T C T B e m io qepeA O -
BaHHH (J)OHeM k — k ’, g — g , n — n , 1— 1’ B H V T p i-i n a p a A H ra .
^OHeTHHeCKHM 0CH0B3HH6M AJIH 06pa30B aH H H 3T0H CHCTeMbi
M epeA O B aH H H , o q e H b n p K O x a p a K T e p n 3 y io m e H c o o T H o m e H iie OCHOB eAHHCTBeHHOrO H MHOJKeCTBCHHOrO q H C Jia B ÖOJIbUIOH r p y n n e h m c h c y m e c T B H T e jib H b ix m v jk c k o ix ) p o A a , n o c jiy > K H - j io a c c H M H J iiip y io m e e B jiH H H iie n a i ic x o a h m h c o r j i a c n u i i o c h o b h c y m e c T B O B a B in e r o b A p e B H e a jiö a n c K O M c})opM aHTa M H o m e c T B e H H o ro q n c j ia * - i . r ia p a ju ie jib H b iM H BJieHHeM b o o - j ia c T H B0 K a j i i i3 Ma ß b u ia a c c iiM H jiH T H B H a H n e p e r jia c o B K a (yM JiayT ) K o p H e B o ro r j ia c H o r o : a — e.
K aK O B O 6bl HH ÖblJIO n p o n c xo > K A e H H e 3 T o r o ^ o p M a H - T a 4, c y m e c T B e H H o Ba>KHoe 3 H a q e n i i e a j ih A a j i b H e i im e r o pa3 -
BHTHH n a p a A H rM b l HMeHHOrO CKJIOHeHHH HMeJl TOT (j)aKT, h t o y>Ke b A p e B H e a j iö a H C K y io s n o x y c jio>KHJiacb n poA yK TH B - Hasi M o p c j j o j i o r n q e c K a a MOAeJib c o o T H o m e m iH h m c h h h x
o c h o b eAH H CTBeH H oro h M H0>KecTBeHH0r0 r a c j i a , n o c T p o e H - H an Ha rp a M M a T H 3 a u i iH c } )0H 0J i0 r i iqecK i ix onno3HUHH, M ap K H p oB aH H b iM i i q j ieH aM H k o t o p h x ö b i j in cpeAH eH eÖ H b ie
( M e A H o n a j i a T a j ib H b ie ) c o r j i a c H b ie .n e p B O H a q a A b H O c x e M a AOJi>KHa ö b i j ia HM eTb c j i e A y io m u H
b h a 5: eA. h . * u lk - o o a k — m h. q . * u lk i- (n o B o a jiö . u jk —
4 P aH ee a n o .ia ra jia , h t o (jjopM anT ®-i, xa p a K T ep n u ii a jih q a cT ii o ch o b M H O * e c T B e n H o r o q n c . ia M yjKCKoro p o a a , ncTopim ecK H M or B ocxoa iiT b k oK onqaiiH ro iiM eH H Tejibnoro n a a e s c a M iio Ä e cT B e n n o ro qiic.na n p oT o - aji6aHCKiix o c h o b na * - i- ii .miuib nyTeM M op ^ oJ ion m ecK oft a n a jio n u i M or npoHHKHyTb b napaÄH rM H a p y n ix o c h o b («P eK o iicrp y K m iH a jie- MeHTOB apeB iiea ji6aH C K oro H 3biKa...», c . 198 h c / ie a . ) . O a n a K o b na - C T O s m e e BpeMH MHe K a x e T c a ö o .ie e Beposm ibiM 0 6 p a 3 0 B a im e a peB iie - aji6aH C K oro ( J io p M a m a * -I 113 H n a oeB p on eftcK oro oK oim annH iiM eim - T ejibH oro naae>Ka M H o a c e c T B e m io r o iHCJia * -o i , HM eBm ero M ecTO H M eH - Hoe npoiicxoJK aeiiH e (c p . a H a j io r im b p n a e a p y r u x H naoeB poneiicK iix H3bIK0B) .
s llpHMepbi Dbi6paiibi micTO ycaoBHo, TaK KaK im b oähom cjiyqae HejIb35I C yBepeHHOCTbK) CK33aTb, BXOÄH.TO JIH ÄSHIIOe cymecTBHTe.ib- Hoe H3Haqa.ibH0 b yKa3aHHbift MoptjiojiorHqecKHH pa3paa iijih no3flHee BKiiFoqajiocb b Hero no aHajionw.
111
u j q ) ; eu. h. * p la k - crapuK— h h . q. * p l e k f - (HOBOajiö.
p la k — p l e q ) ; eA. m. * z o g - tiTuula — mh. h. *zogi- (H oßoa j iß .
z o g — z o g j ) ; eA. h. *u !in - oAuea — mh. h. *uü ‘n f - (hobosjiö. u ll i — u l l i n j ) ; eA. h. * d e l - okuaü — mh. q. d e l f - (H0B0aji6. d e l l — d e j ) .
] lo 3 A H e e K0 HeHH0 e * - f o r a a j io , o a h 3 k o oöyc jioß jieH H b ie hm cooTHomeHHH BapiiaHTOB (j)0H0Ji0rH3Hp0BajiHCb h q ep e - A0B3HHH COXpaHHJlHCb, TOTOBbie AJIH MOpfJjOJIOrHHeCKOrO HC- n0JIb30B3HHH. OHH H ÖblJIH ACHCTBHTejIbHO HCII0JIb30BaHbI B Ka^ecTBe cpeACTBa 0Öpa30BanHH CHjibH0xapaKTepH30B3HHbix o ch o b M Hom ecTBeHHoro HHCJia My>KCKoro poA a . H a npoTH- *eH H H Beeil AajibH eH iueii iicT op m i a jiö sH C K oro H3biKa 3Ta M0 p (j)0 j i0 n m ecK a a MOAeJib HeH3MeHHO coxp3H H jia cb o io n p o - AyKTHBHOCTb, x o th jie jK a m n e b ee OcHOBe HepeAOBaHHH A3BH0 y>Ke CT3JIH HHCTO HCTOpilHeCKHMH.
Oah3ko npOHHKHOBeHHe HepeAOBanHji 3aAneH3biHHbix ii cpeAHea3biMHbix (MeAHonaji3T3JibHbix) (jjOHeM BHyTpb napa- AlirMbl HMeHHOTO CKJIOHeHHH MOrjIO He TOJibKO HMeTb KOH- CTpyKTHBHoe 3HaqeHHe, h o h co3AaB3Tb yrpo3y pa3pyiueHHH napaAurMbi. 3 t o OTnocHjiocb npe>KAe Bcero k TeM HMeHaM CymeCTBHTeJIbHbIM MyJKCKOTO pOAa, OCHOBbI KOTOpblX HM€J1H 3 a A H e H 3 b I H H b i e CMbIHHbie k II g H COOTBeTCTBeHHO AOJIJKHbl 6 bl JIH 33MeHHTb H X B O MHO>KeCTBeHHOM HHCJie Ha cpeAHea3biqHbie ( n o A B03AeHCTBHew (})opM3HTa Miio^KecTBeH- HOCTH *-f). ,11,JIH 3THX HMeH (fjoHeTH^ecKHe npeAnocbijiKH 3aM eH bI 33AH eH 3bIH H bIX Ha CpeAHeH3bIMHbie CyUteCTBOBSJIH TaKwe h BHyTpn napaAHrMbi eAHHCTBeHHoro MHCJia, rAe aHajiorHMHoe 4>0HeTHiiecK0e B03AeiicTBHe Morjin OK33biB3Tb cjjopMaHTbi c macHbiM i KaK b 4>opwe HMeHHTejibiioro onpe- AejieHHoro, TaK h b 4>opMe poAHTejibHoro, AaTejibHoro, o t -
jio>KHTejibHoro naAeJKefi oöenx cepnii. TaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , B 0 3 -
HiiKajia onacHaa o m o h h m h h c (})opMaMH MHOwecTBeHHoro, h t o Morjio noßecTH k p a 3 p y m e n n i o h o b o h M0p(f>0Ji0rHHecK0H MOAeJin, OCHOB3HHOH n a Bbipa3iiTejibHOM n p o T H B o n o c T S B J i e -
H H H HMeHHblX O C H O B e A H H C T B e H H O T O H MHOWCCTBeHHOrO HHCJia.
BbIXOAOM H3 3TOII KOJIJIH3HH HBHJIOCb, KaK Mlie IipeA - CT3BJIHeTCH, B03HHKH0BeHHe B3JKHOH MOpc})OJIOrHHeCKOU MH- H O B a U H H , IipOIICXO>KAeHHeM CBH33HHOH C <})OHOJIOriIHeCKHMII OTHOUieHHH m h A peB H eajiöaH C K oro nepHOAa, h o npHTOM BecbM a cym ecTBeH H ofl a jih CTpyKTypbi coß peM eH H oro a jiö sH - C Koro H 3biK a. PeMb HAeT o CTpaHHOM n3pajuiejiH3.\ie c|)op-
112
.waHTOB - i h -u b napaanrM e c k j i o h c h h h eAHHCTBeHHoro HHCJia M y*CKoro poaa . 3 t o t napajuiejiH3M HenocpeacTBeH- H O C B H 3 3 H C K3HeCTB0M KOHeHHOrO 3 B y K a HMeHHOH OCHOBbI.E l o c J i e c o r j i a c H b i x k h g M o p ^ o j i o r n q e c K H e n o K 3 3 3 T e ^ H ,
0 f ) b I M H 0 C O Ä e p > K 3 m H e r J I 3 C H b I H i, 3 3 M e H H I O T e r O T J I 3 C H W M u.C p.: onpeaeji. h m . n. ea. i . m al-i eopa — m ik-u dpye\
HeonpeaeJi.: poa ., ä s t . , o t j i o j k h t . ea. m . m al-i — m ik-u; on p eae ji.: poa ., aaT., o t j i o >k . ea. h. m a i-i-t — m ik-u-tii t . a . 6- B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THMH (})3KT3MH B HIKOJIbHblX rp3M M 3TIIK3X npHHHTO BbiaeJIHTb B3pH3HT C IViaCHblM U B OKOHH3HHHX B KaHeCTBe OCOÖOrO THna CKJIOHeHHH, XOTH nojiH biß nap3JuiejiH3M o ö o h x T H n o s nocTpoeHHH n apaanrM bi coBepuieHHO oqeBHaeH.
B HaynHOH J iH TepaType yKa3aH H oe pa3JiHMHe a o j ir o ne n o jiy q a jio yaoß jieT B op H T e jibH oro o 6 "bHCHeHHH. rionbiTKH yCTaHOBHTb pa3JIHqHyiO 3THMOJIOrHIO (J)OpMaHTOB HBHO OKa- 3HBaiOTCH 6e3ycneuiHbiM H. M e x a y TeM najiHHHe coBepiueH- HO OTHeTJIHBOH CBH3H M e » a y BblÖOpOM BapHaHTa H (j)OHe- TH^ecKHM KanecTBOM KOHeHHoro 3JieMeHTa ochobh yKa3bi- BaeT Ha to , mto oßtHCHeHHe c jie a y e T HCKaTb b (J)0H0Ji0rHqe- ckhx OTHOiueHHHX apeB H ea jiöaH C K oro n ep H oa a , b TeneHHe K O Toporo coß ep m a jicH n p o u ecc o(J)opMjieHHfl n apaanrM bi CKJIOHeHHH B ee HCTOpHqeCKH 3aCBHaeTeJIbCTBOBaHHOM BHae7. O ßpam eH H e k (})0 H0 Ji0 rHH HOBoajißaHCKoro 5i3biKa He a a e T HH qero aJin pemeHHH 3Toro B on poca , TaK KaK b Ha- cT on m ee BpeMH cor jia cH b ie k h g He TepaiOT cß o e ro KanecT- Ba 3aaHeH3biiiHbix cj)OHeM, n o n a a a n b n o 3 im m o nepea i, HanpHMep: k iz e cadoebiü hom , g iz e nyzyn h ap-
H H a q e 6 h j io b apeBHeajißaHCKOM , r a e najiaTajiH30BaH- Hbie BapnaHTbi 3T iix cj)OHeM noaJie>KajiH n p eB pa iu eu m o b ca- MOCTOHTejibHbie (j)OHeMbi (M e a iio n a .T a T a jib iib ie ). B e p o a ra o ,
8 3 t o n p a B H J io p a c n p o c T p a m u i o c b T a K * e n a o c i i o b h c K o i i e m iu M - h 11
c K O H eiH W M H y a a p i i b i M i i r a a c n u M H , i i a n p u M e p , h m . o n p e a e j i . k r a h - u
eepXHHH tacTb pynu, d h e - u 3eMAn, o a H a n o c p . B a p n a i i T w v e l l ä - u / v e l -
l ä - i 6par.7 I l p e Ä J i a r a e M o e 3 a e c b o ö i H c n e i i H e 6 b iJ io B n e p B b ie c < t > o p M y jiH p o B a n o
M H o ii b 1 9 6 6 r . b a o K ^ a a e «P e K O H C T p y K U H H s jie M e H T O B Ä p e B H e a ^ ö a i i -
C K o r o H 3biK a» ( A c t e s d u P r e m i e r C o n g r e s I n t e r n a t i o n a ! d(>s e t u d e s
B a l k a n i q u e s e t S u d - E s t E u r o p e e n e s , V I , S o f i a , 1 9 6 8 , p . 2 0 0 ) .
B c o o T B e T C T B y io m e M p a 3 i i e .n e « H c T o p H i e c K o f i M o p 4 > o J io n in a j i ö a n -
C K o r o H3 U K a » III. f l e M H p a f l ( D e m i r a j S h a b a n . M o r f o l o K j i a h i s -
t o r i k e e g j u h e s s h q i p e , I. T i r a n e , 1 9 7 4 ) o n e i i b j i a K o m m n o K o 'C T a T H -
p y e T , h t o « o K o i m a H H e -u h b j i h c t c a H e HeM h h e jm , k b k (j )o n e T im e c K H M
B a p n a H T O M o k o h h 3 h h h - i » ( c . 7 0 ) . O a H a K o H H K a K o r o p a cK p b iT H H s t o t
T e 3 H C n e n o J iy n a e T . .
113
n e p e u i, B b icT y n a ß iiiH M b p a3J iiiH H bix $ o p .M a x euH H C T BeH H o-
ro h h c jis (onpeÄejieHHbix h H eonpeAeJieH H bix), corjiacubie k h g b i i c x o u e OCHOBbI TaK>Ke a oji> k h m öbiJ iH n o A ß e p ra T b C H
n a jia T a ^ ii3 a u H H . O ^ H a K O o c y m e c T B j ie H i ie K a n e c T B e H H o ro
C K a^ K a o t BapnanTa o a h o ü (})OHeMbi k A p y r o i i h o b o h (Jjohc- Me 3aAep>KiiBanocb ö .n a ro A a p fl AaBjieHHio Bcero psiAa c.io - BO(j)OpM B eÄIIHCTBeHHOM HHCJIC. B o MHO>KeCTBeHHOM HHCJie
3 a K p e n n e H iie M e A H o n a jia T a j ib n o r o q j i e n a ^ O H O J iorim ecK O H
onno3HUHH nouflep>K H B aJiocb aK TyajibH O ii TeH AeH m ieft H3bi- k o b o h C T p y K T y p b i k y cH JieiiH K ) x a p a K T e p ii3 a u H ii o c h o b
MHO>KeCTBeHHOrO MIICvTa (b HX IipOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHOCTIi o c -
HOBaM eAHHCTBeHnoro M iicjia), c p . H e o n p e a e J i . h m . n . eA. l*.
m. p . * m ik d p y z — hm. n. m h. m . * m i k ( f ) ( n o B o a j i 6 a n . m ik —
m i q ) . E IoH B jieH H e h o b o h 4> oneM bi b eAHHCTBeHHOM H H c;ie
03H an a .n o 6 u , H an p oT iiB : 1) H a p y iu e iiH e 4>0H eT nqecK 0r0
eau H C T B a OCHOBbI npn 06pa30B an iin OTAeJibHbix 4>opM n a p a -
AHr.Mbl H 2) JIHKBHAaUHK) yCTaHOBIlBlHCrOCH H B eeb M a B3/K- Horo AJIH M 0p(j)0J10rH H eCK 0H CHCTeMbl npOTHBOnOCTaBJieHHH
OCHOB C/IHHCTBeHHOrO II MHO>KeCTBeHHOrO MHCJia.
CpeucTBOM 3am,HTHTb napaAnr.My ot He>KejiaTejibHoro BTOp>KeHHH HOBOH (})OHO.TOrHlieCKOn 0nn03HUHH HBHJIOCb CTpyKTypHO oöycjioBJieH H oe ycH jienne bcjikphocth c o r j ia c - Hbix, rioABepraBiHHxcH y rp o 3 c , n nane r o ß o p n , nojiHpH3amiH
cooTHomeHHa \ie>KAy k h k, g h g. n o c m /ib K y b chctcmc BOKajiimecKHX onno3H m iH ca.MOMy n epeun eM y iviacHOMy i npoTHBonojiaraeTCH caM bifi 33ahhh rjiacH bifi u, (})opM3HT BbicTynaeT b KaqecTBe <})OHOMop(|>o.iorHHecKoro SKBHBajieHTa (JjopMaHTa i, npeACTaßjiaH Te.M caMbiM HaAOKuyio rapaHTHio coxpaHenHH corjiacubiM H k h g hx KanecTBa BejinpHbix c o - m acH bix .
TpyuHO cKa3aTb, KaKOBbi Gujih KOHKpeTHbie aT an u 3T0- ro n p o u e c c a . BbiCTynaji jih nepBOHaqa^bHO 3JieMeiiT u b Ka'iecTBe Jiaßiu ibH oro npH3ByKa npn BejinpHbix corjiacH bix b cooTBeTCTByiom,HX (J)opMax, KaK 6bi o ß e p e r a a s th c o r j ia c - Hbie o t na^aTaJiH 3H pyiom ero b jihhhhh okohm shhh -i? H jiii w e HMejia MecTO HenocpeACTBeHiiaa 3a.MeHa (j)0p\iaHT0B c TJiaCHblM HX nOJIHpHhIMH (})OHOMOp4)OJIOrHMeCKIIMH S)KBHB3- jieHTaMH? TaK hjih HHaqe, BjiHHHHe 4)0 H0ji0 nm ecK H x o t h o - meHHH ApeBHeajißaHCKoro nepHOAa Ha o^opM JieHHe n a p a - AHTMbl HMeHHOTO CKJIOHeHHH ÖblJIO OHeHb BejIHKO. HMeHHO ö jiaroA ap H 3T0My b jih h h h io M orjia VTBepAHTbca cxeM a c k jio - HeHHH c AßyMH BapHaHTaMH, p scn p e A e jie m ie k o to p m x Bee-u e jio CBH33HO C (})OHeTHHeCKHM COCTaBOM COOTBeTCTByiOmHX
114
HMeHHblX OCHOB. CoOTHOIUOHHe MC/K/iy £ByMH BapH3HTaMII, c.noJKiiBioeecH b a p e B H e a . i ß a H C K H i i nepnoa, oneHb h ctk o c o -
.xpanneTCH h b H0B0aji6aHCK0M H3biKe 8.
X a p a K T e p H O , mto a H a j io rH M H oe p a c n p e A e j i e H H e B a p n a H - to b cjDop.viaiiTa b 3aBiicii.MOCTii o t 4 )on eT iiH ecK oro xa pa K T ep a iip eA iu ecT B y iom ero y/ie.Mcma naöJiioAaeTCH h b cucTeM e r ,ia ro jib iib ix (})opM . T a n , b 3-m j i h u c ea . m . aopu cTa OKOfma- m ic -i n o c jie c o r j i a c H b i x k, g b hcxo/ic oc H O B b i to>kc 3a\ie- u n eT C H O K O H ' ia H i i e M -u. C p . h a p -i o h OTKpbui, h o prck -u OH TpOHiJA.
8 To.ibKo ii ce B e p o iio cT O 'D io re r cK O M „ in a .ieK T e (K o c o n c K iie roBopw, a T,'iK/Ke roBopu c e n c p o n o c T o m ib ix o S . i a c T e i i A.nöaiiiiii), ne HMeromeM b
CBoei i ( l )o i ie T H lie c K o i i c ild eM e M e a iio n a jia T a .ib i ib ix (JioneM, npom ouiJiaym i(J )H K an iia B apn aiiT O B c x e M b i cK.ionemiH nyTeM pacnpocipaiieiiHHeaH H O ii (JjopM bi O K O iR aiiH ii c rJ iacnbiM i TaK«<e n o c j i e 3a;iHeH:ii>i>inbix b n c x o ^ e o c n o B b i: onpeae.’i. hm. ii. e,a. m. m i k - i d p y e , zog-i i m m e r
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o ö i u h o c t o h ö o jie e BbicoK oro n opaA - K a (a3biK!i AOH auH oiiajibH oro ne- pHOAa, IiaUHOHaJIbHbie H3bIKH).
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H e B fla B a n c b b C K O jibK O -H iiß y A b n o /ip o Ö H b iH aH a jiH 3
MHOrOHHCJieHHblX e x e M H p a3H O O Ö pa3H bIX noHHTHH, c n o -
MOUIbK) KOTOpblX JIHHTBHCTbl nblTaiOTCH 0 X a p a K T e p iI3 0 B a T b
n o A M a c B e c b M a c jio> K H b ie c H T y a u n n b c T p a H a x H eM eu ,K oro
H 3biK a 3, y K a x e M v in rn b Ha H eK O T cp b ie n p ii3 H a K H , B b iA e jin e -
M u e n p n c o n o c T a B jie H H H p a 3 H b ix ( f jo p w H 3 b iK O B oro c y m e c T -
BOB3HHH, H Ha O T A e^ b H b ie n p o ß j ie M b l , CB H 3aH H bie B HaCTOH-
m n i i MOMeHT c h x H3yM eHH eM .
ü p a B A a , h s a o c p a 3 y * e o r o ß o p u T b , mto b ßo^buiiiHCTBe HMeK)in,HXCH paßOT peMb «A eT OTHIOAb He O COßCTBeHHO-TH- noJioriiM ecKiix npH3HaKax AiiajieKTa, oÖHXOAHO-pa3roBop- n o ro h j ih J im epa T yp H oro H3biKa. O a h sk o nonbiTKH yjioBHTb ocHOBHbie pa3JiHMHH b o BHyTpeHHefi o p r a m o a u iiH h b
xapaK T epe (jjyHKiuioHHpoBaHHH pa3Hbix $ o p M cym ecTBOBa- h h h H3biKa, n o cym ecT B y, BeAyT HMeHHO k ycTaHOBjienino COOTBeTCTByiOm H X THnOJIOniMeCKHX npiI3HaKOB.
n o c j ie A H H H TeHAeHH,HH H au iJ ia H au ß o /iee 3KcnjinunTH oe B bipa>K eH H e B C T aT be JIHHTBHCTa H3 r / J P f . M 3H H ra
CJiaBHHCKHM JlHTepaTypiIUM fl3bIKflM R CKOnjIC. — «B on p . H3MKO- 3H3HH5I», 1973, Ns 5.
3 Cm. n oapoS fiee b M oeft C T a T b e : C e M e m o k H. H. B o n p o c « s i3 b i- k oboh an<})4>epeH[iHauHH b HeMeuKoii jiHHrBHCTimecKoii Tpa/iHUHH. — « O h jio j i . n a y K H », 1971, Ns 5.
4 C m .: M 3 h h r T. y « a 3 . com . («B on p . H 3biK 03 iiauH H », 1970, -V» 6 ).
117
K HHCjiy TunojiorHM ecKHx npH3H3KOB pa3Hbix (j)opM cym ecT - BOB3HHH HeMeUKOrO H3bIKa, TpaKTyeM blX aBTOpOM KaK «noflC H C TeM bi», o th o c h tc h , c e ro to h k h 3peHHH, c jieA y io - m n e M O M em bi: 1) BKJiiOHeHHe a s h h o h (})opM bi cym ecTBOBa- hhh b H ep a p x im ecK y io CHCTeM y nam iO H ajibH oro H3biKa b
BHAe B epT iiK a jibH oro H3biK0B0r0 n jia cT a h j ih b BHAe cJjyHKUHOHajibHoro c t h j i h ; 2) cTeneHb CTsßHjibHOCTii c o o t - BeTCTByiom en noA C H C T eM bi; 3 ) BxoAHUUie b H ee H3biKOBbie
ypoBHH; 4 ) CTeneHb B3aiiM0np0iiiiKH0BeHHH pa3Hbix noA- CHCTeM; 5) h x p en icm a jibH oe pacn p ocT p aH eH iie ; 6 ) KOMMy- HHK3THBH3H pejieB3HTHOCTb COOTBeTCTByiOIU,HX nOACHCTeM.
H v>kh o CKa3arb, h to , HecMOTpH Ha q a cT y io noB Topae- MOCTb HeKOTOpblX Xap3KTepiICTHK, B pHAe paÖOT MOvKHO BCTpeTHTbCH H C COBepiUeHHO pa3HbIMH H aßopaM II npH3H3- kob. T a K , H anpiiM ep, P . T p o c c e Ha3 bißaeT c jieA y io m n e nep- Tbi, oTJiHMaromne jiiiT epaTyp H b iii 5i3biK o t AH ajieKTa: 3HaMH- TejIbHO ßOJIbUIHH oß'beM JieKCHKII, ßOJIblliaH CTHJJHCTHqeCKSH B3pH3THBHOCTb, CnOCOÖHOCTb K BbICOKOH CTeneHH aßCTpaK- Uhh, H 3 .u iLiHe nu cbM eiiH oro h y cT u o ro B3pH3HTa 5.
C y m e c T B e H H b ie pa3 J iH m ia b n a ß o p e npii3HaKOB, c o c ts b - JIHIOIUHX CneH,H(j)HiieCKHe OCOßeilHOCTH pa3HbIX (jjOpM H3bl- K o ß o r o c y m e cT B O B a m iH , CBHAeTejibCTByiOT o ö H 3B ecT H oft H e-
onpeACJieHHOCTii T e x K p i iT ep u e B , KC.Topbie M o r y T h a o ji jk h h öb iTb no jio>KeHbi b 0 CH0By n o A o Ö H o r o cpaßneH H H .
K a K npeACTaBjineTCH, a jih u e jie ii <})yHKii,HOHajibHOH th - n o jio n in H an ß o jiee iie j ie c o o 6 p a 3 n o ncxoAH Tb H3 c jieA yrom e- r o n p eA B ap H T ejib iio ro H aß opa npii3HaKOB: 1) oß'beM Bbi- no jiH aeM bix CHCTeMon ( noACHCTeMofi) 4>yHKH,HH, h jih ee KOMMyHiiKaTHBuaa peneßaHTHOCTb b ccjjepe ycT H oro u n iicb - M eHHoro oß m eH iin ; 2 ) CTeneHb TeppH Top iia jibH o fi AH<J)(J)e- peiiUHaUHH CHCTeMbl H Oß'beM ee (j)yHKU,HOHaJIbHO-CTHJIHCTH- n ecK o ro BapbHpoBaHHn; 3 ) CTeneHb CTaßiuibHOCTii (H ecTa - ßiuibHOCTH) cucTeM bi; 4 ) CTeneHb cneu,H(]}HqHOCTH (H ecn e- UH(})IHIH0 CTH), COOTBeTCTByiOmefl 3.BTOHOMHOCTH ( He3BT0- h o m h o c th ) c iicreM b i; 5 ) C T en eH b c jio vK h o ctii CHCTeMbl.
H eK O T O p b ix noHCHeHiiü T p e ß y e T n o c j i e A H i i f i H3 n ep e n H c -
JieHHblX npH3H3KOB. P a 3 H b ie O ßbeM H X a p 3 K T e p (JjyHKUHH K a jK A o i i 113 (J)opM c y m e c T B O B a m iH H3biKa o n p e A e J ia io T o t -
j i h h h h c oo T B eT C T B y io m H X CHCTeM n o C T en en n h x c j i o j k h o c t i i . P e m a io u iH M H a j ih on p e A e J ieH H a CTeneHH c j io >k h o c t h cu c T e -
5 G r o ß e R. Die soziologischen Grundlagen von Nationaisprache und Literatursprache, U m gangssprache und Halbmundart. — «Deutsch als Fremdsprache», 1969, N 6, S. 403.
118
Mbl HBJIHIOTCfl, ÜO-BHAHMOMy, pa3BHTHe II OpraHH3aUHH t ;ikhx ypoBH en H3biKa, KaK ciiHTaKCiiqecKHH h jick ch k o - coMaHTimecKHH, H aH ß ojiee H en ocpeacTB em io h « o t k p h t o » CBH3aHHbIX C OTpaJKaeMOIl 5I3bIKOM AeÖCTBHTejIbHOCTblO.
n p n xapaKTep iiCTH Ke o c h o b h m x (})opM cymecTBOBaiiHH c jie a y eT , OAHaKO, yq iiTb iB aTb He TOJibKO cTaTHHecKirii H aöop npH3H3KOB, HO II TO Ba>KHeftlIiee OÖCTOHTejIbCTBO, MTO COBO- KyrtHOCTH (j)opM cym ecTB O B am ia p ea jib H b ix h 3h k o b h b j ih io t- Cfl CHCTeMaMH AHHaMII'ieCKHMII, nOÄBep>KeHHbIMH 3HaHH-
TejIbHblM II ÖblCTpblM IICTOpimeCKHM II3MeHeHHHM. B CHH- XpOHHOM COCTOHIIHH IICTOpHMeCKaH flHHaMHKa npOHBJIHeTCH B TOM, MTO CHCTeMbi cj)OpM CymeCTßOBaHHH BKJIIOHaiOT 3Jie- MClITbl, KOM MVHIIKaTIIBHO- H cjjyHKUHOHaJIbHO-HepaBHOUeH-
iibie. riocjieÄ nee oödosiTejibCTBO mo>kct öbiTb n epeaan o cHOMOinblO Ü0H5ITIIH «CIIJIbHOH» II «CJia6ofi» n03HU,HH. Tai<, npn xapaivTepHCTHKe pa3Hbix 4>opM cymecTBOBaHHH HeMeu- Koro H3biKa no3iimiH anajieKTOB mo>kct öbiTb b ucjiom oueHena KaK c jia ö a a b np0THB0n0Ji0>KH0CTb cHjibHoil no3ii- UHH, 3aHHMaeMOH, C OAUOH CTOpOHbl, JIHTepaTypHbIM H3bl- kom, a c ap yroii — pa3HUMH cjjopMaMH h TiinaMH oöhxoaho- p aaroB op n oro si3biKa 6.
KOIK'MIIO, C IIOMOIUblO AaHHblX nOHHTHII MOJKHO JIIHUb ii c-a.vibix oöuihx MepTax 0xapaKTepii30BaTb HCTopiiMecKiie TCIUeilUHH B pa3BIITHII OTAejIbHblX cj OpM CymeCTBOBaHHH, 'ror,na KaK KaMecTseHHbie pa3JiiiMHsi b iix no;io>KeiiHii npn VTOM nOMTH He yMHTblBaiOTCH. Me/KA>’ TeM 3TH pa3JIHMHH MoryT ÖbiTb BeCbMa CymeCTBeHHbIMlI.
JXjw ß o jie e n o jiH o ii xa p a K T ep u cn iK H pa3Hbix <J)opM cy- mecTBOBaHiiH Ba>KeH, H anpiiM ep, h TaK oii np iisnaK , KaK pea jibH oe iicn0 jib30BaH ne to h h jih hhoh H3biK0B0ii 4>op:vibi AJift pa3JIHHHbIX KOMMVHHKaTHBHblX II (^VHKUHOHaJIbHblX 3a^aM.
B ö o j i b i u H H C T B e o ö J i a c T e n P IIP h O P T a n a ; i e K T h b •jtom n j i a H e 3 a H H M a e T « c j i a 6 y i o » no3HHiiio n o c p a ß H e i n i i o c o r )H X 0 f lH 0 -p a 3 r 0 B 0 p H b I M H 4 )0 p M a M II 5I3bIKa. O c o ß e m i o OT- mctjihbo s to n p 0 C Jie> K iiB a eT C H b p a i i o H e K p y n u b i x r o p o a o B .
T a K , n o a a H H b i M T . B e j i b M a H H a 7, b p a i i o H e r e p j i H u a J i n u i b
10% H a c e j i e H H H n o j i b 3 y r o T C H b öh tob om o ß m e n n i i z m a j i e K -
tom , a 9 0 % n c n o j i b 3 y i o T n p n stom o 6 n x o O T o - p a 3 r o B o p H b i f l
T i m H3 b i K a . H e c K O j i b K O HHbie f l a H H b i e npH BoaiiT r . B e p r -
n o Ä p o Ö H e e c m .: C e m e h t o k H . H . Y K a 3 . c o q . , c . 8 7 h c j i e a .
7 B e l l m a n n G. M undart und U m gangssprache in der Oberlausitz. — «Deutsche D ialektographie», Bd 62, 1961.
119
M3HH B OTHOUieHHH H C n0Jlb30B aH H fl A H a jie K T a B OAHOH H3
A e p e ß e H b B 03J ie K apji-M apK C-IIlTaATa: 3 A e c b Ha A H a jieK T e
roB op H T 6 1 % HacejieHHH, OAHaKO TeHAeHuna k c o K p a m e -
h h k ) (JjyHKUHfi A H ajieK Ta o 6 o 3 H a q a e T c a h b s t h x y c j io B iia x
B ecbM a OT^eTjiHBO, TaK KaK 3a n o c jie u iiH e T p nA u aT b jieT • ih c jio r o B o p a m H x Ha AH ajieK Te yM eHbLUHjiocb b A epeB H e n a
3 6 % ( t . e . c 9 7 a o 61 % ) 8-B noc.ießoeHHbie roAbi HeMeu,KHe nccjieAOBaTejiii sce
öojiee HacTOHMHBO yKa3biBaiOT h Ha Apyrofi npouecc, OTM e-
naa TeHaeHUHK) k yTpaTe OTAejibHbiMii A n ajieK T H biM H h a h o -
MaMH daTyca uejiocrabix c h c t c m 9.
P a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 H H e n o cBoe.M y x a p a K T e p y n p o u e c c u B b n e c -
HeHHH AHajieKTOB o n n ca H b i HeivieuKHMH HccjieAOBaTejiHM H Ha caM O M pa3JiHMHOM H3biK0B0.\i M a r e p n a jie lu.
H H T e p e c H b i B M ecT e c re.vi h K eK O T O pbie npH B O A H M bie
JIHHrBHCTaMH H3 <J>PT A aH H bie OTHOCHTejIbHO C T e n e H H n p n -
MeHeHHH J iH T e p a T y p H o r o a 3 b iK a . 3 a H H M a a , ö e c c n o p H O , m o-
H o n o jib H y io n o3 H U H io b c c } )e p e n n cb M e H H o cT H , j iH T e p a T y p -
H blll HeMeUKHH H3blK M eH bU ie HCnOJIb3yeTCH B yCTHOM o ö m e -
h h h . rio AaHH biM E r e p a , b O P T p e a j ib H o B J ia ^ eeT koahcJm i-
UHpOBaHHblM H J IH T e p a T y p H b l .M H HOpMa.MH JlHIUb OT 6 .TO
1 0 % H a c e jie H iia B o 3 .m o > k h o , m to A aH H bie s t h n e b i i o / i h o
t o m h h , h o n oA O Ö H a n nonbiTKa ou eH H T b CTeneHb n c n 0 J ib 3 0 -
BaHHH J iH T e p a T y p H o r o H e M e u K o r o «3 b iK a c a M a n o c e ö e , h c -
COMHeHHO, 3aCJiy>K H B aeT BHHMaHH'T.
B CBH3H c o x a p a K T e p H 3 0 B a n H b iM H B b iu ie n p o u e c c a M t i B
CHCTejMe cj)opM cym ecT B O B a H H H H e u e u K o r o a 3 b iK a 3 a n o c j i e A -
HHe AecaTH JieTH H n p 0 H 3 0 iu jin n e M a j iu e H 3M eneH H H , n p H B e A “
lu n e k H 3BecTH biM cA B H ra M b (JjyHKUHOHajibHOH H a r p y 3 K e H
cooT H O iu eH H H O T ß e jib H b ix sjieM eH T O B . O c o ß o e 3 H a iieH H e n p n -
o ß p e j i o n p n 3 t o m B3 a h m o A e ii c t b n e H 3biK O Bbix cjDopM, n e -
n o cp e A C T B e H H o K o i iT a K r a p y io m i ix b c c j je p e y c T i i o r o o o m e -
8 B e r g m a n n G. Sprachschichtung und Sprachwandel dargestellt ander Entwicklungen der Vokalphoneme im Gebiet u n i Karl-Marx- Stadt. — «Beiträge zur Soziolinguistik», Halle (Saale), 1974,
“ R o s e n k r a n z H. Der Sprachwandel des Industriezeitalters im Thüringer Sprachraum. — In: R o s e n k r a n z H., S p a n g e n b e r g K. Sprachsoziologische Studien in Thüringen. Berlin, 1963.
10 G r o s s e R. Die meißnische Sprachlandschaft. Halle (Saale), 1955; F l e i s c h e r W. Namen und Mundart im Raum von Dresden, Bd 1—2. Berlin, 1961— 1963; E n g e l Li. Die A uflösung der M undart. — «M uttersprache», 1961, H. 5; i. a.
11 J ä g e r S. Zum Problem der sprachlichen Norm und seiner Relevanz für die Schule. — «M uttersprache», 1971, N 3.
120
nmi, r . e. JiHTepaTypHoro cTäH/iapTa h pa3JiHrabix cy6- CT.'IH flapTH blX 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H , H3BeCTHbIX B HeMeU,KOH JIHHr- imcTHKe n oa o6il,hm H33BaHneM U m ga n gssp ra ch e . B stoA CHH3H B03HHKjia HacTOHTejibHaa HeoßxoAHMoeTb cneunajib- noro H3yHeHH5i cyßcTaH flaprabix H3biK0Bbix (J)opM, MeM h ()f)1i5ICH5ieTCH TO HCKJlIOHHTejIbHOe BHHM3HHe, KOTOpOe B nO- tvieAHee BpeMH y^ejineTCH AaHHOMy HBJieHHio 12.
B npon eM , noAoßnbiH HHTepec necneuHc[)HHeH JiHiiib äjih iieMeuKHX nccjieÄO B aTejie ft: M H oroo6pa3H bie (JjopMbi pa3- i’OBopHOH penn npHBjieKaiOT k c e ö e BHHMaHHe HccjieflOBa- Te jieß Ha caMOM pa3JiHHHOM h 3h k o b o m M aTepn a jie . r ip n 3to m H3yqeHHe AaH H oro jiHurBHCTHnecKoro c^eHOMeHa HÄeT ii flB yx ocuoBHbix nanpaBJieHHHx: BO-nepBbix, HccjieAyiOTCH H iiy rp e ii ii ne CTpyKTypHbie npH3H3KH pa3roß opH b ix THnoB p c u i, oT jn n ia iom n e ee o t nncbMeHHbix 4>opM H3biKa; a b o - BTopbix, no^BepraiOTCH a-HajiH3y KOHKpeTHbie HCTopHnecKiie HAHOMbl, BbICTynaiOIIl,He B (jjyHKUHH pa3roB opH ofi penn y pa3HbIX H3bIKOB B pa3JIHHHbie nepHOflbl HX p33BHTHH.
0 6 a HanpaBjieHHH npeACTaßjieHbi, HanpHM ep, b paM Kax pyccK oß jiHHrBHCTHHecKOH Tpa/muHH (cm . ocoßeHHO p a ö o - Tbi H . K ). LUßeflOBOH, T. f . BHHOKyp, O . A. JlanTeB ofi, O. B . CupOTHHHHOH H f lp . ) 13, npHHeM ÖOJIbUIHHCTBO HCCJieÄO- l ia r c jic i i n oa iepK H B aiO T c j ia ö y io HsyneHHOCTb KaK cooTBeT- C TB yiom ero M aTepn a jia , TaK h CBH3aHHbix c hhm TeopeTH ^e- ck h x B onpocoB 14.
12 PIa30BeM 3flecb TOJibKO HecKOJibKO nocjiejuiHx paßo-r: G r o ß e R.Zum Verhältnis von landschaftlicher und gemeinsprachlicher Umgangssprache. — B kh.: HopMa h counajibHaa ^H(j)(J)epeHunaLi.nH jiabiKa. M., 1 9 6 9 ; R a d t k e J. Die Um gangssprache. — «M uttersprache», 1973, N 3; L e r c h n e r G. Gesellschaftliche Einflüsse auf
Phoiiernmutationen. — «B eiträge zur Soziolinguistik», Halle (Saale),1974; B e r g m a n n G. Op. cit. (ebenda).
13 C m . : I I I b e a o b a H. 1 0 . O n e p K H no cuHTaKcucy pyccKoft pa3roBop- H o i l p e ™ . M . , 1 9 6 0 ; B H H O K y p T. I\ C T H J iH c r a q e c K o e p a 3 B H T u e
c o B p e M e H H o u pyccKoft p a 3 r o B o p n o ü p e w . — B k h . : P a 3 BH TH e 4 > y n K -
U H O H a jib H b ix CTHJieü coBpeMeHHoro pyccKoro H 3 b iK a . M . , 1 9 6 8 ; J I a n -
t e b a O . A . O H e K O ß H c jm a K p o B a iiH b ix c c j ) e p a x c o B p e M e H H o r o pyccKo- ro H3 b iK a . — « B o n p . H 3 b iK 0 3 iia H H H », 1 9 6 6 , N ° 2 ; C h p o t h h i i -
ii a O . B . K Bonpocy o THnojiorH^ecKOM H3yqeiiHH p a 3 r o B o p n o H
pe^H. — B k h . : Teopiia h n p a K T H K a j im ir B H C T H 'i e c K o r o o n n c a H i i a
p a 3 r o B o p H o f l p e ^ H . Te3HCbi A O K J ia ^ o B . T o p h K H H , 1 9 6 8 ; O n a u e .
Pa3roBopHaa p e ^ b . — B k h . : B o n p o c b i c o u n a J ib H o i i JIHHrBHCTHKH.
J I . , 1 9 6 9 .
14 Cm., HanpHMep: J l a n t e B a O . A . H 3 y q e i w e p y c c K o ß pa3roBopHoftp e m i b o T e n e cT B e H H O M H 3 b iK 03 H a H H H n o c j ie A H H X j ie T . — « B o n p . H 3 b i-
K03IiaHHH», 1967, Ns 1.
5 3 aK . 164 121
H e K acaacb 3Aect>, e cT e c iB em io , BCero c jio iK H oro kom it* jieK ca c to h iu h x nepe/i HccJieÄ0B3TejieM npn H3yqeHHH pa3- ro ß o p H o ro H3biK3 n poß jieM , o6p3TH M ca k xapaK Tepu cT iiK e h aH ajiH 3y HeKOTOpbix n o jioxeH H H , pa3BHBaeMbix HeMeuKH- MH JIHHTBHCT3MH B CaMbie nOCJieAIIHe rOÄbl B CBH3H C H3y- MeHHeM 06HX0ÄH0-pa3r0B0pHbIX THIIOB HeMeU,K0 r 0 H3bIK3.
HecKOJibKO ynpomaa AeßcTBiiTejibHoe nojiomeHHe Aeji, MOJKHO CKa3aTb, HTO BO BTOpOH üOJIOBHHe X X CTOJieTHfl ÄJIH HeMeuKOÖ JIHHrBHCTHKH Booßme xapaKTepeH n o B o p o r ot HHTeHCHBHOTO H3yiieHHH AHSJieKTO'i K HCCJie/tOBaHHIO OÖH- x 0 Ä H 0 -p a 3 r0 B 0 p H b ix <j)opM H3biKa. X U h h o c 06cT05iTejibC TB 0
CBH33HO c o CTaHOBjieHHeM U m g a n g s s p r a c h e ( U S ) KaKCaMOCTOHTeJIbHOH (})OpMbI CymeCTBOB3HH5I HeMen,KOrO H3bIK3
H 0C06eHH0 c e e npoßBH>KeHHeM b cc[)ep y n o jiy o 4 )iiu ,r ia jib n o -
ro h n pH B aT H oro oömeHHa Ha m c c t o B ce 6o j ie e O TTecuaeM O-
ro ÄHajieKTa.B öojibujHHCTBe p a ö o T — c p e flii h h x r ip eoö jiaaa iO T He-
GojibiHHe no o ö t e M y HccjieflOB3HK5i h CTaTbH Teop eraH e- C K oro n jiaH a — hjih oim cbiBaioTcsi O T^ejib iib ie JiOKajibHbie ran b i U S , hjih xa pa K T ep H 3 y ioT ca OTAejibHbie 0 C0 6 eHH0 CTH CHCTeMbi 0 ß H X 0 A H 0 -p a 3 r0 B 0 p H 0r0 a3biK a, hjih ycT aH aB jiH -
B aeTca e ro OTHOtueiiHe k /uiajieKTy h jiH TepaTypH O M y H3bi- Ky. H H T ep ecyeT jiHHrBiicTOB h B onpoc o pa3Hbix r a n a x p a 3 ro ß o p H o ro H eM euKoro A3biKa n e ro cou n a jibu b ix rpa.ua-UHHX.
H a OCHOBe npoBe^eH U bix HccjieAOBaHiiii h cAejiaH H bix H aß jn oA eH H ö MO>KeT öb iT b A a n a c jie a y ro in a a o ö m a a x a p a n -
TepHCTHKa 06HX0AH 0-pa3r0B0pnbix (J)opM H eM ennoro 5i3biKa.06HXOAHO-pa3rOBOpiIbIH 5I3bIK HBJIHCTCH COBOKynHOCTblO
HaCTHblX nOÄCHCTeM pa3HOH JIOKajlbHOH COOTHeCeilHOCTH,
cJjyHKUHOHHpyromHx b ß o j ie e u n ip o K iix a p c a j ia x , hcm M ecT-
Hbie ÄH ajieKTbi. JXjiü e r o OTAejibHbix jiO K ajibH bix pa3HOBHA- HOCTefi yCTaHaBJIHBaiOTCH OTHeTJIHBbie TeppHTOpHaJIbHbie pacxo>KAeHHH. H aM en a iO T ca BM ecTe c TeM n pa3JiHHiia b
CTeneHH p e n p e 3 e H T a m m jiOKajibHO CBH3aHHbix npii3HaKOB,
oßycjioBJ ieH iib ie ßöJibuiHM h jih M eiibim iM 0 6 i>eM0 M Teppn - TOpHajIbHblX C(j)ep paCIipOCTpaHeilHH OÖHXOAHO-pa3rOBOpHO-
r o H3biKa. C nopH biM o c T a e T c a cym ecT B O B aH iie o ö m e n e M e u - KOH (J)OpMbI U S , T a K KaK HHCJIO nOAAaiOUJ,HXCH BblAejieilHIO
npH3H3KOB A3HH0H (J)OpMbI BeCbM3 He3H3HHTejIbH0 15. COBO-
15 C p. b 3 t o m njiaHe KOHTpacrapyromHe t o ik h 3penHH P. T p occe h PL PaaTKe, BbicTynaiomHX b 3aiu,HTy cymecTBOBaiiHa oömeiieMeuKoii 4>opMu 06HX0ÄH0-pa3r0B0pn0ro H3biKa, h f . M o3epa, pemiiTejibHO
122
KyriHOCTb pa3JIHlIHbIX JIOKajIbHblX THIIOB 0 6H X 0Ä H 0-pa3 -
i 'O BopH oro H3biKa B b icT yn aeT BMecTe c TeM KaK HeKoe c y 6-
cT aH flapT H oe 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H n e , n p i iM b iK a io m e e k H opM H posaH -
nofi c T a H f la p r a o H (J)opMe H eM euK oro J iH T epaT ypH oro H3biKa
h n c n o j i b 3 y i o m e e c H b pa3JiH iH bix CH Tyaujinx , B03HHKai0iiXHX
IIpH yCTHOM OÖmeHHH 16.H a n öojiee xapaKrepHofl nepTofi 0ÖHX0,HH0 -p a 3r0B0pH0r0
Tima HeMeuKoro H3biKa a o chx nop c^HTajiacb ero npoMe- jKyTOMHan no3Hii,HH MOK^y jiHTepaTypHbiM h3hkom h aua- JieKTHblMH HflHOMaMH, a T3K>Ke UIHpOKHH ÄHana30H BapbH- poßaHHH ero jimirBHCTmiecKiix npH3HaK0B. B caMoe nocjieÄ- nee BpeMH 6mji no/uiHT em e oähh npHHUHnnajibHbiH Bonpoc, CBH3aHiibi{i c onpeAe/reHHeM ch ctsm h oto CTaTyca U S. tlp n 9tom iieacHbiM HBjifieTCH B onpoc o tom , HMeeT jih o 6nxoa- HO-pa3rOBOpHbIH H3bIK BOOÖIUe CTaTyC CHCTeMbl IIJIH 3TO He 6ojiee KaK «cHHTarMaTHqecKiie», B03HHKaioiuiie b npou,ecce oßmeHHH KOMßHHaUHH flByX aBTOHOMHblX CHCTCM — JIHTepa- TypHoro H3biKa h flnajieKTOB.
HyjKHO cKa3aTb, >ito, x o th HeMeuKan jiHHrBHCTHKa Ha-
KonHJia y>Ke npH H3yneHHH U S H3BecTiibiii nojiojKHTejibHbifi o n b iT h ÄOCTiirjia HeMajibix ycnexoB , b n o c j i e f lH e e BpeMH Bce
6ojiee onpejiejieHHO pa3 fla iOTCH r o j i o c a . j i h h t b h c t o b , nofl- BepraiOIUHX COMHeilHIO pHil CTaBIHHX TpafllimiOHHblMH npH
xapaKTepncTHKe U S nojio>KeHHii.B nacTHOCTH, n0CTeneHH0 «ycTapeßaeT» pa3pym aeM oe
peajIbHbIM H3bIKOBbIM p33BHTHeM nOJIO>KeHHe O öpOMOKy- TOlIHOH n03HIi;HH 0ßHX0OT0-p33r0B0pH0r0 H3bIK3. CncTeMa (jiopM cymecTBOBaHHH HeMeuKoro H3HK3, BKjnoHaBmaH panee TpH ajieMeHTa, oÖHapy>KHBaeT — b cbh3h c orpaHH'ie- iineM (J)yHKiiHH ÄH3jieKT3 — TeHfleiiUHio k npeBp3ineHHio B AByxsjieMeHTHyio. riosTOMy, ksk cnpaBeÄJiHBO 3aMenaeT T. JTepxHep, nojio>KeHHe o np0Me>KyT0iiH0H n o3Hii;HH U S npeflCTaBjineT b HacTonmHH MOMeHT HHTepec CKopee äjih rene3Hca aaHHofl (|>opMbi, mcm jvih xapaKTepHCTHKH ee c o BpeMeHHoro COCTOHHHH 17. B CBH3H C 3THM 60JIbUiyi0 Onpe- TiejieHHOCTb h öo jiee cepbe3Hbie 060CH0BaiiHH nojiynaeT h
ocn ap H B a rom ero n o jio ß H o e yT B epjK jeH H e: G r o ß e R . O p . c it .;R a d t k e J. O p . i d . , S . 167; M o s e r H . U m g a n g s s p r a c h e . Ü b e r le g u n g e n zu ih ren F o r m e n u n d ih re r S te l lu n g im S p r a c h g a n z e n . —« Z e it s c h r i f t fü r M u n d a r t fo r s c h u n g » , J g 27 , 1961, S . 222.
10 C p . cooT B eT cxB y iom yio o u e m y AaHHoft <j)opMbi y B . M . }K npM yH -C K oro: H p M y H C K H Ö B . M . MapKCH3M h coiiH ajibH aa jihhfbh -CTHKa. — B k h .: B o n p o c b i cou n a jibH oft JIHHrBHCTHKH. JI., 1969 , c. 23.
17 L e r c h n e r G . O p . c it ., S . 79.
6* 123
yTBepjKjxeHHe o caMocTOHTe^ibHOM cucTeMHOM c T a i y c e o 6h-
x o A H O -p a 3 ro B o p H o ro H3biKa, x o th e/iHHCTBa b s to m m ia H e
b o B3rjiHflax h oueH Kax n on a e m e OTHiOÄb He ÄOCTHrHyTO 1S.
OKOHHHJIHCb H ey f la H e f t H nOnblTKH COOTHeCTH p33Hbie (|)OpMbI OßHXOÄHO-p33rOBOpHOrO H3bIK3 C OTÄejIbHblMII CO- ijHSJibHHMH rpynnnpoBKaM H b cpe,n,e e r o HOCHTejiefi, a uih - POK3H B3pH3THBH0CTb erO O W ^ b H b l X npH3H3K0B 33CT3B-
JineT HeMeuKHX jihhtbhctob b n ocjic^ H ee BpeMH nOÄBepraTb COMHeHHIO A3H<e U e^eC 0 0 6 p 3 3 H 0 C T b II H3yMHyiO 060CH0B3H- HOCTb HCn0JIb30B3HHH TpaflHUHOHHOTO TepMHH3 U m g a n g S S p - ra ch e / wih o6o3HaneHH5i T o ii reTeporeH H ofi C0B0KynH0CTii H3bIKOBbIX (J)OpM, KOTOp3H npii 3TOM HMeeTCH B BHJXy 19.
T a K H M 0 ß p a 3 0 M , m ojkh o yTBep>KflaTb, h to coM H e im io
n o flB e p rse T C H b h 3 c to h iii,h ii M O M e m 60jibu iHH CTB0 Teo p eT ii-
HeCKHX nOJIO>KeHHH, BblABUrSBIUIIXCH p3H ee B CBH3H C H3y- HeHHeM p33T0B0pHbIX (|)OpM H eM eu K oro H3bIKa. riOÄOÖHblH
CKenCHC, MO>KeT ÖbiTb, OTHaCTII H npeyBeJIHMCH, HO BMeCTe
c TeM oh h ch o CBHAeTejibCTByeT o nepejiOM HOM n e p iio a e b
H3yHeHHH co oT B eT C T B y io m ero M a T e p n a jm ii b nocTaH O BKe
cooTB eTC TB y iom H x np oöJ ieM .
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HOCHTejibHO c y m H O c ra c a M o ro o 6cy>i\ÄaeMoro jin iirB iiCTH H e-
C K o ro 4>eH0MeHa. B M e cT e c TeM h «norpy>KeHHOCTb» b ch-
TyaUHIO, Xap3KTepH3H ÄJIH HOCHTejiefi H3bIK3, T3K>Ke MO>KCT
cjiy>KHTb H3BecTHOii n o M ex o fi h npenH TCTBO BaTb ee 0606- m eHH O M y Teo p eTu necK O M y npeACTaBJieHH io.
Hy>KHO CK333Tb, HTO AJIH p33rOBOpHbIX (J)OpM 5I3bIK3
BOOÖme Hpe3BbIH3HHO X 3p aK T epH 3 HCCTaßllJlbHOCTb pe3JIH- 3aUHli, IHHpOKHli A H ana30H BapbHpOBaHHH p33JIHHHbIX H3bl-
KOBblX npH3H3KOB H CJI3ÖaH 3BT0H0MH0CTb <j)yHKU,HOHHpyiO-
m « x napa ;iJ ie ;ibH O CHCTeM, n p u B o a n m a H k h x r j iyß oK O M y
B3aHMOnpOHHKHOBeHHIO. C 3T0H TOHKH 3peHHH CHTy3UHH B C T p aH ax H eM eu K oro H3biKa He HBJineTCH HCKjuoHHTejibHoft, a HaxoßHT p33HOOöpa3Hbie aHa-nornii b c o c t o h h h i i pa3- TOBOpHblX (j)OpM ÄpyrHX HaUHOHa/IbHblX H3bIKOB.
18 L e r c h n e r G . O p . c it ., S . 7 8 ; B e r g m a n n G . O p . c it ., S . 96 ; G r o ß e R . O p . c it ., S . 4 04 , 405 . C p . TaioKe HHTepecHyio p a ß o iy <J>aHTa, cneunaJibHO nocBH m eH H yio aaHHoft n p oß jieM e : V e i t h W . H . Z u m P r o b le m d er u m g a n g s s p r a c h lic h e n U n s y s te m a tik . — « M u tt e r s p r a c h e » , 1968, H . 12.
19 L e r c h n e r G . O p . c it ., S . 79 ; B e r g m a n n G . O p . c it ., S . 84.
124
nf03T0M y AJIH H3yMeHHH TaKOrO CJlOJKHOrO JlHHrBHCTHMe- cK oro (j)eHOMena, k3 khm HBjineTCH pa3roBopH bni H3biK, u e jie - COOÖpa3HbI KOJIJieKTHBHbie yCHJIHH JIHHFBHCTOB. OcOÖeHHO lieOÖXOflHMbl B 3TOH OÖJiaCTH COnOCTaBHTejlbHbie HCCJieÄOBa- iihh , oxBaTbiBaioiu,He T H n ojiorm o (JjopM cymecTBOBaHHH pa3- Hbix H3HKOB, xoth noAoßH bie ncc.TeflOBaHHH, T p eßy iom n e B OflHHaKOBOH CTeneHH H HCHblX TeOpeTHHeCKHX nOCblJlOK, H A eT a jib n oro aHajiH3a M aT epnajia, BecbMa cjio>k h h . I lp e fl- CTaBJIHeTCH, OAHaKO, lITO JlIIHIb H a 3T0M nyTH B03M0>KH0 AOCTaTOHHO TOMHoe h oft'beKTHBiioe BbiflejieHHe yHHBepca^b- iibix T H nojiornqecK iix npH3HaK0B p a 3 ro B o p n o ro H3biKa h e ro cneu,H{J)HiiecKHx H aiuionajibH bix Liep r , 6e3 Mero Bpn/i jih m o - > k c t f> b iT b oßecno'iC H o y cn e u jiio e pa3BHTHe HccJieAOBaHHH b ;ia im o ii oßjiacTH .
H . H . O H J 1 H H E B A
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o 6m e e noHHTHe rpaM M 3THnecKO- r o n oA fl KaK o c o ö o h C T p yK T y p h oh
eÄHHHUbi rp a M M a T H ^ e c K o r o MOAe-
j i n p o B a H H H , B b i A e j i H M o f t ß A a r o A a p n
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CBH33HHOCTH B H enapaA H rM aT H ne-
c k h x eAHHHU c napaÄHrM aTHnecK H -M H C H C T e M 3 M H l.
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CHCTeMaM, KOTOpbie COCT3BJIHIOT
e r o HApo, b t o BpeMH KaK n ep n ( j )e -
pHHHyio 30H y 0 6 p a 3 y i0 T B u e n a p a -
AiirM aTHM ecKiie eAHHHUbi. « H j ic h h -
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nepH(f)epHÜHbie cy ß c T p y K T y p b i , — noAM epKHBaeT M. M. T yxM aH , —-
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OTpa>KaeT o n p e A e j i f l i o m y i o p o A b CTpyKTyp, 06p33yi01U H X UeHTpSJIb-
Hyio c<J)eDy ... T oA bK O n p n ycjioBHH
H3AHHHH CTpyKTyp 3TOH CCjjepbl
eAHHHUbi B T o p o r o nopH AK 3 M oryT
cT aT b KOMnoHeHTa m h , x o t h h n e -
pH(|)epHHHbIMH, A3HH0T0 nOJIH» 2.
FIpHBeAeHHoe n o jiom eH H e HMeeT o c H O B o n o j ia r a io iu e e 3HaneHHe TaK-
m e ä a h n p a B H A b H o ro noHHMaHHa
CyiUHOCTH CHHT3KCHHeCK0r0 nOAH.
1 C m .: T y x M a H M . M . rp a M M a ra q ecK aa KaTeropHH h CTpyKTypa napa.zi.HrM. — B k h .: Hcc^eaoßaHHa no oß m eft TeopHH rp a M maTHKH. M ., 1968 , c . 174; O h s
>k e. E ä h h h u h aHajiH3a cjioboh3M6h h - TeJIbHOH CHCTeMbi H nOHHTHe nOJIH. — B k h .: «toHeTHKa. <t>OHo.norHH. TpaM M a- THKa. K ceMHnecHTHjieTHio A . A . P e - <J)opMaTCKoro. M ., 1971 , c. 169.
ä F y x M a H M . M . rpaM M aTH ^ecKaa KaTeropHH h CTpyKTypa napa^HrM c . 173.
126
npeÄCTaBjiHH c o ö o ö rpynnMpoBKy CTpyKTypHbix MoAeJiefr, n a OCH O B 3H H H 6 j i h 3 0 c t h B b ip 3 > K a e M b ix HMH r p a M M a T H n e c K H X
3 n a n e H H H , C H H T a K C H n e cK o e n o j i e o ö J i a Ä a e T p h a o m k o h c t h -
x y H p y r o m H x n p H 3 H 3 K O B . r ip e ^ K A e b c e r o , a j i h e r o B b iA e j i e -
IIHH B 3> K H 0 H a jIH H H e O n p e A e J ie H H O H C O B O K ynH O C T H H 3bIK O -
l ib ix C p e A C T B (C H H T aK C H q eC K H X C flH H H U ,), p33JIH q3K >U ],H XC H
b n j i a H e B b ip a > K eH H H , h o h s c t h h h o h j i h n o jiH O C T b K ) c o ß n a -
Asiomnx b n j i a H e C 0 A e p > K a H H 5 i, t . e. H M e i o m n x oömne H H B a-
p u a H T H b ie C e M a H T H q e C K H e C B 0 H C T B 3 . O A H 3 K O OAHH n p H 3 H 3 K
C eM 3 H T H lie C K 0 H H H B apH aH T H O C T H C U ie H e C 0 3 Ä a e T C H H T3K CH -
q e c K o r o n o j i H . C ß j i H ^ K a io m H e c a b n j i 3 H e B b ip a m e H H H c h h -
T a K O H q e c K H e m o a c j i h J iH in b b t o m c j i y q a e o ß p 3 3 y i o T n o j i e ,
c c j i h M e ^ A y h h m h p e 3 j iH 3 y e T C H O T H O iu eH H e u e H T p — n e p n -
(J )epH H , n p o H B ^ H io m e e c H b A O M H H H p y r o m e fi p o j i H o a h o h
lI3C TH 06"beA H H H eM bIX eA H H H U ( H A p s ) n o OTH O U ieH H K ) K
A p y r o n . T a K H M 0 ß p a 3 0 M , B T O p b IM K O H C T H T y H p y iO m H M n p n -
3 H 3 K 0 M C H H TaK CH M eCK O rO nOJIH HBJIHeTCH e r O CneH ,H (})H H e-
c i< 3 h K O H (})H ry p 3 u ,H 5 i, q jie H H M O C T b h s u e H T p a j i b H y i o H n e p H -
( } )e p H H H y io c y ö c T p y K T y p b i .
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McCJieAOB3HHe B3aHMOAeHCTBHH M e * A y U,eHTpOM H n epn- $ e p H e ö CHHTaKCHnecKHX n o jie ii b o m hotom noM oraeT p a C K p U T b CJIOXHyiO AHH3MHI<y 5I3bIKOBOrO P33BHTHH, npH- BeAUiyK) K HCTOpH^eCKHM CABHF3M B CHCTeMe r.JI3rOJIbHbIX CJI0B0C0LieT3HHH HeMeUKOrO JIHTep3TypHOrO H3bIK3 113 n p o - T3>KeHHH X V III— XX BB.
PaccM aTpH BaeM oe b a 3 hhoh p a ö o T e n o jie opneHTauHHAeHCTBHH COCTOHT H3 ÖOJIbUIOrO K0JIHlieCTB3 KOHCTHTyeHTOB, KOTOpbie HBJI5UOTCH pe3yjIbT3T0M pe3JIH3aUHH p33HbIX CTpyKTypHbix moagjich: 1) 6ecnpeAJio>KHOH AaTHBHOH MOAe- jih (dem Redner zuhören); 2) pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix AaTHBHbix MOAejiefi c npeAJioraMn (sich an etwas freuen, sich nach etwas erkundigen, sich von etwss befreien); 3) ßecnpeA- jio>khoh reHHTHBHon MOAejm (sich der Äußerung enthalten, sich des M sntels entledigen).
flOMHHHpyiOT B H33B3HHOM nOJie, C0CT3BJIHH erO UeHT- pajibHbifl MaccHB, KOHCTHTyeHTbi 6ecnpeAJio>KHOH H npeA-
127
.aoJKHbix ÄaTMBHbtx MOÄejieö. BecbMa MajionHcjieHuyio n e p H (j)e p H H H y io 3 0 H y ( o ö ^ e M K O T o p o ft , o /m a K o , b X V III—
X IX bb. öbiji ß o j i e e SHannTejibHbiM) o 6p a 3yK)T KOHCTHTyeH- TH 6ecnpeaJIOÄHOH reHHTHBHOH MOßejIH. Ü3 ÄOMHHHpyiO- 1IXHX KOHCTHTyeHTOB HeCKOJIbKO ÖÖjIblUHM yAejIbHbIM ßeCOM XapaKTepH3yiOTCH KOHCTHTyeHTbl npeAJIOJKHblX ßaTHBHblX M O Ä e jie ß . C n 0C06H0CTb npeAJio>KH OH M O ßejiH k ö o j i e e h ct- KOMy h AH(})(JjepeHu;Hp0BaHH0My B bipa>K eH H io ciiHTaKcime- CKHX OTHOHieHHH BbI3bIBaeT K >KH3HH B3aHMO,UeHCTBIie, C
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H npeflJIO>KHbIMH AaTHBHbIMII CJIOBOCO'ieTaHIIflMII.
I l e p B o e ß o j i e e n p K O npoH B JineT CH b h c m c u k o m jn iT e p a -
T ypH O M H 3bIKe X V III — XIX B B ., r ^ e ÄOBOJIbHO HHTeHCHBHO
B 3aH M O A eflcT B yiO T / i p y r c / i p y r o M : 1 ) reH H TH BH bie 6 e c -
n p e /u io > K H b ie c J io B o c o H e T a H iia , H a 3 b iB a io m iie p a 3 J iH in ib ie
3M 0UH H H I10p0>K A ai0m H H HX 0 6 "beKT, II CHHOHHMHHHbie fi,a -
T H B H u e cJ i0 B 0 C 0 lieT aH iiH c n p e ,a ,jio ra M H n a c h , v o r u a u s ;
2 ) ö e c n p e A J io J K iib ie reH H TH BH bie c jio B O co n e T a H H H c o 3 i ia n e -
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C J iO B ocon eT aH H a c n p e A J io r o M a n ; 3 ) 6 e cn p e Ä J io > K H b ie r e i m -
TH BH bie c j io B o c o H e ia H H s i , H M e io m n e 3 H aH eH n e n a n p a B jie H -
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c jiO B O con eT aH H H c n p e /w o r o M z u ; 4 ) 6 e c n p e /y io > K H b ie reH H
T H B H b ie CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH CO 3 H a H e H I i e M JIHIIieHHH HJIH OCBO*
6o>KAeHH H o t iie r o - j iH Ö o h c o o T B e T C T B y r o m iie hm n o 3 H a iie -
h h io flaT H B H bie c jio ß o co H e T a H H H c n p e ^ J io r a M H v o n h a u s .
X l e ö c T B H e c h j i npH TH JK eH H H c o C T o p o H b i H Ä p a H a n e p n -
4 ) e p H H H b ie s j i e M e i i T b i n p i iB O A H T k T O M y , h t o y M H o m x r j i a -
t o j i o b , c n o c o ß H b i x B b iC T y n a T b b p o j n i r j i a B H b ix K O H C T H T y e n -
TOB nO Ä O Ö H b lX CJIOBOCOMeT3HHH H y n p a B J IH B U IH X n e p B O -
H a i a J I b H O p O Ä H T e j Ib H b IM na^OKOM, pa3BHBaeTCH ajibTepHaTHBHan KOH^HrypauHOHHan BajieHTHocTb
Vgen/Vprap+dat H Vakk, gen/Vakk, prap+dat- P a 3 B H T H e a J Ib T e p H a -
THBHOH B3J ieHTHOCTH CnOCOÖCTBOBajIO nOHBJieHHK) COOTBeTCT-
B y r o m H X C H H T a K C I iq e C K H X B a p H a H T O B , COOTH O U ieH H e M e > K A y
K O T o p b iM H 6y a , e T p a c K p b i T O HHJKe. r o p a 3 A O 6o j i e e p e ß K H
c j i y n a H p a 3 B H T H H a j i b T e p n a T H B H O H B a j i c h t h o c t h 6j i a r o £ a p H
B 3 a H M o a e ficT B H io 6 ecn p e /i,J io> K H b ix r e H i iT H B H b ix c ö e c n p e / j . -
JIOJKHblMH AaTHBHbIMH CJIOBOCOHeTaHHHMH (V gen /V dat).^ j i h c o ß p e M e H H o r o H eM eu K oro j iH T e p a T y p H o ro H3biKa
XapaKTepHO T3K>Ke BJIHHHHe A aTIIB H blX CJIOBOCOHeTaHHM c
128
n p e /y io r a M H Ha 6ecnpeAJio>KHHe AaTHBHbie cj iOBOcoqeTaHHa,
IipHBOÄHmee K P33BHTHK) aJTbTepH3THBHOH KOH^HrypauHOH-
h o h BajieHTHOCTii Vdat/Vprap+dat y r j i a m n o B p a 3Hbix ceM aH -
Tim ecK H x r p y n n .
A ^ bTepH aTH B H aH BajieHTHOCTb Vgen/Vprap+dat B HeMeHKOM
jiHTepaTypHOM H3HKe X V III— XIX bb. öbijia cBoftcTBeHHa rjiaroJiaM verlangen, sich fürchten, sich scheuen, sich freuen, sich erfreuen, sich ergötzen, ermüden, leben, sterben, mangeln, sich erkundigen, sich überzeugen, sich re inigen, sich entladen, sich entlasten, sich enthalten, sich entblößen, sich erholen, sich erdreisten, sich erkühnen, sich erfrechen, sich vermessen, sich unterfangen.
Bce o h h b yKa3aiiHbiH nepnofl BpeMeHH. Morjrn ynpaB- JIHTb pOÄHTeJIbHbIM n3 A O K O M 3 H, CJie,HOBaTej7bHO. Bb icTyna-
jih b reHHTHBHbix cjioBocoqeTaHHHx, HanpHMep: W ie ergötz' ich mich im Kühlen/D ieser schönen Som m ernacht! 4.
OflHaKO y>Ke b X V III— X IX b b . c(j)epa ynoTpeßjieHHH ÖOJIbHIHHCTBa nOÄOÖHblX reHHTHBHbix CJIOBOCOqeTaHHH 6bIJia orpaHH^eHa paMKaMH nosTH^iecKoro cthjih. B HefiTpajibHOM CTHjie penn nepequcjieHHbie Bbiine rjiarojibi. Bbierynajm, KaK npaBHjio, b aaTHBHbix cjiOBOconeTaHHHX c npemioroM h
HMejiH npeÄJiO/KHoe ynpaBjieHHe: verlangen (nach+Dat), sich fürchten (vor + Dat), sich scheuen (vor + Dat), sich freuen (an+ D at), sich erfreuen (an + Dat), ermüden (von + Dat), leben (von+ D at), sterben (an+ D at), mangeln (an + Dat), sich erkundigen (nach + D a t). sich überzeugen (von + Dat), sich reinigen (von-i-Dat). sich pnffn- den (von + Dat), sich entlasten (von + Dat), sich entblößen (von + Dat), sich enthalten (von + Dat), sich erholen (von+ D at), sich erdreisten (zu+ D at), sich erfrechen (zu+ D at), sich erkühnen (zu + Dat), sich vermessen (zu ++ D a t), sich unterfangen (zu+ D at), cpaBH hab' ichmich nicht an den ga n z wahren Ausdrücken der Natur... selbst ergötzt? 5.
C y m e c T B O B a B m a n b X V III— XIX b b . 3HaMHTejibHaa
cHHTaKCHHecKan B apH aH T H oetb k XX b. ß b u ia n p e o ^ o j i e H a
3 P a u I H . D e u ts ch e G r a m m a tik , B d I I I . V E B M a x N ie m e y e r V e r la g . H a lle (S a a le ) , 1954, S . 353 f f ., 418 ff.
4 G o e t h e J. W . L ie d e r . G o e t h e ’s W e rk e . A u s w a h l in s e ch z e h n B ä n d en . D r u ck u n d V e r la g v o n P h ilip p R e c la m ju n ., o . J . E rste r B a n d , S . 21.
5 G o e t h e J. W . L e id e n d es ju n g e n W e r th e r ’s . G o e t h e ’s W e rk e , S ie b e n te r B a n d , S . 1.
129
3a c^eT BWTecHeHHH reHHTHBHbix c/fOBOcoqeTaHHÖ npe;yio>K- HHMH ÄaTHBHbIMH.
CjiyqaH 3aKpenjieHHH b coßpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe reHHTHBHoro ynpaßjieHHH npH HajnmHH b jiHTepaTyp- hom H3biKe X V II I— X IX bb. npejyiO KH oro ayÖJieTa eflH- HHMHbi. Tan, reHHTHBHbiM ynpaBJienHeM xapaKTepH3yeTCH b C0BpeMeHH0M JiHTepaTypHOM H3bn<e rjiaro ji sich enthalten, HMeiomHH BbicoKyro (npHno/iiiHTyio) cTHjieByio OKpacKy, HanpHMep: sich des A lkohols enthalten; das Lehrbuch enthält sich jeder Methodik. B JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe X V I I I — X IX bb. aauHbift rjiaroji BCTpenajiCH TaK>Ke b npeÄJi0>KH0M cjioßocoMeTaHHH, cp. y JL B. TeTe: sich von dem Zuge zu enthalten.
y HeKOTOpbix rjiarojioß (sich entladen, sich erkühnen) reHHTHBHbiß BapnaHT ynpaBJieHHa b «CjiOBape coBpeMeH- Horo HeMeuKoro H3biKa» CHa6*eH noMeToß «ycTapeßmee».
B OT^ejibubix cjiynanx BapnaTHBHoe ynpaBjieHHe cox p a - HHeTCH, HO B COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe pa3HaH (j>opMa aonojiHeHHH Hcnojib3yeTCH äjih pa3rpaHHMeHHH pa3- Hbix JieKCHKO-CeMaHTHHeCKHX BapiiaHTOB OflHOrO H Toro >Ke rjiaro jia .
B HeMenKOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe X V II I— X IX bb. rjiaroji sich erfreuen ynpaBjinji poflHTejibHbiM na,ne>KOM HMeHH KaK b jieKCHKo-ceMaHTHnecKOM BapnaHTe padoecLTbcn ( HeM.y-AU.6o) ; HacAaofcdaTbcn, Ato6oeaTbCH (hcm -au6o) ,TaK h b JieKCHKO-ceMaHTHHecKOM BapnaHTe noAb3oeaTbcn ( hcm- a u 6 o ) , oÖAadarb, UMerb, cp., HanpHMep: ...rief jener nach Wein, um sich eines so glücklich abgem achten Geschäfts zu erfreuen ; ... nicht E iner war unter seinen Nachbarn, der sich nicht seiner W ohltätigkeit oder seiner Gerechtigkeit erfreut hätte-, ... weinte er vor Lust, daß er sich des lieblichen Lebens ... noch erfreue 6.
HopMoß coBpeMeHHoro HeMeuKoro JiHTepaTypHoro H3biKa reHHTHBHoe ynpaBjieHHe 3aKpenjieno 3a b to ph m jieKCHKo- ceMaHTHwecKHM BapnaHTOM.
IlepBbiß jieKOHKO-ceMaHTHMecKHß BapnaHT Ha3BaHHoro rjiarojia xapaKTepH3yeTCH b COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe coqeTaeMoeTbro c npe/yiomibiM üonojiHeHHeM, HanpHMep: ... sie ... erfreuten sich offensichtlich an meinem guten A p p etit7.
“ K l e i s t H . v o n . S ä m t lic h e W e rk e , B d 2. L e ip z ig , 1883, S . 137, 152, 255.
7 J o b s t H . D e r V a g a b u n d . V e r la g T r ib ü n e . B e r lin , 1963, S . 80 .
130
A jib T e p H a T H B H a a B a jie H ra o C T b V gen/Van+dat npacyma B coßpeMeHHOM jiHTepaTypHOM H3bme rjiarojiy sich freuen, cp.: Auch Liebbesschwüren widersprachen sie nie, freuten sich daran und wußten es besser; E r ... begann zu fegen ... anstatt, w ie vorgesehen, zu lesen, zu arbeiten und sich der leeren Wohnung zu freuen8.
3aKpenjieHHio BapnaTHBHoro ynpaßjieHHH y AaHHoro n/iarojia b HeMajioü cxeneHH cnoco6cTBOBajia ceMaHTHHe- cKan AH(})(})epeHUHaii,HH, cB«3b Ka>Kßoro B a p n a n T a ynpaBjie- hhh c onpeAe^euHbiM ottchkom b jieKCHnecKOM 3HaneHHH. Ecjih BXOAHiUHe b nojie npnMoro oS^eRTa cjioBoconeTaHHH c npeÄJioraMH über h auf Ha3biBaiOT c00TBeTCTBeHH0 oßteKT, KOTOpblH HBJIHeTCH nOBO^OM (npeflUieCTBOBaBIUHM MOMeHTy penn hjih b MOMeHT penn) äJih paÄOcra (Er freut sich über das Geschenk), hjih oö-beKT ( b ßy^ymeM), Ha kotopom CKOHueHTpHpOBaHO pa/tocraoe o>KHü,aHHe (E r freut sich auf die Ferien), to cjiOBOconeTaHHH c npeflJioroM an H33biBaioT OÖ^eKT, B HenOCpeÄCTBeHHOM KOHTaKTe C KOTOpbIM (b MOMeHT penn) npoHBjiaeTCH nyBCTBO paaocTH (Sie freut sich an dem K ind).
npeÄJIOJKHbie CJlOBOCOHeTaHHH n 0 3 B 0 J IH K )T ÖOJiee HeTKO H ÄH^^epeHUHpOBaHHO Bbip33HTb p33J!HHHbie OTTeHKH JieKCHMecKoro 3H 3 H eH H H rjiarojia sich freuen, neM reH H T H B -
H3H MOAejib, cHHTaKCHMecKoe co/iep>KaHHe KOTopoft b CHjiy ee p33BHTOH MHOr03H3HHOCTH ßbl.lO BeCbMa ÄH(J)(})y3HbIM.
Bce ö o j i e e r n n p o K O M y p a c n p o c T p a H e H H i o n p e / y i o J K H b ix
M O A e j i e ö b c o ß p e M e H H O M J iH T e p a T y p H O M H 3 b iK e c n o c o ö c T -
B y e T H e TOJibKO c e M 3 H T H H e c K 3 H /tH fJ jc j jepeHU HauHH, h o h
CTp y K T y p H b i e ( f i a K T o p b i .
IlpeÄJiojKHaH MOAejib OK33biBaeTCH, HecoMHeHHO, öojiee npeanoMTHTejibHOH b t o m cjiynae, ecjiH (JjopMa HMeHH hjih MeCTOHMeHHH He (J)JieKTHpOB3Ha HJIH He MO>KeT ÖbiTb OflHO- 3H3MHO 0xapaKTepii30BaHa KaK <})opMa po/uiTejibnoro naÄe- >K3. CymecTBeHHyio pojib nrpseT T3K>Ke nopnAOK pacnojio- JKeHHH SJieMeHTOB BbICKa3bIB3HHH. B 3T0M OTHOHieHHH CHH- TaKCHHecKan (J)opMa hmchh c npe^noroM HBjiHeTca rop33ÄO 6ojiee «MOÖHJibHOH», OHa jierne nojmseTCH pa3JiHHHbiM nepeMemeHHHM, b nacTHOc™ BbiHeceHHio 3a paMKy, h t o cno- coßcTByeT ee npeHMymecTBeHHOMy ynoTpeßjieHino TaM, rae noAoÖHbie nepeMememiH HeoöxoAHMbi. ü p e/y io r noMoraeT
8 B r u y n G . d e . B u r id a n s E s e l. M it te ld e u ts c h e r V e r la g . H a lle ( S a a le ) , 1968, S . 6 3 , 178.
131
H36e>KaTb coBnaaeHHfl oKOH^aHHii AonojmeHHH b po ah - TejibHOM na^e/Ke h oTHocnmerocH k HeMy reHHTHBHoro onpeaejieHHa, mto MOsceT npußecTH k HeHCHOCTH 9.
CHHTaKCHHecKaH AyöjieTHOCTb r j i a r o j i a s i c h f r e u e n nac- thhho n p e o A O J ie ß a e T c a b COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM
H3biKe 3a cq e T 0n peÄ e jieH H 0H CTiuiHCTiinecKOH per j ia M eH T a -
UHH. reHHTHBHan MOAeJib c r j i a r o j i o M s i c h f r e u e n B o cr ip n -
HHMaeTCH Kan H eHTpajibH aa enuiH C Tin iecK aH H opM a n p n
onpeAeJieH H bix ycjiOBHHX e e KOHKpeTHoro j ieK C H qecK oro Ha- nojiHeHHH, a HMeHHO npn 3aMemeHHH no3nu,HH poA H T ejib - H o r o na^e^Ka npeHM ym ecTBeHHO cym ecTBHTejibHbiM H c o t -
BjieneHHbiM 3HaneHHeM ( o 6 o 3 H a iiaio iu iiM H coctohhhh, n p o -
u e c c b i , K anecT Ba, othohichiih) , H an p iiM ep :
Sie hatten Sinn fürs Theater. Sie freuten sich der gescheiten Im pertinenz F igaro-Previlles, der nobeln, leicht angekränkelten E leganz A lm aviva-M oles 10.
E cjih no3HUHH AonojmeHHH 3aMemeHa cymecTBHTejib- HbiM, Ha3biBaiomHM KOHKpeTHbiii npeAMeT HJIH JIHU.O, HeÜT- paJIbHOH CTHJIHCTHHeCKOH IIOpMOH HBJIHeTCH npeAJIO>KHaH KOHCTpyKUHH, HanpHMep:
Ich freute mich an den schönen Schatten , die die Sonne mit H ilfe der noch unbelaubten Linden auf die D orfstraße w arf u .
n0Ka3aTejibH0, h to b xyAO>KecTBeHHbix npoH3BeAeHHHx, HanncaHHbix CTHJiH30BaHH0n apxaH3HpoBaHHoii np030ii, b HaeTHoeTH B HCTopHiiecKHX poM anax JI. OeflxTBaHrepa, reHHTHBHbiö BapnaHT ynpaßjieHHH y sich freuen n p eo 6jia- AaeT HaA npeAJio>KHbiM. B npoH3BeAeHHHx, H3biK k o to p h x OTpa>KaeT HeHTpajibHyio H3biK0Byi0 HopMy, nepeBec Haxo- A htch Ha CTopoHe npeAJiojKHbix cjioBocoiieTaHHii. noAOÖiibie (J)aKTbI CBHAeTejIbCTByiOT O TOM, HTO CTHJieBaH AH(})4)epeH- UHaUHH Me>KAy reHHTHBHblM H npeAJio>KHbiMH BapnaHTaMH ynpaßjieHHH y sich freuen Bce 6ojiee nporpeccupyeT .
KOMnjieKCHyiO aJIbTepHaTHBHyiO BajieHTHOCTb Vakk, gen/ /Vakk, prap+dat B HeMeUKOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe X V I 11 —
9 S t a r k e G . K o n k u rr ie r e n d e s y n ta k t is ch e K o n s tr u k t io n e n in d er d e u ts c h e n S p r a c h e d e r G e g e n w a r t (Z w e it e r T e i l ) . — « Z e it s c h r i f t fü r P h o n e t ik , S p r a c h w is s e n s c h a ft u n d K o m m u n ik a t io n s fo r s c h u n g » , 1969, B d 22 , H . 2, S . 187— 189, 191.
10 F e u c h t w a n g e r L . D ie F ü c h s e im W e in b e r g . A u fb a u — V e r la g . B e r l in , 1958, S . 764.
11 S t r i t t m a t t e r E . E in D ie n s t a g im S e p te m b e r . A u fb a u — V e r la g . B e r lin u n d W e im a r , 1969, S . 246.
132
X IX bb . HMejiH r jia r o jit i v e r s tä n d ig e n , w a r n e n , u n te rr ich ten , b e le h re n , b e re d e n , ü b e rre d e n , ü b e r z e u g e n , ü b e r fü h re n , lö s e n , e r lö se n , b e fre ie n , v e rw e ise n , e n tb in d e n , e n tb lö ß e n ,
e n tla d e n , e n tla s te n , e n t la ss e n , en th a lten .B yKa3aHHbifl nepncxu s t h r j ia r o j ib i MorjiH BbicTynaTb b
p o j m r j ia B H o r o KOHCTHTyeHTa b reHHTHBHbix c j i o ß o c o H e T a - h h h x , H a n p u M e p : E l i a n t a ... ü b e r z e u g t s ie d e s s e lb e n v o l
l e n d s ( G . E . L e s s i n g ) .OflHaKO HapHAy c reHHTHBHblMH CJIOBOCOHeTaHHHMH B He-
MeUKOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe X V III— X IX BB. ßblJIH n p e f l -
CTaBJieHbl CHHOHHMHHHbie npeflJIO>KHbie flaTHBHbie CJIOBOCO-
HeTaHHH, B K jn oH aiom H e Ha3BaHHbie r j ia r o j ib i , KOTOpbie, Ta- KHM 0 ß p a 3 0 M , HapHAy c reHIITHBHbIM XapaKTepH30BajIHCb
ii npeflJio>KHbiM yn p aB jie i iH eM , n a n p i iM e p : j e m a n d ( e n )
v e r s t ä n d i g e n ( v o n + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) w a r n e n ( v o r + D a t ) ,
j e m a n d ( e n ) u n t e r r i c h t e n ( v o n + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) b e r e
d e n ( z u + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) ü b e r r e d e n ( z u / v o n + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) ü b e r z e u g e n ( v o n + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) ü b e r
f ü h r e n ( v o n + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) l ö s e n ( v o n / a u s + D a t ) ,
j e m a n d ( e n ) e r l ö s e n ( v o n / a u s + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) b e f r e i e n
( v o n / a u s + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) v e r w e i s e n ( v o n / a u s + D a t ) ,
j e m a n d ( e n ) e n t b i n d e n ( v o n + D a t ) , e t w a s e n t b l ö ß e n
( v o n + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) e n t l a s t e n ( v o n + D a t ) , j e m a n d ( e n ) ( a u s + D a t ) , c p a B H . : S i e s a h d ie U n m ö g l i c h k e i t e in ,
ih r e F a m i l ie v o n ih r e r U n s c h u ld z u ü b e r z e u g e n i2.
K X X B. CHlITaKCHlieCKaH AyßjICTHOCTb y ßoJlblLIlIHCTBa
Ha3BaHHbix r j i a r o j i o ß ö b i j ia b o c h o b h o m n p e o / i o j i e H a 3a CMCT
BblTeCHeHHH reHHTHBHblX CJIOBOCOMeTaHHÜ npeflJIO>KIIbIMH
AaTHBHbIMH.
C j iy n a H 3aKpenjieHHH b coßpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe reHHTHBHoro B apn aH T a a 0B0JibH0 peflKH. TaK , n p n
r j i a r o j i e e n t b l ö ß e n b JieKCHKO-ceManTiuiecKOM BapnaH T e a u -
m a T b (K 020-AU Ö 0, HTO-AUÖO, HedO-AllÖO) B COBpeMeHHOM
JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe 3aKpenjineTCH (J)opMa p o Ä H T e j ib i io ro
n a^e>Ka HMeHii, H anpH M ep : E i n B e i s p i e l , w i e b i n n e n k u r z e r Z e i t g a n z e L a n d s t r i c h e d e r T ie r w e lt e n t b lö ß t w e r d e n , s i n d
d i e B r e i t e n d e r A r k t i s ( U r a n i a , 1 9 6 1 ) .
O T ro j io cK O M CBoiiCTBeHHofi eM y p a H e e BapnaTHBHOCTH
ynpaßjieH H H HBJiaeTCH n a j in n n e a jibT ep iiaT H B u oii B a j i e n r a o c -
th y aa -beKTH BiipoBaHH oro npH^acTHH o t f l a m i o r o r j i a r o j i a
( e n t b l ö ß t ) b COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe, c p . : S i e
12 K 1 e i s t H . v o n . O p . c it ., S . 237.
133
War aller Mittel entblößt — Sie war von allen Mitteln entblößt.
B COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe pe3KO COKpaTH- jiacb ynoTpeßHTejibHoeTb rjiarojia überführen b npe;yio>K- HOH KOHCTpyKUHH, KOTOpblH ÖblJI BblTeCHeH CBOHM CHHOHII-mom ü bebrzeu gen , cp . y O . U ln ju iepa: ... sob a ld er sie von der Redlichkeit seiner Absichten überführt haben würde.
B jieKcnKO-ceMaHTHiecKOM BapnaHTe t/AunaTb, u3o6au- HüTb (Koro-jiHÖo b mcm-jihöo) flaiiHbifi rjiaro ji X a p a K T e p H -
3yeTCH reHHTHBHbiM ynpaßjieHHeM, nanpiiM ep: jem and (en ) des D iebstah ls (e in es V erb rech en s) überführen .
BapnaTHBHoe ynpaBjieHHe V akk, gen/Vakk, prap+dat b coBpe- MeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe qaCTHHHO COXpaHHJIH TJiarOJIbl en tb in den , belehren , ü berzeugen , verw eisen . reHHTHBHbiH BapnaHT ynpaßjieHHH y aaHHbix rjiaro jioß h b j i h c t c h KaK öbi CBoeo6pa3HbiM «pejiHKTOM», xapai<TepH3yH rjiaBHbiM o6p a - 30M ycToiimiBbie cjiOBOcoqeTaHHH, oö jiaaa iom iie HepeßKO HeCKOJIbKO npHnOÄHHTOH CTHJieBOH OKpaCKOH, HanpHMep: jem a n d (en ) seiner P flich t (se ines E ides, seines V ersp re chens, se iner V e r p f l ic h t u n g e n ) en tb in den ; jem an d (en ) eines B esseren belehren ; T atsachen belehrten ihn eines a n deren ; jem a n d (en ) e in es B esseren ü berzeu gen ; je m a n d e n ) des L andes verw eisen .
B CBoßoflHbix cjioBocoqeTam m x, H M eiom nx HeÖTpajib- Hyio CTHJieByio OKpacKy, y s th x r jiaro jioß b COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe npeacTaBjieH npe/i,jio>KHbiH BapnaHT ynpaßjieHHH, HanpHMep:
Ich entbinde sie hierm it von den heutigen Hausaufgaben 13.
OTHOCHTejIbHO rjiaro jia entbinden HeoßxoanMO TaK>Ke flOÖaßHTb, HTO BapiiaTHBHOCTb ynpaßjieHHH V ffen/Vprap+dat npucym a eMy b JieKOHKO-ceMaHTiwecKOM BapnaHTe ocoo- ö o o tcd a T b ( K o e o -A u 6 o o t n e z o -A U Ö o ) , HMeiomeM b c o ß p e M e n -
HOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3bIKe BblCOKVIO CTHJieByiO OKpaCKy. Xtpyroü jieKCHKO-ceMaiiTHHecKHH BapnaHT aaHHoro rjiarojia xapaKTepH3yeTCH npe;yio>KHbiM ynpaßjieHHeM, H a n p i i M e p :
eine Frau von einem K ind entbinden.y rjiaro jioß befreien 11 verw eisen BapnaTHBHOCTb rjia-
rojibH oro ynpaßjieHHH b c0BpeMeHH0-M JiHTepaTypHOM H3bii<e HaßjnoflaeTCH He TOJibKO na ypoBHe pa3Hbix (JjynKUHOHajib- HblX CTHJiefl (ßblCOK. Vgen/HeÜTp. Vprap+dat), HO H B paMKax
13 K a n t H . D ie A u la . R ü tte n u n d L o e n in g . B e r lin , 1967, S . 151.
134
e/uiHoro cthjih, i\n,e npn oahom h tom >Ke JieKCHKO-ceMaH- THnecKOM BapnaHTe bo3mo>kho ynoTpeßjieHHe jihöo npea- Jiora aus, JIHÖO npeAJIOra von (Vakk, aus+dat/ Vakk, von+dat), cp.: Nun Jahwe kann mich meines Amtes befreien 14; So ... ist er als M ann bereit, sich jeder Frau kuppeln zu lassen, die ihn aus der Sklaverei der Fam ilie befreit; ... sie ist die ideale Frau für ihn, adelig, jung, klug, repräsentativ, die Frau, die ihn von seinen Schulden befreien kann 15.
AjIbTepHaTHBHaH BajieHTHOCTb Vaus+dat/V von+dat Xa-paKTepn3yeT TaiüKe 6jih3khh no SHaneHHio k rjiarojiy befreien rjiaroji erlösen h rjiaroji verweisen. Bbi6op 0ÄH0r0 H3 Ha3BaHHbix npeÄJioroB npn AanHbix rjiarojiax 3aBHCHT otCeMaHTHHeCKHX cj>aKTopoB.
CjiOBOcoMeTaHHH c npe/yioroM aus yKa3biBaioT, KaK npa-BHJIO, Ha OCBOÖO>KAeHHe H3 K3KOH-JIHÖO npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH HJIH npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-MbICJIHMOH C(})epbl, a TaK^e Ha Bbl- BeAeHHe «3 KaKoro-jinöo coctohhhh, HanpnMep: jemand (en) aus dem Gefängnis (aus der Gefangenschaft, aus einer unangenehmen Lage) befreien; jemand (en) aus der Haft (aus einer peinlichen Situation) erlösen; jemand (en) aus der Stadt (aus dem Lande) verweisen.
Das ist das erste gescheite W ort in deinem Leben, du hast mich aus einem großen Jammer b e fre itI6.
CjiOBOcoMeTaHHH c npeAJioroM von HMeiOT 3HaiieHne ocßo6o«<ÄeHHH ot Kai<oro-jiH6o jntua hjih npe^MeTa, jnmie- hhh liero-jm6o, H36aBjieiiHH ot KaKoro-jiHÖo coctohhhh 17, H a n p n M e p : jemand (en) von Angst (von seinen Leiden, von Sorgen) befreien; jemand (en) von den Feinden (von den Schulden) befreien; ein Land vom Kapita lism us befreien; jemand (en) von Angst (Sorge, Kummer, seinen Qualen) erlösen; jemand (en) von der Schule verweisen.
Vom Eise befreit sind Strom und ßäc/ie/Durch des F rüh lings holden, belebenden B lick 18.
“ F e u c h t w a n g e r L . J e fta u n d s e in e T o c h te r . A u fb a u — V e r la g . B e r lin , 1957, S . 196.
15 Z w e i g S t. B a lz a c . A u s d e m N a c h la ß h e r a u s g e g e b e n v o n R . F r ie d e n th a l. Im In s e l— V e r la g . L e ip z ig , 1958, S . 73, 419.
18 H a u f f W . D ie S ä n g e r in . — In : D ie K ö n ig in v o n P e rs ie n u n d a n d e re B e r lin e r G e s ch ic h te n . V e r la g D a s N e u e B e r lin . B e r lin , 1958,
S . 66.17 S t a r k e G . O p . c it ., S . 193; B r i n k m a n n H . D ie d e u tsch e
S p r a c h e . G e s ta lt u n d L e is tu n g . D ü s s e ld o r f , 1962, S . 116.18 G o e t h e J . W . F a u s t . E r s te r T e il. G o e t h e ’s W e rk e . F ü n fte r B a n d ,
S . 2 1 .
135
P 33BHTHe ajIbTepHaTHBHOil BajieHTHOCTH Vdat/Vprap+dat HBCTBeHHo npocjie>KHBaeTCH y rjiarojioB co 3HaHeHneM cpaß- HeHHH, conocTaBjieHHH (verg le ich en , g le ich setzen , k on fron tieren ) h rjiarojioB co 3HaiieHneM cbh3h , oö-beam iem ifi (verb in d en , verloben , verm ählen , k u p p e ln ), BbicTynaiomHX B KOMIlJieKCHblX CJlOBOCOHeTaHHHX, H y COOTBeTCTByiOmHX pe4)JieKCHBHbix rjiarojioB .
B HeMeuKOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe X V I I I — X I X b b . ohh ynoTpeöJiHJiHCb npeHMymecTßeHiio b ÄaTHBHbix ßecnpe/i- Jio>KHbix cjiOßocoqeTaHHHX, nanpHMep: O , hätte sie ihn in dem A u g en b lick zum B ruder um w an deln können, w ie g lü ck lich w äre sie gew esen ! — hätte sie ihn einer ihrer Freundinnen verheiraten dürfen 19.
H ap a /iy c öecnpe/wiOÄHbiM B a p n a H T O M y H a 3 B a m i b i x
r jia ro j ioB b yKa3aHHbiß n e p n o a BpeMeHH 6 h j i npeÄCTaBjien TaK>Ke aaTHBHbifi B3pH3HT ynpaßjieHHH c n pe /y ioroM mit, cp.:
U n d d a s g o ld n e V l i e ß ! ... Es ist seh r k os tb a r . — Ich kann’s deiner Liebe vergleichen 20, G e w iß , w e i l w ir d o c h e in m a l so g e m a c h t s in d , d a ß w ir a l le s m it uns, u nd uns mit allem vergleichen, s o l ie g t G lü c k o d e r E le n d in den G e g e n s t ä n d e n , w o m i t w ir u ns Z u s a m m e n h a l t e n 21.
B COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe 6ecnpe/yio>KHbifi BapnaHT ynpaßjieHHH y s th x rjiarojioB jih öo nojiHOCTbio BbiTeciineTCH, jih öo pacueHHßaeTcn CTiunicTaMH KaK ycTa- peBUIHH 22.
3H am iT e j ibH aH BapHaiiTHOCTb H3biKOßoro B b ip a w e m iH b
H c c j ie A y e M o n ccj jepe, CTOJib x a p a K T e p H a n j y i a H eM eu K oro j iH T e p a T y p H o r o H3biKa X V I I I b., HBHJiacb KaK 6u 3a B e p -
u ia iom H M 3Tan oM T o r o Ba>KHoro n c T o p i m e c K o r o c^ B i ira b
CHCTeMe cHHTaKcimecKHX (J)opM, c j iy > K a m n x ä j ih Bbipa>Ke- HHH OÖ^eKTHblX OTHOHieHHH, KOTOpblH np0H30UieJI B Ha-
n a j ie HOBOßepxHeneM eu,Koro n e p i i o a a h KOCHyjiCH npe>K/je
B c e r o CHHTaKCHHecKOH (J)opMbi p o , iH T e j ib H o r o naae>Ka h e e
(fiyHKHHH. H m c h h o b s t o BpeM h y i p a T i i j i a c b o i o p e j ieß a i iT - HOCTb 0nn03HUHH «IiapTHTHBHOCTb/oTCyTCTBHe napTHTHB-
h o c t i i » , a CHHTaKcimecKHe cj)opMbi p o A H T e j ib H o r o na^e>Ka, HMeBiHHe p a H ee napTiiTHBHoe 3H aieH H e, OKa3ajiHCb 3a n p e -
19 G o e t h e J. W . L e id e n d e s ju n g e n W e r th e r ’ s , S . 73.20 G o e t h e J. W . E g m o n t . G o e t h e ’s W e rk e . V ie r te r B a n d , S . 107.21 G o e t h e J. W . L e id e n d e s ju n g e n W e r th e r ’ s , S . 39.22 S c h n e i d e r W . S ti l is t is c h e d e u ts c h e G r a m m a tik . F r e ib u r g i. B r .,
1959, S . 300 ff.
m
AejraMH oö^eKTHOH n ap aA H rM bi h, H c n b u a B Ha c e 6e a e ö -
C TBHe CHJI npH TH JK eH H H CO CTOpOHbl H 30 (J )yH K U H 0H aJ IbH bIX
C H H T a K C H H ec K H X ( } ) o p M , p a c n p e , n e j i iiJiHCb M O K A y n e p H ^ e p H H -
Hb iM H 3 0 H 3 M H c H H T a K c n H e c K H x n o j i e i i n p H M o r o o ö ^ e K T a ,
o p u e H T a u H H a e n c T B H H h y q a c T H H b ä c h c t b h h . He o T J in n a a c b
A p y r o t a p y r a no ( J )o p M e , r j i a r o j i b H b i e c j iO B O c o q e T a H H H c reH H T H B H O H C T p y K T y p H O H C XeM OH B b ip aJK aJ IH p a 3 H b i e r p a M -
M a T H H e c K H e 3 H a q e H H H , i i t o c T H M y j i H p o ß a j i o 3 a M e H y h x
BI i y T p H K a JK A O rO nOJIH A y Ö J IC T a M H , 3 K B H B a J ieH T H b IM H no CHH-
T a K C H ^ e c K O M y 3 H a ii e H in o , h o m c t k o n p o T i i B o n o c T a B j i a e M b i M H
no c T p y K T y p i i b i M n p H 3 n a K a M K O H C T iu y e H T a M a p y r u x n o j i e H .
f l p K O B b ip a > K e H H a H A y ß j i e T H O c r b r j i a r o j i b H b i x c j iOBOCOHe-
T 3 H H H B H eM C U K O M J iH T e p a T y p H O M ' >I3bIKC X V III B. n O p O >K A a-
j i a c H J ib i i o e C T p e M j i e H H e k e e n p e o A O J i e H iu o , K O T o p o e o n p e -
a e j iH J i o c o ö o i ' i H a n p a B J i e n H e n oc ./ ie A y io iu ,e H H3biKOBOii s b o -
JIIOUHH B A a H H O H OÖJiaCTH.
npeoAOJieiuie AyßjieTHOCTii ocymecTBjisuiocb ßjiaroAapa OAHOBpeMeHHOMy AeHCTBino Tpex tchashuhh: 1) TeHAeHUHH K nOJIHOMy BblTeCHeHHIO OAHOrO H3 AyßjieTOB, BbinafleHHIO ero H3 a3biKa; 2) TeHAeHumi k CTHjieBOH ÄHtjx^epeHUHaniiH AyöJieTOB; 3) TeHAeHiuiH k ceMaHTmiecKOH AH<|)<t)epeHUHauHH a yßjieTO B .
O c H O B H O e C T p y K T y p H o e H 3 M e i i e H H e , H a ß j n o A a i o m e e c f l b
n o j i e o p u e H T a m i H A e i k T B i i H b c b h 3 h c o c y m e c T B J i e i i H e M
n e p B O H H3 H 3 3 B a H H b IX T e H A e H U H H , MOJKHO 0 x a p a K T e p H 3 0 B a T b
K a K n p o u e c c A e r e m i T H B a u H i i , Bbi3BaBinHii b C O B peM eH H O M
H eM eu ,K O M J iH T e p a T y p H O M H 3 b iK e y B e j n i q e H i i e K O J iH ie c T B a
npe/IJIO>KHbIX üaTHBHblX CJIOBOCOlieTaHHH.n P H ocym ecT B jieH H H CTHjieBOH flH(J)(J)epeHUHai;HH x a p a K -
TepHO H a x o f l a m e e c a b c o o t b c t c t b i h c n p o u e c c o M AereiiHTH-
BauHH CTpeMjieHHe o r p a H im iiT b y n o T p e ß j ie H i ie reHHTHBHbix
CJIOBOCO'ieTaHHH, BblBeCTH HX 3a paMKH HCHTpajIbHOrO CTH- j i h , 3 aK pen iiB h x b COBpeMeHHOM JiHTepaTypHOM H3biKe 3a
n epH^epHHHbiM ii c(})epaM H npHnoAHHToii, n o s T H ie c K o i i h jih
i ia M ep eH iio a p x a H 3 n p o B a i iH o i i p en n .
C e M a H T i i M e c K a a A H ( } ) (| )ep eH U H au H 5 i c ju iK c u p y e T A y ß J ie T b i
3 a p a 3 H b iM i i j i e K C H K O - c e M a i i T H ' i e c K H M i i B a p n a i i T a M H r j i a -
r o j i b H o f t J i e K c e M b i h j i i i n c n o j i b 3 y e T h x a j i h p a 3 r p a n H iieHHH
C eM aH T H M eC K H X O TTeH K O B B H y T p i I OAHOrO II T o r o >Ke JieKCH-
K O - c e M a H T H M e c K o r o B a p n a H T a .
n p o B e z i e H H e J i i iH r B u c T in i e c K o f i ( c T i u i e B o i i h c e M a i i T H n e -
c k o h ) A H ^ e p e H u i i a n i m A a B a j i o B 0 3 M 0 > K i i0 C T b c o x p a H H T b
p a 3 i i o c T p y K T y p H b i e r j i a r o j i b H b i e c j i 0B0C0H eT aH H H c o a h h m h
137
TeM >Ke TJiaBHblM KOHCTHTyeHTOM, CnOCOÖCTByH TeM CaMbIM OÖOrameHHIO BbIpa3HTeJIbHbIX B03M0>KH0CTeH COBpeMeH- H o r o H eM eu K oro H3biKa.
AHajiH3 Hcc;ie,zioBaHHoro MaTepnajia noKa3aji, h t o ueHT- pajibHan cyßcTpyKTypa (flÄpo) paccMOTpeHHoro c h h t 3 k c h -
n e c K o r o i i o j i h b AHaxpoHHHecKOM njiaHe o 6H a p y > K H B a e T 3H a -
HHTejIbHyiO yCTOHHHBOCTb, a T3KJKe CnOCOÖHOCTb K KOJIH- HecTBeHHOMy pocTy h nocTOHHHOMy paciiiHpeHHK) CBOHX KOH- TypoB 3a cneT nepnc})epHH. 3jieMeHTbi nepH(j)epHHHofi c y ö - CTpyKTypbi, HanpoTHB, o t j i h h s i o t c h M ajioö CTaßHjibiiocTbio, HTO npHBejIO K H X nO JIH O M y BblTeCHeHHIO H3 CHCTeMbi H3bIKa 3JieMeHT3MH UeHTpajIbHOH CyÖCTpyKTypbl HJIH K MOÄHtJjHKa- U h h m , orpsHHHHBiiiHM h x npoABH>KeHHe k ueHTpy.
O . A . C M H P H H U K A fl
H m o 03H m a A a
d p e ß H e a e p M a H C K a H
K O H c m p y K i^ u n
«se in+V p»?
I . M 3BeCTH0, HTO TOJibKO B n a p ä - ÄHrM e aHTJIHHCKOrO H 3bIKa c jio jkh -
j ia cb aHajiHTHHecKaa $ o p M a ä jih -
T e jib H o ro BHfla ( b e + V p) ‘ . K a K O - Bbl npHHHHbl ee OTCyTCTBHH B ÄPY" r n x repM aH CKH x H 3 b iK a x ? H jih , npn A p y ro ft nocTaH O B Ke B o n p o ca : K a - KOBbl npHHHHbl ee B03HHKH0BeHHH b a H rjiiiß cK O M H3biKe? Pa3yM eeT - CH, OTBCT na 3TOT BCeOÖ'beMJIIOmHH B onpoc He MOJKeT CTaTb uejlb io n peÄ JiaraeM oft cT aTbii . M b i x o th m
c e ö n a c npH B jienb BHiiM aHH e k c a - MOMy p33JlHHHIO B (j)OpMyjIHpOB- K a x B o n p o ca , 3 a KOTOpblM KpOIOT- ch o cT p eftu ine p a 3 H o rjia c H H no no- BOÄy HCTOHHHKOB <J)OpMbI ÄJlHTeJIb- H o ro B iia a h, b H3CTH0CTH, y n a - CTHH B ee B03HHKH0BeHHH flpeBH e- repM 3H CK0H KOHCTpyKUHH ( 0606- m eH H o « s e i n + V p » ) , iiM eBineft Ty >Ke CTpyKTypHyro cx e M y, h to h (J)OpMa ÄJIHTejIbHOrO BHfla.
n p H n e p B o f l n o c T a H O B K e B o n
p o c a 3 T y KOIICTpyKUHIO CHHT3K)T
npH M bIM HCTOHHHKOM COBpeMeHHOM
(J)OpMbI, 06 p3 IU ,3H BHHM3HHe H3 e e
u iH p O K o e n p aH H ee p a c n p o c T p a H e -
HHe h Ha e e H3BecTHyio cM b ic j io ß y io ÖJIH30CTb ( b H eKOTOpblX naMHTHII-
K a x ) coBpeM CHHoii (JiopMe.r i p n B T o p o ü n o c T a n o B K e B o n
p o c a o T p u u a io T n e TOJibKO n p eeM -
CTBeHHOCTb CHHTaKCHHeCKOH KOH-
CTpyKUIIH 11 aHaJIIITHHCCKOH (J)op-
Mbl, HO H CaMyiO aBTOXTOHIIOCTb
n e p B o ft H3 h h x ä j ih r e p M a iicK iix
H3biKOB; n p n 3 t o m BCHHecKH no,u-
1 B i iÄ O B u e K O H C T pyK U H H , n e o ö j i a Ä a i o m H e
K O M n.neK CH biM H npii3iiaKaMH napa/uirMa- T H 3 a u n n , ecTb 11 b .n p y r H x repMaiicKiix
si3biKax: cp . coB p . hcji. vcra a 5 ' + V ; nf iub. h ä lla pä (m e d ) a t t + V m f .
139
HepKHBatoT, hto pacnpocTpaHeHHe KoHCTpyKUHH onpe/te-JlfleTCH He CTOJIbKO H3bIK0BbIMII HJIH XpOHOJIOTHHeCKHMH, CKOJIbKO >KaHpOBO-CTIIJIHCTIIHeCKHMH OCOÖeHHOCTHMH IiaMHT- HHKa 2 II HTO HHOrAa ( b HeKOTOpblX ÄPyrHX IiaMHTHIIKax) ee ynoTpeßjieH H e rpaMMaTHnecKH He MOTHBHpOBaHO.
C T O p O I I I I I I K H K a K T O H , T a K II Ä p y r O H B e p C H H O Ö O C H O B b l -
B a / m c ß o e M H e H i i e B e c K H M H a p r y M e H T a M H , K O T O p b i e H e
C T O J i b K O o n p o B e p r a j i n c b o n n o H e H T a M i i , C K O J i b K O y p a B H O B e -
u i H B a J i i i c b / i p y n i M i i a p r y M e H T a M H , H e M e H e e c y m e c T B e H - H b l MH .
TaK, co BpeMeH rpaMManiKii TpiiMMa H3BecTHo, h t o
KOHCTpyKUIIH LUHpOKO yüOTpeÖJIH^aCb B repMaHCKHX H3bl-
Kax KaK K0HBeHu,ii0HajibHbiH nepeBOAHOH SKBHBajieiiT eme Tpex (KpoMe oßopoTa c npeAHKaTHBHbiM npe3eiiTiibiM npn- HaCTHeM) JI3THHCKHX (j)OpM II OÖOpOTOB: a) CHIITeTIlHeCKHX (|)opm ÄenoneHTHbix rjiarojioß (loquitur), 6) c j i o j k h o h (J)op- Mbi c nep(j>eKTHbiM npunacTiieM ÄenoiieHTiibix rjiarojioß (lo- cutus est) h b ) c j i o > k h o h (J)OpMbi c (J)yTypajibHbiM npuna- cmeM (venturus est) 3.
C apyroii C T o p o H b i , c o B c e M ne,n,aBHO 6 b iJ io y öezu iT eJ ib H O
n 0 K a 3 a H 0 , h t o K o n c T p y K u i iH «sein + Vp» n a x o ^ H T ß o j i e e
m n p o K o e n p i iM e H e H i ie b « c b o 6 o a h h x » ( h c K o m i p y i o m i i x Jia- T H H C K oro o p i i r H i i a j i a ) , ne>Ke.Jiii b « t o h h h x » n e p e B O f l a x 4.
O T C T a H B a a , 0 # H a K 0 , H e 3 a B i i c i iM o c T b K O i i c T p y K m m o t j i a -
THHCKOTO Bi/IIIHHHH, OHCHb TpyA H O OÖ^HCIIHTb TaK O e MBJie- H u e, K aK n oH Tii n o J iH o e HCHe3HOBeHHe K O H CT pyK m iH b p a H -
H e c p e A H e a u r j iH H C K H x n a M H T H H K ax 5.
B c e 3TH Ha6^IO;1.eHHH II MIIO>KeCTBO UM nOÄOÖHblX OCHO- BaHbi Ha AOCKOiiajibHOM i i3 y iieHHH (nacT O c npiiMeiici-iHeM
KOJiHHecTBCimbix MeTOAOß) o r p o M i i o r o M a T c p i ia j ia , ii o h h h i i
b k o c h M epe He c t 3 b h t c h 3Aecb n o a coM HeHiie . K a w e T c a ,
OAHaKO, OHeBIIÄIIbIM, HTO eCJlII Ba>KIieHIIIHe CBOHCTBa Ma-
T e p n a j ia c j i h l u k o m M iio r o o 6 p a 3 i ib i a j ih t o t o , h t o 6 m i ix BMe-
2 KoiicTpyKuiiH noHTH He BCTpenaeTCH b naMHTiiHKax, BOCxoÄflumx k yCTHOH TpaÄHUHH (CM. HHJKe).
3 OqeHb aKueHTHpoBaji s to oöcTOHTejibCTBO, HanpHMep, O. Ecnepcen ( J e s p e r s e n O . A M o d e r n E n g lis h G r a m m a r o n H is to r ic a l P r in - c ip le s , v . 4. L o n d o n , 1932, p. 1 6 6 ), bhäh b HeM äoboä n p ora B aBTo-XTOHHOCTH KOHCTpyKUHH.
4 N i c k e l G . D ie E x p a n d e d F o rm im A lt e n g l is c h e n . L e ip z ig , 1966, S . 107 ff.
5 C m . CTaTncTimecKHe aaiiHbie, HanpHMep, b p a ö o T e : A r o n s t e i n A . D ie p e r ip h ra s t is ch e F o rm im E n g lis c h e n . — In : A n g l ia , B d 42, 1918, S . 1— 84.
140
cTH .ua j n o ö a a H3 K ö H T p o B e p 3 , 3 t o 3H äM H T , h t o n p o ß j i e M a
nocTaBJieHa b AHCKyccHH cjihlukom y3Ko.B AaeHOM cjiynae 0K33aJiHCb cnJieTeHHbiMH, c o ö c T B e H -
n o , a b c n p o Ö J i e M b i : 1 ) n p o n c x o > K A e H H e K O H C T p y K U H H (a B T O -
XTOHIIOCTb HJIH HeaBTOXTOHHOCTb) H 2 ) e e (JjyHKUHH B Ä p e B -
nerepMaHCKHx h 3 U K 3 x (H 3 j i H H i i e h j i h oTcyTCTBHe y Hee on- p e Ä e J i e H H o r o B H A O B o r o 3 n a H e H H H ) . 3 t h n p o ß j i e M b i h B 3 a -
liMooTHoiueuHe M e > K A y h h m h m / iK O B 3 J iH C b , K a K n p e A C T 3 B -
J iaeTCH , C H3JIHIUHeft npHM O JIH H eH H O C Tb lO .
1. J i a T H H C K o e B J iH H i in e b t o m , m t o K a c a e T C H p a 3 Ö H p a e -
MOH K O H C T p y K U H H , H H K a K H e MOJKCT CBOAHTbCH K e r O 3J ie -
M e H T a p H O H Cj)OpMe — B O C n p O H 3 B e A e H H K ) B T e K C T e (K a j I b K H -
poßaHHio hjih coBepmeHHo y c j i 0BH0M y B o c n p o n 3 B e A e H H i o )
M y jK A b lX r e p M a H C K H M 5 I3bIK3M OÖOpOTOB. B o n p o c 0 BJIHHHHH
c j i e A y e T , n 0-B H A H M 0M y , n e p e H e c m b n J i o c K o c T b ö o j i e e 06-
meft n p o ß j i e M b i cj)0p M H p 0B aH H H b A a H H y i o s n o x y hoboto Tima j i H T e p a T y p H o r o H 3 b iK 3 6, ^ y i i K U H O i m p y i o i u e r o b c t } )e -
pc, r A e n p e ^ A e y n o T p e ß j i a j i a c b TOJibKO j i s r a H b , h H eH 3 -
6e>KHO O p H e H T H p O B a i lH O r O H a H O pM b l J I3TH H CK 0H Ü H Cb M eH -
HOCTH.
He « ö y K B a j i b H b i e » n e p e B O Ä b i ( r j i o c c b i , H a n p n M e p ) c J iy -
JK3T OCHOBHbIM n p O B O A H H K O M HHOH3bm HOTO BJIHHHHH: n e p e -
BOAHHKH, H e n O C p e A C T B e H H O CJieAy iOLUHe 3a JiaTHHCKHM T e K -
c t o m , A a j i e K O H e B c e r A 3 o c m h c j i h b s i o t p e 3 y j i b T a T b i c b o h x
y c h j i i i h , n a c T O A o n y c K a a h n p s iM b ie o h i h ö k h 7. B o j i b u i y i o
p o j i b c b i r p a j i a « J i a T i n i c K a H o p i i e n T a m i H » T e x A e H T e j i e f t
c p e A n e B e K O B b H , n o A n e p o M K O T O p b ix h c o 3 A a B a j i c a h o b m h
t h i i j i H T e p a T y p n o r o H 3 b iK a h K O T O p b ie CKOJib y r o A H O A a j i e -
KO OTXOAHJIII OT J iaTHHCKOTO T e K C T a , n e p e B O Ä H «CMbICJI
C M b i c j iO M » ( 3 ^ b ( J ) p i i K ) , a n o c y m e c T B y 11 h c o t a c j i h h n e -
p e B O A M e c K o r o n c K y c c T B a o t a B T o p c T B a . P o j i b J iaTb iHH C K a -
3 b iB a J ia c b n p n s t o m H e b K o n n p o B a H i i n K O H K p e T H b ix 060-
P o t o b , a b c a M o f t y c T a i i O B K e n a c o 3 A a H i i e n n c b M e n H O H
(|)OpMbl H 3 b IK a , paBHOUei- I I IOH J iaTb iHH .
2. C ApyrOH CTOpOIIbl, HeaBTOXTOHHOCTb KOHCTpyKUHH He MO>KeT ÖbiTb A0K33aTeJTbCTB0M ee «HeOpraHHMHOCTH» AJ1H
repM aH C K u x si3biKOB. / ] ,aB H o y>Ke öhjio n 0K 3 3 a H 0 Ha A p y -
8 Cm . o c o ö e m io p a 3p a 6 oT K y sto h npoÖJieMbi b HccJieAOBaHHax M . M . TyxMan, H anpnM ep: F y x m a 11 M . M . K T iin o jio n m repM aiicKiix jniTepaTypH bix 5J3hkob Ä on a n H on a jib H oro nep iio .ua . T e3H cu ro- KJiaaa na iuecToft H ayqiio ii c e c c n n n o B onpocaM rep M a n cK oro ü3biKo- 3iiaiiHsi. M ., 1974.
7 C p ., l i a n p i i M e p : N i c k e l Q . O p . c it ., S . 148.
141
To m M aTepH äJ ie , h t o n p o H im a e M o c T b rp a M M ä T H q e c K o ü cu -CTeM bl AJIH 33 H M C T B 0 B 3H H H O n p e A e jIf ie T C H npe/U IO CblJIK aM H ,
C.IO Ä H BLU H M H CH B H y T p H C 3M 0 H 3 T 0 H CH C TeM bl. I lo C K O J Ib K y b Ä 3 H H 0 M c j i y n s e p e ^ b h a c t o c h h t s k c h h c c k o h K o n c T p y K - m w , n o T e H u n a jib H O B x o A H iu e ö b B H A o -B p e M e H H o e n o j ie ( H H a n e i i h c c to h .f i 6h B o n p o c o ee y n a c T iiH b re H e 3 H c e aHTJIIIM CKO H (J)OpMbI /U lH T e ^ b H O T O B H A 3 ) , AOJI>KHbI, OMeBHA' h o , l ip n iiH M a T b c n b p a c q e T HM eHIIO n p e A n o c b iJ iK H , CJIOJKIIB- w u e c f l b B iiA O -B p eM eH H O M n o jie .
M a c T H m i a n a cc i iM i iJ iH H H s i K O i i c ' r p y K H H H ß b iJ ia B 03 M 0>K H a
( o A H a K O H e o 6 f l3 a T e j ib n a , c m . h h j k c ) m n b K O n p n t o m ycJ io -
BHH, q T O K O H C T p yK U H H M 0 IV I3 nOAKJHOqHTbCH K y > K e H M e io -
m e M y c a rp a M M a T H n e cK O M y n p o T H B o n ocT aB j ieH H K ) o ä h o p o a -Horo coAepwaHHH8. TaKiiM npoTiiBonocTaBJieiiHeM b ApeB- H e r e p M a n c K H x H3biKax ö b u i o npoTiiBonocTaBjieHHe «KOMno- 3iiTbi (npe^KAe Bcero g a - /g e — k o m p o s i t a ) v s CHMnjieKCbi», CHTHa JIH3HpOBaBHiee «nep(j)eKTHBHOCTb/Henep<f)eKTHBHOCTb» n p ou ecca 9.
P a c n p o c T p a n e n n e ( n o A b jih h h h c m JiaTbiHH) KOHCTpyK- Hhh c o 3 A a ß a j i o ycJioBHH ajih npe0Ö pa30B aH H H ABynjieHHoii onno3H u,i in b T p exq j ieH H yio :
nep^)6KTHBHOCTfa / Henep(j)eKTHBIiOCTb4 I
I i e Ä y p a T H B H O C T b / Ä y p a T H B I IO C T b
TaKHM 0 Ö p a 3 0 M , o n n c b iB a a no Jio >K eH H e KOHCTpyk u h h «sein + Vp», paB H o b 3>k h o y^HTbiBaTb KaK 4)yHKHH0Hajib-
HblH T H n H 3 b IK 3 H 3 M H T H H K 3 , T 3 K H OCOÖeHHOCTH C J IO * H B - m e ro c H b H 3b iK e rp a M M a T H i ie c K o r o n o j ia . B TaKO M « A B y x -
M epH O M » H 3 0 6 p a > K C H IIH C K O p e e M o ry T H 3H T H MeCTO M H O rne 4>aKTbI, HeCO BM CCTIIM bie Ha OAHOH JIHHHH. I lO K a ^ e M 3 T 0 B o ö m e M B iiA e h s n p H M e p e H eK O TO p b ix re p M a H C K H x n a M H T H H - k o b , q a c T o n p iiB jie K 3 B D J iix k c e o e BH H M 3H H e b H H Tep ecyK D - m eM h s c a c n e K T e .
K n e p b o ft r p y n n e Mbi o r a e c e M naMsiTHHKii, b o c x o a h -
m n e n peH M ym ecT B eH H o k y c r a o f i t p s a h u h h : T 3 K H e p a 3 -
8 B ä s h h o m c j iy M a e n o A « r p a M M a T H q e c K H M H » n o A p a 3 y M e B a i o T c a n p o -
T H B o n o c T a B J ie i iH H K aK B H y T p n cJ iO B O H 3M eH H T ejibH O H n a p a A iir .M b i ( t . e .
r p a M M a T H H e cK H e K a T e r o p H H ) , T a K h H a n e p n c fie p H H B H A O -s p e M e n H o r o
nOJIH : B e A b HM eHHO B 3aH M O C B H 3b M eJ K A y T eM H H Ä p y r H M H J ie K H T B OCH O Be 3BOJIK3HHH BHAO-BpeMeilllOH CH CTeM bl.
9 3 to B03BpaT k T e p M H u o ji o r i iH B . L Ü T p e H T 6 e p r a , iio n e k e r o K o i m e n -
UHH b u e J io M ; c m . n o S T O M y n o ß o f l y : C M u p H H U K a a O . A . 3bo- JIK3UHH B H A O -B peM eH H O H C H C TeM bl b re p M a H C K H x H 3 b iK a x ( b n e > ia T H ).
142
JIHHHbie B JKaHpOBO-CTHJIHCTHHeCKOM OTHOIIieHHH npOH3Be-
AeHHH, KaK ÄpeBHerepMaHCKHÜ anoc, c b o ä w 3 3 k o h o b , h c -
jraHflcKan n p o 3 a « H a p o Ä H o r o c t h j i h » h t . n . H 3B ecTH 0, m to b o B c e x n o n o 6H o r o p o a a naMHTHHKax, Ha KaKOM 6bi H3biKe
OHH HII ßblJIII C03flaHbI, KOHCTpyKUHH C npeflHKaTHBHblM
npiiM acT ueM I noMTH n e BCTpenaeTCH, b neM o 6 o c h o b 3 h h o
BHflflT C TpyK Typuyro CJiaÖOCTb npeflHKSTHBHOH n03HUHH ÄJIH
rep M a H C K oro npHnacTHH I0. Ho Ba>Kiio 33MeTHTb, h t o Ta-
k o h BbiBOÄ e m e J iynine n o flT B ep w a a eT C H n ocT poeH H eM T ex eflHHHHHblX C0HeT3HHH, KOTOpbie BCC >Ke «npOCKOJIb3Hy.IIH»
B nSMHTHHKII 3TOH r p y n n b i II B KOTOpblX HeKOTOpbie HCCJie-
ÄOBSTejIH BHÄHT Sp ryM eH T B nOJIb3y 3BTOXTOIIHOCTH KOH
CTpyKUHH u .nO H T II HH OflHO 113 3TIIX C0HCT3HHH He COÄepJKHT B COß-
CTBeHHOM CMbICJie CJIOBa n p e Ä H K 3 T H B H 0 r 0 npHH3CTHH: B
o ä h o h r p y n n e n p H M e p o B ( h x ö o j i b m e b f lp eB H eH c . f i s h j i c k o m )
np iIH 3 C T H e I H e0 T r p 3 H H H H M 0 OT C y m eC T B H T ejIbH O rO HJIH
n p n j i a r a T e j i b H o r o ; b a p y r o ö ( o c o ß e H H o x a p a K T e p H o f t ä j i h
f lp eB H eau r j iH H C K O H a ju iH T e p a u H O H H o f t n o 3 3 H H ) n p e f lH K aT H B -
nan cJjyHKUHH BnjiO Tuyio CMbiKaeTCH c anno3HTHBHoft. n o - K a 3 a T e j ib H b i b 3 t o m 0TH0ineHHH B c e H e T b i p e n p H M e p a
c o n e T a H H H c ÄaHHOH c T p y K T y p H o f i c x e M o f t b « B e o B y j i b 4 > e » .
B Tpex H3 HHX npH3H3K0M «nOJiyCyÖCTaHTHBHOCTH» 12 npunacTHH cjiyKHT pacmiipeHHe b poÄ. n.: ehtende w aes, /d e o rc d eäß scu a , du guße on d g e o g o ß e (159 ) 13 npecAe- doeareAeM 6ma, reMHbiM y6uüu,eü ucnbLTaHHbix eoirnoe u
tOHOiueü; Saes m o r fo r n e te s m yn d g ien d waere (1105) toü CMepTHOÜ H enaeucru 6 u a HanoMUHareAeM\ s e cg g en d e w aes lä ö r a spella (3028) paccKa3HUKOM 6 u a eop ecrn ou noeecru . B neTBepTOM npHMepe cjieayeT npeanojiaraTb anno3HTHB- HOCTb npiiH3CTHH: D a er w a es on b löd e brim w eallende, /a to l y ? a g e sw in g eal g em en g ed (847) tüm 6 u a o c Kpoebto Mope Kunnmee, MyrKuü e o d o e o p o r eecb nepeMeuian.
CpaBHHM T a K * e n o 3H u n oH H y io c y 6cTaHTHBauHio n p n n a -
10 C p .: 3 a a o p o > K H b i H B . M . 3 H a M e n n e h y n o T p e 6 J ie H H e npimacTHft b repMaHCKHX H3biKax. AßTope^). ä o k t . ähc. M ., 1964, c. 18.
11 N i c k e l G . O p . c it ., S . 8 4 ff.11 K l a e b e r F r. FIpHMeMaHHa k H3,n.anHio: B e o w u l f a n d th e F ig h t
;it F in n s b u r g . E d . w ith In t r o d u c t io n , B ib l io g r a p h y , N o te s , G lo s s a r y a n d A p p e n d ic e s b y F r. K la e b e r . T h ird E d it io n . B o s t o n , 1950, p. 225.
13 3 t o t i ip n m cp M o * e T no-nym iTb ii a p y r i ie TO JiK O B aH nn ; cp ., o ^ H a K o ,
TaKiie iiapajuiejiH, KaK e h te n d (m. p., -a - ) c r is te n ra m a n n a b O r. 6, 9 ( O r . — K in g A lf r e d ’s O r o s iu s , p. I. E d . b y S w e e t . L o n d o n , 1 88 3 ).
143
c th h , BCTpeqaiomyiocH b « 9 x a e » , h cyßcTaHTHBaumo, c t s b - iuyK) (|)aKTOM JieKCHKH b H3biKe ca r .
O qeH b noKa3aiejibHbi 3Aecb h «AHrji0C3KC0HCKiie 33k o -
Hbl», npeÄCTaBJIHIOmHe COÖOH «KOMÖHHIipOBSHHblH» Tim na- MHTHHK3. B OCHOBe JI3IIHflapHbIX (JlOpMyjlHpOBOK C3MIIX 33- KOHOB Jie>K MT yCTH3H Tp3AHUHH, HO STO He OTHOCHTCH K
TeM BCTymieHHHM, KOTOpbie npe/uiocjiaHbi c b o ä s m 33KOHOB b pyKoniicHX ii b ijejioM 6a3iipy i0T ca Ha j i s t i i i i c k h x o 6 p s 3 - n ax . T o jibK o b o BCTynjiemiflx h BCTpe^aioTCH npiiMepbi k o h - CTpyKUHH U.
HeKOTopbie np0H3BeAeHiiH ApeBHeaurji iiHCKOH ajijiHTe- pauHOHHOH n033HH cJieji,0 B aji0 6 bi oTHecTii k n e p e x 0 AH0 My THny naMHTHHKOB. C p . Tanne noaMbi, KaK « f laH H SJ ib », « X p i i c T o c h C a T a H a » , «Ä H A p e a c » , npe,acT3BjiHiomiie n a pa - ( j)pa3bi j i s th h c k o h >khthhhoh J iiiTepaTypbi ii co,nep>KamHe
HeKOTopoe hhcjio coneTaHHH c npe/uiKSTHBiibiM r ipimacTiieM (HanpHM ep, A n d r e a s , 949 ; 1476; 17 08 ) .
II. B o B T o p o i i r p y n n e i i s m h t h h k o b 0Ka3biBai0TCH
CBeÄeHHbIMH BMeCTe, C OßHOH CTOpOHbl, H opTyM Ö piif icK iie
r j i o c c b i X b. ( L i n d i s f a r n e G o s p e l ) , a c A p y r o i i — a p eB H e-
CKaHflHHaBCKaH n p 0 3 a « y n e i i o r o c t i i j i h » . M b i 3A e c b C03H3-
TeJibHO Ä o n y c K a e M a H a x p o m i3 M (B n p o q e M , oß b im ib i i i b r e p -
MaHHCTHKe), BbipbiBaa CK3HaHHaBCKyio J i i iT ep a T yp y X I I I — X I V BB. H3 TOTO KyjIbTypHO-HCTOpimeCKOrO KOIITCKCTa, KO-
T o p o M y OHa npHHa/yie>KHT, a a ö b i oß p a T H T b BHHMamie Ha
n p i iM e ia T e j ib H o e c x o ^ c t b o T ex h A p y n i x t c k c t o b .KaK ÄpeBiieaHrjiiiHCKHe, TaK h c k 3 h a h h 3 B c k h 6 nsMAT-
h h k h A a ioT C B o e r o p o A a K J i a c c i m e c K i i e npH M epbi h h c t o
(J jopM ajibH oro , «H erp a M M a T H H e c K o r o » y n o T p e ö j i e H H H k o h -
CTpyKUHH « s e i n + V p » . C p e z u i m h o t h x i i p h b o ä h b u i h x c h b
3TOH CBH3H AOBOÄOB 15 (oCHOBaHHblX Ha aHaJIH3e JI3THH- CKHX COOTBeTCTBIIH, B3piiaHTOB, KOHTCKCT3, HBHblX 0UIIl60K
b n e p e B O ^ e h t . n .) BbiaeJiiiM 0C06eHH0 ABa.
14 N i c k e l G . O p . c it ., S . 95.15 JXOBOÄW, coöcTBeHHo, Bce o tho ch tch k ApeBHeaurJiHHCKOMy MaTepna-
Jiy; cp., H a n p H M e p : J e s p e r s e n O . O p . cit., p . 165 f f .; M a n o B - c k h h M . M . O 3na>ieHHn KoncTpyKUHH « r j i a r o j i 6wrb + npnqacTne I» b HopTyMöpHHCKHx r n o c c a x . — « Y ^ e n . 3 a n . I M o ck . nea. HH-Ta HHOCTp. H3bIKOB», 1957 , T. X I . B HCJiaHÄHCTHKe Te3HC O «paBHOSHaH- HOCTH» KOHCTpyKUIIH H JIHTOblX (j)OpM B np03e «y^eHOTO CTHJIH» npH-HHMaeTCH 6 e 3 Ä ö K a 3 a T e jib C T B . C m ., HanpHMep: N y g a a r d M . N o r - r a n S y n ta x . K r is t ia n ia , 1905, S . 239 . C m . T a n w e B a > K H y io p a ö o T y : A h l b e r g M . P r e s e n s p a r t ic ip c t i fo r n s v e n s k a n . E n s y n ta k t is k S tudie. D is s . S to c k h o lm s h ö g s k o la , L u n d , 1942.
144
BoJIblUHHCTBO C04eT3HHH C npeAHK3THBHbIM npHH3CTHeM b L in d isfarn e G ospel cjiy>KHT nepeBOAHbiM 3KBHB3JieHT0M MeTbipex BbimeynoMHHyTbix, H e c o B M e c T H M b i x no 3H3- iieHHio jiaTHHCKHx oßopoTOB. C p.: eg ressu s est: faerende w aes ( M k . 2, 1 3 ) ; p rofectu s est: g e fa erd e faerende w aes ( M k . 12, 1 ) ; W u e b a tu r : spreccen d w aes ( M k . 7, 3 5 ) ; et erat p ern octan s; 7 w aes öern -w a eccen d e ( L k . 6, 1 2 ) ; qui
uenturus est: sede to cym en d e w aes is ( M t . 11, 3 ) .HMeHHO 3TH COOTBeTCTBHH OnpeAeJIHIOT B KOHeHHOM c n e -
Te JieKCHHecKHH o t 6op rjiarojioB b KOHCTpyKUHH; 3Aecb HeT T ex JieKCHK0-rp3MM3THlieCKHX OrpSHHHeHHH, KOTOpbie CJiy- >K3T B3>KHefllUHM KpHTepHeM npH BblAeJieHHH «ÄypSTHBHOH
KOHCTpyKUHH» b T p eT beii r p y n n e hsm hthhkob (cm. H H * e ; c p . , HaripiiM ep: c y m e n d e w s e s b ripHBeAem ioM Bbirne n p n -
Mcpe (hjih M t . 3, 11; M k . 2, 13 h t. a .) . H e T JieKCHHecKHX orpaH H 'ienHH ii b ck3h ahh 3bckoh J iH T epsT ype « y n e n o r o c th jih » ; KOHCTpyKUHH b hhx nojiHOCTbK) co x p a H H e T y n p s B -
j i e n n e , n p n c y u i .e e jihmhoh r j iaroJibH oft (JjopMe. C p . on eH b
x a p a K T e p u b i f i n p i m e p , npHBOÄHMbift A . X o ö c j i e p o M 16: K o -
n u n g s s o n v a r f y r s t r o k f r e m s t r a l l r a s i n n s manna... e i g e
f y r r l e t t s n d e , e n h s n n e r p a r k o m a n d e , s e m b a r d s g e n n
v a r , f - e g a r s i n o s u e r f e h q g g u a n d e o k s u m s me<3 s p i ö t e
l e g g i s n d e ( H e u s l e r , 1 5 2 ) — « C h h K o n y H r s 6biJi H3H nep-
BeHuniM h cj^aBiieftiiiHM cpeAH cboh x jhoach ... n e o c ts h s b - jiHBajiCH, n o K y ^ a n e npHACT Tyfla , rA e u u ia öh tb s , h TyT
>kg M eqoM cbohm p y ö u j i o f lH o r o 3a A p y r u M , a hhhx n p oH -
3aji K o n b e M » ( 3A e c b h A a j i e e nepeBO A H am . — 0 . C . ) .O c T a eT C H han oM H H T b , h t o M aTepn aJ i L i n d i s f a r n e G o s
p e l j i o k h t b o c i i o ß e eABa j ih He B c e x HccjieAOBaHHH, T p a K - T y i o i u H x 06 o n n o 3 H U H H « n e p c | )e K T H B H O C T b /H e n e p (J )e K T H B -
HOCTb» (e e OTCyTCTBHH, HJIH p a3 py iU eH H H , HJIH H eyC T O H H H -
B O C T H B ApeBHeaHTJIIIHCKOM JIHÖO TOJibKO B CeBCpHblX CrO
A i i a j i e K T a x ) 17. n p n s t o m H H o rA a yKa3b iBa iO T , h t o p aH H ee
p a 3 p y u i e i i n e onno3H UH H b s t o m a p e a j i e MO>KeT öb iTb cbh -
33110 CO CK3HAHH 3BCKHM BJIHHHHeM, nOCKOJIbKy B CK3HAH-
16 CJieÄyeT 3aecb 3aMeTHTb, mto «yMenuft cTHJib» /ipeBHecKan/iHiiaBCKOH npo3bi (J)opMHpoBa/icH He TOJibKO noÄ npaMbiM, no h noa «OTpawen- iibiM» (Mepe3 nocpe^cTBo cpe,uHeHH>KiieHeMeu.KHx anajieKTOB) jiaTHH- CKHM BJIHHHHeM.
17 C.m. npe>KAe Bcero: W e i c k F. D a s Aussterben des P rä fix ge. — In: E n g lisch en Sprache. H eidelberg, 19 11 ; M a k o b c k h ii M. M. () «jieKcimecKOM» BbipasceHHH bhäoboh ähxotom hh b repMancKHx >i ii.iic ix . — « $ h jio jt. i i a y K H » , 1967, JMe 3; L i n d e m a n n J. O ld l'.n glis li preverbal ge-: its m eaning. C h arlo tteville , 1970.
145
H 3B C K H X H 3 b IK a x — 3 T 0 , p a 3 y M e e T C H , O TH O C H T ca H K H3i>I-
K y n a M H T H H K O B « y q e H o r o c t h j i h » — n p o T H B o n o c T a B j i e i i H e
« K 0 M n 0 3 H T b I VS C I IM I IJ IC KC b l» H e 3 a 4 )H K C I ip O B a H O .
OopMa^bHo-CTHJiricTimecKoe yrioTpeßjieHHe KOHCTpyK- iihh BC'rpeqaeTCH h b HeKOTOpbix naMHTHHKax, 3acBHueTejib- CTBOBaBuiHx onno3HUHio «nep(})eKTiiBHOCTb/Henep4)eKTHB- HOCTb», HanpiiMep b ä b h . «Hcn/iope». nepeBOflquKii aToro naMHTHHKa, cKjioiiHbie H3ÖeraTb ßyKBajibHoro nepeBO^a jia- THHCKHX ripimaCTIlblX KOHCTpy KII.HH 18, C HeyKOCHHTejlbllblM nOCTOHHCTBOM npHMCHHKDT pa3ÖlipaeMyiO KOHCTpyKUHlO B KaqecTBe nepeBOÄHoro SKBHBajieiiTa aenoneHTHbix rjiarojioß (cp. 7; 13; 10; 9; 14; 9; 14; 13; 18; 5; 18; 6; 23; 12).
III. CymecTByiOT, OAiiaKO, h TaKne naMHTHHKH TpeTbeör p y n n b i , B K O T O p b l X K O I I C T p y K U H H Ä e H C T B H T e J I b H O MO > K e T
6 b i T b n p i m u c a H O 3naneH H e ( i i e a K T y a j i b H o f t ) « A y p a T i i B i i o - C T H » .
ClOAa OTHOCHTCH — Ha OÄHHaKOBblX 0CII0B3HHHX — opiirHHajibHbie npoH3Be,aeHHH, Tomibie nepeBOßbi hjih nepe- CKa3bi; Bce oiiii C03flaiibi Ha flHajieKTax, coxpaHHBinnx b
toh hjiii hhoh CTeneHH onno3Hnmo «nep(j)eKTHBHocTb/ne- nepcJ)eKTHBHOCTb». HaußoJiee oömee ii Ba>KHoe cbohctbo KOHCTpy KUHH B 3THX naMHTHHKax — HeynOTpeÖHTeJIbHOCTb b nefi npnqacTiiii o t npeaejibiibix rjiarojioß 19; cymecTBeii- nyio pojib b onpe/iejieHHH rpaMMaTH^ecKoft 3iiaqiiMOCTH KOHCTpy KUHH HrpaiOT H THmiHHbie SJieMeHTbl KOHTeKCTa, noÄHepKHBaiouuie ßJiiiTejibHOCTb npouecca. Cp. TaKoft th- nnqHbiH npHMep, KaK: and paer w aeron fiftene gear paet lond herigende and westende, oÖ heora w if him sendon aerendracan aefter (Or. 44, 19) — «H ohh nnTHajmaTb jic t rpaöiiJin h onycTomajiii CTpaiiy, noKa hx >Keiibi He no- cjiajni 3a hhmh roima».
K a K b i i a h o ii3 c K a 3 a i iH o r o , k 3 t o h rpynne m h o t h o c h m
h roTCKiift nepeBO A B h ö j i h h , b k o t o p o h B ce npH M epb i (K p o -
18 C m ., HanpHMep: M a t z e l K . U n te r s u ch u n g e n z u r V e r fa s s e r s c h a ft , S p r a c h e u n d H e rk u n ft d e r a n d . Ü b e r s e tz u n g e n d e r I s id o r — S ip p e , S . 343 . « S e i n + V p » tojil>ko b oahom c jiy q a e KajibKHpyeT 3/iecb coot- BeTCTByiomHH jiaTHiicKHft o ß o p o T (I s . 1, 9. I s .— D a s A lth o s h d e u tS ch e I s id o r . H r s g . v . G . A . H e n s h . S tr a s s b u r g , 1 8 9 3 ).
19 C m ., nanpH M ep, c n n c o x npnqacTHH, BCTpesaiomuxcH b p a 3n w x n p o - H3BeÄenHHX H oT K epa: R i c k K . D a s p r ä d ik a t iv e P a r t ic ip iu m P r a e - s e n t is im A lth o c h d e u ts c h e n , B o n n , 1905; b «O p o3 H H » KopoJia Ajib'cj)- pe.ua: N i c k e l G . O p . c it ., S . 120— 121; b totckom H3Bo,ne B h 6 jihh : G e r i n g H . ü b e r d e n s y n ta k t is ch e n G e b ra u c h d e r P a r t ic ip ia im G o t is c h e n . Z fd P h , B d 5, 1874, S . 4 23 ff.
146
Me Ä B y x : k. 2, 11 H k . 11, 2 ) KajibKHpyiOT rpenecK H H o p n -
ruH aji . H H a n e roßopH, mm n o j ia r a e M , h t o ec j iH OTKJiOHeHHe
o t o p n r H H a j ia n e ecT b /iOKa3aTejibCTBo 3 b t o x t o h h o c t h k o h - cT pyK m iH 20, t o h n oc j ie ,u o B a T e jib H o e ■— c o B n a a e H H e c o p n -
ru H a jioM n e ecT b zi0Ka3aTeJibCTB0 e e H eop ra m iH H O C T H b flaHHOM H3bIKe. CTOJIb nOCJieAOBaTeJIbHOe KajIbKHpOBaHHe
b n e p e B o a e , HepeflKO OTCTynarom eM o t o p n r H H a j ia n p n n e -
p e a a n e f l p y r n x BHflO-BpeMeHHbix (})opM, c K o p e e Bcero n o K a -
3biBaeT, h t o KOHCTpyKUHH jierKO n a x o f l i u i a c e ö e MecTO b a p x a n n e cK O M BHAO-BpeMeHHOM n o j i e roT C K o ro H3bma.
HacTHHHaa accHMiijinmiH, n0-BHÄHM0My, b öojibiHHHCT- Be cjiynaeB He o c ß o 6o>K,naJia KOHCTpyKUHH o t KOHHOTaraB- Hbix C03HaHeHIIH, BblTeKaiOIHHX H3 BCefi MaKpOJIHHTBHCTH- necKoft xapaKTepncTHKH naMHTiniKa. Bmji 6bi, HanpnMep, oneHb noyHHTejien aHajiH3 c stoh tohkh 3peHHH AjibcJjpe/io- Ba «Op03HH», TAe KOHCTpyKUHH, C OflHOH CTOpOHbl, — B3JK- HblH SJieMeHT «HMeHHOrO CTHJIH» 21 (HapHfly C ApyrHMH TH- naMH cocTaBHoro CKa3yeMoro coneTSHHHMH «habban+No- mina actionis», mnpoKHM ynoTpeßjieHiieM n0JiH03HanH0r0 verbum substantivum ), a c Äpyro fi— pejibetjmo BbmejineT- ch b TeKCTe, ßjiaroflapn BbipaweHHOH TeHfleHHHH k JieKCH- necKOH ycTOHHHBOCTH (cp. OTMeHeHHyK) eme EcnepcenoM ocoßyio nacTOTHOCTb coneTaHHH, oöosHanaiomHX «BoeHHbie aeftcTBHH», c npunacTHMH aefterfylgende npecAedymu^uü, feohtende cpaMatow,uücH, heriende pa3opRtow,uü, sleände yöueatom uä, winnende eototou^uü).
* * *
HTaK, 3aflana o cTaTyce KOHCTpyKUHH «sein+Vp» He HMeeT, KaK npeflCTaBjineTCH, oflHoro pemeHHH. KoHCTpyK- U.HH MO>KeT OTpa>KaTb KaK nOnblTKH BOCnpOH3BeCTH Cpa3y HeCKOJIbKO JI3THHCKHX OÖOpOTOB, T3K H nOnblTKH OTOHTH OT ÖyKBbl JI3THHCK0T0 TeKCT3; 0H3 MO>KeT «33MeHHTb» CHHTe- THHeCKHe rJTSrO^bHbie (})OpMbI HJIH ÖbiTb (})yHKII,HOHHpyiO- iii,hm sjieMeHTOM rpaMMaTHHecKoro noJin; OHa MO>KeT öbiTb HyJKfla CHHTaKCHHeCKOH CHCTeMe repM3HCKHX H3MK0B h b TO >Ke BpeMH aCCHMHJIHpOB3TbCH B CHCTeMe BHÄO-BpeMeH- iibix npoTHBonocTaBJieHHH. ripoTHBopeHHBoe nojiomeHHe
20 C m.: M a K O B C K H H M. M. 06 o n p e A e J ie r iH H aBTOXTOH HOCTH c h h -
TaKCH M CCKH x M O Ä e jie ft n p n a H a j w 3 e « 0 TKJi0 HeHHH o t o p i i r H H a j ia » . —
« B o n p . H 3 b IK 0 3H aH H H », 1 9 6 1 , N s 1 .
1 1 B o r i n s k i F. D e r S t i l K ö n i g A l f r e d s . L e i p z i g , 1 9 3 6 .
147
K O H C T p y k u h h b p a 3 H b i x H 3 b iK a x h p a 3 H b i x T e K C T a x o n p e a e -
J i a e T c a M y n o c T a H O B K y n p o ß j i e M b i , n p e ,n ,n p H H H T y io b s t o h CTaTbe.
B 33BHCHM0CTH OT ßOJIbHieS HJIII MeHbUiefl yCTOHHHBOCTH
ÜHCbMeHHOH TpaflHUHH KOHCTpy KUHH MOTJia JiyHIIie (KaK,
H an pH M ep , b cp e /m eH eM eu K O M ) h j ih x y * e (KaK, HanpHM ep,
B CpeÄHeaHTJIHHCKOM) COXpaHHTb CBOH n03HUHH.
H o no M epe t o t o K a K m c h h j ic h T im B H Ä O -B p e M e H iio ro n o jiH h K a K p a 3 p y m a j ia c b , b q a c r a o c ™ , a p x a n n e c K S H o n - n 0 3H U H H «n ep 4 >e K T H B H O C T b /H e n e p c})e K T H B H O C T b », K O H C Tp y K-
UHH H e M OTJia He C TaH O B H Tb CH a iia x p O H H 3 M O M . TOTOHTOÖbl n p H H H T b y H a C T H e B 3B 0JII0 U H H nO JIH, eft Hy>KHO 6bIJ10 He c o x p a H H T b C H , a H 3M eH H TbCH , a f la n r a p o B a T b C H k n e p e - C T p O H K e nOJIH. J^JIH T a K O rO H 3M eHeH H H , 0 A H 3 K 0 , OHa Ö b lJia CJIHLUKOM O Ö p eM eH eH a K O H HO TaTH BHbIM H C 0 3H aq eH H H M H . Sb O JIIO U H H CH CTeM bl B C IO Ä y C B H 3b IB 3eT C H C Ä p y n iM H , 6 JIH 3 - KHM H n o 3H3M eHHIO, HO ÖOJiee Ä H H aM HH H bIM H C H H T a K C H H e - CKHM H C 0 lie T 3H H H M H — C HH(J)HHHTHBOM (ß HeM eUKOM H
C K a H Ä H H a B C K H X H 3 b IK a x ) HJIH C O TrJiarO JIb H b IM C y n ie C T B H - TeJIb H b lM — B 0 C0 6 bIX yCJIO B H H X aH TJIKH CKO TO H 3 b IK a . H o yCJIO BH H p 3 3 B H T H H H O BblX (nO K p a H H e ft M ep e flJIH n H C b M e H - HOH (J)OpMbI H 3 b IK a ) K O H C T p y KUH ft H e rO n O C JieflCTB H H flJIH B H Ä O -B p e M e H H o ro n o jiH h — y * e — ä j i h r j ia r o j ib H o f t na- p a Ä H T M b l BbIXO Ä H T 3 a p a M K H 3T0H C T a T b ll.
n . C . K y B P f lK O B A
•
0 6 U H K op n op at^ u u
6 C A oeoo6pa 3oeaH U U
coepeMeHHoso
ClHZAUÜCKOaO
H3blKd
I l p o ß j i e M e coneTaHHH r j i a r o j i o ß c
qacTHuaMii Tiina to draw up t io d - HUMüTb, to stand by npucyTcreo- eaTb npu n e M -A u ö o , to patch up AüTdTb, to hide out yKpbieaTb hBbIHCHeHHK) npiipO Ä bl nOÄOÖHblX
HaCTHII, B COBpeMeHHOM aHTJIHCTHKe
n ocB H m eH bi MHoro^HCJieHHbie h c -
CJieAOBaHHH, 0Ö pa30BaHH i0 n p o -
H3BOAHHX OT HHX — JIHUIb eflHHHH-
Hbie p a 6oTbi K TOMy >Ke, h h b
OÄHOH H3 HHX, HaCKOJIbKO HaM H3-
BecTHO, h c CT3BHTCH 3 a ß a n a H3y-
I H T b B ce B03M0>KHbie BHflbI BTO-
P IIM IT bl X H3HMeH0BaHHH, MOTHBH- p o B a iu ib ix r j i a r o j i o M c nacTHueft,
h ycTaHOBHTb MOflejiH s t h x n p o -
H3BOflHbIX. M e>KÄy TeM p o j ib r j ia -
ro j ib H o -H a p e ^ H b ix coneTaHHH b aH-
TJIHHCKOM CJ10B006pa30BaiIHH B ecb -
Ma c B o e o ö p a 3 H a , np0H3B0ÄHbie o t
h h x M H orom ic jieH Hbi h p a 3 H o o 6 p a 3 - Hbi, c p . u p d r a w n nputiodHRTbiü, s t a n d b y 3anacHoü, p a t c h e d - u p 3a- AdTCLHHblÜ, h i d e - o u t IJKpblTUe H
T. n., H OCHOBbI STHX npOH3BOflHbIX
TpyflHO nofl^aioTC H o n n ca H H io b oöbiMHbix TepMHHax acfx^HK cam m ,
KOHBCpCHH HJIII CJIO>KeHIIH.
Tax, b p h ä j ih m o>kho o x a p a K -
TepH 30BaTb OCHOBy TJiarOJIbHO-Ha-
p e n H o r o Tiina KaK cjiO ÄHyK ). B aH-
t j i h h c k o m H3biKe nopHÄOK p a c n o -
JIOJKeHHH KOMnOHeHTOB B HMeHHOM
CJIOJKeHHH C T p o r o (j)HKCHpOBaH H o ß j i a f l a e T CTpyKTypHOH 3HanH-
MOCTbro: nepBbift KOMnoHeHT c y m e -
1 C p . h x nepe>ieHb b p a 6 o T e V. M apqaH .na, n i e npH B O Ä H T C H aH ajT H 3 a a j ie K O H e B c e x
n p o H 3 B o a H H x H H T epecy iom ero H a c T H n a :
M a r c h a n d H . T h e C a te g o r ie s a n d T y p e s o f P r e s e n d -d a y E n g lis h W o r d - fo r m a t io n . M ü n c h e n , 1969.
149
CTByeT oömhho Kan onpeztejiniomee, BTopoft — KaK onpe- Äe^neMoe. npn hx nepecTaHOBKe ceM3HTHHecKHe cbh3h Me- hhiotch: a school-gram m ar uiKOAbHan epaMMaruKa, agram m ar-school — epaMMarunecKaH ( cpedunn) iukoaü, water-drinking — nurbe eodu, a drinking-water — nurbe- ean eoda. B np0H3B0flHbix THnax a shw off eooöpaMaAa, a runaway öeeAetj, a pay-out ebinAara, a leftover octütok Tarae ceMaHTHMecKne OTHOHieHHH OTcyTCTBylOT. IlepecTa- H0BK3 KOMnOHeHTOB, HeB03M0>KH3H B HMeHHOM CJIO>KeHHH,3flecb b npiiH unne He h ck jik jh ch s , cp . a s ta n d e r -b y h a b y - s ta n d e r npu,cyTCT8yma\uü, naÖAtodaTeAb, u p d ra w n h
d r a w n -u p npunodunTbiü, o u tb u rn t h b u r n t -o u t ebioKOKennbiü h t . n. K oH em io, TaKnx «n ep eB epT b iu ien » b H3biKe He TaK y>K M H o r o — ceMaHTH^ecKHe Äy6.neTbi b H3biKe B o o 5 w e peflKO COXpaHHIOTCH, HO OHH OTHIOflb He HeB03M0JKHbI. H a npaKTHKe Ka>KAoe pacn p ocT paH en H oe coneT3HHe r jis r o jia c HaCTHHeH MO>KeT MOTHBHpOBaTb HOByiO OCHOBy c MacTHueß KaK b npeno3HHHH, TaK h b nocTno3Hu.HH, cp . to b r in g up ßocnuTbiearb — u p b r in g in g eocnuraHue, h o b r o u g h t-u p eocnuTdHHbiü-, to tu rn o v e r nepeeopanueaTb, o v e r tu rn c TeM >Ke 3HaneHHeM h cym ecTBH TejibH oe a tu r n -o v e r otipo- Kudbieanue, nepeeopor h t . n. B CJiynsnx TaK oro p o a a co - BepUieHHO 5ICIIO, HTO H3CTHU3 0AHH3K0B0 MOflH(f)HHHpyeT 3HaneHHe n cx o flH oro r jia r o jia BHe 3 3 b h ch m o cth o t T oro, noMem,aeTCH on a n ep e fl hhm hjih jKe n o c j ie Hero. T a x o e ABoßcTBeHHoe nojiojKeHHe n03B0JiHJi0 6bi CHHT3Tb nacTHUbi 3 M 6 h ( J ) H K C 3 M H , eCJIH 6 bl yfl3JIOCb flOK33aTb, h to :
a ) npH n e p e f l a n e on p e Ä e jie H H b ix 3HaneHHH h s c t h h m b
npeno3HUHH h nocTno3HU,HH HrpsiOT TOJKflecTBeHHbie cjio- B00Öp330B3TeJIbHbie po j iH ;
6 ) n p n (j)yHKUH0HHp0B3HHH n e p e a r j iaroJ ibH oft o c h o b o h
H3CTHUH BbinOJIHHIOT pOJIb n p e ( j ) H K C a H OÖ^SflaiOT CTa-
T y coM cJiy>Ke6HOH Mop<f)eMbi;
b ) np0H3B0flH bie eAHHHUbi, BKJiioHaiomHe nacTHuy, o t -
JIHH3KDTCH OT nOflJIHHHblX CJIOJKHblX CJIOB.EcTeCTBeHHO, HTO BCefi 3TOH p s ö o T e ÄOJI>KHO npeflUieCT-
B0B3Tb TmaTeJibHoe H3yneHHe cTpyKTypHO-ceMaHTHHecKHX o c o 6eH H ocT eß B ce x MOÄejieH np0H3B0ÄHbix p a cc M S T p H B a e -
M o r o t h i i 3 ( b t o m H H e j i e h n e p e B e p T b i m e H ) . H e ß o j i b i u o n
06T>eM flaHHOrO COOßmeHHH BbIHyjKAaeT HaC OCTaHOBHTbCH 3 f le cb JIHIHb Ha OflHOH H3 nOCTaBJleHHblX 3aÄaH, a HMeHHO— Ha OnHCaHHH MOÄeJiefi npOH3BOÄHbIX C n 0 C T I 1 0 3 H T H B -
H bl M II H 3 C T H U 3 M H H aHaJIH36 HX CJI0B006pa30BaTeJIb-
150
11o h cneuH(J)HKM ( H e K o t o p t i e A p y r u e acneKTbi H3ynaeM ofl n p o ß j ie M b i m h y jK e o c B e m a jr a p a H b u i e 2) .
Ha n e p ß o e MecTO no cB o e f i p a c n p o c T p a H e m io c T H H3 npOH3BOÄHbIX C n0CTn03HTHBHb!MH HaCTHIjaMH BblXOflHT, nO
Bcefi b h a h m o c t h , n p h ji a r a t e ji b h h e. n o CBoew CTpyK
T y p e o h h j i h ö o n o B T o p a io T nojiHOCTbK) C T p yK T ypy HCXOÄHO-
r o c j ioßocoH eT aH H H , j i h ö o c o f l e p ^ a T npH M eTy aA"beKTHBHO- c t h b BH^e n p a n a c T H b ix cy(|)(j)HKcoB, c p . p u l l d o w n o t k u ö -
HOÜ, p in -U p COÖAa3HUTeAbHbLÜ, C a s t - o f f ÖpOUieHHblÜ, tlOKU-
n yT biü , p u l l - o u t e b id e u M H O ü , c o ä h o h CTopoHbi, h b u i l t - in
ecT poeH H biü , m a d e - u p c ö o p H b iü , c o c T a e n o ü , p l a y e d - o u t
y c T a p e e tu u ü , u3MOTüHHbiü, p a t c h e d - u p 3aA aTaH H biü , bro- k e n - d o w n p a 3 o p u e u iu ü c H h np. — c A p y r o ö .
H e M a j i o c p e a i i np0H3B0ÄH bix p a c c M a T p H B a e M o r o r a n a h c y m e c T B H T e j i b H b i x , npHneM T O * e KaK f ly ß j iH p y io -
m H x C T p yK T y p y h c x o a h o t o CJiOBoconeTaHHH, TaK h co ,n ep -
iKamHX HMeHHbie CytJxjDHKCbl. B npOH3BOÄHbIX CymeCTBH-
TejibHbix m o j k h o BbjflejiHTb cJ ieA yron u ie MOAejiii: 1) 6e3a(j)-
(})HKcajibHbie n o m i n a a g e n t i s , c p . g o - b e t w e e n n o c p e d n u K ,
r u n a w a y öesA eu , , c a s t - o f f u3 z h ü h h u k -, 2 ) 6e3a<j3(j)HKcajibHbie o6o3HaneHH H o ö h x o a h h x npe/uweTOB, n o m i n a c o n c r e t a , c p .
m a k e - u p zp u M , KOCM eruKa, p a s s - o u t K O H T paM apna, t u r n - i n
e o s e p a m e H H b iü ö u A e r , pullover n y A o e e p , c e u r e p , p i c k -u p
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n p oÖ K a , CKOtiAenue mcliuuh , f r a m e - u p A o e y u iK a , 3 a n a d n n .
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e e p r e T b c n , 6y K B . K a K 6bi n p u z e o o K d a t o u ^ u ü - , s h e a c t e d t h e
c u t - u p o n a e a A H A a d y p a n a n t . a .
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y i i H B e p f i a u H H h a c j ) ( } ) i iK c a u i iH . B a i i r j n n i c K O M H 3 b iK e , b o t -
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n p a i n e m i e M A B y n J i e n H o r o ' c i i H T a K c i m e c K o r o c o q e T a m i H b
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:l M a r s h N g a io . D e a th at th e D o lp h in . L o n d o n , 1967.4 C a p o t e T ru m a n . T h e g r a s s h a rp . M o s c o w , 1974.
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p 3 M K y H a ß j i iO A a iO T C H n p n 0 6 p a 3 0 B 3 i n n i (J )opM M H O J K ec T B en -
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c h a i r o b i d e u n y T o e K p e c A O . B n p o T H B O B e c ST O M y / y in c o 3 -
f la H i ia HMeH c y m e c T B H T e j i b H b i x H c n 0 J ib 3 y i0 T C H ä e p i i b a -
m i o H H b i e MOp(|)eMbi e r h - i n g .
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» c e K a K H O B b ie n p i u i a r a T e j i b i i b i e . B n o j i b 3y n e p ß o r o p e r n e -
h h h C B H A e T e j i b C T B y e r t o t (J jb k t , h t o n p n n e o ö x o f lH M O C T H
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c o n e T a H H H h H c n 0 J ib 3 0 B a in is i e e b K a n e c T B e n p e n 0 3 H T i iB H 0 -
r o a T p n 6y T a n p i i n a c T i i a n ( f> o p M a c t p o i i t c h 0 6 s i 3 a T e j i b H 0 K a K
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a a j i e e K O H B e p r a p o B a T b c n , t . e . n p e B p a m a T b c n b n p i u i a r a -
x e j i b H b i e , a A t e K T H B i i p o B a T b C H . n a p a ^ j i e j i b i i o S T O M y n p o -
n e c c y n p o n c x o Ä a T n c e M a H T n n e c K i i e C Ä B i i r n b 3 n a n e H H H X
n c x o f l H b i x n p u n a c T H H , h x n e p e o c M b i c J i e n n e , c p . p u f f e d u p
c a M o d o e o A b H M Ü , K U H A tw b iü , 6y K B . H a d i jT b iü ; p l a y e d - o u t y c -
T a p e e i u u ü , 6y K B . O T b ie p a H H b iu - , w a s h e d - o u t n o Ö A e K iu u ü ,
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i i a k o , h t o n o Ä O Ö H b ie n p n j i a r a T e j i b i i b i e co3 ,n ,a ioTCH H e m n b -
K o n y r o M a a ' b e K T H B a m i n n p n n a c T H H , 110 n n y T C M m i K O p n o -
p a i u i n is p a M K y n o f l j n i i i n o r o a Ä t e K T i i B H o r o c y t j j i j n iK c a -ed. K a K 6 w t o n i i 6b iJ io , a T p u ö y T , c o s Ä a i n i b i f i 113 r j i a r o j i b H O -
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X O A H O r O C J I O B O C O H C T a H H H , H X C M b I C J l O B O e e A H H C T B O . I l o -
A o 6 h o T O M y K a K H C M e u K i i e n p o H 3 B O A H b i e T H n a A u f s t a n d
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1 B u c k C. D . A D ic t io n a r y o f S e le c te d S y n o n y m s in P r in c ip a l I n d o -E u r o p c a n la n g u a g e s . N . Y ., 1949; B o s w o r t h J. , T o l l e r T . A n A n g lo -S a x o n D ic t io n a ry . O x fo r d , 1964; F a l k H. , T o r p A . N o r w e g is c h -D ä n is c h e s W ö r te rb u c h . H e i d e lb e r g , 1960; F e i s t S. V e r g le ic h e n d es W ö r te r b u ch d er g o t is c h e n S p r a c h e ,3 A u fl . L e id e n , 1939; H o 1 t h a u s e n F . A lt e n g lis c h e s e t y m o lo g is c h e s W ö r t e r b u ch . H e id e lb e r g , 1934; H o l t h a u s e n F. A lt s ä c h s is c h e s W ö r te rb u ch . M ü n s te r— K ö ln , 1954; K l u g e F . E t y m o lo g is c h e s W ö r te r b u c h d er d e u ts ch e n S p r a c h e . B e a rb . - v o n W . M itz k a , 18 A u fl . B e r lin , I9 6 0 ; V r i e s J. de. A ltn o r d is c h e s e t y m o lo g is c h e s W ö r t e r b u ch . L e id e n , 1961 ; Z o e g a Y . A c o n - c is e D ic t io n a r y o f O ld I s la n d ic . O x fo r d
158
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; i p c a j i e 2 h j ih a p e B H e f im e r o A n aJ ieK T iioro njieHeiiHH repM aH -
C K O ä 5 I 3 b lK O B O H OÖJiaCTII 3.
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p acn p eÄ ej ieH H ii A p c B H e re p M a n c K H x cym ecT B H T ejibH bix h
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M noroniicjiciiH bie nccjieAOBaHiia repMaHCKoro cJioBapa 4 o 6iiapy>KHBaiOT ero 3iiamiTejibiiyio jieKciinecKyio Ancjjcjje- pcHmiamiio y>KC na ApcBHefiuueM ypoBiie. M ojk h o BbiAe- juiTb Tpn OCHOBHHX Tiina apeajibH oro pacnpocTpaHeHHH repMaiiCKiix JieitceM: 1) oömerepMaHCKiie, t . e. 3a(})HKCHpo- naHHbie bo b ccx repMaHCKHx H3biKax; 2) apeaJibHbie, t . e. ucTpenaioim ieca b AByx rpyn nax h sh kob hjiii AByx (hjih ßojiee) H3biKax oähoh rpynnbi, 11 3 ) jioKajibHbie, t . e. BCTpeHaiOLHHeCH TOJIbKO B OAHOM H3bIKe. HaHÖOJIbUIHH hh- Tepec c jiiiHrBoreorpa^HnecKOH tohkh 3pemiH npeACTaB- jihiot apeajibHbie jieKceMbi, TaK KaK oiih AaioT MaTepnaji ajih H3yneHH5i ApeBHeftuiero AHajieKTiioro HJieHeHHH rep- iwaiicKOH H3HKOBOH o ö jia cra h Me>i<AHajieKTHbix (a no3>Ke 11 Me^TiHSbiKOBbix) KOHTaKTOB. HccjieAOBaHiie apeajibHbix ApeBHerepMaiicKHx j i c k c c m 5 oßHapyjKiuio necTpyio Kapra-
1952; T h e O x fo r d D ic t io n a r y o f E n g lis h E t y m o lo g y ed b y T . O n io n . O x fo r d , 1966.
2 C m .: ' i e M o j a a o B H . C . TepMancKHe ssh k h e p e /u i /ip y n ix hhäo- eBpöneiicKHX. — B kh.: C p a B i iH T e J ib i ia a rpaM M anma r e p M a H C K H x H3H- kob, t . 1, 196 7 ; TaM K e cm . 6ii6jiHorpacj)iiio.
-1 Cm.: >K h p m y h c k i i ii B . M . njieMemibie f l .i ia j ie K T b i a p eB in ix rep- MaHueB. — TaM >ne.
4 C p ., nanpHMep: C m h p i i h u k h h A . H . XfpeBiieaurjniHCKHH H3bii<. M ., 1955 ; H e m o ä a 11 0 b H . C . YK a3. c o q .; F r i n g s T h . S p r a c h e u n d G e s ch ich te , I — I I I . H a lle , 1956; K o l b E . G e r m a n is c h -n o r d g e r m a n is ch W o r t g u t . F r a u e n fe ld , 1957 ; M a u r e r F . N o r d g e r m a n e n u n d A le m a n e n . S tu d ie n zu r g e r m a n is c h e n u n d frü h d e u tsc h e n S p r a c h g e s c h ic h te . B e r n — M ü n ch e n , 1952 ; R o s e n f e l d H . F . A le m a n n is c h n o r d g e r m a n is c h e W o r t g le ic h u n g e n . — In : N e o p h i lo lo g is c h M it te i lu n g e n (H e ls in k i ) , 51, 1950, N 4 ; L e r c h n e r G . S tu d ie n zu m N o r d g c r m a n is c h e n W o r ts c h a tz . E in V e r t r a g zu d e n F r a g e n u m A u f b au u n d G lie d e r u n g d e s G e r m a n is c h e n , K a p . I I . H a lle , 1965; i. a. Cm. Tai<>i<e: E p m o b a H . A . Cneu.H(JiHKa pacnpeAejieimH oömerep- M ancKoii jicKciiKii b cKaiiamiaBCKOM a p ea jie . -— B k ii.: CKaHÄiiHaBCKiiii cöop iu iK , t . X I V . T a jiju n i, 1 96 9 ; O n a » e , H eK 0T0pbie 3aMe*iaHHH
159
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n p a B H J ib H a H H H T e p n p e T a m i H ii o u e e K a S T o r o M a T e p n a j i a n e -
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poÄCTBeHHbix OTHOHieiniH (19%), H acT eü Tejia (17%), npe^MeTOB h HBJiemiH BH einiiero 4)H3HHecKoro MHpa (18%), pacTH TejibH oro Miipa (19%). Cm., H anpiiM ep, ä h . jö r k o h ö , A a . e oh ö o e e o ü K o m U n a i . eq u u s, u p ji. ech KOHb, jiiit . (ycT.) esv u , a s v a , c k t . a sv a K oöbina-, t o t . b r o fa r , ä h .
brööur, a a . b r ö ä o r , a b h . b ru o d e r //jia T . fra te r , up ji. b r ä lh ir , c t -cji. b ra trü , ck t . b lirä ta r , aßecT. b r a ta r 6paT\ to t . h a u rn ,
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6 B n a m e M n o n n M a n m i c o x p a i i i iB iu a s ic n c r a p a a jieK ceM a T O * e h b j i s i c t c h
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M a k a e b . ü p o ö j i e M b i i i H Ä o e B p o n e i i c K o f t a p e a j i b i i o i i jm i i r B i i c T i iK i i .
M . , 1 9 6 4 , § 4 , c . 2 5 — 3 3 .
’ C m . : C m ii p h h u k h i i A . H . y K a 3 . c o 1! . , § 1 6 3 .
160
Ul'K'CKOrO II y MCTBeHHOrO BOCnpIIHTHH, 3M0HHII, B BOeHHOH
.’ii'KctiKe. 3 t o t t h i i npeACTaBJieH b o c h o b h o m o 6 m e r e p M a H -
c'kiimii j i e K c e M a M i i (77%) h noH Tii o T e y T e T B y e T c p e A H Jio-
KajibHbix ( 5 % ) .
2 . J le K c e M b i, o ß H a p y m H B a r o m H e A O C T O B epH bie c o o T B e T -
c t b i i h n o K o p m o b A p y n i x H H A oeB p on eH C K H X H 3 b iK a x , h o , b
■i3CTH0CTII, i i M e i o m n e a p y r n e A eT epM H H aT H B bi , cytJxjniKCbi
i i j ih o r j i a c o B K i i . n o c v t i i AßJia, T a n n e JieKceM bi npeACTaB-
j i h i o t c o ß o i i o c o ö b i e , i i n o r A a c n e n iK j m q e c K H r ep M a H C K H e
A ep iiB a ™ HHAoeBponeHCKHX KOpnefi, h o i i x 06pa30B aH iie naA O O T iie cT i i k HiiAoeBponencKOH h j ih p a H H e o ö i n e r e p M a H -
c k o h s n o x e , t . e. Ha n c c J ie A y e M O M 3 T a n e i i x neJ ib3H s t h -
M0JiorH3iipoBaTb n a repMancKOM ypoBHe. Cm., nanpHM ep, t o t . w i n d s , a h . v i n d r , A a . w i n d , a b i i . w i n t e e r e p , jiaT . v e n -
t u s , j i h t . v e j a s , aB. v ä t a , c k t . v ä y u eerep \ t o t . d a g s , a h .
d a g r , A a. d a e 5 , a b h . t a g denb\ c k t . n i d ä g h a w a p a , A e r o ,
c k t . a b a n - , a b a r a n d e n b , A p . - n p y c . d a g i s A e r o .T a K H e J ieK ceM bi c o c T a B j i m o T c a M y i o 6 o j i b m y i o rp y n n y
(32%) ii B C T p en a ioT C H b o B c e x JICF. H a i i 6 o j i b m m i y A e J ib -
iibii'i B e c o h h h m c i o t b o 6 o 3 n a q c n i m x B peM eH H (37%), n a -
c t c h T e j ia (46%), n p o c T p a n c T B e i n i b i x OTHOUieHHH, s m o h h h
(45%), 4>H3iiii e c K o r o B oc n p i iH T H H . M e H b i u e B c e r o h x b n a -
j iB a i in s ix n p o u e c c o B y m c t b c h h o h AeaTCJibHOCTii, o 6 o 3 H a q e -
i n i a x p e n n ii n u c b M a . 3 t o t Tim p a c n p o c T p a H e n ö o j i e e p a B -
noM epno, n o oßm erepM ancK H e j i c k c c m h cocTaBJinioT n o n -
t h n o j iO B H H y (47%— 39%— 24%).3. JieKceMbi, 0 6 p a 3 0 B a m ib ie o t K o p H e f i j i i o ö o h s t i i m o -
.noniH ( n p e i i M y i n e c T B e i i i i o i i H A o e B p o n e ß c K i i x ) n a rep- M a n c K o n noMBe, t . c . 3 T i i M 0 J i 0 n i 3 H p y r o m n e c 5 i BHyT-
pn r e p M a H C K H x h 3 h k o b . BojibininicTno H3 i i h x o Ö H a p y -
>KiiBaeT n e T K y i o c J i 0 B 0 0 6 p a 3 0 B a T e j i b i i y i 0 C T p y K T y p y . K a K h c . i c A O B a J io o> K ii f laT b , n a n ö o j i e e « r e p M a n c K H M i i » HBJiHioTcn
JIC T , rA e H HAoeBponeftcKiiH c j i o h npeACTaBJieH MeHbiue
ucero: n p a B O B a a j i e K c i iK a (80%), n a3B aH H H in iT e ju i e K T y -
a j i b i i b ix npoueccoB (75%), i i M y m e c T B e i u i b i x OTHOUieHHH
(65%), c o n n a j i b H b i x (60%). K O ji iu ie c T B e H iib ix (60%) o t -
i i o iu e H in i , T c p M in ib i p e m i ii n u c b M a ( 1 3 % ) . MeHbiue B c e r o
r e p M a H C K iin s j i c m c h t n p c A C T a B J ie n b t b k h x « i i i i A o e B p o n e H -
c k i i x » JI CF, KaK o 6 o 3 i i a n e H i i e npoueccoB c } )H 3 n q e c K o r o
H O cn p i iH T im ( 1 1 % ) , H a 3 B a m iH q a c T c i i T e j i a (20%), j k h j i h -
m a ii e r o ' l a c T e i i (20%), A B iD K e n i in ii c p e A C T B n e p e A B H * e -
iiiisi (27%), /K iiBOTiib ix (29%). (O A H a K O b p a A e cJiynaeB f ib iB a eT T p y A n o n p o B e c m n e T K y io r p a H b Me>KAy OTAeJibHbi-
161
m h rp y n n a M H b b i i a y orpaHimeHHOCTH M a T e p n a j ia ii c n o p - Hbix STMMOJiornH.) 3 t o t Tun A a eT o ö p a T H o e co o T H o m e i iH e ; o ö m e r e p M a H C K ise j ieK ccM bi cocT aB jia iO T 1 6 % , a p e a j ib i ib i e —
2 6 % h jio iva jib i ib ie — 5 8 % .
O c T a j i b e y i o n a c T b c j i o ß a p n cocTaBJiHK>T: 4 ) 3aiiMCTBO-
Bam iH ( 9 % ) ii 5 ) JieKceMbi neii3BecTHOH h jih coM H H Tejib -
h o h 3THM0Ji0rn ii ( 9 % ) . H a i i ß o j i e e npoH H uaeM biM ä j ih A p e B - n eH u ii ix 3aiiMCTBOBaHiiH O K a3aj in cb o6 o 3 i ia H e m iH ejibi H
n m b H ( 2 8 % ) , >KiiJinma n e r o q a c i e n ( 2 7 % ) , TepMinibi p e -
h h h n n c b M a ( 1 9 % ) , i ia3Bam iH OAe>KAbi ii ynpauieHH Ö
( 1 6 % ) , npaKTH'iecKH i i c t 3aiiMCTB0BaHiiH cp e^ H o ö o 3Ha- qeHiift SM om ift , Ha3BaHiiii q a cT e i i T e j ia , n e j i o ß e K a , n paBO BO ö
JieKCHKH ( 2 6 % ) . 3 t o t T im M eiib iue B c e r o npcACTaBJieH c p e -
ä h a p e a j ib H b ix J icnceM ( 3 8 % ) n noHTii b paB iio i i CTeneHH—
c p e ^ H o ß m c r e p M a i i c K i i x ( 3 6 % ) n jioi<ajibHbix.
T aK iiM 0 ö p a 3 0 M , e p c A i i a p e B H e r e p M a i ic K i ix c y m e cT B H -
TCJIbllblX BblACJISIIOTCfl /IBa OCIIOBHblX ßOJIbUIHX STHMOJIOrH- i ie cK u x c j i o h , y c j i o B H o n a3biB aeM bie iiH A oeB pone iicK iiM , k o -
T opb ll i HBJIHeTCH ÖOJiee ApCBIIIIM, II repM3HCKHM, KOTOpblH
npeACTaBJiaeTcsi ß o j i e e n o3A m iM . 3aiiMCTBOBaiiHH h 3 t h m o - j i o n iH e c K n H enciib ie j i c k c c m h n e cocT aB Jin ioT xpoHO JiorH ne-
c k h e Ä in io r o c j i o h . OTACJibiibie r p y n n b i 3aiiMCTBOBaHiiH, Ha- n pH M ep JiaTiiiicKiie, KejibTCKiie, mo>kiio oT iiecT ii k o n p e a e -
j ieH iio f i a n o x e , n o p h a eAiim iHiibix JieKceM T pyA tio ( jn iKcripo-
BaTb b o BpeMeHii.
C jieAOBaTe.Tbiio , J I C T c n p e o ß j ia A a H iie M l iH A o e B p o n e i i - C K oro c j i o h mo>kiio c [iHTaTb 6o j i e e ycTofm iiBbiM H j ieK c i in e -
c k i i ii ß o j i e e ApcB iniM ii , >icm J 1 C T c n p e o ß j ia f la i in e M r e p - M a n c K o r o c j i o h . 3 t i i >kc J I C T b h c j i o m oi<a3biBaioTCH Me-
n e e n p o m m a e M b iM i i h 3aiiMCTBOBaniift.
II
H ccJ icA O B a im e n oK a3b iB aeT , h t o Me>KÄy T i inoM a p e a j i b -
n o r o p a c n p o c T p a i iC H i ia JieKceMbi n e e STHMOJioniqecKOH x a - p a K T e p u c T i iK o i i c y m e c T B y c T o n p e A e j iC H H a n B3aHMOCBH3b.
J ieK ceM bi, i iM e io m n e o ß m e r e p M a n c K o e p a c n p o c T p a n e m i e , b öOtTbu ii i i icTBe c b o c m n p i i i iaAJ ie>KaT ic T im a M 1— 2, t . e. HMe-
i o t H H A oeB p on eH C K i ie n a p a j i j i e j in h j ih 06i iapy>K H Bai0T a o -
CTOBepHbie H H A o e B p o n e i i c K i i e c b h 3 h n o KÖpHio ( 6 3 % ) . T n n
3 — r e p M a n c K i ie n p0ii3B0AH bie n o c o ö e m i o cjio>KHbie c j i o - Ba — c ocT aB J iH e r 3 A e cb n e c j i i i i i ik o m ß o j i b i u y i o n p o c J io i iK y
( 2 0 % ) . T u n 4 — o ö i u c r e p M a n c K i i e 3aiiMCTBOBaiii iH — H
162
Tim 5 — He3THMO^OrH3HpOBaHIIbie JICKCCMbl — C0CT3BJIHI0T COOTBeTCTBeHIIO 10 H 9%.
Cpeflii apeajibiibix jickccm yAeJibiibiii bcc HHAoeBponefi- cKoro cjioh — TiinoB 1,2 — chh>k3ctch ao 38%, a rana 3 — repMaHeKHX H0B006pa30BaHiiö — noBbimaeTCH a o 42%. JieKceMbi c neii3BecTiiOH 3TMM0Ji0nieft necKOJibKO npeoßjia- AaiOT HaA 33HMCTBOB3HHHMH (cOOTBeTCTBeHHO 11 H 9%).
JIoK3JibHbie JieKceMbi o 6napy>KHBaioT MiiHiiMy m TiinoB 1, 2 (21%) H MaKCHMyM Tiina 3 (63%), npH^eM 33hm ct-B0B3HHH H He3TIlMOJIOrH3IipOB3HHblX JieKCCM 3ACCb T3KJKe necKOJibKO MeHbrne, lieM B npeAbiAymnx rpynnax (9 h 7%).
CjICAOBSTejIbHO, B U,ejlOM 0l1merepM3HCK3H JieKCeMS npOTHBOCTOIiT JI0K3JlbH0H, KaK miAoeBponeucKSH repM3ii- ckoh. A p ea jib n u e JieKceMbi 3amiMaiOT b stom m iaue npo- MOKyTOHHOc noJio>Keinie: o ö a o ch ob h h x STHMOJionmecKHX cjioh npeACTaBJieiibi npiiM epno oAimaKOBo, Jinuib c Heöojib- rniiM nepeBocoM b CTopony repM ancKoro.
O ah 3ko b pa3Hbix rpynriax apeajibiibix ii3orjiocc c o o t - HomeiiHe STHMOJionmecKiix tiiiiob p33Jiiihiio, x o th b u e jiO M
OTKJIOIieHHH HeBCJIHKII. 3ACCb MOJKIIO CAejI3Tb IieKOTOpbie HaÖJIIOAeHHH K3K B OTHOUieilHII THIIOB 3peaJ10B, TaK II B OT- HomeiiHH KOHKpeTiibix ApeBHerepMancKiix h3hkob.
I. E cjih apeajibiisn Jiei<ceM3 p 3cnpocT p3 iieii3 b ßojib- IUOM HHCJie H3bIKOB, TO, K3K np3BIIJIO, Olia HBJIHeTCH HH- AoeBponeHCKoft, 3 OTcyTCTBHe ee b k3kom -to oahom H3biKe MOHteT p3CCM3TpiIB3TbCH KaK BbHiaAeHIie, BbI3B3HH0e p33- JIHHHblMH npHHHH3MH, HJIH CJiylI3HHbIH npOnyCK B Ü3MHTHH- K3X. K T3K0My THny H30rJI0CC liaCTO npHH3AJie>K3T TOT- CK0-06me33n3ÄH0repM3HCKHe HJIH CK3HAHII3BO-33n3AHOrep- MSHCKHe H30rjI0CCbI, 3 T3K>Ke H3CTIIHH0 CK3HAHH3B0-3HrJI0- HeMeiiKHe, roTCKo-aHrjio-HeMeuKiie iijiii o6m e3an3AH orep- M3HCKiie. C p . , HanpnMep, t o t . w id u w ö//A a . w iduw e, ac. w id u w s, äbh. w ituw a B doea l/jia r . v idua, upji. fedb, Ap. npyc. w id d ew a , ct .-c ji. vb d ov a , ck t. v idh ävä edoea\ ah. naut, Aa. neat, abii. n öz poaarbiü ck ot/I jih t. naudä, noAb- sa, d oxod , ji3 tb . nsuda coöcTB em io denbeu-, Aa. lufu, A^P- luvu, abh. liubi Aioöoßb-, c t -c ji . ljnby , ck t. lubh otceAdTb; jiaT. lubet, libet HpaeiiTbcn.
II. E cjih jieKceM3 BCTpenaeTCH b Aßyx H3biKax, He na- xoahluhxch b HccjieAyeMbifl nepiiOA b HenocpeacTBeHHOM coceACTBe, ona TaioKe qam e 6biB3eT CTapoii HHAoeBponeH- CKOH. K 3TOMy Timy npiIHaAJieJKHT ßOJIbHIHHCTBO TOTCKO- CKailAHHaBCKHX, rOTCKO-aurjIHHCKHX, IieMCHKO-CKSHAHHaB-
163
c k h x H 3 o r j io c c . JJjih s t h x H 3 o r j i o c c « p a 3 o p B a H H o r o » a p e a -
j ia n a c T o x a p a K T e p u a S o j ib iu a n ceM aH Tim ecK asi AHcj)t}) e P e H- UHauiiH: c p . , n a n p i iM e p , t o t . r i q i s ibM a\ ä h . r o k k r c ijM e p -
k u /I c k t . r ä j a s reM H oe n p o c r p a n c T e o , o ö a ü k o - , a h . a r in u , A b h . a r i n o h ü z U jiaT. ä r ä , o c k . — y M ß . ä s ä otcepTeeHHUK ;
ä r e r e öb iT b cijxu m .
I II . J le K ce M a q a c T o ßbiBaeT n i i A o e B p o n e ß c K o r o n p o n c - xo>KAeHH5i, e c j in o n a BCTpcnaeTCH b A B y x H3biKax, p a c n p o -
CTpaHeHHbix n a OKpai-me repM ancKOH h 3 m k o b o h oöJiacTH 8,
KaK, H an p iiM ep , n eK O T opbie aurjio-CKaHAHHaBCKHe H 3 o r j i o c -
cb i ; c p . , H anpH M ep, a h . h o l d tiJ iorb , A a . h o l d rpyti-, a h p j i .
c o l i n n reAO\ a h . s v i r i , A a . s w i r a , s w e o r a iueH\ AHpJi. s w e r k o a o h h ü -, c k t . s v a r i CTOAÖ.
IV . A p e a jib H a H J ieK ceM a n a iu e o 6napy> KnBaeT h iia o -
e B p o n e ö cK y ro STH M O Jiorn io , ecjiH o n a npuHaAJie>KHT k Jiei<-
CHHecKH 6ojiee y cT o iw iiB b iM J I C T (cp . Bb im e c. 160).
JIo K a ;ib H b ie JieKceM bi, iiM e io m n e H H A o eB p on en cK y io s t h -
M o jio rn io , y ß b iB a io T n o CBoeM y yACJibHOM y B ecy c B O d O K a
Ha 3 a n a A , o t ro T C K o ro H3biKa (2 4% ) k A p e B iie a H rjin n cK O M y
( 6 % ) , n p n n e M A p c B n e n c jia iiA C K in i i i A peB H eB epxH eH eM eu -
KHH H3bIKH B 3TOM n jia H e IIC CJIHIHKOM OTJIimaiOTCH OT TOT-
C K o ro (2 1 % ). C jie A O B a T e jib iio , A p e B iie a u rjn iH C K H n h s h k b
3TOM OTHOHiem iH pe3KO BbiAeJiHeTCH ii3 B cex A p e B H ere p M a n -
c k h x h 3h k o b . P a c n p e A e jie H n e rep M a H C K o ro J io K a jib H o ro
CJIOH n o H3bIK3M COOTBeTCTBeHHO OÖpaTHO: OT A peB H ea il-
rJiH H CK oro (7 2% ) k roTCK O M y (5 7 % ), n p im e M ApeBHeHC-
JiaHACKHH CTOHT 3AeCb ÖJIIDKe K ApeBHeaHTJIlIHCKOMy
(6 8 % ) , a A peB H eB epxH eH eM eu K H ii — k roTCKO M y (5 7 % ).
H a j i i m n e 6o J ib m o r o n n c j i a jiOKajibHbix apxaH3MOB —
H H A oeB p on ef icK iix jiei<ceM — b t o t c k o m H3biKe B n o j i i ie c o r -
j iacyeTCH c e r o noJio>KeHHeM oK paH H H oro H3biKa b ßoJ ibm oH H3HKOBOH o ß j ia c T i i . C x o A n a a c irryauH H c y m e c T B y e T h b
ApeBlieHCJiaHACKOM H3bIKe. npOTHBOpenHBaH CHTyaUHH B ApeBIieaHrJIHHCKOM H3bIKe MO>KeT oßtHCHATbCH OTiaCTH
TeM, h t o e r o n o j io /K e H i ie A0B0JibH0 H 30JinpoBaH H oro OKpa-
HHHOTO H3blK3 CJIO>KHJIOCb ]ICTOpHqCCKII B ecbM a n03AH 0, H
CTapbie H H A oeB p on e f lcK n e JieKceMbi c T a j in BbiTecHHTbcn 6y p -
h o o 6p a 3yiom,iiMncH HHHOBamiHMH, qTO xapaK T epH O aJih
H o ß o r o «aKTHBH oro a p e a j i a » . B h c o k i i h n p o u e H T jiOKajibHbix
r e p M a n c K i ix JieKceM b ApeBHencJiaiiACKOM T3K>Ke p e 3 y j ib T a T
e ro H30JiHpoBaHHoro r e o r p a t } ) i iH e cK o ro noJio>KeHHH.
8 B 3tom cjiyqae, KaK h b A p yn ix «cruiom iibix» apeajiax, ne hckjiio- qeHO KOHtaKTHoe pacnpocT paneim e CTapoii iiHÄoeBponeiicKoö JieKceMbi.
164
K a n o T M e q a j i o c b B bim e, a p e a j ibH b ie cym ecTB H TejibH bie
H H A o e B p o n e f icK o ro n poH cxoJK A eH iia b MBCTe c H H aoeB poneH -
CKHMH OÖmerepMaHCKHMH H JIOKaJIbHbIMII CyiUeCTBHTejIbHbl-
mh o 6 p a 3 y r o T ApeBHeßuiHH c j i o h repMaHCKHx cy m ecT B H -
TeJibHbix, npeACTaBJiHH c o 6o h H e n o cp e a c T B e H H o e HHAOeBDO-
n e ft c K o e H a c j ie a i ie b repM SHCKiix H3biKax. O a h s k o t o , h t o
m h H a3bißaeM repMaHCKHM cJioeM, n p e a c T a ß j iH e T c o ß o f i
JIHIUb HOBblH HCTOpHTCCKIlH 3 T a n pa3BIITHH 3 T 0 r 0 H3CJieAHH,
n 03 T 0M y n p oB ecT H neT K yio r p s m i u y Me>KÄy h h m h TpyAHO (A a B 3T0M H HeT OCOÖOH He06x 0AHM0CTIl) , MO>KHO JIHIUb
n0nbIT3TbCH H3MeTHTb HeKOTOpbie OCOÖeilHOCTH II30rJI0CC
r e p M a u c K o r o npoH cxo^K A em iH .
1. J i e K c e M b i c r e p M a H C K o f i 3 T H M 0 j i0 r i i e i " i , i i M e i o m n e 06-
i u e r e p M a H C K o e p a c n p o c T p 3 H e i i i i e , o h c b h a i i o , o t h o c h t c h k
A p e B H e f i i u e u a n o x e c y m e c T B O B a m i H r e p M 3 i i c K i i x h 3 h k o b :
AJ ih T o r o H T o 6bi B 0 3 H H K iu a H H H H O B au i iH M o r j i a p a c n p o c r p a -
HHTbCH BO BCeß T e p M a H C K O H H3M KOBOH OÖJiaCTII, J l l lß o 0 3 -
M 3 OÖ JiaCTb A O J I Ä H a ÖblJ ia Ö b iT b 0Li e H b K O M n a K T H O H , JII160 H a s t o A O J ia<Ho 6m j i o n o T p e 6o B a T b c a a o c t s t o m i i o M i i o r o
B p e M e i u i (b i i c T o p i m e c K u x M 3 c u i T 3 6 a x ) . B e p o a r a e e B c e r o ,
B H C TO pH H 3 T H X J ieK C eM HMeJIH M eC T .0 0 Ö 3 M O M e H T a . K Ta-
K O M y >Ke T i m y H 3 o r j i o c c o r a o c a T c a , n o - B H A U M O M y , « r e p M a n - c K i i e » J i e K c e M b i , H e B C T p e q s i o i u H e c a b t o t c k o m H 3 b iK e , t . e .
n o j i y m i B u i H e p a c n p o c T p a H e H i - i e y:>Ke n o c j i e o T A e j i e H i i a t o t -
C K o r o o t n p o m i x A p e B H e r e p M S H C K i i x H 3 b iK 0 B ; c p . , n a n p i i -
M e p , a h . $81 in g r , A a . a eS e in g npunu,, a b h . e d e l i n g deopnHtm o t n p u j i a r . Aa. aeSele, a b h . ed i l i ÖAazopodHbiü.
2. HecKOJibKO « M 0Ji0>Ke», B e p o a r a o , j i c k c c m h r e p M a n -
c K o r o c j i o h , o x B a T b iB a io iu n e t o t c k h ö ii 3an3A H orepM aiiC K H e H3bIKH. Hx B03HHKH0BeHHe H paCnpOCTpSHCHJie M0JKCT OT-
HOCHTbCH k 3 n o x e t o t c k h x n o c e j ie H i iu B K )>k i ioh n p u ß s j i - THKe, n o c T e n e H H o r o n p o A B iu K e m ia i ix Ha i o t o - b o c t o k h y c - T3H0BJieHHH KOHTaKTOB C BepXHeiieMeUKHMH njICMenaMH.
O c o ö e H H O noK a3aT e jibH bi b s t o m o m o u ie H H i i cneuncJum ecK He
r 0TCK0-A p e B H e B e p x n e n e M e u K iie H 3 o r j io c c b i : c p . , HanpH M ep,
t o t . w a n d u s nanm-, a b h . w a n t c r e w a ; w i n d a n eu T b , riAe-
ctu\ t o t . a s a n s oceu b \ a b h . a r a n y p o m a ü -, a s . e a r n i a n ,
a b h . a r n o n oicaTb.r o T C K o - a H n i H Ü c K i i e ( a u r j i o - r o T C K O - H e M e u K H e ) c o o t b c t -
c t b h h r e p M a u c K o r o n p o i i c x o ^ A e i m H n p eA C T a B J iH iO T
c o 6o ü ß o j i b i u e f t H 3 C T b io , k s k m o j k h o n p e A n o J i o > K i i T b , p e -
3 y j i b T a T n a p a j i j i e j i b H o r o p a 3 B H T i i a r e p M a H C K H x K o p n e f i , T a K
K a K b p H A e c j i y H a e B y h h x H a ö j i i O A a e T c a p a 3 J i n im e cycJxJuiK-
165
ca hjih orjiacoBKH kophh, hjih ohh 0ßpa30Banbi no O'teHb npOÄyKTHBHOH repMancKoii MOÄejm: cp., HanpnMep, TOT.hazeins; Aa. herung, hering n o x e a A a ot tot. hazjan; aa. herian xeaAUTb-, abii. hären, harön KpunaTb-, tot. mikilei; Äa. micelnes, abh. mihheli p a 3 u e p ot npHjiaraiejibnoro ÖOAbUlOÜ.
3. C Äpyroft CTopoHbi, nocjie oTAejieHHH roTCKoro H3bi- na ot o6m,erepMancKoro 5i3biicoBoro eAHHCTBa npoAOjmaeT- ch 4)opMripoBaHiie pa3JiiiHHbix cKaHÄHiiaBo-3anaÄHorepMan- ckhx h 3anaÄHorepMancKHx H3orjiocc. B ojiee pacnpocTpa- iiciiHbie reorpacimecKii JieKceMbi, no-BiiÄHMOMy, cocTaB- jihiot xpoHOJiormiecKH omocHTejibno ßojiee paHiinn cjioh, HanpnMep, cKanÄiniaBo-aHrjiocaKCoiiCKiie iijih CKaiiAHHaBO- aiirJio-neMeuKHe naorjioccbi: cp. äh. helviti, Äa. hellewlte, äbh. hellawlzi ad\ cjioBocjiOyKemifl ot hcl+vlti.reorpacjjimecKH ßojiee KOMnaKTHbie apeajibi AaioT ßojiee BbicoKHH VAejibnui: Bec H3orjiocc c repMancKOH sthmojio- niefi, Hanpimep CKaiiAnHaB0-cai<c0iicKne, CKaHAHHaBO-aH- rjiHHCKne, aHrjio-neMeuKiie H3orjioccbi. /XpeBHeBepxHene- Men,KIlfi H3bIK HBIIO IIMCCT MIIHHMajlbHOe HIICJIO CBH3eH C ÄpeBHCHCJiailÄCKHM.
4. CjieAyeT OTMCTHTb, MTO, CCJ1H 3IiaHHTejIbHbIH KOM- naKTiibiii H3biK0B0ii apeaji BHyTpn eme ßojibmero apeajia o6hapy>KHBaeT cpaBiniTejibHO Majio repMaHCKiix HHHOBa-H.HH, MO>KHO npeAriOJIO>KUTb, HTO OH CJIO>KHJICH HCTOpHHeCKH B ecb M a n03AH0.TaKiiM 0ßpa30M, mo>kho oßi>flcHHTb, HanpnMep, oneub HH3KHH npoueHT oßiuc3anaAHorepMaHCKHX «repMaini3MOB» (ßcero 2 6 % ). C Apyroft CTopoHbi, ecjni apeaji siBJiaeTCH 0CTaTK0M ßojiee oßmupHoro apeajia h b TeneHiie AOJiroro BpeMenH ßbiji ueiiTpoM pacnpocTpaiiemiH hhhob3uhh, b HeM ÄO.T>KeH ßblTb OCOßeHHO BblCOKHH yAeJIbHblH Bec rep- M3HCKHX H30rjl0CC. C 3T0H TOHKII 3peHIIH OßT>HCHIIM BblCOKHH npoueHT «repM3IIH3MOB» B CKSHAHHSBO-CSKCOHCKHX, CKaHAHHaBO-CaKCOHO-HeMeUKHX, CaKCOHO-HeMeUKHX H30- r jio c ca x (5 9 % ). C pacrnnpeHneM apeajia 3a cner ApeBHeaH- TJIHHCKOrO H3bIKa VAeJIbllblH Bec «rCpM3HH3MOB» HeCKOJlbKO yMeHbmaeTCfi, ho Bce >kc ocTaeTca ßoJibuniM. 3to, no Bcen BepOHTHOCTII, TOT apeaji, KOTOpblH IICCJieAOBaTeJIII 9 pac- CMaTpiiBaioT KaK ceBepo-3anaAHorepMancKiiH (Nordwests L e r c h n c r G . O p . c it .; P a M a x ü . M b ic.n u o ceQ eporepM aiirK on
n p oÖ J ieM e. — « B o n p . 5 i3 b iK 0 3 n a m iH », 1967 , JSIs 6 .
166
g e r m a n i s c h e ) . O h C Taprne ( o 6 m e ) 3 a n a A H o r e p M a H C K o r o h
ß o j i e e c B o e o 6 p a 3 e n . F l0ABH>KH0CTb JienceM B H yjp H H ero
npoflOJUKaeTcn h b HCTOpHHecKyro a n o x y , n o c j i e BbiAeJieHHH OTÄeJibHbix a pcB H erep M aH C K iix h 3 h k o b KaK caMOCTOHTejib-
Hbix eAHHim, i io b T e p M im a x s t o h a n o x n a p ea .n bH oe p a c -
n p o c T p a n e H i ie r c p M a n c K o f t h h h o b s u h h p a c c M a T p i iB a e T c n
KaK 3 a iiM C T B O B a H n e 113 O Ä n o r o H3bii<a b a p y r o f l .5. A p e a j i u , o x B 3 T b iB 3 io m n e A B a H 3 b iK a , K O H T a K r a p y r o -
m n e b n c c j i e a y e M y i o a n o x y , T a K * e AaiOT b h c o k h h n p ou eH T
HHHOBaUHH, eCJIII OHH CJIO>KHJlHCb f la B H O , H HeBbICOKHH, eC-
JIH OHH OÖpa30BajIHCb n03ÄII0, HO B nOCJlCÄIIHX n p o u e c c B 0 3 H H K H 0 B e H H H HOBblX H 3 0 r j I0 C C MO>KeT npOAOJI>KaTbCH,
p a c c M a T p i iB a a c b t o Ka i< n a p a j u i e j i b H b i e HHHOBaUHH, t o KaK
3 a H M C T B 0 B 3 H H H , n p n n c M H s n p s B J i e H i i e a b h j k c h h h o 6y c j i o ß -
JIHBaeTCH 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTHHeCKHMH (J )aK T 0p3M H .
TimiiHHbiM n p u M e p o M T a K o r o a p e s j i a HBJiHeTcn a u r j i o -
CKaHÄiniaBCKHH a p e a j i . TepMaHCKiift c j i o h co cT a B j in e T nyTb
6oJ ib iu e nojioBHHbi 3 t o h r p y n n b i H 3 o r j i o c c , H H/ioeBponeft-CKHH ---- M C I Ib U ie OAHOH Tp C TH . T e p M 3 H C K H H CJIOH 3HTJI0-
CKaHÄHHaBCKHX J ieK C eM CCMaHTIHieCKH C K O im e H T p H p O B a i l B
HeCKOJIbKHX J1CT H MO>KßT AaB'aTb C e M a H T H H eC K H TeCHO
CBH3aHHbie n y H K H . 3 t o n p e j K Ä e B c e r o H a s B a i n i a H B J i e m m
n p n p o Ä b i , x a p a K T e p i i3 y io m ,n e H oc i iT e j ien s t h x H 3 o r j i o c c k s k n p H M op cK H x >KHTejieH 10, a T a ioK e r p y n n a H 3 o r j i o c c b JIC T «ABH>KeHIie H CpeflCTB3 COOßlUeHHH», CBH33IIIIbIX C MOpCKHM
A e j ioM : c p . , H an pH M ep, ä h . b e i t n o sT . K op a Ö A b ; A3, b ä t( > ä h . b ä t r ) a o ö k ü \ t o t . b e i t a n , A 3 , b l t s n , a h . bTta K ijcarb-,
AH. ras^ri, A a . g e r e S r u p tjA b ; A 3 , r ö f e r , a b i i . r u o d e r eecAO\
a h . hQifn, A a . h asfen ea ea u b -, t o t . h a f j a n , a h . h e f j a .
O T M e ^ a e T C H T 3 K > K e n y ' i o i v a i i r j i o - C K a H A i i H 3 B C K i i x h h i i o -
BauHH b p e M c c J i e H H o f t J i e K c i iK e : c p . , n a n p i i M e p , a h . t a u g e e p e e n a , Aa. t e a k c e H 3 b , c e n 3 K C i; t o t . t i u h a n , Aa. t e o n c e n -
3 b i e a T b ; a h . tö l , A a . t ö l o p i j d u e ; t o t . t a u j a n d e A c n b .
B o j i b i u a j i r p y n n a H3o r j i o c c , o 6o 3H 3H 3 i o i m i x O A eJ K A y h
y K p s i u e H i m , T 3 K > K e o 6 H 3 p y > K i i B 3 e T n p e i i M y m e c T B e H H O r e p -
M a H C K y i o a T i iM O J io r i i i o . C j i e A y e T O T M e T i iT b o n e i i b c y i u e c T -
B eH H O e OÖCTOHTeJlbCTBO, HTO, n o C B H A e T e .T b C T B y 9T H M 0 J I0 -
TOB, u e j l b l f t P5IA a H rJ IO -C K a i IA H H 3 B C K I IX I I 3 0 r j I0 C C H B jm eT C H
p e 3 y j I b T a T 0 M 3 a H M C T B O B a i IH H C K a i IA H I I3 B C K 0 H JIOK3JIbHOH
J i e K c e M b i b A p e B H e s H r j i i iH C K i iH ii H 3 o 6 o p o r , n p n n e M H a -
10 C m . n o Ä p o ß i i c e ; E p u i o b a H . A . y x a 3 . c o q . ; O n a >k e . C e M a H T m ie -
C K a n A iK j jc j je p e H n iia u iiH / i p e B n e r e p M a n c K i i x c y m e c T B H T e J ib H b ix . —
« B e c T H . M o c k . y n - T n . C e p . O i i m n o n i n » , 1 9 6 9 , JSTe 3 .
167
n p a B J i e H H e 3 a i iM C T B 0 B a H H ö c e M S H T i i q e c K H o ß y c j i o B J i e H o :
T a K , H a 3 B 3 H H e o a o K f l b i h y K p s m e H H i i , p e j n i n i 0 3 H b i e T e p -
M HHbl H f l y T 113 A p e B H e a H T J I I IH C K O r O B f lp eB H eH C J ia i l f lC K H H ,
T o r a a K a K H 3 3 B 3 H H e o p y a n f t , h u i b o t i i h x , M o p C K i i e T e p M i i -
Hbi — H 3 c k s h ä i i i i s b c k h x b Ä p e B i i e a r i r j T H f t c K H H . E c j i h c k s h -
A H H a B C K o e BJiHHHiie H a a H r j i i iH C K y i o J ie K C H K y h b j i h c t c h 06-
m e H 3 B e C T H b IM ( } ) 3 K T 0 M , H e n O A ^ O K a m i l M H H K 3 K O M y COMHe-
h h i o , t o o ß p a T i i b i H n p o u e c c iwenee H 3B C C Te ii n , h cpe.au s t h -
M o j i o r o ß H a 3 t o t cneT h c t e /u m o ro m h c h i i h . T a K , i i a n p n -
M e p , O pi-ic ’ 2, y K a 3 b i B a n n a s a u M C T B O B a i iH b i f t x a p a K T e p
f l p e B H e H C J ia H f lC K o f i cJ)opMbi g lo f i nepH üTK a h H e K O T O p b ix
Ä p y r a x J i e K c e M , n u T a e T C H n a im i a j i h iih x h a p y r y i o s t h m o -
J i o r n i o . B p n f l e c J i y n a e B c j jO H e T im ec K H H o ö j i i i k a p c B H e n c -
J ia H f lC K o f i J i e K c e M b i M O )K e T c j i y > K H T b cB i ia e T O J ib c T B O M e e
a p e B H e a i i m i i f t c K o r o n p o n c x o K a e i i H H : cp . b a t r jioÖ K a, t ä k n
3 h ü k , 3HüMCHue H a p s r a y c H C K O i i i ib iM i i b e i t h t e i k n . O f lH a K O
c y m e c T B y e T h t o m k s 3 p e n i i H , p a c c M a T p H B a r o m a a s t h ( } ) o p -
Mbi K a K c e B c p i i b i e A n a j i e K T i i b i e B a p n a i i T b i 13. B o n p o c o H e * -
r e p M a H C K H X H3bIKOBbIX K 0 I IT 3 K T a X Iie MOJKCT Öb iTb p a c c M O T -
p e n n o a p o ß n o b p a M K a x a a i i H o f t C T a T b i i , h o 3 ,a e cb c J ie ,a y e T
O T M e T H T b f lB a M O M C H Ta : 1 ) K a K n p eÄ C T aB J IH C TC H , B n O J Ib3 y
n p o H H K H O B e m iH a p e B H e a u r j u n i c K i i x J i e K c e M b c e B e p H b i e
H3bIKH TO B O p iIT IIC TOJibKO IIX ( j ) 0 H e T H K 3 , HO II HX C C M 3H TH -
K a i i o n p e f l e j i e m i a H « M a c c o B o c T b » c e M 3 H T i m e c K H 6 j i h 3 k h x
H 3 o r j i o c c h 2 ) a u r j i o - C K a H Ä H H a B C K i i e H 3 o r j i o c c b i s t o t o T H n a
x o p o r n o H J iJ i i o c T p H p y io T n p o u e c c 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H H a p e a j i b H b i x
H H H O B au H H n y T e M p a c n p o c T p a H e H i i n H a K O H T a K T H p y io u x n e
Ä H a j i e K T b i j i 0K a j i b H 0 B 0 3 H H K iu e r 0 r e p M a H C K o r o n o B o o ö p a s o -
B3H H H . T a K I I M 0 f> p 3 3 0 M , B r e p M a i lC K O H H 3 H K 0 B 0 H OÖJI3CTH B
p a 3 H b i e n c T o p i m e c K i i e 3 n o x n B b ia e j iH io T C H « a K T H B H b i e »
a p e a j i b i B 0 3 iu iK H 0 B e H i iH h p a c n p o c T p a H e m i H J i e K c i iM e c K H x
H H i i o B a u i i f t , i i M e i o m i i x r e p M a n c K y i o S T i iM O J io r n i o , t . e . o ß p a -
3 0 B a B H i i i x c H b a n o x y c a M o c T O H T e j i b H o r o c y m e c T B O B S H H H
r e p M a H C K o f t r p y n n b i H 3 H K O B . B a m i b i M c B H A e T e j ib C T B O M
a a H H O H « a K T I I B H O C T I I » a p e a j i a HBJIfleTCH B 0 3 H H K H 0 B e H H e HH-
H O B a u H H b j i e K c i m e c K H y c T o f i m i B b i x J 1 C T , n a n p i m e p H a -
3B 3 H H H X H a C T e i l TeJ I3 HJIH OÖOSHSM eHHHX B p e M e H H , 3 T 3 K > K e
n O H B J ieH H e T C M S T H H eC K I I CBH33H H b lX n yM K O B HHHOB3HHH B
11 H o f f m a n n D . N o r d is c h e -c n g l is c h e L e h n b e z ie h u n g e n d er W ik in g e r z e it . K o p e n h a g e n , 1965.
12 V r i e s J. de. O p . c it ., S . 175.13 M a r s t r a n d c n . N V A , 1915, N 5, 70. ( U iit . n o k h .: V r i e s I. d e
O p . c it ., S . 5 8 2 ) .
168
onpeAeJieHHbix J1CT. TaKiie JieKceMbi hmciot oöhhho y3- Koe pacnpocTpaHeHne (cm. amviocaKCOHCKHe, HeMeuKocaK- coHCKHe H3orjioccbi). 3th «aKTHBHbie» apeajibi qpe3BbiqaH- HO Ba>KHbI AJIH H3yHSHHH AH3JICKTHOTO HJieHeHHH T ep M aH -
CKOH H3bIKOBOH oßjiaCTH. C jie A y e T OTM eTH Tb, HTO 33HMCTBO- BaHHbie JieKceMbi b cMbicjie CBoero pacnpocTpaHeHHH BeAyT ceßn TaK » e , KaK h repMaHCKne HHHOBaUHH:
1 ) o ö m e r e p M a H C K n e 33HMCTBOBaHHH n p eA C T a B J in ioT c o -
6 o h n a H Ö o j ie e A p e B H iw c j io h ;
2 ) a p e a j ib H b ie 3aH M CTB O B aH H bie H 3 o r j i o c c b i b u e j io M
HM eiOT ß ö j i b u i y i o njiOTH OCTb n o H a n p a B J ieH H io k u e H T p y
p a c n p o c T p a H e H H H J ieK ceM b i, t . e . b A a n n o M c J iy n a e k h c -
TOHHHKy 33H M CTB0B3H H H . 3 T 0 OCOÖeHHO HeTKO BHAHO H a
n p H M e p e JiaTHHCKHX 3aHM CTBOBaHHH, K O TO pbie y ß b lB a iO T
o t A p e B H e B e p x H e H e M e u K o r o H 3biK a ( 1 5 % ) n e p e 3 A p eB H e-
aHrJIHHCKHH, C OAHOH C T o p o H b i, H TOTCKHH — C A p y rO H , K
Ä p e B H en c jia H A C K O M y , o 6 H a p y > K H B 3 io iu e M y MHHHMyM j i a -
t h h c k h x jie K ce M ( 4 % ) . K a K h b c j i y n a e rep M aH C K H x h h h o -
B a u iiH , o ö m e r e p M a H C K H x 3 a H M C T B O B a eiib ix J ieK ceM o n e H b
M a jio ( 9 % ) . K a p T H H a 3 T a , OAHaKO, HecKOJibKO 3aTeM H aeTC H
H ajIHH HeM H A p y r n x HCTOHHHKOB 33HM CTBOB3HHH AJIH ÖOJiee
n 03A H H X a n o x , B M3CTH0CTH KejIbTCKHX H3bIKOB H a K p aiiH eM
3 a n a A e h c e B e p o - 3 a n a A e rep M 3 H C K oft h 3 h k o b o h o ö j is c t h h
CJiaBHHCKHX — H a BOCTOKe H lOTO-BOCTOKe;
3 ) K aK h rep M aH C K H e n n n o B a u H H , 3 a iiM C T B O B aiiiib ie
H 3 o r j i o c c b i M o ry T 0 6 p a 3 0 B H B a T b ceM aH T H *iecK H CBH3aHHbie
n y q K H B H y rp H o n p e A e J ie H H b ix JIC T , B b i6 o p k o t o p w x o ö y c -
JIOBJieH aK CTpajIH H rB H CTIiqeCK IIM II (J)aKTOpaM H ( c p . JI3THH-
CKHe Ha3BaHHH >KHBOTHbix h p acT eH H H , 0A e>K A bi h y K p a u ie -
HHH, KejIbTCK H e H33B3HHH MBTaJUlOB H COUHaJIbHblX OTHOUie
HHH h t . n . ) , OAHaKO HMeeTcsi h u e j ib iö pHA ceM aHTim ecKH H30JIHp0B3HHbIX JieKCeM .
A p e s j i b H o e p a c n p e A e j i e m i e n e3 T H M O JiorH 3H p oB aH H bix
J ieK ceM He n03B0JiH C T y cT a H O B iiT b k 3 k h x - j ih 6 o o n p e A e J ie H
Hbix 3 a K 0 H 0 M ep H 0 C T e fi, h 6 o , n o cy T H A e J ia , s t o t c jio h He
n p e A C T a B jia e T H iiK a K o r o eAH H CTBa, — s t o n e c T p w e o c T a T -
k h 6 o j i e e y c n e u iH b ix ST H M O Jion iH . 3 A e c b e c T b h J ieK ceM bi,
ä j ih K 0 T 0 p b ix n p e A n o J ia r a io T C H iie K O T o p b ie sT H M O J io n m e -
CKHe CBH3H, HO OHH npO TH BO peH U Bbl H H eA O K a 3y eM bi H n o -
TO M y O TBeprSIO TC fl pa3JIHHHbIMH HCCJieAOBaTeJIHMH, H JieK
c e M b i, K O T O pbie HeKOTOpbIM II HCCJieAOBaTeJIHMH CTOT3IOTC5I
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A eK C eM bl, AJIH KOTOpblX K H aCTOH U ieM y MOMCHTy H e OÖH a-
169
py>KeHO STHMOJiorHnecKHx CBH3eö 3a npeaejiSMH repMan- ckoh rpynnbi. O hh npeACT3BJiai0T naHßojibuiHH HHTepec.JieKceMbi noÄoßnoro THna MoryT HMeTb h oßmerepMaH- CKoe, h apeajibHoe, h jioKajibnoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe. CpeAH hhx, HanpnMep, TaKHe Ba>Kiibie oßmerepMaHCKHe JieKceMbi, KaK Ha3BaHHe MopH — 03epa (roT. saiws, aa. sas, abh. seo, äh. saer), jieca — nycToiuii (Aa. weald, abh. wald, ah. vQllr), mcHKa, apeajibiibie na3BaiiHn jkhbothhx (aa hecen, Ao. hoken K 03A en0K h Ap.), MeTajuioB (Aa. braes, aP- bres A a r y m ) , pacTeniiH. 3Aecb cjieAyeT OTMeTHTb, mto:1. BojibuiHHCTBo noAOßnbix JieKceM, ne3aBHCHMo ot Tuna hx pacnpocTpaHemiH, BCTpeiiaeTCH b ceBep0M0pcK0M apea- jie (aHiyiooaKcoHCKiie, aHrjio-4)pH3CKHe, cKaHAHHaßo-aHrjio- caKC0HCKHe, cKaHAHHaBo-caKco-neMeuKiie H3orjioccbi).
2. O h h MacTO BCTpenaioTCH b jickchhcckh ycTOHMHBbix Jicr, CBH33HHHX C 0ß03H3MeHHeM npHpOAbl, M3CTeft TejI3, AOM3HIHHX >KHBOTIIbIX, a T3K/KC H33B3HHHMH M3TepiI3JI0B, peM eceji, h MoryT 0ßp330BbiBaTb ceMsimmecKH CBH3aHHbie (hjih A3>Ke chhohhmiiMiibie) rpynnu u.
CjiOBa 3TH X 3p 3KTepH3yiOT OnpeAeJICIIHblii npHpOAHO-XO-
3HHCTBeHHbIH KOMnjICKCI J1CC C 03epaM H II ß0JI0T3MH, AO>KA-
JIHBblH H XOJIOAHblH KJ1IIM3T, p33BeAeH H e AOM3UIHIIX >KHBOT- Hbix, 3eM JieAejn ie , o ß p a ß o T K y m c t s j i j i o b , t k s m c c t b o .
3 t I I OÖCTOHTejIbCTBa n03B0JIHK)T npeAnOJIO>KHTb CyÖCT-
p 3 r a o e H eH H A oeB pon ef icK oe n poncxo>K A eH H e n o A o ß H b ix AeKCeM, KOTOpbie MOrjIII ßblTb 33HMCTBOB3HbI repM3HU3MH
H3 H3biK3 ß o j i e e p a i m e r o n s c e j i e H u n b p a i io H e , n p i u i e r a i o -
m eM k C e ß e p n o M y M o p io , n 3 3 t c m p a c n p o c T p a m iT b C f l BMe-
CTe c A 3 jibH ehuihm pscceJ ieH H eM rcp M 3iicK H X njieMeH. E c j ih s t o n peA noJio>K eiinc n p s B j i o n o A o ß n o , t o xp oH O J iorm ie -
c k h 3 t i i JieKceMbi AOJi>Kiibi ßbiTb ß o j i e e i i j ih MeHee OAHO- pOAHblMH II OTHOCIITbCfl K p3HIieH 0ßlHCrepM3HCK0H 3nO-
x e — s n o x e noHBjieHiiH A p e B H e f lm n x repM3HCKHX h h h o b s -
Hhh ( n o KpsiiHeii M ep e oßm .erepM 3H C K ne J ieKceM bi) . E c T e - CTBeHHO, MorjiH noHBjiHTbcn ii ß o j i e e no3AHHe cy ß cT p 3 T H b ie
s jieM eHTbi b n p o u e c c e n e p e c e j i e m i f l repM3HCKHX n jieM en , b
o c o ß e H H o c T i i roTCKofi r p y n n b i , 3 r j i s B u o e , n e c j ie A y e T c ß p s -
cb iB3Tb c o CMeTOB H n e n o j u i y i o H3yqeHH0CTb rep M 3H C K oro jieKCHMecKoro <})OHAa b STiiMOJioriHiecKOM njiaH e. T s k o b o
COOTHOIIieHIie M OKAy 3pe3JIbIIbIMH II 3THM0JI0rHHeCKHMH
X3p3KTepiICTHKaMII ApeBHerepM3HCKIIX CymeCTBHTeJIbHbIX.
14 Cm. E p iii o b a H. A. YKaa. coh.
170
C. A. MHPOHOB
Cydböa
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p a T y p H o r o H3biKa Ha Bcex e r o
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CyÖCTpaTHbie (})pH3CKO-CaKCOHCKHe 3JieMeHTbI H ajI I IHHe KOTOpblX 06- y c j i o B j i e H o CM em aHHbiM x a p a K T e -
p o M e r o Ä H a j ieK T H o f i ochobh, b
q a c ™ o c T i i B i i e Ä p e m ie M b Hee ho- Bbix, r o ju ia H A C K i ix q e p T h o c o ö e H -
H o cT e f i n o c j i e n e p e H O c a u eH TpoB H3biKOBoro p a 3BHTiia n a c eB e p bo B T o p o n n o j ioB H H e X V I b. H 60 i iHr-
B eon cK H ü cyßcTpaT, BKpanjieuHbifi b B e f l y m y i o (j jpanKCKyio o c u o ß y ,
npocjie>KHBaeTCH (noMHMO 3anaA- HotJ)J iaMaHACKoro n c e B e p o - ß o c T o q -
H o i iH A e p j ia i iA C K o ro a p e a j i o ß ) —
npaBAa, b oraocHTejibHo MeHbiueft CTeneHH n c npeBajmpoBaHHeM b neM (J)pii3CKiix 3JieMeHTOB — npe>K-
A e B c e r o b r o ju ia H A C K i ix TeppHTO- p n a j ib H b ix A i i a j i e K T a x . O a h 3k o b
JiHTepaTypHOM HHAepjiaHACKOM H3biKe, cKJ iaAb ißa iom eM C H n p e n M y -
mecTBeHHO noA B03AeßcTBHeM k»k-
1 3 Ä e c b p e ^ b H A eT 0 6 H iir B e o H H 3 M a x b y 3K O M c M b i c j i e c j i o B a , a n e 0 6 « o 6 m e -
n i i r B e o i i c K i i x » n e p T a x ( b n o i iH M a u m i
T . O p i m r c a ) , o ö -b e A i i i iH io m H X p h a 0 6 -
m n x o c o ö e i i i i o c T e i i a j i h H H H C netJjpanK -
c K o r o 11 a n r jio -4 > p H 3 C K O -ca K C O H C K o r o
a p e a j i o ß (K a K , H a n p H M e p , 0 J in m e H H b ix
s j ie M e n T O B - r , - k < j)o p M a x j i h h h h x M e -
C T O H M enH ii 11 o T e n A e im H H k H e p a 3 r p a -
H iiH e H iiio ä s t . 11 b h h . n a A e x e f i ) . Cm.: > K ii p m y h c k 11 ii B . M . B B e A e H n e b
cpaBHiiTejibHo-HCTopHqecKoe H3yqeHHe re p M a H C K H x « 3 b iK O B . M . — J I . , 1 9 6 4 ,
c . 1 9 , 1 3 4 — 1 7 1 ; O h j k e . C p a B H H -
T e j i b i ia n rp a M M a T H K a re p M a H C K H x H 3h i-
k o b , t . I . M . , 1 9 6 2 , c . 1 4 6 — 1 5 1 ;
F r i n g s T h . G r u n d l e g u n g e i n e r G e
s c h i c h t e d e r d e u t s c h e n S p r a c h e , 3 A u f l .
H a l l e , 1 9 5 7 , S . 4 6 — 5 7 ; O 11 j k e . D i e
171
HOH ÜHCbMeHHOH TpaAHUHH (a B BOCTÖqHOtjjJiaMaHACKHX H ÖpaßaHTCKHX ÄHaJieKTaX HHrBeOHH3MbI OTCyTCTBOBaJIH), yKa3aHHbie cy6cTpaTiibie qepTbi 3aTparHBajiH H3biKOByK) CTpyKTypy oneHb HepaBH0MepH0 h Jinuib nacrarao, ocTa- Bancb b 3HaHHTejibHoft CTeneHH Ha ee nepn^epHH, a b
4)yHKn,HOHajibHOM njiaHe — b ccj)epe ycTHOH penn, npocTO- peHHH hjih AnajieKTa, pe*e — npoHiiKaa h 3aKpenjiHHCb b nncbMeHHOH (J)opMe H3biKa 2.
TaK, B OÖJiaCTH KOHCOHaHTH3Ma He 3 a K p e n H J l H C b b JiHTepaTypHOH c|)opMe HiiAepjiaHACKoro H3biKa h orrec- HeHbi b cc})epy npocTope^HH hjih AHajieKTa TaKHe rann^HO HHrBeoHCKHe nepTbi, npncymne ceBepnoMy rojuiaHACKOMy apeajiy, KaK: 1) BbinaaeHiie n nepeA cnnpaHTaMii f, s h d, c 3aMeHHTejibHbiM yAJiHHeHneM npeAHJecTByiomero rjiacHo- ro (cp. jiht. ons h clm , h c lc , a n d e r dpyeoü, ho: v i j f< f l f iiHTb); 2) oTeyTeTBHe B0KajiH3aHHH coqeTaHiifi al, o l + d, t (cp. jiht. h o u d e n depMaTb, zout coAb); 3) coxpaHeHHe co- MeTaHHH corjiacHbix f t h OTeyTeTBHe nepexoAa f t > cht (cp. jiht. l u c h t 603dyx, g r a c h t kü h ü a) ; 4) KOHcepBamw cone- TaHHH corjiacHbix s k h OTeyTeTBHe nepexoAa s k > s c h (cp. jiht. s c h o o l uiKOAa, s c h r i j v e n nucarb). B o Ö J ia c ra BOKa- jiH3Ma b optJjoanimecKyio HopMy HHAepJiaHACKoro H3biKa He bouijih cJieAyioiUHe HHrBeoHCKiie ocoßeiiHocTH: 1) na.rca- TajibHbie ajuio(})OHbi KpaTKoro h AOJiroro a—- se, ae, BbiTec- HeHHbie hx K»KHbiMH HenajiaTajibHbiMH BapnaHTaMH — a, ä (cp. jiht. d a l doAuna, schaap oei^a); 2) jiaßHajiH3auHH h cy*eHHe (noBbimeHHe) KpaTKoro a (a>o) b onpeAeJieH- Hbix n03HUH0HHbix ycJiOBHHX (nepeA cht, f , 1, n, 1 + AeHT., n+AeHT.), Tima b r o c h t , o l (jiht. b r a c h t npunec, al eecb);3) Aejia6HaJiH3au,HH yMjiayTa u[A]>i, e b 3aKpbiTOM CJiore, THna pit, pet (jiht. put KOAodei{, h m ü ).
S te l lu n g d er N ie d e r la n d e im A u fb a u d e s G e r m a n is ch e n . H a lle , 1944, S . 3 0 — 42.
2 H a e r y n e m a T b i i i x a p a K T e p p a c n p o c T p a H e H H « H H rB e 0 H H 3 M 0 B c n p a B e f l -
j i h b o y K a 3 b iB a j i T . O p H H r c ( O p i i H r c T . H eM eu n oe H 3 b iK 0 3 H a n n e h iieMeuKaa ÄHajieKTOJiorHH. — B kh.: HeMeiiKaa AHajieKTOJiorHH. M ., 1955 , c . 4 9 ) . 0 6 HiirBeomwMax b H iia e p jia H Ä C K O M c m . T a K x e :
S c h ö n f e l d M ., L o e y A . v a n . H is to r is c h e g r a m m a tic a v a n h e t N e d e r la n d s , 7 e dr. Z u tp h e n , 1964, b lz . X X I V — X L I I I , X L I V — L I V ; W e i j n e n A . N e d e r la n d s e d ia le c tk u n d e , 2 e dr. A s s e n , 1966, b lz . 3 9 0 — 4 1 4 ; M h p o h o b C . A . CTaiioBJieuHe JiHTepaTypHOH h o p m u
coB peM eH noro HHAepjiaHACKoro H3biKa. M ., 1973, c . 5 7 — 74, 101— 104, 1 92— 195, 2 3 6 — 2 5 3 , 2 6 4 — 2 6 7 , 2 8 5 — 2 88 .
172
B c 4 > e p e M o p c j w j i o r H H B J i i i T e p a t y p H O H H O p M e H e 3 ä *
K p e n m i a c b T a K a n H H r e e o H C K a H n e p T a , K a K yH H (J )H H H p oB a H -
i i a a n o J i im a M r j i a r o j i b i i a n ( j ^ K c i i n M n o jK e c T B E H H o r o h h c -
j i a n a c T o a m e r o B p e M e H H , B b i c T y n a B i u a n b A B y x B a p n a H T a x :
1 ) c e B e p o - B o c T O M H O H H A e p J ia n A C K O M ( c a K C 0HCK0M ) c 0606-
u j ,eHHb iM O K O H ^ a H i i e M - ( e ) t h 2 ) n e p H (J )e p i iH H O M r o j u i a n A -
c k o m — c O K O H n a H i i e M - e ( < e n ) . K a K H 3 B e c T H o , 3 A e c b n o -
ö e A H J i a (J jp a H K C K a a M O A e j ib c H a c T im H O A H < tx } ) e p e H U H p o B a H -
H b lM H JIHHHbIMH O K O IIH aH HH M H MHOJKeCTBeHHOTO TOCJia.
M .3 H HTBeOHC K IIX OCOÖeHHOCTeH, C T a B m H X A OCTOHHHeM
J i H T e p a T y p H o r o H H A e p j i a H A C K o r o H 3 b iK a , c J i e A y e T O T M e T H T b
c o x p a H e n n e b e r o y c T H 0 - p a 3 r 0 B 0 p H 0 H ( j ) o p M e ( B o n p e K H
n n c b M e H H O - J iH T e p a T y p H O H p e r j i a M e n T a i t H H ) r j i y x o c T H ( i i j i h
n . 0 j i y 3 B 0 H K 0 C T n ) c n n p a H T O B f , s , x ( ß M e c T o v , z , y ) , t . e.
y c T p a H e i i n e h x K o p p e j i n i i H H n o n p i i 3 H a K y r j i y x 0 C T H - 3 B 0 H -
k o c t h . B c c j ) e p e B O K a j n i 3M a — s t o T e H A e H u i iH k p e a j n i 3a -
m i H y 3 K i i x B a p i i a i i T O B K p a T K i i x r j i a c H b i x i, u (B M e c T O e ,
0 ) b o n p e A e J i e H H b i x n o 3 H U ,n o H H b ix y c J i o B i i n x , x a p a K T e p H a a
A J ih c e ß e p H o r o ( r o j u i a i i A C K o r o ) a p e a j i a , h o o r p a H H M e H H O
n p o H B j i f l i o m a s i c H b n n c b M e H H o ö ( } ) o p M e , r A e n p e B a j i i i p y e T
B c e >Ke io>KHaH T e H A e i iu , i iH k H x p a c u i H p e H H i o ( n o H H > K e H H i o ) .
C H a n a j i a b y c T i i o f l , a 3 a T e M 11 b n u c b M e H H o f t p a 3 i i o B H A H o -
c t h J i H T e p a T y p H o r o H 3 b iK a p a c n p o c T p a H H J iC H T a K J K e H i i r B e -
OHCKIIH (B HaCTHOCTH, C aK C O H CK IIÖ ) c j jO p M aTH B MHOJKeCTBeH-
i i o r o q n c j i a c y m e c T B H T e j i b i i b i x -s , 3 a K p e n i iB H iH i i c H n a p a A y
c HCKOHHbiM lO JK H O H H A ep J iaH A C K H M o K O H ^ a H H e M - e n .
O a h o h H3 T H n i iH H b ix i iH T B e o H C K H x n e p T , x a p a K T e p i i 3 y i o -
m i i x J i i i T e p a T y p H y i o H o p M y , o n H T b - T a K H n p e > K A e B c e r o b
c c [ ) e p e y c T i i o - p a 3 r o B o p n o H p e n n , H B H J ia c b p e a jn i3 a n ,H H n a -
j i a T a j i b H o r o c n n p a i i T a j ( b m c c t o r y T T y p a j i b H o r o [ y ] ) i i j i h
n a j i a T a j i H 3 a n i i H r y T T y p a j i b H o r o c n n p a H T a g [ y ] > j , a T a K > K e
C M b n i i - io r o k > c , j . 3 T a q e p T a H a r n j i a C B o e O T p a > K e H H e b T a -
K H X rO J IJ iaHAC KIIX H H I IO B a m iH X , K a K (| )O p M H p O B aH H e J I im H b lX
M eC TO H M eH H H 2-TO J l l i n a e A H H C T B eH H O rO H M HOJKeCTBeHHOrO
q n c J i a j e ( j i j , j u l l i e t u , e w b m c c t o lO K H O H i iA e p J ia H A C K O H
( 4 )p a H K C K O Ö ) ( j lO p M b l g i j ( < g h l < * j i ) H B 0 3 H H K H 0 B e H I i e
y M e H b n i H T e j i b H b i x c y 4 ) ( j )H K C O B - j e , - t j e , - p j e B M e cT O i o j K H o r o
B a p H a m a - k e n ( < k i j n ) . 3 t h 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H i i H c n a j i a T a j i b H b i M
j H b IH e npO H H O BOHIJIH B COCTaB $ O p M J I H T e p a T y p H O r O H3b l-
K a b o ß e n x e r o p a 3 H 0 B H A H 0 C T a x . K H H T B e o H H 3 M a M o t h o -
c h t T a K > K e c j i y q a n B O K a j i H 3 a m m H H T e p B O K a j ib H O T O n a j i a -
T a J iH 3 0 B a H H o r o c n n p a H T a g [ y ] > j ( b n p H M e p a x T H n a r e i n <
< r e g e n d o o t c d b , s e i d e < s e g e d e c K a 3 ü A , 6 j i h 3 k h x a H a j i o -
173
1'HqHbiM aHrjiocäKcoHGKHM h 4)p h 3ckhm 4>opMaM). T. O pH urc b cBoeü CTaTbe, nocBHmeiiHoft 3ByK0B0H xapaKTepHCTHKe c o r j i a c e o r o g b pa3Jiimnbix repMaiicKiix 5i3biKax3, BbiAe- JiaeT b HHÄepjiaHACKOM HHrBeoHCKyio noAOCHOBy c najiaTa- JIH30B3HHbIM 3BOIIKHM CmipaHTOM j ( < g ) (aHaAOrJWHbIM pnnyapcKOM y cnnpaHTy KejibiicKoro a p e a j i a ) , nepeKpbiBae- Myio HCTB60HCKHM (4)paHKCKIIM) HaCJIOeHIieM C n03HUII0HH0 o6o6meHHbiM ryTTypaJibiibiM cniipanTOM g h [y], xapaKTep- HbiM TaioKe ajih H H ÄnepefincK oro ii BecT(})ajibCKoro a p ea - jiob. CymecTBeHHbiM ajih Hac npeACTaBJiaeTCH 3Aecb t o , ^to ryTTypajibH oe KanecTBO cjjpanKCKoro cniipaiiTa g h , nposiB- j ia iom eecH k TOMy >Ke b o B c e x no3iimiHX, c o o ö m a e T s t o m y
c o r j ia c n o M y qpe3BbmanHyio CTaöiuibHOCTb n ycTOHMiiBOCTb n o cpaBH einno c n e y c T o i i m i B b i M n a j ia 'r a J i i i3 0 B a H H b iM cim - paiiTOM j H urBconcK oro a p ea j ia .
* * *
C HBJiemieM n a j ia T a j i i i3a m m H a q a j ib i i o r o c n n p a m a g [ y ] n e p e A rJiactibiMH n e p e A H e r o 0 6 p a 3 0 B a im H ( b q acT H o-
c t h i ) , x a p a K T e p n o f i o c o 6e i m o a j ih im rB eoH C K oro a p e a j i a ,
CBH3anbi q a c r a q u a n p e A V K m m iij ii i n o j iH o e O T n a A em ie n p e -
cjniKca g e - b n pim acT H H II b 3an.-cj) jiaM. n roji. -(J)pH3.
AHajieKTHbix o ß j ia c T H x H n A e p j ia H A O B 4. E c j i i i b i o j k h o h h - AepjiaHACKOM ( 6p a 6 ., j ih m ö . , y T p e x T ., 3eji . ii BOCT.-<j)JiaM.)
npetfiHKc g e - KaK qeTKHH rpaM M aTim ecK H H npH3HaK n p im a -
CTHH II yCTOHHHBO c o x p a i i n e T c n II (necMOTpH Ha nOBCeMe- c t h o cnnpaH TiibiH , a K o e -rA e h najiaTajiH30BaHHbiH, x a p a K -
Tep g ) He noABepraeTC H peA yK H iin , t o b yKa3aHH bix A iia -
JieKTHbix o ß j ia c T H x c HaJiiiHHeM HHrBeoHCKoro c y ö c T p a T a
o h , KaK npaBHJio, n o j in o c T b io s jiiiMHiinpyeTCH b p e 3 y j ib T a -
Te cj)OHeTHqecKOH peAyKHiin ( g i - > j i - > i -H y jib ) 5. n p o M e > K y -
T oqH yio CTaAHio oÖHapy>KHBaeT n p e i iM y m ecT B eH H o 3 a n . -
3 F r i n g s T h ., V o m g , v o n se in e n L a u tw e rte n u n d v o n g e r m a n is c h e n S p r a c h la n d s c h a fte n (« R h e in is c h e V ie r te l ja h r s b lä t te r » , X X , H . 1 /4 , 1 9 5 5 ), S . 170— 191.
4 C p .: } K h p m y ii c k n ii B . M . B B eaenH e.., c . 151; S t e l l e r W . A b r is s d e r A lt fr ie s is c h e n g r a m m a tik . H a lle ( S a a le ) , 1928, S . 33, 58; B p y H H e p K- H cT o p n a a iirjm iicKoro H3WKa, t. I. M ., 1955 , c. 7 4 — 75, 2 9 0 ; t . I I , c . 170; f l p u e ß a B . H . P a s D i m i e n a u i i o n a j i b H o r o ^ h- T e p a T y p H o r o a n rjiiiü cK oro H 3 H K a . M ., 1969, c. 17.
5 S c h ö n f e l d M. , L o e y A . v a n . O p . c it ., b lz . X X X I V , 102, 159— 161, 3 01 ; V o o y s C . G . N . d e . N e d e r la n d s e S p r a a k k u n s t . G r o n in g e n , 1957, b lz . 166; W e i j n e n A . O p . c it ., b lz . 2 8 6 — 287.
174
(J)jiaM. apeaji, a T3K>Ke qacTb b oct.-h h ä . o ö jia cra (TejiAep- jiaHA ii O B epsH ccejib ). IIpe(})HKc g e - no/i,BepraeTCH 3,necb qacTH^Hofi peÄyKUHH ( g i - > j i - > i - jih öo > 3 - ) , ho He yc- TpaHHeTCH nOJIHOCTbK). TaKHM 0Öpa30M, B OTHOUieHHH o(j)opMjieHHH npet})HKca ge - BbiaejiniOTCH Tpu ap ea jis :1) OCHOBHOH COXpaHHIOIUIIH ge-, KHKHOHHÄepjiaHÄCKHH, HÄ" po KOToporo cocTaBJiaioT 6p a 6 ., jiiimö. h yTpexT. AiiajieKT- Hbie o 6;iacTH, k KOTOpbiM b pe3yjibTaTe SKcnaHciiH ycTOH- qiiBoro ge- b 3anaÄHOM ii ceßepHOM HanpaBJieHHHx npHMK- HyjiH TaKJKe BOCT.-(j)jiaM., 3eji., io}KHoroji. u io>KHaH qacTb ceB.-roJi. oßjiacTii c nepBonanajibHo neycToiuiHBbiM ge- (cp . gem aak t cdeAannbiü, g ebon den C6H3aHHbiü) ; 2) npoMe>Ky- ToqHbiß — 3an.-cjjjiaMaHACKHH (c BKpanjieHneM b ceB .-roji. o 6;iacTb) n ioro-3an. qacTb BOCTOHHOHHAepJiaHACKoro (reji- Äepji., oBepaficceJi.), — coxpaiiHioiuiiü pyÄHMeHT npecj)HKca -i- iijih a- (cp . im aakt, abon den ) e; 3 ) pejiHKTOBbiH — ce- BepHOHHÄepJiaHÄCKHH — c yTpaTOu npe^HKca ge-, oxBa- TbiBaiomHH ceß. nacTb ceß .-ro ji., fJ)pii3CK. h ceB.-BocT. qacTb BocT.-HHÄepjiaHÄCKofl (rpoHHiir., ApeHT.) oßjiacTeft (Tima m aakt, b o n d e n )7. CjieÄOBaTejibHo, b ÄuaxpoHiiqecKOM m ia ue HaßjiiOÄaeTCH nocTeneiiHoe cy>KeHHe apeajia c HeycTOH- qHBbiM ge- 3a cqeT pacnpocTpaHeHim c lora npe>KÄe Bcero öpaöaHTCKHX cJ)opM co cTaöujibHbiM g e - h qacTiHHOH pere- nepauHH npe(|)HKca b npHqacTiinx II TaM, i\n,e oh 6h ji o c - jia6jieH iijih yTpaqeH. C T aßiu ibnocT b ge- b stom apeajie cjieÄ yer, Hec0MHeiiH0 , yBH3biBaTb c ryTTypajibHbiM xapaK- TepoM Haqajibiioro cnnpaiiTa [ya-]. ü p n stom , oah3ko, cox - paHHeTCH onpeÄCJieHiiaH pejiiiKTOBaa oßjiacTb c nojinoii iijih iia c t hm ii oft ero ajiiiMiuiauneii, oxBaTHBaiomaa b ociiobhom n p ii6pe>KHyio n o jio cy 3an.-cf)JiaM., ceB .-roji., 4?ph3. h rp o - hhht. ÄiiajieKTOB, xapaKTcpii3yiouuixca najiiumeM imrBeo-IIII3M0B.
6 A n a j i o n n n o e p a 3 B im ie o 6 n a p y > K iiB a e T n p e ij)H K C g e - b o d c j)a jT tc K H x
Ä H ajreK T ax iiii /K iie n e M e n K o ii o Ö J ia cr ii, i\n,e o h B b ic r y n a e T TaKJKe b n o -
jiy p e Ä y U H p o B a iii io ft ( jio p M e a - ( cm .: } K h p m y ii c k ii fl B . M . H eM eu ,-
K aa Ä iia jie K T o jio n iH , c . 2 8 5 , 5 0 1 ) .
7 C p . anajiorH'nibiH n p ou ecc peayKn.nn ii sjiiiMiiiiamni ripe(j»iKca g e - b
cpefliie-HHÄHe-iieMCUKOM ii b coopeM ennbix im>KiieneMeuKHx ÄiiaiieKTax ( Ä h p m y h c k h ii B . M . Y K a 3 . c o h . , c. 1 6 0 , 2 8 5 ; O h a t e . B B e ,n e -
HHe..., c . 1 5 1 ) . E in e B p e ^ a OTMenaji, it o oTeyTeTBHe npHCTaBKH g e-, oco6eH iio b npim acTiinx, — To>Ke n i ir B e o n i i3M, n o b p a ^ e CJiy>iaeB
A a B iio y » :e c h o b ü n p o m iK .n o iieiweuKoe g e - ( B p e ß a <t>. K HCTopmi pa3BHTHH neMeu.Koü ÄiiajieKTo.normi. — B kii.: HeMenKaa /iiiajieKTo- r p M . , 1 9 5 5 , c . 3 8 ) .
175
JlßjieHHe ocjiaßjieHHH h peayKmra npet})HKca ge- b npn- qacTHH II h b A p y r n x HMeHHbix h rjiarojibHbix (j)opMax HaßjHoaaeTCH b stom apeajie y>Ke b cpeaHeHHaepjiaHacKUH nepHOÄ8. T a K , b paHHiix 3an.-c| )J iaM . a e j io B b ix aoKyMeH- xax X I I I— X IV bb. BCTpenaioTCH nojiypeayUHpoBaHHbie (f)OpMbi n p etfn iK ca ge->i-, o6o3HaqaeMbie BapnaHTHbiMH rpa<J)eMaMH y, j, i, h 9. Cp., HanpnMep: dit was ydaen s t o
öbuio cdeAam (Mnl. L., 22, 25, Brugge, 1264), isent waren 6 bi a u nocAüHbi (Mnl. L., 26, 4; Ieper, 1328). XapaKTepHO, O Ä H aK O , mto b 3 a n . - ( j ) J ia M . j i m e p a i y p H b i x naMHTHHKax X I I I— X IV bb. (b qacraocTH y MapjiaHTa) sth nojiypeay- UHpoBaHHbie BapnanTbi npe<f)HKca ge- ne HaxoflHT oTpame- hhh ( 3 a HCKJiiOHeHHeM cnopaÄHMecKHX cjiynaeB ßecnpe-4)HKCHoro o^JopMjieHHH n pnqacT H H II T u n a daen bm. ge- daen cdeAaHHbiü) 10.
KaK y M apjiaffra , TaK ii b apyrn x 3an.-<jwiaM. h c t o h h h -
K ax JiHTepaTypnoro >KaHpa npe(|)HKc g e - (rpacJ)HHecKH
g h e - ) , KaK npaBHJio, He O T n a a aeT , a c03HaTeJibH0 c|>hkch-
pyeTCH h jih >Ke BoccTanaBJiHBaeTCH ( j i h ö o caMHMH aBTO-
paMH, j i h ö o n e p en n cM iiK a M n ) KaK THnnrabiH n pii3H aK JiHTepaTypHOH (|)opMbi n punacTH H II (c ryT T yp a jibH biM xa- p a K T ep oM H a n a j ib i i o r o g ) . Cp. y MapJiaHTa: h a d d e g h e w e -
e s t ö b iA (S p . , 37, 4,87), h e e f t g h e d a e n c d e A ü A (Tor. II, 18); b Car. E leg : h a d d e n g h e v a e n noüMaAU (176). Ä H a- JiorHMHaH KapTHHa e m e 6o j i e e n o c J ie a o B a T e j ib H o r o o<j)opM- jieHHH n p n q a cT i iH II npe<})HKC0M g e - H aö jn oa a eT C H b b o c t . -
$JiaM . H OCOÖeHHO B HeHTpajIbHO-4)JiaMaHÄCKHX ( c o c T e p -
t o h ÄHajieKTHOii cneHH(})HKOH) naMHTHHKax. B roJiJiaHa- ck o m a p e a j i e — b COOTBeTCTBHH c n p u c y m e ö eM y TenaeH-
Hlieft K SJIHMHHaUHH g e - — OÖHapyjKHBaiOTCH, hanpoT H B
(n p a B f la , H e q a c T b ie ) , c j i y n a n H ey n oT p eö j ie i iH H npe<f>iiKca
b HeKOTOpblX nncbM eH Hbix naMHTHHKax (KaK, H anpH M ep,
y M. CTOKe (X IV b . ) : s w e g h e n bm. g h e s w e g h e n m o a h ü a u
(Sto., 3, 258; 5, 1223); y JT r i o n e p a (X V b . ) : w o n n e n eu -
8 rtoBceM ecTiio b K»KHOHHÄepjiaHÄCKOM apeajie npe(j)HKC g e - o tcy tc tb o - Baji b cp.-iiH Ä . nepiiOÄ b np iwacTunx I I pnaa raaro-noB c iickohho nep4>eKTHbiM 3iiaqeHneM (Tuna: b liv e n ocrarbCH, b r e n g e n npunecm, co m e n npuäru, v in d e n hüütu, w o r d e n crctTb).
9 Bojibiuoft pa3no6ofi b cpeACTBax Bbipa*eHiiH pyAHMenTapnofi tjjopMH npeij)HKca g e - CBH3an c oTcyTCTBiieM ycTanoBHBuieiicH TpaAHmin b ero rpatJwqecKOM o6o3HaqenHii b paiiHnx cp.-HHA. naMHTHHKax (KOJießa- HHH HMeiOT MeCTO Aa>Ke B OÄHOM H TOM » e HCTOHHHKe).
10 L o e y A . v a n . M id d e ln e d e r la n d s e S p ra a k k u n s t , I. G r o n in g e n , 1966,
b lz . 63.
176
uzpaHHbiü (Mlp., I, 1645 h AP-). ÖAHaKO h 3Aecb (ocoßeH- HO B X V B.) Bce >Ke, HeCOMHeHHO, ÄOMHHIipyroT (J)OpMbI npH- qacTHH II c npet})HKC0M ge-, n0-BiiAHM0My, TaKJKe yjKe pac- ueHHBaeMbie aBTopaMH h nncuaMH KaK «npaBHJibHbie» h jn iT e p a T y p H b ie (cp., H an pH M ep: hadde gestaen c t o h a — Rein. F., 762; had... ghesien e u d e A — Hild., S, 218; waren ... ghevallen y n a A U — Taf., 18) h Aa*e b 3an.-(|)pH3CKHX ÄOKyMeHTax X V b. (cp. gheboden hadde n p eÖ A O M U A — M n l. L., 61a, 26, I, 1424)
Cjiaßoe OTpajKeHiie b nncbMeHHbix naMHTHHKax HaxoAHT 6ecnpet|)HKCHbie cj)opMbi npiwacTHH II b ceBep0-B0CT0TO0- HHAepjianACKOM apeajie, nocKOJibKy SoJibuiHHCTBO s t h x naMHTHHKOB o t h o c i i t c h k no3AHeMy nepnoAy (XV b . ) , Kor^a npetJ)HKC ge- noA BJiHHHHeM K»KHOHHAepJiaHACKOH nucb- MeHHOÖ TpaÄHHHii yjKe miipoKO pacnpocTpaHHeTcn n 3a- KpenjineTCH b nncbMeHHoß (})opMe H3biKa Apyrnx oßJiacTeH. Cp., HanpHMep, rpoHHHr.: wort ... ghewondet (ecA U ) ö y d e r p a n e n (M n l . L., 76, X L IX , 3), h o : wort he grepen o h 6 y -
d e r c x e m e n (Ibid. LI, 2) c OTnaaeHHeM npecJniKca (bm. ghegrepen); ApeHT. gheven d a n o ( = c o c r a e A e n o ) (M n l . L., 74, 28, 1350) h Ap. 12. LIoJiypeAyUHpoBaHHaH (})opMa npec{)iiKca ge-, cBoiicTBeiiHaH i0r0-3anaAH0My apeajiy b o c t . -
HHAepjiaHACKoro (rejiAepji., OBepaflcc.), yjKe peAKO HaxoAHT OTpa>KeHHe b micbMeHHbix naMHTHHKax h 3aMeHneTCH noji- h o h (jjopMoö ge-. O ieub nocJieAOBaTejibiio coxpaHHeTcn npecj)HKC ge- b 6pa6. n j i h m ö . iicTOHHHKax, o t h o c h l h h x c h k
BeAymeMy b OTHOUieHHH cTaöiiJibHocTH npecjniKca apeajiy. Cjiyqan peAyKmiH n onymeHHH ge- na6jiioAaioTCH 3Aecb BecbMa p eA K O . B cymHocTii, o h h o ö ^ h c h h i o t c h nep^eKTHB- HbiM n T epM H iiaT i iB H biM 3 n a> ieH n eM C3MHX rjiarojioß (cp. openbaert 0TK.pbiA0Cb — Ve., 7, 31; creghen noAynuA — Ru., 223). 3aKpenjieHiie npetjniKca ge- b no3AHiix naMHTHHKax X V b. noATBep>KAaioT TaK>Ke MHoroqncJieHHbie cjiy- q a n r ipH coeA H H eriH H ero k npimacTHHM, h m c b h i h m o ö h h h o
6ecnpec})nKciioe o ^ o p M J i e n n e ( i o k , HanpHMep, gheanvaert
11 B p sw e c j iy iiaeB npe4>iii<c g e - BOCCTaHaBJiHBaeTCH .aajKe b nep4>e«- th b h h x no CBoeMy ana'jeiiHio rjiarojiax. C p ., nanpiiMep, b jiefmeHCKOM naMHTHiiKe Konua X I V b.: g e w o r d e n w a s ( L o e y A . v a n . O p . c it ., b lz . 6 3 ) .
12 H a n ß o jie e iiHTeHCiiBnaH pe^yKUHa npe(J)HKCa g e - B03HHKaeT, n o - BHÄHMOMy, b no3HUHH n e p e a cor-naciibiM g Kopna, w o cnoco6cTByeT cTHJKeniiio n cjihhiihk) c nocjieaHHM npec}>HKca (cp. (})opMbi g r e p e n , g h e v e n ).
177
n p u H H T b iä ), a T a ioK e n cn 0J ib30B aH iie e r o b i i p n u a c T n a x o t
3an,MCTBOBanHbix r j i a r o j i o B (n a n p i iM e p : w a r e n g e c o r r i g e e r t
6 ui a u u d ip a ß A C H b i — M n l . L . , 4 6 , 69 , B r u s s e l , 1 452 ; g h c -
b e n e d i d e Ö A a eocA ooeH H a n — T a f . , 152, 4 ) . r ip i iM e p b i n o -Ka3bIB3 I0 T, MTO npecJlIIKC gC- CTailOBIITCH TIinilMHblM cJ)op-
MajibHbiM npHsnaKOM n p i m a c T i i5i II b n i icb M em io -J iH T ep a -
TypHOH (j)0pM e H3bIKa X V B. B C O O T B e T C T B H H C IOJKHOH
(cJipaHKCKoft) T p a a i iu H c n e r o nannca in iH ( g h ) ii n p o H 3 n o - uieiiHJi, n o B on p eK ii c c B e p i i o M y ( i i i irB eo i icK O M y ) y 3y c y ( c p .
c y Ä b ö y npe(J)HKca g e - b annnniicKOM H3biKe). TaKiiM o ß p a -
3 0 M, y w e k KOHixy cp ean e i iH Ä ep .T aH Ä C K oro n e p n o f l a ocy - mecTBJiHeTCH onpeAe.TeH H an C T aÖ H jin sam m b yn o T p e ß j ie n H H
n p e i jn iK ca g e - n p n n p im a c T i in II noü, niiTeiiciiBiibiM io jk i io -
HHflepJiailACKHM B03ÄefiCTBIICM.
B X V I b. n p o i ic x o Ä H T A a j ib i i e i im c e 3a K p e n ; ie iu ie ii p a c - n iH p e n n e c(J)epbi p a c r i p o c T p a n e n n n (jjopMbi n p m ia cT iis i II c
npe(j)HKCOM g e - . O n a n o J in o c T b io 3aB oeB biB aeT ro.rc;iaH,a,CKini
a p e a j i , r a e b npeAiHecTByiOLmiii n e p n o f l nepe>KiiT0MH0 c o x -
p a n a j i n c b 6ecnpe(j)Hi<CHbie B apiiaiiTbi, n p o n i iK a B u in c b ni-icb-
MeHHyio 4^opMy H3bii<a. B X V I b. b p n a e cJ iy q a cB H a ß jn o - ÄaeTCH aa>Ke ß o j i e e nocjie ,n ,oB aT eJibuoe H cn0J ib30B an n e n p e -
4>HKCa g e - HMeHHO B rO.T.T ailACKH.X IICTO'IHHKaX, MTO y B H -
3biBaeTCH c T en A e n m ie f i pacc .M aT piiBaT b 3Ä0Cb 3Ty k o k i i o - H iiAepjiaHÄCKyio MepTy b r u n e p K o p p e K T n o M n j i a n e KaK t h -
i ihmho J iH T epaT ypiiy io , b npoTHBOBec y n o T p e Ö J ie m iio c e ß e p -
Hbix (iIHrBeOJICKHX) Öecnpe^HKCIIblX (jDOpM npunaCTHH II
KaK JIOKaJIbHOH, ÄHaJieKTIIOH OCOÖeHHOCTH. B 3TOH CB5I3H xapaK T epH O , m to b r p y n n e m a r o - i o B c i icK om ib iM neptj)eK-
THBHbiM 3H aiieHiieM ( b r e n g e n , b l i j v e n , c o m e n h t . ä . ) , b k o - T o p b ix b k » k h o m a p e a j i e b n p e a u je c T E y io iu n n n e p n o a npecj)HKc
g e - oßbiMHO 0TcyTCTB0Baji , b X V I b. g e - c o x p a i iH J io c b r j iaB -
H blM 0 ß p a 3 0 M HMCHHO B rO JIJ ia i l f lC K H X H C TO M H IlKaX, T. e.
KaK p a 3 n a T e p p i iT o p n n , r a e o n o ß b u io o c j i a ß . i e H o n n o a -
B e p r a j i o c b (j)0i ieT im ecK 0H p e a y K u n n . B HacTuocTH, iiHTepec-
H b i e H aß ^ ioA em iH A e B p n i i A T a 13 n 0 K a 3 b i B a i 0 T , m t o n p n - MacTne II o t r j i a r o j i a b l i j v e n b o b c c x t o j u t . H C T O M H iiK ax
X V I b . HMejio c})opMy g e b l e v e n , b t o BpeMH KaK b o O j i a n A - pHi-i h B p a ß a n T e em,e c o c y m e c T B O B a j in BapnaHTbi c n p e -
(Jjhkcom h 6 e 3 npe())HKca ( t . e. ( j jopM a b l e v e n ) . FIpHMeM n a
13 V r i e n d t S . F . L . de. S te rk e w e r k w o o r d e n en s te r k c w e r k w o o r d s - v o r m e n in d e 16dc ee u w . B ru s s e l, 1965, b lz . 3 7 — 38.
178
o c H O B a m m e r o m ic})poB bix a s h h u x m o >k h o CAejiaTb b h b o a ,
lITO H B 3an.-c})JiaM. IICTOMHHKaX (})OpMbI C g e - T3K)Ke B o c -
i i o b h o m n p e B a jn ip o B a j i i i ( o c o ö e i m o b K o im e X V I b., c p . y B aH M a H f le p a — n a 20 BapnaiiTOB c npecjn iKcoM T o j ibK o 2 6ecnpe4)H KCH bie t j )opM bi) . TaKiiM 0ßpa30M, h 3 A ecb b a p e a -
j i e c oc j iaß jie i iH b iM h n o jr y p e a y m ip o B a i iH b iM g e - A O M iim ipo -
BajiH KaK p a 3 n o j n i u e (j)opMbi. i i o c x e n e H H o e c o K p a m e i m e
y n oT peß jieH H H 4>opMbi b l e v e n k KOimy BeKa b o <})JiaM. h 6p a 6 . HCTOHHiiKax VBH3WBaeTCH TaK>Ke c HamiiM n p e a n o -
jio>KeiineM 06 h i i t c i i c i i b i i o h CTa6ii.T ii3am in npet})HKca g e - b
3 t o t n e p i io f l . 3ac jiy >K iiB aeT b h i im a m in \K a3aH iie A e B p i i H - Ä T a o npenM yLuecTBeH iioft K o i i c e p B a u m i 6ecnpe<j)HKCHOH
4>opMbi ( b l e v e n ) y p in o p i iK O B n e p B o i i nojiOBHHbi X V I b . ,
H3bIK KOTOpblX XapaKTepiI30BajICH OnpeACJieHHblMII apxaH31I- p y r o m u M ii TeHAcumiHMii. A H a jio rH H u a a K a p u iH a H a ö j i i o -
AaeTCH T3K>Ke n p n p a c c M O T p e m m (})opM npim acTHH I I A p y - r n x r j i a r o j i o ß s t o h r p y n n b i . C p . , b w a cT H O cm , A yß jieT bi :
g e b r a c h t / b r a c h t , g e l e d e n / l e d e n , g e v o n d e n / v o n d e n , g e w o r
d e n / w o r d e n , g e k o m c n / k o m e n . TaKHM 0Ö p a 3 0 M , JieKCHMe-
CKan r p y n n a r j i a r o j i o ß c 6ecnpecj)i iKciibiM n p i i ' ia cT i ieM II o c T a e T c n b X V I b. b o c i i o r i i o m i i c i i3m c h h o h . ÖAHaKO, b o t -
JiiHine o t c p e A i ie i i i iA e p . ia i iA C K o ro , 011a v>Ke o6napy>K H BaeT
n p e B a jn ip y io in .e e n c n o j ib s o B a H i ie c]>opm c npe^iiKCOM g e - ,
T o rA a Kai< 6 ecnpecf)i iKCHbic cfiopMbi o T T e c n n io r c n na 3aAHiiH
n jia H KaK M eiiee n poA yK T iiB iib ie 11 n e p o K i iT o m ib ie B a p n a n -
t h ( o c o ö e i i H o k KOimy X V I b . ) . n o c j i e A m i e 6 o j i e e x a p a K -
T cp iib i AJin ({jJ iaM aiiA C K o-f ipaoanTC K oro a p e a j i a , b t o B pe- mh KaK b ro j inaH ACK iix naMHTHHKax ß o . i e e nocJieAOBaTe.ib -
110 peaJIH3VI0TCH (coßCTBCIIIIO rOBOpn, IIC CBOIlCTBeilllbie h m )
n poA yK T iiB iib ie (|)opMi>i c npe^iiKCOM g e - , O c u o B i i a a >Ke
Macca c ii . ibH bix 11 cJ ia ß b ix r j i a r o j i o ß o 6 p a 3 y e x b X V I b.
n p i m a c T i m II y>Ke p e r y j i s ip i i o c npe^iiKCOM g e - n e 3 a B i i cn - m o o t A najicK T iio fi o T i i c c e n n o c T i i t o p o iij ih i m o r o m icb M eii -
H o r o naMHTHHKa. C p . g h e l o g e e r t n p o M u e a to u ^ u ü ( S t e v .
L e g e r m . , I, 9, 3an.-(}>JiaM.), w a s ( o c g h e s c r e u e n ö b iA a n p u - n u c a n a ( C o . , 111 — 117, BocT .-cj )J iaM .), ( l i e e f t ) g e b l e e k e n
0KQ3CLACh ( T r u . , 1662, 6 p a 6 . ) , g h e h o l p e n h e e f t n o M o e (O f - f i c . , 100, roJi.) i i AP- J l i iu ib c n o p a j u m e c K i i o6napy>KHBaiOT-
ch cp eA H m i x pcjniKTOBbic 6 e cn p c ( }n iK c i ib ie ^ o p M b i ( b 3 a n . - 4>JiaM. y C 'reBHua, n r o j i . y C m i x e j i n , b BOCT.-(})jiaM. y p n -
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nH CbM em ibix naM UTiniKax X V I b.
179
B X V II b. npoHcxoÄHT oK0HHaTejibH0e h noßceMecTHoe 33KpenjieHiie (})opM npiiM3CTHH II c npe(f)HKCOM ge- KaK HOpMaTHBHblX B3pH3HT0B B nilCbMeHHO-JIIITepaTypHOM H3bl- Ke. O hh y>Ke 6e3p33,nejibHO rocno,ncTByioT KaK y m icsTe- jiefi-KJiaccHKOB ( K a T c a , B peaep o , rroftreHca, XotJ)Ta h B oh- ÄejiH), TaK n y rp3MM3THK0B-H0pMajni33T0p0B (b m sctho- cth y B au X e jie ) . O ä h 3 ko b KJiyxTax n KOMeanax, iiann- caHHbix b Hap0ÄH0M CTiuie (npeiraymecTBeHHO y B peaepo h Xo<})Ta), /i,jih »aH poB oft xapaKTepucTHKH rojuiaHÄCKoro rop oacK oro npocTopemiH hjih anajieKTiio OKpamenHOH p e MH Hcnojib3yiOTCH nojiypeflyu,HpoBaHHbie (})opMbi npHMSCTiia II, HBJIHIOmHeCH pe(f)JieKCaMH IICKOIIHOH HHFBeOHCKOH cne- u,h4>hkh h najiaTajibHoro npoii3HomenHfl g, mto CBiweTejib- CTByeT 06 HX 6bIT0B3HHH B JKHBOM yCTHO-pa3rOBOpHOM H3bl- Ke (b o bchkom cjiyMae, b yKa3aHHbix >KaHpax) b s t o t ne- pHOfl. C p., HanpHMep, y B pe^ epo: het ... emaackt cdeActA (Sp. B r., 350), het ... eweest 6bua (Ibid., 395), heb jy ... gien menschen esien? Tbi ne e u d e A a Atodeü.7 (Gri., 1, 4) hjih y Xoi|)Ta: soo ickse heb estelt kolk h ee nocraeuA(War. 105), estolen ynpadeno (Ibid., 128), heb evonnen
n a u ie A (Ibid., 168), no: ghevonden schat HaüdeHHbiü kaüö (Ibid., 367); cp. 6ecnpe(})HKCHbiH BapnaHTi hadd hy ... koft oh K y n u A (Ibid., 485); y BoHflejia: evlucht öesAbiü (Rom., 915, 1, 10). ripHMepbi noKa3biBaioT, mto nojiype,nymipoB3H- Hbie (J)opMbi npHMacTHH (c e- (a-) bm. ge-), cooTBeTCTByio- mne MecTHOMy jtnajieKTHOMy hjih npocTopeMHOMy y3ycy hx npOH3HOLUeHHH, ynOTpeÖJTHJTHCb B TO BpeMfl rJiaBHbIM 06 - pa30M B CJIO>KHbIX TJiarOJlbHblX (J)OpMaX C npHMaCTHCM II, ho öo jiee ycTOHMHBO coxpaHHjin npe(f)HKC ge- b aÄ'bCKTHBii- poßaHHbix (3acTbiBuiHx) npiiMSCTiibix (JjopMSX (Tuna ghev o n d e n ), BbicTynaiomnx b aTpußyTHBHoft cJ)yHKU,HH. C apy- ro ö CTopoHbi, npe<})iiKcajibHbie BapnanTbi KaK nucbMeHHO- jiHTepaTypHbie h HopMaTHBiibie (})opMbi co3HaTejibHo npo- THBonocTaBJiH^ncb aBTopaMH 6ecnpe(})HKCHbiM hjih nojiype- AyUHpoBaHHbiM BapnanTaM KaK npocTopeMHbiM i i j i i i A\\a- jieKTHbiM (})opMaM, t. e. npnoöpeTajm n onpeaejieHHyio (JjyHKUHOHajIbHO-CTHjniCTHMeCKyiO 3113MHMOCTb.
TaKHM 0 Ö pa30M , necMOTpsi Ha cM em eH H e ÄHajieKTHOÖ
Ö33bi h 3 c e ß e p 11 B o n p e K H M e c r a o M y ro ju is H Ä C K O M y y 3 y c y c e r o i iu rBeoHCKOii T e i i a e H m ie f i k c T i ip a m i io 11 p e a y K m iH npe(J)HKca ge-, nocJiezu iir i i n e TOJibKO BOccTäHSBJiHBaeTCH,
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180
<f)HKCOM, KOTOpblH CT3 H0 BHTCH erO TIIIIHHHblM HeOT'beMJie- M b lM rpaMMaTHHeCKHM npH3HaKOM U, 3 a K p e n j IH e T C H H ko- ÄH4)HUHpyeTCH B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CKJiaAblBaiOmHMHCH rpaMMaraiiecKHMH nopMaMii HHAepjiaHACKoro JiHTepaTypHoro H3bIKa, KOTOpblH H B 3 T0 M OTHOUieHHH CJieflyeT IOJKHO- HHAepjiaHÄCKoii TpaAHiwu. rojuianACKan * e (no cyTH Ae- jia, HHrBeoHCKan) TenAeHnnn k peAyKmm h ajiHMHHiipoBa- hhk> npe^HKca ge- coxpaHHeTCH Jiiiuib KaK apeajibHO orpa- HHqeHHaa, nepH(j)epnHHaH h pejiHKTOBan AiiajieKTHaa nep- Ta, HCnOJIb3yeMaH JIHUIb B C^yHKmiOHajIbHO-CTHJIHCTHHeCKOM njiaHe. KaK h MHorne Apyrne HHrBeoHH3Mbi, ona orrecHHeT- ch Ha 33AHHH njiaH b nponecce 4)0PMHP0BaHH55 JiHTepa- TypHOH HOpMbl HHAepjiaHACKoro H3bIKa.
npuHRTbiB coKpau{eHun:
M i d d e l n e d c r l a n d s L e e r b o e k , d o o r A . v a n L o c y. A n tw e r p e n , 1947 (B K jn o 'ie n -
Hbie H3 sToii xpecTOMaTHH b CTaTbio npiiMepu H3 AeJTOBblX ÄOKyMeilTOB COnpOBO>KÄaK)TCH IIH ^pa- Mii o t 21 js.o 8 6 ) .
M a e r l a n t J. v a n . S p ie g e l H is to r ia e l, u itg . d o o r M . d e V r ie s en E . V e r w i js . L e id e n , 1863. M a e r l a n t J. v a n . R o m a n v a n T o re c . L e id e n , 1875.C a r e l e n d e E l e g a s t , u itg . d o o r . J. B e r g - sm a , 7 - e dr. Z u tp h e n , z j .S t o k e M . R ijm k r o n ijk , u itg . d o o r W . G . B r ill. U tr e ch t , 1885.P o t t e r D . D e r M in n e n L o e p , u itg . d o o r P . L e e n d e r tz . L e id e n , 1845— 1847.V a n d e n V o s R e y n a e r d e , D y c k s hs. (M n l. L .) .H i l d e g a e r s b e r c h W . v a n . G e d ich te n . V a n d e n S e rp e n t. u itg . d o o r W . B is s ch o p en E . V e r w i js . L e id e n , 1870.D e l f D. v a n . T a fe l v a n d e n K e rste n g h e lo v e (M n l. L .) .
Ve. — V e l t h e m L. v a n . S p ie g e l H is to r ia e l. B r u s s e l, 1934— 1938 (M n l. L .) .
14 BecbMa xa p a K T ep H O , w o b atjjpiiKaaHC, c.noJKiiBiueMca Ha 6 a 3 e B e-
a y m e r o K m H o ro J M a H A C K o ro /uia.neKTa, n p ec jiiiK c g e - , BCJieÄCTBHe y T -
paTbi npHqacTHeM II nepBonaqa.ibno npiicym iix eMy oKOMamiii -en, -d, -t h le p e ^ o B a n H H K o p H e B o r o r j i a c n o r o n o aö.nayiy , cTaHOBH Tca
eÄHHCTBeHHbIM MapKHpyfOLUHM e r o <j)opMa,JlbHbIM npH 3IiaK 0M .
Mnl. L. —
Sp. -
Tor. —
Car. Eleg. —
Sto. —
Mlp. —
Rein. F. —
Hild. S. —
Taf. —
181
R u u s b r o e c J . v a n . D ie C h ie rh e it d er g h e - s te lik e r b r u lo c h t (M n l. L .) .S t e v i n S i m o n . L e g e r m e t in g . L e id e n , 1586.C a s t e 1 e i n M . d e . D e C o n s t v a n R h e to r ik en . G e n t, 1555.S i n t T r u d o T s p e l v a n , u itg . d o o r G . K a lf f . G r o n in g e n , 1889.O f f i c i a C i c e r o n i s . H a a r le m , 1561. B r e d e r o G . A . S p a a n s ch e B ra b a n d e r , 2 ~ c dr. Z u tp h e n , 1934.B r e d e r o G . A . G r ia n e . C u le m b o r g , 1973.H o o f t P . C . W a r e n a r . A m s te r d a m — A n t w e r p en , 1956.V o n d e l J. v a n . R o m m e l-p o t v a n ’t h a n e k o t ( V o l le d ig e d ich tw e r k e n . A m s te r d a m , 1 93 7 ).
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H3ÄaxejibCTB0MocKOBCKoro yuHBepcHTeTa. M ocKBa, K-9, y ji. TepueH a,* ^ 7 . Tnnorpa^HH H3Ä-Ba MTy. MocKBa, JleiiHHCKne ropbi.