tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen - zahir meksem

8/12/2019 Tisekkiwin n yirisen - Zahir Meksem

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Zahir MEKSEM

Tisekkiwin n yirisen

Tagmert d teslet

Asqamu Unnig n Timmuza2010


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AAWAS

1. Asissen n umahil 11

2. Tarrayt n usismel 13

Ief amezwaruAsismel n yirisen

Tazwart 17

1. Tawuri n tsensekka n yirisen deg uselmed 182. Tabadut n tmirant tasekka 242.1. Tasensekka ta

risant 25

2.2. Tasensekka talemmast 26

2.2.1. Tasensekka ilmend n twuri 27

2.2.2. Tasensekka n waddad n yinan 28

2.2.3. Tasensekka ilmend n wadeg (typologie situationnelle) 29

2.2.4. Tasensekka timgerredt (htrogne) 29

3. Tamirant n tewsit deg tesnalmudt 31

3.1. D acu-tt tewsit ? 333.2. Tawsit deg uselmed 34

Ief wis sinTaslet n yirisen ilmend n tsekka

Tazwart 41

1. Tasekka n wullis 42

1.1. Taessa n wullis 43


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1.1.1. Addad amezwaru 43

1.1.2. Addad n tigawin 43

1.1.3. Addad n taggara 44

1.2. Azenzin wudmawen 441.3. Allalen n tutlayt 46

1.4. Amedya ef wullis 471.4.1. Taslet n tuddsa 491.4.2. Azenzin wudmawen 511.4.3. Allalen n tutlayt 51

1.4.3.1. Taliwin n umyag 511.4.3.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 52

1.4.3.3. Isuraz 54

2. Tasekka n yimsegzi 55

2.1. Tuddsa n yimsegzi 56

2.2. Allalen n tutlayt 58

2.2.1. Isuraz 58

2.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 59

2.2.3. Taliwin n umyag 602.3. Amedya ef uris imsegzi 622.3.1. Asnekwu n temsukt-is 64

2.3.2. Allalen n tutlayt 65

2.3.2.1. Isuraz 65

2.3.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 66

2.3.2.3. Taliwin n umyag 673. Tasekka n uris afuklan 683.1. Tuddsa n uris afuklan 693.1.1. Taessa taerfit 693.1.2. Taessa tuddist 693.2. Allalen n tutlayt 71

3.2.1. Udmawen n tjerrumt 71


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3.2.2. Taliwin n umyag 713.2.3. Isuraz 72

3.3. Amedya ef uris afuklan 723.3.1. Tuddsa 743.3.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 76

3.3.2.1. Isuraz 76

3.3.2.2. Udmawen 79

3.3.3. Taliwin n umyag 813.4. Amedya wis sin ef usfukel : aris n usussen 823.4.1. Tuddsa 83

3.4.2. Allalen n tutlayt 85

4. Tasekka n uris n tgelma 874.1. Tuddsa 87

4.1.1. Tiin (ancrage) 884.1.2. Asettwel (aspectualisation) 88

4.1.3. Aleddem n usentel 89

4.1.4. Agassa(mise en relation) 89

4.2. Tarrayin n uglam 90

4.3. Iferdisen n tutlayt 91

4.4. Amedya ef tgelma 914.4.1. Tuddsa-s 92

4.4.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 93

4.4.2.1. Arbib 93

4.4.2.2. Asemmad n yisem 934.4.2.3. Imataren n wadeg 94

5. Tasekka n uris imsendeh/imwelleh 955.1. Tuddsa n udis imwelleh 955.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt 96

5.3. Amedya ef uris imwelleh 965.4. Tuddsa-s 99


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5.5.1. Taliwin n umyag 995.5.2. Udmawen n tjerrumt 100

5.5.3. Isuraz 1006. Tasekka n udiwenni 102

6.1. Tuddsa 102


6.3. Amedya n udiwenni 104

7. Taggrayt 106

8. Ibula 1089. Amawal 112

10. Ammud n yirisen 116Ullis 116

Ullis + imsegzi 132

Ullis + aglam 136

Imsendeh / imwelleh 138

Imsegzi 142

Aglam 162

Afuklan 170

Asussen (adellel) 180

Tawsit tamezwarut : asusen n radyu 180

Tawsit tis snat : isusnen n ssuq 182


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Tisekkiwin n yirisen Tagmert d teslet

1. ASISSEN N UMAHILIswi n umahil-a d agmar d teslet n yirisen ara yilin

ilmend n tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Deg tama, irisen-a ad ilin d

allalen isensegmiyen i kra n win yesran i tsekkiwin n yirisen:wid ara d-yessufen idlisfusen, iselmaden, inelmaden. Degtault-a ammud ad yili daen d abalu i yiselmaden akken adsuddsen tugzimin n uselmed ara yessifsen aselmed n tsekiwin

n yirisen akken inelmaden ad siwen ad d-snekwun yerna adsemgirden gar yirisen n tmazit. Deg tama-nnien, zemren

ad ilin d ammud i yimnuda deg tesdawiyin akken ad gentiselin deg taulin yemgaraden : tasnilest, tasnilest tarisant dtsensekka tarisant akked tesnalmudt, atg.

Ma nmuqel anagar er tixutert-is tasensegmit, ammud-a ad yili d abalu ideg ara yaf yiwen irisen ara yessemres degtaulin yemgaraden. Tamezwarut, ad yili d tala i yiselmadenideg zemren ad d-kksen irisen ara sqedcen deg tneriyinacku deg umahil-a llant aas n tsekkiwin. Tin ur-s, tisekkiwin-a ad ilint d amedya ideg ara ren, lada yinelmaden, llant aasn tsekkiwin n yirisen deg tmazit ; irisen-a ur mgaraden arakan deg yisental, maca mgaraden daen deg tala-nsen. Nnig

wannect-a, inelmaden ad gzun amek ttwrun yirisen ayen ara

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ten-yeen ad awen er tzemmar tutlayanin n tegzi d ufares.D annect-a ara d-yessegmun tigensas yelhan yelhan eftutlayt-a deg walla, amedya, n yinelmaden.

Irisen-a i d-negmer ad nessassen-iten-id ilmend ntulmisin yerzan yal tasekka : taessa (tuddsa) d wallalenutlayanen. D tineggura-ya ara yilin d allal s yezmer yimeri adyaru, ad ifares war uguren deg tmazit.

Ammud-a d win i d-nekkes seg yibula : ungalen,

tulizin, tisunin, imisen i d-yeffen s tmazit aas-aya -segmi tebda tettwaru seg tazwara n tasut tis 19- D ibula-ya, sumata, iseg nessawe negmer-d irisen ieqqaniyen(authentiques) ilmend n tsekkiwin yemxalafen, yerna d wid

yettwasmettin. Tin ur-s irisen d wid yettmeslayen efyisental yemgaraden i d-icudden er waas n taulin : tudert

tatrat, ilmeyen, timetti

Amgired n yirisen yeskan-d tutlayt n tmazit tudegwaas n taulin, yes-s nezmer ad naru ef waas n yisental iyesan assa d waas n taulin, ur teni ara kan deg yiwettewsit yecban timucuha d tmedyazt. ef waya ad negzutamazit tennerna tihawt-is deg tmetti.

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Ixef amezwaru

Asismel n yirisen


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TAZWARTDeg yixef ad d-nessegzi tamrant n usismel n yirisen

d wayen akk i d-icudden ur-s. deg tazwara ad d-nual er

tault n tsensekka, ssyin akin ad d-nessegzi tisensekkiwinyemgaraden, s eren yimusnilsen ad d-ad d-sbedden isismlenn yirisen. Maca, send ameslay ef wannect-a ad d-nebdu segtxutert n tsensekka deg tault n uselmed.

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1. TAWURI N TSENSEKKA N YIRISEN DEGUSELMED

Iswi agejdan n uselmed n tutlayt, am wakken yera yal

yiwen, d asiwe n yinelmaden akken ad smeren tamussni-nsen n umawal n tutlayt akked usiwe-nsen akken ad suntizemmar iwatan deg turi d tira1n yifuras n tutlayt akken mallan. D annect-a i d iswi amezwaru n uerbaz.

Deg tilawt, mi ara nmuqel ad naf d tirmad i d-icudden

er uselmed n yilugan n tira akked tseddast i yefen amurameqqran deg tnerit. D acu, ma nerra tamawt deg uerbazanagar er uselmed n tirawalt d tjerrumt ad nerr deg rrif ayenyellan d agejdan yerna yesa azal deg tmusni n tutlayt. Annect-a yerza tira d turi n yirisen yemgaraden. D tamawt am ta iyean tasnalmudt ad tger ti-is er yiswiren-nnien deguselmed n tutlayt. Yerna terra deg rrif tarrayt n zik i yefkan

azal anagar i yirisen n tsekla d uselmed n tjerrumt d tirawalt.Tura tettwali tixutert deg yiferdisen-nnien, wid izemren adilin d tallalt i unelmad akken ad yezmer ad yaru, ad yegzu

1Tira : anamek-is deg tseddart-a d amatu, yerza akk ayen yettwarun deg tutlaytakken tebu tili.

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irisen akken tebu tili tsekka-nsen. Acku tutlayt urtettwaseqdac ara kan neur d-ttbin ara kan anagar deg taultn tsekla.

Tutlayt d ayen i d-yettmagar umdan yal ass deg tmetti.

D ta i d-yewwi ad yelmed unelmad ma nra ad yual d anesimn tmetti ideg yettidir. D annect-a daen ara t-yesmettin. Deg

waya ad negzu tutlayt d aferdis agejdan i ila umdan akken ad

yekcem deg tmetti acku s tutlayt ara yelmed akk ayen yerzan

timetti : ansayen-nsen, tasekla-nsen, axemmem-nsen. A.S.

Boulifa yuki-d i tmuli-ya aas aya, asmi i d-yura adlis-is wissin ideg d-yessegza tarrayt i yssemres deg-s i uselmed n

tmazit. Hata wayen i d-yenna deg useggas 1913 :

Win yeban ad yissin tutlayt, yessefk ad yissin leqliya,tidmi akked terci n wid i tt-yettmeslayen : d acu leqliya n

ugraw imetti ur yezmir yiwen ad tt-yekcem, ad tt-yegzu stelqey anagar ma yezrew s wudem usdis axxemmem-nsen d

wansayen-nsen. D annect-a i nettwali d abrid s nezmer ad

nesseqdec tarrayt tusridt 12.

D wasmi tura tutlayt tettwaselmad ilmend n wamek i

tettwaseqdac deg tmetti. Da ttarran tamawt er tutlayt akken

1A.S. Boulifa, 1913, Mthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxime anne, Ed.Jourdan, Alger.2 D tasuqqilt n yinnan-a : Connatre la langue, cest connatre la mentalit,lesprit, le gnie, de ceux qui parlent cette langue : or, la mentalit dun groupequelconque dindividus, ne peut tre pptres, saisie et comprise que par unetude exacte de leur caractre et de leurs moeurs. Cest l, pensons-nous, lespritde la mthode directe.

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tella deg tmetti acku ur nezmir ara ad netutlayt n uerbaztegguga (tebed) aas ef tin n yal ass. Timentelt-a tewwi-d eftesnalmudt ad tewwet amek ara d-tesbedd tarrayin s ara

yelmed unelmad tutlayt akken ad tessemres deg tudert-is

taurbizt akked tin n yal ass. D annect-a i yean aas nyimsensegmiyen ad d-gren kra n yiseqsiyen er tault ntesnalmudt. Anezgum i d-ilulen d wa : ma ur d-yewwi ara deg

uselmed n tutlayt ad nbeddel tarrayt-a taqburt i yerran tamawt

er uselmed n yilugan n tjerrumt yerzan anagar aswir n tefyirt.

S wawal-nnien, ma, deg uselmed n tutlayt, ur ilaq ara ad neramek ara nessiwe inelmaden ad gzun amek i ttwasuddsenyiricen yugaren tafyirt akken ur nettiimi ara kan deguselmed n tjerrumt n tefyirt. Amek ara d-naf abrid ara yawin

inelmaden ad gzun irisen, ad d-farsen s timad-nsen, danutni, irisen ? ef wannect-a i d-tenna C. Barr-De Miniac :

D tidet, tamussni n tutlayt d wamek i tettwasuddes d

ayen yellan d agejdan. Acku amek ara naru ma ur negzi ara

ayen i d-icudden er tseddast, er umawal akked yirisen ?Maca tizemmar-a, iman-nsent, ur caent ara akken ad seknentamek ara d-nfares irisen yelhan, igerzen yerna lan tawuri,atg.1.

1Barr-De Miniac C., 2000, Barr-De Miniac C., 2000, Le rapport lcriture.Aspects thoriques et didactiques,Paris, Presses universitaires du Septentrion,p. 13.

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S umata d ieblan am wi i d-yewwin tamuli-nniener uselmed n tutlayt. Deg tama, deg wayen yerzan irisen,tura tezzi ti er yisemras utlayanen n tmetti (productionslangagires de la socit). Deg tama-nnien isemras-a ilaq adttwaslemden deg tala-nsen tummidt i yettakken anamek itutlayt. D ti i wimi yessemma M. Bakhtine1iricen imeqranenn tutlayt (grandes masses verbales) acku wi (iricen-a)ttbinen-d amzun d leqwaleb ne d timudmawin idegyessuddus umdan tiktiwin-is mi ara nebu ad tent-id-

yessenfali, ad tent-id-yessufe. Ihi, ticki ira ad d-yini kra, yesayakan deg uqerruy-is tarrayin i yas-d-yeskanen amek ara d-

yalles, ara d-yeglem, ara d-yessegzi

D aswir-a (aselmed n yisemras imettiyen deg tala-nsentummidt) ier terra tamawt tesnalmudt deg uselmed tura acku

d nutni i yeskanen tala d unamek n yiznawen-nne. D iswiam wa i yean taggara-ya ad yettunefk wazal ameqqran iusmudem n yirisen. Anamek-is d asbedded n yirisen dtisekkiwin ; yal aris ila tasekka ier yettekki.

1 Bakhtine Mikhal Mikhalovitch (1895-1975) est considr avant tout commeun historien de la littrature. Il a crit aussi sous le pseudonyme de V.N

Volochinov. Mais ce nest quen 1963 que son uvre sest affirme commeessentielle. Il a crit notamment : Le marxisme et philosophie du langage, paruen 1929, traduit en franais en 1977 et Esthtique et thorie du romanen 1978et Esthtique de la cration verbale, traduit en franais en 1984. Informationscites dans le Dictionnaire de genres et notions littraires, 2 dition, Paris,Encyclopaedia Universalis et M Albin, p. 60.

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Tikti-ya n usmudem tu-d aar seg yimahilen nYirussiyen (les formalists russes) i gan ef uris. S yimahilen-asawen ad d-snekwun taessa (netamsukt) n wullis, azenzin wudmawen akked wassa yellan gar tikli tamatut n uris(son fonctionnement global) d tikli-is tagensant (son

fonctionnement local). Imahilen-a, mi d-kecmen annar n

uselmed, wwin-d yid-sen amaynut. Seg tama, ldin tawurt i

tezrawt n tewsatin-nnien n wullis i yecban : tamacahut,tadyant yeran, atg.. Nnig n waya lulent-d waas n tirmad n

tira i yessifsusen almad n wullis. Gar-asent ad naf : ilumayerzan aseggem n uris, tacart n yilmawen, tifin n tazwara n

wullis, asemmed n taggara n uris Seg tama-nnienimahilen-a neren-d abrid akken ad ilint tezrawin dtimaynutin i yerran tamawt er tsekkiwin-nnien n yirisen sara yishil uselmed n tutlayt.

D annect-a, ihi, i yefkan tagnit akken ad d-ffen aas ntezrawin d yimahilen. Imnuda, deg tallit-nni, ran ad gen

taslet i tsekkiwin n yirisen-nnien yerna ad d-sbeddenaswir-nnien i teslet n tutlayt ara yeflen akin i uswir ntjerrumt imi, taneggarut-a, terza lada ayen i d-yeqqnen ertefyirt D tiktiwin am ti, d imahilen am wi i d-yeslulen tasnilest

tarisant. Taslet deg tault n tesnilest-a tezzi er tuddsa nyirisen akked unadi n yiferdisen n tutlayt (ne n tjerrumt)imezgiyen. S wawal-nnien deg teslet n uris ttmuqulentuddsa neaawas i yellan d llsas i tira n yal aris. S yin akinttmuqulen allalen n tesnilest i yettusemrasen deg yal aris.

Taslet am ta tettili ilmend n wakken mgaraden yirisen. Swakka yal tasekka n uris ad d-nesnekwu aniwi allalen iwatan

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akken ad tt-id-naru. Iswi n usnekwu n tuddsa n uris akkedyiferdisen utlayanen d tikci i unelmad tissura ara s-yilin d

tasalelt akken ad yezmer ad yegzu yerna ad d-yaru, danetta,aris ilmend n tsekkiwin yemgaraden. Ihi, d tamusni-ya arayeen anelmad ad yezmer ad yesseqdec tutlayt deg yal tault,ama deg uebaz ama deg tegnatin yeffen i uerbaz.

Deg wayen yerzan tikti-ya, E. Roulet, yenna-d :

Seg yiseggasen n 70 d asawan, medden akk san d

akken iswi n uselmed d ulmad n tutlayin : tanyemmat netissnat mai d awwaer tezmert tasnilsant yeni tazmert degusuddes d tegzi n tefyar, maca anelmad yessefk ad yaweertezmert n teywalt ne ad d-ini tazmert n yinaw, s unamek-nnien tazmert deg ufares d tigzi n yinawen yemgaraden12.

Deg tikti-ya ad negzu aselmed n tutlayt ibeddel tanila ;

yual yerra tamawt er wayen yellan d amatu ideg yezmerunelmad ad ier, deg tazwara, amek tettwaseqdec tutlayt degyal tagnit. Tin ur-s, ad yesu allalen s ara tt-yelmed akken add-yessenfali ef yal tikti-s, ef yal tamuli-s, deg yal tagnit. S

wakka anelmad ad yual ma i d tamusni ara yesu ef tutlaytmaca d tamusni ara tt-yissin s ufares d tigzi.1 E. Roulet, 1999, La description de lorganisation du discours, LAL, Didier,Paris, p. 9.2Innan-a s tefransist : On admet gnralement depuis les annes soixante-dixque lobjectif de lenseignement-apprentissage des langues maternelles etsecondes nest pas seulement dacqurir une comptence linguistique, cest--dire la capacit de construire et dinterprter des phrases, mais dacqurir unecomptence de communication, ou je dirais plutt une comptence discursive,cest--dire la capacit de produire et dinterprter des discours varis .

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Segmi nera s umata tixutert s d-glan yimahilen ntesnilest n uris i tault n uselmed, ad neretura ad d-nualer usenfar-nne yerzan tisekkiwin n yirisen. Awal ad a-yawi er umeslay ef tesnsekka s umata, ef tmirant n tsekka.

2. TABADUT N TMIRANT TASEKKAAas n yimahilen i yellan ef tsensekka n uris. Yal

amnadi yewwet amek ara d-yesbedd tarrayt s ara yezmer ad d-yessemgired gar yirisen. Amgired deg tsensekkiwin-a yettualer tiri n taslet n yal amnadi. Maca, aseqsi iwatan d wa : dacu i d imataren s nezmer ad d-nesbedd tasensekka ? Tiririt

ef useqsi-ya ad a-tawi ad d-nebder H. Isenberg i d-yesseknen amek i d-yettili usbedded n tsensekka. ur-s :

Tasensekka tbedd ef :

- Llsas n tsensekka, deg-s ad naf : isfernen ibanen (ama

mtawan, ama mgaraden, ama msezwaren ama ala) n usismel n

yirisen ;- Tault n validit, ta terza ammud n yirisen i ilan

ittewlen i d-yettwasbadun deg llsas n tsensekka ;

- Tigin n wassagar llsas d tault, annect-a yeba ad d-yini yessefk ad yili wassa gar yisfernen-nni akked dyirisen11.

1D tasuqilt n : La typologie met en uvre :

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S umata d wa i d adasil n tsensekkiwin yettwasnen.

Hatenta s umata tsensekkiwin ief d-yettili wawal.

2.1. Tasensekka tarisantTasensekka-ya tettwassen daen s yisem n tsensekka

tamtawit (homogne) acku adasil n usismel-ines ibedd efyiwet kan n tault n usismel. Asismel-a yettual er umahil nE. Werlich akked d umahil n J. M. Adam. Tasensekka-ya

tettarra tamawt er uawas ne er tuddsa ief tbedd tira nuris akked d wayen i wimi semman imataren n tesnilest iyellan d ittewlen n yal tasekka.

Amedya i nezmer ad d-nefk ef wannect-a d aseqdec ntaliwin n umyag, asemres n yimqimen udmawanen, asemresn yisuras, atg. Tisekkiwin yettwasnen, yeqqnen er usismel-a d

ti : ullis, aglam, imsegzi, afuklan, adiwenni, tamedyazt, aris nusfilet neukacef (irisen n ukacef ideg amaru yeqqar-d dacu ara yerun deg yimal :prdictifs.

Maca deg tezi n umahil n J. M. Adam2yerzan tault-an tesnilest n uris, yual yassader aswir n teslet er yiwen n

- Une base de typologisation : ensemble de critres explicites (homognes ouhtrognes, hirarchiss ou non) de classement des textes ;- Un domaine de validit : cest--dire un corpus de textes qui possdent lescaractristiques dfinies dans la base de typologisation ;- Une mise en rapport de la base et du domaine, cest--dire un certain nombrede principes dapplication mettant les critres en relation avec les textes1K. Canvat, 1996, idem.2 J.M. Adam, 1990, Elmnts de linguistique textuelle. Thorie et pratique delanalyse textuelle, Lige, Mardaga.

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uric yellan ddaw n uris i wimi yefka isemtugzimt.Tugzimt d aric ne d amur deg uris. ef

wannect-a yenna-d, s umata, yuqa akken ad naf aris ibeddanagar ef yiwet n tsekka acku deg uris nezmer ad nafdduklent-d tikwal aas n tsekkiwin. er J. M. Adam, yal arisdeg-s aas n tugzimin, yal tugzimt d tasekka deg uris-nni.Ilmend n waya i d-teffetmirant agetsekka : polytypologiei d-yeskanan deg uris ttilint aas n teskkiwin taddayin(prototype). Ma d ayen yerzan tugzimt, hatan tabadut i yas-d-

yefka Adam :

D tayunt i ikecmen deg uris. Tayunt-a, nettat daen,tettwasuddes s tayunin1timeqqranin i yettwasuddsen s waasyisumar2.

S wakka tugzimt d allal s nezmer ad d-nesnekwu

tayunin yemgaraden yettwasmersen deg yiwen n uris.

2.2. Tasensekka talemmastFkan-as isem-a acku adasil (llsas) n tsensekka-ines

ibedd ef waas n yisfernen n usismel. Asismel deg tsensekka-ya ibedd ef : addad n yinan (mode nonciatif), iswi n teywaltakked waddad n ufares (conditions de production). Da ef

1 Sqedce awal tayunin s unamek macro-proposition, ma d awal isumaryaba ad d-yini micro-propositions.2J.M. Adam, 1990, op. cit., p. 85.

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wannect-a ad naf ffent-d deg tasensekka-ya kra (03) nyisismlen yemgaraden.

2.2.1. Tasensekka ilmend n twuriTa tbedd ef yimahilen n R. Jakobson, lada azenzin

teywalt i d-yesnekwa ideg llan sdis n yiferdisen : amazan, izen,anermas, tamselut (asatal) targa, tangalt. D azenzi-a i yellan dllsas i tsensekka-ya acku, ilmend n yal aferdis yellan deg-s,

nezmer ad nessemgired gar yirisen yerna ad d-nessufe

tawuri n yal yiwen. Yal tikelt ideg nra ad d-nesnekwu tawuri nuris ad nennadi deg-s anwa aferdis i wimi yefka azal ameqranumaru deg uris-is. Amedya ma yella aris yefka azal i tangalt(code), akka am deg yisegzawalen, deg tjerrumt, deg tbadut ;

ad d-nini aris-a ila tawuri taeftutlayant acku yesseqdectutlayt akken ad d-yemmeslay ef tutlayt. Ma yella deg uris

awal iress ef umazan, ad d-nini tawuri n uris-a d tanfalantacku ad naf win i d-yettmeslayen yu-d awal ef tektiwin-is,ef yiulfan-is d wayen i t-iceben. Ihi, tasensekka-ya terratamawt er sdis n twuriwin i nezmer ad naf deg uris. Sumata, yal aferdis yellan deg uzenzin teywalt, yesa tawuri :

*er ismawen-nnien i twuriwin-a : tanermisant ilaq assa

Amazan : tawuri tanfalant : (Fonction expressive, motive) ;Izen :tawuri tudyizt : (Fonction potique) ;Anermas ; tawuri tanaant : (Fonction impressive, conative) ;Tameselut: tawuri tamselant : (Fonction rfrentielle) ;

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Targa: tawuri tanermisant : (Fonction phatique) ;Tangalt: tawuri taeftutlayant : (Fonction mtalinguistique).

2.2.2. Tasensekka n waddad n yinanTaggayt-a tis snat tu-d aar seg yimahilen n E.

Benvesniste, lada Problmes de linguistique gnrale de1966, i d-yewwin ef waddad n yinan (nonciation). E.Benveniste, yessemgared gar sin n wudmawen n usemres n

tutlayt. Annect-a yessawe-it ad yebu gar wayen yellan d ullis

akked wayen yellan d inaw.Deg tama, ma inan icudd er win i t-id ifarsen, yewwi-t-id efddemma-s, ne tban titlin-is deg-s, ad d-nini d inaw. Degtama-nnien, ma yella beu gar yinan d win i t-id-ifarsen, s

wawal-nnien ma yella amaru ur yekki ara deg wawal i d-yuad d-nini d ullis. Deg waya ad negzu win i d-yettmeslayen, deg

yinaw ad tili tihawt-is deg yinan ; ma deg wullis, ad yili d uffii yinan-is.

Deg snat n tegnatin-a llan yiferdisen i seqdacen

yimdanen akken ad d- semgirden gar-asent. Iferdisen-a d :

imqimen, imataren, taliwin n umyag, imataren n wakud dwadegTawuri n yineggura-ya d askan n wassan umsiweldeg yinan-is d wamek tella tihawt-is daxel. Tasenkka-ya terra

tamawt lada er yiferdisen i d-yeskanen asatal ne addad nyinan ideg yella : umsiwel, win ne wid i wimi yettmeslay,adeg akked wakud d wi i d iferdisen igejdanen ef trestsensekka-ya.

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2.2.3. Tasensekka ilmend n wadeg (typologiesituationnelle)

Asismel-a yerza amahil n J-P. Bonckart d ugraw d wi

yettmahal. Deg tazwara, deg tezrawin-nsen rran azal i waddad

n yinan : adeg, akud, amsiwel, anermas(win d wi yettmeslay).Maca, segmi ddan deg umahil-nsen, rnan gren-d aferdis

agejdan er tezrawin-nsen, wa d adeg imetti (lieu social) idegterru termidt tutlayant.

2.2.4. Tasensekka timgerredt (htrogne)Tasensekka-ya tis kraterza asismel n yirisen ilmend

n tewsit. Fkan-as isem n tsensekka timgerredt (htrogne)

acku llsas n usismel-is ibedd ef waas n yisfernen. M.Bakhtine deg udlis-is Esthtique et thorie du romanyenna-d

yettwali d akken yewwi-d ad kecmen iferdisen-nnien deg

usismel n yirisen yeffen i tesnilest. S umata ibder-d :

Adeg imetti d tsuddwin*, addad n ufares, iswi n

teywalt, udem n waddad n yinan, tuddsa n uris, asentel-is12.Maca, send ad d-nemmeslay ef wawal amaynut i d-

yellan ef tewsit, ilaq ad ner tamirant-a n tewsit d tin i d-yuen aar deg tsekla. Ssyin, taggara-ya kan i tettusemres degtaulin n tesnilest n uris iwakken ad d-temmel ifurasutlayanen (productions langagires) akken ma llan. Deg tsekla

1 Lancrage socio-institutionnel, la situation de production, lintentioncommunicationnelle, le mode nonciatif, lorganisation formelle, le contenuthmatique.2K. Canvat, 1996, op. cit.

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tawsit tettbin-d amzun d tamudemt (d lqaleb) terza tault ntira n yidlisen n tsekla: tamedyazt, ungalen, amezgun Tawsit

d tasekka timezgit i yeafaren wid yettaraun. Yal tira n tseklateafar yiwet seg tewsatin yettwasnen. S umata, d Hegel i d-ibanen d amaru i d-yewwin awal ef unagraw n tewsit(systme gnrique). Hegel yemmeslay-d ef tilin n kra ntewsatin tigejdanin ief tbedd tsekla tansayt : lpope, posielyrique et la posie dramatique.

Maca, ma neffei tault n tsekla, ad naf d ayen-nnien,ef wannect-a i d-yenna D. Maingueneau :

Ticki annect-a ur yerzi ara ayen i d-yesnulfa umaru s

timad-is akka am ungal, akka am uneqqis n tannant, neakkaam uneqqis anaddal deg tiliri ne tamsirt deg tesdawit, atg.,

wi ur sin ara assad wayen yellan yakan yettwassen (s wawal-nnien ur telli ara tmudemt tban ara efren) ; ttbinen-d dtannumi, d tiwsatin timezgiyin er medden akk. Maca, dtiwsatin yezgan ttbeddilent, ttneflint1.2

Tiwsatin am ti, i yellan d ifuras imettiyen ier d-yewwiad tezzi ti tura acku simmal ntteddu keccmen-d annar nuselmed.

1D. Maingueneau, 1998, Analyser les textes de communication, Nathan, Paris,p. 50.2 Quand il sagit non duvres singulires mais de rapports de stage, dereportages sportifs tlviss, de cours duniversit, etc., il ny a pas de relation defiliation lgard duvres consacrs : ce sont des routines, (soulign parlauteur) des comportements strotyps et anonymes qui se sont stabiliss peu peu mais sont sujets variation continuelle.

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u 12.

yellan s tira, ama d ayen yellan d timawt. Ilmend n waya B.

Schneuwly yura :

Yal aris yettlal-d seg usatal imetti. Yal win ara d-yarun aris ila iswi (asenfali ef yiulfan, asedhu nyimsefliden, tazrirt n umserti neasegzi n kra n tawsa), yesawin i wimi yettmeslay iban, deg kra wadeg imetti (d anelmad

ad yaru i uselway n tiwant, d amezda ad yaru i yimezda-nnien deg umis, d amaru amanun i yinelmaden n tnerit,

atg.). Yal asatal yessawal (neyesra) i tala n uris i t-yenan.Tala-ya n uris tettili d allal n taywalt ara yessiwen er yiswid wayen ttrajun yims la. D tal a-ya i wimi semma tawsit

S yifuras-a utlayanen yettilin deg tmetti deg tudert n yal

ass, s nezmer ad d-nefk anamek i uris am wakken d tawsittimettit. Akeccum n tmirant n tewsit er unnar n tesnalmedt,ef wakken yettwali K. Canvat3, yeqqen er umusnaw M.

1Tout texte rsulte dun contexte social. Cest--dire qu travers son texte, lescripteur vise un certain but (exprimer ses sentiments, divertir un public,convaincre un politicien ou encore expliquer un processus complexe), sadresse

en tant qunonciateur dun certain type un certain destinataire dans un lieusocial donn (en tant qulve au maire, en tant que citoyen travers le quotidienlocal aux concitoyens, en tant quapprenti-crivain aux lves dune classe, etc.).

A chaque contexte correspond typiquement une forme textuelle - qui est loutilcommunicatif le plus performant pour atteindre le but tant donn les usages etles attentes des destinataires. Jappellerai cette forme un genre .2B. Scheuwly, 1993, Enseigner crire des textes, dans A. Bentolila (dir.) Lesentretiens Nathan. Parole, crit, image. Nathan, Paris, pp. 14 -152.3 K. Canvat, 2003, Lcriture et son apprentissage : une question de genres ?Etat des lieux et perspectives,dans Pratiques, n 117/118, pp. 171 - 179.

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ellan d llsas akken ad nissin ittewlen n tewsatin n

irisen.

tewsit i d-yesbedd K.

Canvat

qdec

ilmend

a d

taessa-s ama d tuddsa-s tagensant. (Strucure et texture).

-nessegzi tamirant-a.Ihi, ne

twagzant anagar ilmend n wadeg akked wakud ideg

d-ffen

ssis n walla, acku kecment deg tnummi numeslay n yal ass.

Bakhtine, i yewten akken ad tili tezrawt n wayen i wimi

yessemma (iricen imeqranen n tmenna : les grandes messesverbales). Yenna-d daen K. Canvat seg yimahilen n M.Bakhtine i y

y

3.1. D acu-tt tewsit ?S umata hatnan yittewlen n

seg yimahilen n M. Bakhtine.

- Tiwsatin bant d lesnaf war tilas.- Tiwsatin d taliwin timezgiyin n yinaw yettwasnen.

Tineggura-ya d timudmawin i neafar deg tmeslayt n yal ass,maca ttaant tagnit akken yal amsiwel ad tent-yesse

-is. (Rendent possibles les variations singulires).

- Tiwsatin sant tazrirt ef yal aswir deg uris, am

Imenzayen-a d iferdisen igejdanen ef tres tmirant ntewsit. D nutni ara yilin d allal s ara d

zmer ad d-nini tiwsatin s umata :

- Mgaradent seg yidles er waye, seg tmetti er taye;- T

t ;

- D tismilin i yettwaseqdacen s wudem usrid

(spontane), war u

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ge), ad d-inin d akken anamek n

tmirant n tewsit yugar anamek i tla deg tsekla imi tawsit,terza a

graw n Genve lada ayen gan B. Schneuwly etJ. Dolz

Tazmert n usastel1, amsiwel yessefk ad yezmer adyessem

es ne n usile (structuration) nyinaw,

erza tamusni n tutlayt, amsiwel yewwi-d ad yezmer

d d-yefren tayunin tisnilsanin akken ad d-yaru aris damayn

S wakka sawen yimusnawen deg tault n tussniwin ntmeslayt (sciences du langa

kk tiwsatin n yinaw.

K. Canvat, deg umagrad i d-nebder yakan, yual eryimahilen n u

yesken-d d akken tawsit tbedd ef kra n tzemmar(capacits) :

-tawi (adapter) gar yinan-is akked usatal imetti ideg t-id-

yenna ;

- Tazmert n usudd

amsiwel yessefk ad yezmer ad yesseqdec timudmawin

iwatan yal tagnit n yinan ;

- Tazmert n tira n uris (textuallisation : aseres ?*),annect-a y

a

ut.

3.2. Tawsit deg uselmedGar yiseqsiyen igejdanen er tezzi tideg tesnalmudt,

ad naf aseqsi-ya : amek ara nesselmed ? D acu ara nesselmed ?Ma amezwaru, akken nera, d win yeqqnen er tarrayin nuselmed, wis sin yerza agbur ara yesselmed uselmad deg

1- Asastel : awal-a yekka-d seg wawal asatal : contexte i wim rniamatar S nuswa+ tala n yisem s uzwir A. Sqedece-t s unamek contextualisation.

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selmad yezmer ad tent-yessemres, ad tent-yesselmed

akken ad d-isuddes yes-sent tugzimin ne isenfaren degtnerit

i-ya deg uerbaz i yean simmal tettnefli tudertttilint-d tmuliwin d teriyin timaynutin i yessemhazentasnalm

fli ef d-nemmeslay, degtault

ef uselmad ad ier d acui wimi

tnerit. Deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayt, iseggasen-aineggura imnuda ttwalin tualin ne asekcem n tewsit eruerbaz, i wakken ad tili d allal n ulmad n tutlayt tla tixutert dtameqqrant acku tiwsatin tinmettiyin (genres sociaux) d tid ara

yeen anelmad ad yessiwe ad yesu tizemmar tutlayaniniwatan. A

.

Tin ur-s, akken ran akk medden, yella wassa garwayen i wimi tesra tmetti akked d wayen yettwaselmaden deg

uerbaz. Deg wassa-a ad negzu taneflit n tmetti deg tallit ertaye yeslalay-d lew amaynut d yiswan imaynuten deg

wayen yerzan asegmi s umata, d wayen yerzan tasnalmedt s

wudem usdis. Ihi, d assa-a gar unefli n tmetti d wayen

tettraju tmett

udt.

Da taggara-ya, ilmend n unen uselmed n tutlayin lulen-d inezgumen-nnien ne

iberdan-nnien deg unadi, amedya :- Tura tual tigawt n uselmed tettarra tamawt

tameqqrant er unelmad imi yessefk yesra unelmad ad t-yelmed, akken ad d-yesbedd ahil

nead yessewjed agbur ara yeser ;

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azal deg uselmed er tirmad n tiraakked

iyen, (sociaux) n timawit d

wid yu

yirisedt

akked yisental imaynuten, deg tama-nsen, slulen iseqsiyen-a :

t ? Ma

esselmed tiwsatin tinmettiyin akken ma llant ?

D acu ara nesseer deg tewsatin ?

- Aselmed n tutlayt akken i tettwasemres deg tmetti.

ef wannect-a i yual wtirmad n tmenna ;

- Asekcem n yirisen inmettran, er uerbaz ;- Lebi akken ad yili umtawi neumqarab gar yirisen

iurbizen d wid yettilin deg tmetti.- Asekcem er uerbaz n tewsatin n yirisen

yettwaseqdacen deg tmetti, smenyifen-tent ef tsekkiwin n

n i d-yettbanen d tirayanin1.Tanila-ya tamaynut n unadi i d-yetilin deg tsenalmu

- Aniti tiwsatin i d-yewwi ad ttwaslemden

nezmer ad n

-

- Amek ara d-nesbedd tarrayin s ara nesselmedtiwsatin-a ?

Deg tmazit, tiririt ef yiseqsiyen-a ad a-tessiwe adner amek ara tt-nesselmed, d acu ara nesselmed deg-s. Ackuiwakken tutlayt ad tual d tin ara yettwalmaden ilaq ad tbeddef kun tzemmar tutlayanin tigejdanin : snat rzant tault ntimawt : tigzi n wayen yella d imaw akked ufares s timawt ;

snat rzant tault n tira : tigzi n wayen yellan yura akked ufares

1ef tektiwin-a, er : Z. Meksem, 2007, Pour une sociodidactique de la langueamazighe : approche textuelle,thse de doctorat, Universit Grenoble 3,p. 128/129.

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37

a-nnien, ad d-ifares s wawal akkedtira. Ihi, ku n tzemmar-a yessefk ad d-awint anelmad adyezmer

ttilint d

timudmawin (leqwaleb) s nezmer ad nemsel s tefses tutlayt,

yernaw

ara

yakan anta tawsit ideg yella, nettaki-d i tezi n wawal-is akked

tuddsaaw deg udem-is amatu23.

Hatan, deg tneggarut, acuer aselmed n tutlayin i yerratamawt er uselmed n tewsatin.

s tira. S wudem-nnien tizemmar-a sawaent anelmad akkenad yegzu ayen yellan d timenna d wayen yuran, deg tama ;

sawaent-t daen, deg tam

ad yessemres tutlayt deg yal tagnit ama deg uerbaz,ama deg tudert n yal ass.

S wakka ad negzu tiwsatin n yirisen

ad nessiwe ad tt- negzu, ad d-nfares yes-s. efannect-a i d-yenna Y. Reuter ef yimi n Bakhtine :

Almad n umsal1 n tmeslayt yettili-d s tewsatin. Yal

tikelt ara nsel i umdan yettmeslay, nettulfu deg tazw

-s. Nezmer ula ad nulfu i taggara n tmesalyt-is, ackudeg tazwara i nettaki i tala n yin

1Amsal : sqedce-t s unamek n tikci n tala i tawsa.2Tasuqqilt n Nous apprenons mouler notre parole dans les formes du genreet, entendant la parole dautrui, nous savons demble, aux tout premiers mots,en pressentir le genre, en deviner le volume, la structure compositionnelledonne, en prvoir la fin, autrement dit, ds le dbut nous sommes sensibles autout discursif.3Bakhtine M., cit par Y. Reuter, ????????


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Ixef wis 2

Taslet n yirisenilmend n tsekka


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TAZWARTAselmed n tutlayt yefka daen azal i tsekkiwin n

yirisen. Tamirant-a akken i tt-nesbada iwsawen (er 2.1.

tasensekka tarisant) ula d nettat tla azal deg uselmed ackutettili d tamudemt s yezmer unelmad ad yegzu aris, am

wakken ara yissin amek ara t-d-ifares. Deg teslet n tsekka nuris nettakk azal lada i tessa-ines akked yiferdisenutlayanen i yettwasqedecen deg-s. Sin n yiferdisen-a i s

nezmer ad d-nesnekwu yal tasekka iman-is.

Deg umahil-a ad nere ad nessukk ti ef 6 ntsekkiwin n tmazit akken ad ner aniwi i d ittewlen n yalyiwet. S yin akin, ad yili d talalt i uselmad d unelmad akken ad

walin d acu i ilaqen deg tira n yal aris.

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1. TASEKKA N WULLISD aris ideg amaru yettales-d (iekku, yettawi-d) ayen

yeran neayen yellan d asugnan. Yessemlili-d aas n tigawin

yerzan kra n tedyant tera ne d tasugnant, ierrun degwakud. Ullis yerza akk ayen i d-ttalsen yimdanen. as ulamayella wayen yellan d asugnan akka am ungal, tamacahut,

tullizt ; yettili daen wayen yellan d tilawt akka am tadyantyeran, tudert n umaru.

1.1. Taessa n wullisS umata, akken t-id-snekwan yimnuda n tsekla, ullis

ibedd ef semmus n waddaden. D nutni i d-yemmalen tuddsane taessa ief ibedd wullis. S wawal-nnien, mi ara d-yawiumdan tamacahut nead yales i kra n tedyant d addaden-a arayefer akken ad d-yebdu seg tazwara alma d taggara n wullis.

Asnekwu n tessa n wullis yettili d tagnit akken ad tifsus tegzi-s akked tira-s. Hatenta semmus n tegnatin ief yebna wullis

1. Addad n talwit, d tagnit tamezwarut;

2. Aferdis n urway ;

3. Tigawin ;

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4. Tifrat n ugur ;

5. Addad n taggra.n tegnatin.

Nezmer daen ad nwali tuddsa-ya ilmend n kra nwaddaden igejdanen :

Addad amezwaru ;

Addad n tigawin ;

Addad n taggara.

Deg wayen i d-iteddun ad nere ad d-nesnenkwu

azenzi-a :

1.1.1. Addad amezwaruD tazwara n wullis, qqren-as addad n talwitacku kra ur

yeri. Deg waddad-a yettil uglam neusissen n wudmawen, nwadeg akked wakud. S umata d tagnit n talwit yersen, kra ur

yeri deg-s. Akken ad bdunt tigawin, yessefk ad ad yennulfuuferdis d amaynut, ara d-yeslalen uguren.

1.1.2. Addad n tigawinDeg waddad-a ad naf :

- Aferdis n urway

D ayen ara d-ikecmen er tegnit, ad d-yennulfu ; ad d-yas ad ibeddel udem i tegnit-nni n talwit n tazwara, s wawal-

nnien ad yeslutagnit.

- Tigawin

Segmi ara yerwi wudem n talwit-ni n tazwara nesegmi ara d d-yennulfu umaynut, ad yebdu erru n tigawin.

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Iswi-nsent d asisi n talwit-nni jennejlan ned tulin er tegnit-nni tamezwarut yersen.

- Tifrat n ugur

Deg-s ad kfunt tigawin. Deg-s ad yili uferdis-nnien damaynut ara d-yefken tagnit-nnien n talwit, da ad yefru

wugur.

1.1.3. Addad n taggaraTaggara n wullis ne taggara n tesri tezmer ad tili s

wudem yelhan ne s wudem n dir. Deg-s, tagnit ad d-tualtres, ad tfak tesri, ad fakent tigawin.

1.2. Azenzin wudmawenAzenzi-a yeskan-d udmawen yettilin deg tedyant

Imnuda i wimi semman les fromalistes ruses i d imezwura iieren ad d-sbedden udmawen ilan tawuri deg wullis, fkan-asen isem les forces agissantes, les actants, ialen iisedduyen ullis. Azenzi-a ires ef kra n tyugwin : asa/(iswi) objet, amazan/anermas, amalal/amnamer. Ad naf ihi :

Seddis n wudmawen i yettikkin deg wullis. Seddis-a n

wudmawen ttemlilin sin sin ilmend n twuri-nsen. Sin

yesdukel-iten wassa n lebi ban ad awen er kra, asayettnadi taawsa ne yeba ad yawe er yiswi. Sin-nnien,yesdukel-iten wassa n tezmert, amalal yeggar afus n talalt,amnamerireggel-d abrid i wasa. Ma d sin ineggura, amazandunermas yesdukel-iten wassa tmusni/taywalt acku d nutni i

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d-yemmalen d acu ara yexdem wasa, d nutni daen ara d-yefken tamuli ef tigawt n wasatelha nexai1.2

- Asa:d win ief beddent tigawin n wullis. S wawal-nnien d udem agejdan.

- Iswi : d ayen i isedduyen asa, d ayen ier ira adyawe. Yezmer ad yili d yal taawsa ef yettnadi wasa: damdan ad t-id-yefdu, d ttar ad t-yerr, d tayri n tmeut, dagerruj, d nnif, d tilelli, atg.

Amazan : d udem i yettnadin ad yawe er yiswi. Dwin ara yaznen asaad yeg tigawin ilaqen iwakken ad d-yaweer yiswi. Tikwal ur nezmir ara ad nebu nead nessemgiredgar-asen acku asayezmer ad yesu snat n twuriwin, yettili dudem agejdan d amazan deg yiwet n tegnit.

- Anermas :d udem ier ara tual tigawt ned win arayesfaydin seg tigawt n wasa.

- Amalal : d udem ara yefken afus n talalt i wasa.

1REUTER, Y., 2005, Lanalyse du rcit, Paris, Armand Colin, p.31.2Ces six catgories se reproupaient deux par deux selon des axes fondamentauxpour dfinir les conduites humaines. Sur le premier axe -celui du dsir, du

vouloir- le sujet chercherait sopproprier lobjet. Sur le second axe -celui dupouvoir- ladjuvant et lopposant aident ou sopposent la ralisation de laqute. Sur le troisime axe -celui du savoir et de la communication- ledestinateur et le destinataire, dterminent laction du sujet en le chargeant de laqute et en dsignant les objets de valeur. Ils sanctionnent cette action enreconnaissant son rsultat et le sujet qui la accompli.

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- Amnamer :d win ara d-yeffen mgal asa, da ad as-yili d ugur.

Tamawt :Tikwal kra n wudmawen zemren ad ilin d tiawsiwin

tikmamin : adrar, ier, times, adfel ne d tiawsiwintudmawanin : tismin, tayri, ttar, ddel

1.3. Allalen n tutlaytAllalen n tutlayt rzan iferdisen n tjerrumt i yettilin d

imezgiyen deg yal tasekka n uris. Ad negzu deg waya dakken deg tira n uris, ttilin kra n yiferdisen n tjerrumt zganttwseqdacen ilmend n tsekka n uris-nni. Ilmend n wannect-ai yasen-semman iferdisen imezgiyen. Wi rzan s umata :

taliwin n umyag, imqimen, isuraz.1Akken nezmer daen adnaf asemres n yiferdisen n tesnukyist. Amedya deg wullis, deg

wayen i d-icudden er taliwin n umyag, ad naf, s tuget,ttwasemrasent taliwin-a : izri, urmir ussid. Deg wayen yerzanimqimen akked yimataren, ad naf : udem wis kra. Ma disuraz ttilin wid i d-yesnekwayen akud n erru n tigawin. Sumata, d nutni i d-yemmalen amek i yettili umyezwer gar

tigawin, seg tmezwarut ar tneggarut. Yewwi-d ad nerr tamawt

1er amahil : Z. Meksem, 1999, taywalt ef wullis, ??????.Deg wayen yerzan isuraz, er amahil : Z. Meksem, 2008, Isuraz n usdakel dtnemla n tmazit : agmar d teslet, HCA, Alger.

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deg wullis ugten s waas, yal aris aniwi i yellan deg-s. Maca,ad ten-naf ban ef sin n wudmawen :

- Wid i d-yeskanen ayen ierrun ilmend n wayen yellandeg yimir n yinan ; qqnen er umatar n wakud : ass-a, imir-a,tura Mmalen kra n tegnatin : wid i d-yemmalen tigawinyeran deg yizri, wid i d-yemmalen tigawin ierrun imir-nniakked wid i d-yemmalen ayen ara yerun deg yimal ;

- Wid i d-yemmalen ayen yeran, yekfan. Wi cuddener umatar n wakud i nezmer ad naf deg wullis-nni. Bandaen ef kran tegnatin : wid i d-yeskanen tigawin yezrin,tid ierrun, tid ara yerun er zdat ilmend n umatar n wakudd tid ierrun deg yimir n umatar. Amedya, ma yebda-dumdan ullis akka : yiwen n wass : akud-a (yiwen n wass) ad yili

d amatar ier qqnent akk tigawin n wullis acku ayen-nniennettmuqul-it ilmend-is. Tigawin yezrin nesseqdac isuraz-a :

zgelli, ielli-nni, ilindi-nni, aseggas uqbel Ma d tigawin iyeran seld amatar yiwen n wass nesseqdac isuraz-a :azekka-nni, qabel-nni, kra n yiseggasen akken S umata yal

ullis aniwi isuraz ef yebna.

1.4. Amedya ef wullisAris :Tukksa n sserQbel nfaq1aneggaru, yella yiwen n uxxam d ameqqran

1Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix Aeddad deguseggas 1871.

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1.4.1. Taslet n tuddsaDeg wayen i d-iteddun ad neg taslet i uris-a akken

ad ner amek i yeba wullis. Beu-ya yeskan-d ayen iwimiqqaren azenzin wullis netuddsa n wullis yeban ef kran

waddaden.

- Addad amezwaruS umata yettili d aglam n wayen i d-yezzin i tigawin.

Deg-s yettili usissen n wudmawen, n wadeg akked wakud. D

addad-a ara d-yefken i yimeri iferdisen s ara yegzu ullis. Deguris-a yellan d amedya, ad naf addad amezwaru yebda seg :Qbel nfaq1 aneggaru alma d : yella yesa sin n warraw dteqcict.

Am wakken nera, amaru deg uric-a n uris

yessassen-d :- Udmawen : Sidi Crif Ajennad, sin n warraw d teqcict, akli ;

- Adeg : mrawa (deg tmurt n Leqbayel).- Akud : Qbel nfaq aneggaru.

- Addad wis sinD aric agejdan deg yal ullis ; deg-s i errunt tigawin.

ef waya i yas-semman aric n tigawin. Ad t-naf yeba efkran tegnatin nellan deg-s kran yiferdisen :

1Nfaq : d tanekra n ugdud mgal amnekcem am tnekkra n Ccix Aeddad deguseggas 1871.

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- Aferdis n urway : nezmer ad t-naf daen s yisemaferdis n ubeddel. Yettban-d mi ara ibeddel wudem n tegnit

tamezwarut, ad tual ad tenwawel cwitalwit-nni. Deg wullis-a, yebda mi meqqrit warraw n Sidi Crif, yelli-s :

Tekker teceq deg wakli n baba-s armi teli yid-s. Kraakka, iban-d fell-as uebbu. Ma yella d akli-nni yefhem tinyexdem, yerwel.

D ta i d tadyant i yerwin tagnit yersen n wullis. Ayen

ara yerun er zdat icudd ur-s.

- Tigawin : segmi tenwawel tegnit n tazwara d ayen

tlu, udem agejdan yewwi-d ad yeg kra akken ad tifrir tegnityerna ad d-tual talwit-nni yennejlan. Da lulent-d aas ntigawin ara yessiwen er yiswi-ya. Hatenta tigawintigejdanin :

- Akli yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel Akken yesla SidiCrif iceyye er lerc Iru netta d mmi-s er tmeqbert,yeza aekka yewwi-d yelli-s Iedda yezla-tt Yekkernetta d mmi-s melen-tt. Imdanen ttmuqqulen wehmen

- Tifrat n ugur : s tifrat-a ara kfunt tigawin, ad tefru

tmukrist n wullis. Deg wullis-a, taggara n tigawin tettbin-d mi

ara yessired Crif Ajennad nnif-is ad gzun yimdanen d acu i

yexdem.

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- Addad n taggaraTaggara n wullis-a tettbin-d deg ferru n tedyant, mi

medden ran d acu yexdem Crif Ajennad yerna sbedden-t dazamul n lerma yalmi d-yea awal deg tmetti.

1.4.2. Azenzin wudmawenTazrawt n uzenzi n wudmawen teskan-d ialen

(forces) ilan tawuri deg wullis. Deg uris-a udmawen yekkindeg tigawin d wi :

- Asa: Sid Crif Ajennad ;- Iswi : tarda n nnif-is ;

- Amazan : d netta yakan Crif Ajennad ;

- Anermas : netta akked uxxam-is i wimi yessefk ad as-d-yerr

isse;- Amallal : mmi-s

- Amnamar : deg erru n tigawin Sidi Crif Ajennad ur d-yemlal ara imnamren, maca ayen i yas-d-yeslulen uguren d

yelli-s akked wakli-is.

1.4.3. Allalen n tutlaytYerza asnekwu n yiferdisen n tjerrumt imezgiyen deg

wulli-s.

1.4.3.1. Taliwin n umyagAkken nera deg wullis yettili usuget n taliwin-a : izri,

urmir ussid.

Hatenta tigawin tigejdanin yeftin er yizri :

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Yella qqaren Yella i d-irebba yella yesatewwe tekker teceq teli yid-s... iban-d yefhem tinyexdem, yerwel yesla iceyye... Iru yeza aekkayewwi-d... Iedda yezla-tt... Yekker melen-tt.

Tuget deg tigawin-a mmalent-d ayen yezrin ; tuget deg-

sent ad tent-naf deg waddad wis sin n wullis. Tigawin-a ttbint-

d myezwarent ta deffir ta, yerna wezzil erru-nsent degwakud.

- Tid yeftin er wurmir ussid :Ur ieeb ara Ttkabaren ttmuqqulen...ttcekkiren Ttawin

Tigawin-a ftint er wurmir ussid, tala-ya tettwasemresakken ad d-temmel tigawin ezzifen, yefen aas n wakud deg

erru-nsent. Ma nmuqel-itent ad naf kuseg-sent kkant aasdeg walud, yeni d iseggasen, akka am : ur ieeb ara,

Ttkabaren, ttcekkiren, Ttawin. Anagar yiwet seg-sent i d

tameyant deg erru-ines, tekka kra n teswit kan, manesserwes-itt d tid-nnien : ttmuqqulen.

1.4.3.2. Udmawen n tjerrumtDeg uric-a ad ner aniwi udmawen n tjerrumt i

yugten deg wullis. Ad d-nesmekti taslet i nga yakan efusentel-a, nufa-d tuget n wudmawen i d-yettualen deg wullisn tmazit d wid n wudem wis kra, maca tikwal ttwasemrasen

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wudmawen-a : XXXX1. Yewwi-d ad negzu udmawen-a

zemren ad ilin d imqimen, d imataren ne d iwsilen i d-yemmalen win terza tigawt. Deg wayen yerzan aris-a hatenudmawen yettwasqedcen :

- Udem wis kraasufwid yerzan Crif Ajennad : la tjadit-is, la s leqraya-s,...

Yella d netta... ur-s am mmi-s, ef ur iejjeb ara yellayesa

Akken yesla Sidi Crif fell-as, iceyye Irunettadmmi-s, yeza yewwi-d yelli-s. Iedda yezla-tt nettas ufus-is.Yekker netta d mmi-s melen-tt ttcekkiren deg-s ; yalmiyual yexdem ttawin-t-id

Wid yerzan akli-s : ef ur iejjeb ara teli yid-sakli-nni yefhem tin yexdem, yerwel ur yeri edd antatamurt i t-yean.

Wid yerzan yelli-s : taqcict tewwe tekker teceq nbaba-s armi teli yid-s / iban-d fell-as uebbu Ieddayezla-tt melen-tt- Udem wis kraasget

- Wid yerzan imdanen i d-yusan er tmeqbert :d-leqen akk medden, imdanen ttmuqqulen wehmenfehmen

- Wid yerzan imdanen s umata : i wimi qqarenaxxam nSidi Crif Ajennad ualenttcekkirendeg-s ; ttawin-t-id

1Tazrawt n lmajister akked d umagrad n temlilit.

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Kra n yiricen ur d-ttbinen ara yal tikelt sumyezwer-a, yerna mai yal tikelt yewwi-d ad yili useqsi deguric amezwaru.

Tin ur-s, ma ulac, llan sin n wudmawen s zemren admyezwaren yiricen n usegzi.

Seg tama, nezmer ad d-nebdu s useqsi imir ad d-tefertririt nead d-nefk srid tiririt ssyin akin ad d-nessegzi1 2.

- Tikwal aric-a aneggaru ur yettili ara. Kra n yimnuda

ttwalin yezmer ad yili akken yezmer ur yettili ara. Ma yella,yettbin-d s sin n wudmawen :

- D awal aneggaru ef usentel-nni ; amedya, mayessegza-d amek i d-yekkat ugeffur, amaru yezmer ad d-yini :

hata ihi amek i d-ielli ugeffur

- D ameslay ef tawsa-nnien yerzan asentel-nni,amedya, yezmer ad d-yini: ageffur d ayen ilan azal deg tudert

n umdan.

1Coltier D, 1986, Approches du texte explicatif, dans la revue Pratiques, n51, pp. 3 22.2 Bien entendu, ces trois moments du texte explicatif napparaissent pasncessairement, ni dans cet ordre, et la phase de questionnement ne contient pasobligatoirement une interrogative indirecte. Pour ce qui est de lordre, il existedeux faons au moins denchaner les diffrents lments qui composent le texteexplicatif: on peut, soit aller de la question la solution, soit donner la solutionds le dbut et enchaner par un nonc qui justifie la solution.

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2.2. Allalen n tutlaytAnadi ef wallalen n tutlayt yerza anadi ef yiferdisen n

tjerrumt imzegiyen deg yal tasekka. Deg yimsegzi wid i d-

yettwaseqdacen s waas d wid i izemren ad fken i uris udemamesaran. ef wannect-a, deg tira-nsen, yewwi-d ef win arayarun, ad yere amek ara t-yebrez seg wayen akk yesanassa d yiulfan-is d tmuliwin-is. Swakka ara d-ibin damesaran. D acu ihi i d allalen-a ?

2.2.1. IsurazDeg wayen yerzan isuraz, deg uris imsegzi

ttuwaseqdacen s tuget isuraz n tmela, d wi i d-yesskanenassagar tektiwin akked d ubrid i yewwi umaru deg usegzi-s.Haten yisuraz yettilin deg yimsegzi.

- Wid n usmiwer ne n ubdar, d isuraz i d-yeskanenamyezwer yellan gar tektiwin n umaru, amedya : amezwaru,

wis sin..., deg tazwara, tin ur-s..., deg tama, deg tama-nnien...

- Wid n tguri (n usekcem) n yimedyaten : d awalen i

yettwaseqdacen akken amaru ad d-yessekcem amedya deg

uris-is, amedya : nezmer ad d-nefk amedya amedya, efumedya, akka am...

- Wid n ulsegzi : d awalen ned tinfaliyin s nezmer add-nger asegzi s wudem-nnien i kra n tikti nen wawal i d-

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yettbanen yuar i yimeri, amedya : s wudem-nniven, s wawal-nnien, s unamek-nnien

- Wid n userwes : am, amzun, yettanzi, yettak anzi, ad

as-tinni

- Wid n tmela ne n usezen : acku, akken, imi,axaer

2.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumtDeg yirisen n usegzi, akken nera deg yimahilen-

nnien, imqimen yugten s waas d wid s yezmer umaru ad d-yefk udem amesaran i uris-is. S umata ttilin wudmawen-a :

- Udem amezwaru asget : Nekni, yetwaseqdac

wudem-a mi ara yebu umaru ad d-yemmeslay ef kra n

tawsa i ixeddem netta, i xeddmen medden-nnien yellan amnetta, wid yezdi kra n umahil nekra n lirfa. S umata, yerzanek + nutni.

Amedya :aselmad mi ara d-yemmeslay ef uskazal, add-yini : Deg uselmed nessemras askazal deg tazwara, deg

tlemmast akked taggara n tugzimt n uselmed.

Afran n wudem-a yettili akken win i d-yettmeslayen ad

d-yesken mai anagar netta i terza taluft maca medden akkxeddmen akka nettwalin akka.

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- Udem wis kraasget : Nutni, udem-a yettwasemrasmi ara yili ayen ef d-yella usegzi yerza imdanen akken llan.Mi ara t-yesseqdec umaru yettak-as azal ardabu.

Amedya : mi ara d-yettmeslay yiwen ef usuter nuselmed n tamzit ad d-yini : Suturen medden aselmed ntmazit acku d tutlayt-nsen yerna ran ma ur tt-slemden araad tenger.

- Udem wis kra asuf : netta, nettat, s umataudmawwen-a ttwaseqdacen mi ara d-nettmeslay ef yimdaneni yezdi kra n umahil nekra n tawsa. Deg tegnit udem wiskraasuf ur yerzi ara kan yiwen n umdan. Ihi, nessemras-it miara yezmer ad yili d agensas n ugraw nen medden

Amedya : Aselmad ara yesseren s usenfar, ad d-yessewjed isental, s yin akin ad ten-yessumer ef yinelmadenakken ad fernen win i yasen-yehwan

2.2.3. Taliwin n umyagTimera i yettwaseqdacen s tuget deg uris imsegzi d

urmir ussid d ad + urmir.

Tamawt :as deg waas n tegnatin urmir ussid akked ad+urmir i

d-yessenfalyen azal awarkudan ne amatu (atemporel ougnral), maca tikwal yettili umgired, amedya gar umyag

amagnu d umyag n tara. Yella wadeg anida azal-a amatu

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yessenfaly-it-id yizri, amedya mi ara d-nini Iij zegga, as dtidet tamatut (vrit gnrale) maca anagr izri i izemren ad d-

yessenfali tikti-ya tawerkudant acku ur nezmir ad nessexdem

la Ad + urmir Iij ad-yettizwi, la urmir ussid : Iijyettizwi. Deg waya ad negzu tikwal d tasekka n yinaw akkedtara n umyag i d-yeqqaren tala iwatan ad tettwaseqdec,akken d-yenna S. Chaker1.

- Urmir ussid: acku d timeri i d-yessenfalayen tigawt

ezzifen urad temmid d ayen ierrun deg yimir n tmeslaytyeni deg umha. Deg yimsegzi yettwasemras akken ad d-tessenfali tigawt ezzifen i d-yettalsen ne i d-yettualen, yaltikelt kif kif-is. S wawal-nnien temmal-d tigawt ierrun yaltikelt s yiwen n wudem.

Amedya : Imdanen ttidiren d igrawen acku yiwen,iman-is, ur izemmer ara ad iqabel uguren n tudert.

1 S. Chaker, 1989, Aspect (verbe), Encyclopdie berbre VII, p. 971-977. C'est en fait toute une typologie des discours qu'il convient d'laborer : discoursdidactique, descriptif, potique... Chacun de ces conditionnements discursifspeut dterminer un fonctionnement particulier du systme verbal : dans chacun

d'eux, l'inventaire des formes n'est pas ncessairement le mme et les signifispeuvent tre profondment diffrents. Ainsi, une squence ad + aoriste sera unindicatif futur dans un change d'information courant (ad yawe azekka = ilarrivera demain) et un atemporel gnral abs-trait dans l'nonc d'un mode defabrication (ad kksen anadn-nni... = on enlve les poils). Variabilit laquelleil faut, bien sr, rajouter celle lie au smantisme particulier des verbes quisuppose de son ct l'laboration d'une typologie lexico-smantique des verbes.Un thme dtermin n'aura videmment pas la mme valeur pour un verbed'action ponctuelle, un verbe d'action dure intrinsque, un verbe d'tat ou dequalit....

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- Ad + urmir : ugtent tegnatin ideg tettwasemras

tmeri-ya acku tla aas n wazalen. Tezmer ad d-tessenfali :imal, warilaw, asirem ne tigawin tiwarkudin. ef wurmir +ad, S. Chaker yenna-d :

Deg tugzimt1n tmeslayt n yal ass Ad+urmir yezmer ad

yili d imal, amedya ad yaweazekka. Yezmer, deg tugzimt-nnien, ad yili d warakud amadwan amedya ad kksenanzaden-nni23.

Ihi, deg yimsegzi ttwaseqdacent taliwin-a ackummalent-d tigawin ierrun yal tikelt s yiwen n wudem yernaur cuddent ara er kra n tiremt deg wakud. Yal tikelt kif kif ierrunt.

2.3. Amedya ef uris imsegziAris : Taerma d uwanek er Ibn Xeldun

Taerma d uwanek akken i ddukulen er Ibn Xeldun.Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiuwanek, acku war awanek ur

1Awal tugzimtila anamek n uric n uris nen yinan ilan anamek yemmed.2Une squence ad+aoriste sera un indicatif futur dans un change d'informationcourante (ad yaweazekka = il arrivera demain) et atemporel gnral abstraitdans lnonc d'un mode de fabrication ad kksen anzaden-nni = on enlve les

poils.3 Chaker S., 1991, Manuel de linguistique berbre II. Syntaxe et diachronie,

Alger, ENAG. p. 58.

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tettili terma, ma d tamettant ad tili deg yiwen n wakud.Tudert n terma icuba-tt er tin n wales, acku yeba-tt efkra n yiricen : tallit n unegmu, temer d ufrak, di taggaratewser d ugrireb ! Hatan wamek yettwali iricen-a degyidlisen-is :

Di tazwara, ad d-yekker uella, ad yessali awanek syiserdasen n udrum-is. Ssyin ad yebnu tamdint tamaynut ara

yilin d taremt i udabu-s. anaba n tallit-a ad yili gar

yieggalen n yiwen udrum. Taluft-a isemma-yas Ibn Xeldunlasabiyya, yerra-tt d ajgu alemmas di tezmert n udabu.

Aric wis sin yerza abeddel netamhezt n terma i d-yettilin di tegti di tallit n ugellid wis sin newis kra.

Di tsertit, adabu ad ibedd ef yifadden-is akkeniwulem, asrad (lehna) d tneflit ad d-ualen er yal tamnat ntmurt. Assa n lasabiyya ad yeqqers, acku ad bdunijentaen ad kecmen er udabu. Da yenna ef waya : deguric wis sin, ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu.

Di tdamsa, afares n yisufar n tudert ad yali, asnuzu ad

yefti, acku tagnit n tsertit ters. Idles d turi ad ugen ditemdinin. Di tallit-a, awanek d terma ad awen er tqacuct-nsen.

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Deg uric wis kra, adabu ad teli tezmert-is. Agellidad yual d asnaraf (d amesbali) ef ugdud, ad yessenker radd yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa.

D wi i d udmawen n tewser n terma er Ibn Xeldun.Da tamettant-is ur tetteil ara ad d-tawe, s tnekra n kra nuella nes ufus n yiwunak i das-d-yezzin.

H. Belaid,

1996, Tira n Ibn Xeldun,deg Izen Amazi, uun 6, isebtar 35, 36.

2.3.1. Asnekwu n temsukt-isDeg tazwara ad d-nesmekti aris imsegzi ibedd ef

kran tegnatin ; maca tikwal ur ttilin ara akk. Deg umedya-ya,

amaru yeba aris-is akka :

- Tazwert n urisd aric ideg yettili useqsi ef ara d-yerr umaru. Aric-a yebda seg : Taerma alma yidlisen ;deg uris-a mai d aseqsi i d-yefka umaru maca yessassen-ddeg-s ayen ef ara d-yemmeslay. Deg-s, yesnekwa-d asentel

yerzan assa gar terma d uwanek er Ibn Xeldun. Da stezwert-a ad negzu ef wacu ara d-yawi uris. Ladayessexdem tafyirt taneggarut : hatan wamek yettwali iricen-adeg yidlisen-is i d-yeskanen s wudem usdis d acu i ira ad d-

yessegzi.

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- Taneflit n uris d aric ideg tettili tririt ef ugnu,tebda seg Di tazwara alma d tilisa, deg uric-a yessegza-dtudert n terma i yettakken anzi er tudert n umdan ackunettat daen tettekk-d ef kra n waddaen. Da amaruyessegza-d amek i ttilin waddaden-a d wamek i yella wassagar terma d uwanek.

- Taggara n uris aric-a, deg tama, yezmer ad yiliyezmer ur yettili ara. Deg tama-nnien, ma yella yezmer ad yili

d tasemlilt n usentel neamaru yezmer ad d-yaawal-nnienyerzan asentel-nni. Deg uris-a ad naf taggrayt tella-d dtasemlilt ef wayen yezrin. Amaru yessegra-d s tikti tamaut :D wi i d udmawen n tewser n terma er Ibn Xeldun

2.3.2. Allalen n tutlayt2.3.2.1. Isuraz

Tura ad d-nesken iferdisen i yesseqdec umaru akken

ad yeg assagar tefyar d tektiwin n uris iwakken ad yessiwead d-yesken asezen ef ibedd uris-is.

- Isuraz n usmiwer : yes-sen i d-yesken umaru addaden

ef d-tettekk yal taerma, ef waya i yefren isuraz-a : Dtazwara, ssyin, aric wis sin, aric wis kra

- Isuraz n usezen : d iferdisen n tjerrumt : tisunin ntuqqna ned tisunin n usentel i d-yeskanen assagar tefyar dtseddarin n uris. Deg uris-a amaru yessemres isuraz-a :

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- Di tlalit ad tt-id-yezwir cwiuwanek ackuwar awanekur tettili terma.

- Tudert n terma icuba-tt er tin n wales ackuyeba-ttef kran yiricen.

- Hatanwamek yettwali iricen-a deg yidlisen-is.- Aric wis sin yerza abeddel netamhezt n terma

wis sinnewis kra.- Dayenna ef waya : deg uric wis sin, ageldun ad

yekkes ayetma-s seg udabu.

- D wii d udmawen n tewser n terma.- Datamettant-is ur tetteil ara ad d-tawe.

Yal yiwen deg yisuraz-a ila tawuri : acku yessenfalay-d

tamentilt, hatan, D wi : d isuraz n usissen ned imeskanen,ne: yessenfalay-d afran gar tawsiwin, da : yessenfalay-d

tagrayt neagmu.

2.3.2.2. Udmawen n tjerrumtDeg yimsegzi seqdacen udmawen n tjerrumt i izemren

ad d-senfalin tikti n tmesara s yezmer umaru ur d-yeskan araiulfan-is. Hatnan yimataren i d-yemmalen udmawen-a deguris :

- Udem wis kraasuf :a)- Nettat (taerma) : ad tt-id-yezwir, icuba-tt, ur tettili

ara terma, tamettant-is.b)- Netta : (awanek) : ad tt-id-yezwir.

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- Netta (aella) ad d-yekker, ad d-yessali, udrum-is, adyebnu, udabu-s. Ageldun ad yekkes ayetma-s, Agellid1 adyual ad yessenker rad d yiwunak icerken yid-s tilisa.

- Netta (adabu) : ad ibedd, ifadden-is, tezmert-is,Taerma d uwanek : ad awener tqacuct-nsen.Udmawen-a akken ma llan ttwasqedcen s unamek

amatu acku Ibn Xeldun, deg tault-a n tussna, yettmeslay-def yal taerma, ef yal awnek d wamek i ttnernin ssyin akin

amek i ellin.

2.3.2.3. Taliwin n umyagMa nual er yimahilen yemmugen yakan ef usentel-a,

ad naf deg yimsegzi tuget n taliwin i d-yettualen d urmirussid akked urmir + ad. Ttwasemrasent taliwin-a acku, yes-

sent, nezmer ad nefk taara tamesarant i uris. Ad ner daguris-a anta timera i yettwasqedcen d waniti tiwuriwin i ilant.

Amaru deg uris-a ideg d-yessegzay tiri tussnant nIbn Xeldun yesseqdec Ad + urmir. Yes-s ira ad d-yeskenudem amesaran n wayen i d-yura. Timeri-ya tettwaseqdecakken ad d-yemmel yes-s ayen i wimi yessemma S. Chaker

tigawin tiwarkudin. Tigawin-a d tid ur nli ara asa d kra nwakud ibanen imi d tigawin izemren ad runt yal akud. D ta id tawuri-s deg uris-a. Hatnan yimedyaten ideg yettwaseqdec

wurmir + ad.

- Add-yekker uella, ad yessali awanek.1Agellid neaella d imegdawalen, senfalyen-d yiwet n tikti.

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- Anaban tallit-a ad yiligar yieggalen n yiwen udrum.- Adabu ad ibeddef yifadden-is.- Add-ualener yal tamnat n tmurt.- Assan lasabiyya ad yeqqers, acku ad bdun ijentaen adkecmen...

- Ageldun ad yekkesayetma-s seg udabu.Afares n yisufar n tudert ad yali.- Asnuzu ad yefti.-. Idles d turi ad ugendi temdinin.- Awanek d terma ad awen er tqacuct-nsen.- Adabu ad telitezmert-is.- Agellid ad yual d asnaraf (d amesbali) ef ugdud, adyessenker rad

3. TASEKKA N URIS AFUKLANAris afuklan d aris ideg amaru yekkat amek ara yefk

afud i rray-is ne i tmuli-s akken ad tettwaqbel sur win iwimi yettmeslay nesur yimeri. Iswi n usfukel d abeddel ntmuli ne n uxemmem n yimeri. Da yal tikelt asfukelyettbin-d tagnit ideg amaru yettara ad d-yesken tidet ntmuli-s zdat n tmuliwin-nnien akken ad tesu azal ugartidyi. D wasmi i semrasen deg usfukel tarrayin n usezen. Susezen-a ara yezmer umaru ad ig tazrirt ef yimeri ; ssyinakin ad as-ibeddel tamuli, ad t-iwelleh ar tnila i yas-yehwan.D wa, deg taggara, i d iswi n yal aris afuklan, s wawal-nniendeg uris-a amaru yekkat ad izerrer amselu (imeri ne d

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Yettili deg-s ugemmir amezwaru d ugemmir i yellan mgal-is

(amgelgemmir) akked tsemlilt ara yessemtawin gar-asen.Tuddsa-ya tettwassen s tuget deg taulin n tfelseft akkedtsertit

Akken ad d-naf tuddsa-ines tamelant nettmuqul degtazwara anwa i d agemmir ief yessebibir umaru neanwa i dagemmir i yekkat ad yesseli. Tin ur-s, nettnadi ef tmuli-s numaru, ifukal-is, akked yimedyaten i yettilin d anzaten efusentel.

Agemmir :yezmer ad yili d ayen ibanen ned uffir deguris. Ma yella d uffir d imeri ara t-id-yesnekwun ar taggara nturi n uris-nni.

Ifukal :d nutni i d-yeskanen tazmert n ugemmir, ttilinakken amaru ad d-yesken d akken tamuli tebna ef wayenyellan yerna ad d-yesken timental ef ibedd ugemmir-s.

Imedyaten :ttilin akken ad d-rnun tixutert i yifukal, adasen-fken afud ugar yerna ttakken i usfukel udem akmam.

Tikwal, mi ara yili ufakul d uffir d amedya ideg nezmer ad t-

id-nesnekwu.

Isuraz : ttilin akken ad d-seknen tanmela d wassayellan gar yifukal.

Tarrayt n usfukelLlan yirisen ideg amaru yessissen-d agemmir-is deg

tazwara, llan wiyi ttaan-tt d taneggarut alamma ibder-dasezen-ines s yifukal d yimedyaten.

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3.2. Allalen n tutlaytDeg uric-a ad ner iferdisen n tjerrumt i d-yettualen

s tuget deg uris afuklan.

3.2.1. Udmawen n tjerrumtAyen i d-yufraren deg uris n usfukel deg wayen

yerzan udmawen yugten deg-s d akken deg yal asfukel imsula(win i d-yettmeslayen d win ne wid i wimi yettmeslay)

ttbinen, acuer ? Acku nera iswi n usfukel d azerrer ; azerrer-a yettili s tiktiwin n umaru da, ama s wudem usrid, ama s

wudem arusrid, d udem amezwaru d wudem wis sin i yerza

usfukel.

Amedya deg uris n usussen (adellel), s umata d udemwis sin i yugten acku amaru yettmeslay srid i win ara yaen ; d

acu yezmer, deg kra n tegnatin, ad yessemres udem wis kra.Dwasmi ur yettwagdel ara tilin n wudmawen-nnien. Yalaris amek ila tarrayt n usezen. Da asemres n wudmawen uriris ara ef kra n udmawen ulmisen. Ad nwali annect-a degteslet ara neg i yiwen dg yirisen.

3.2.2. Taliwin n umyagDeg ufran n tmera aris afuklan yesseqdac timera

ilmend n waddad n yinan ; nezmer ad naf aseqdec n yal

timeri tid i d-yessenfalayen ayen yeran, ayen ierrun dwayen izemren ad yeru. Am wudmawen n tjerrumt asemres-nsent icudd er tala n usezen akked waddad n yinan.

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3.2.3. IsurazAkken ad yessiwe umaru ad d-yesbedd aris n

usfukel s ara yezmer ad izerrer imeri, yewwi-d fell-as adisuddes akken iwata asfukel-ines. ef waya i yesra adyesseqdec isuraz s ara d-yesbedd asezen-ines s wudemanmelan. Da deg uris n usfukel ttagten yisuraz i d-yeskanen assaer yifukal d ugemmir assagar yimedyaten dugemmir d yigman usezen. D annect-a ara yefken tagnit iyimeri ad yegzu abrid i yefer uris. Ihi, deg usfukel amaru

yesra i yakk isuraz.

Isuraz i d-yettualen s waas d wi :

- Timentelt :acku, imi, laxaer- Agmu(analkam) : da, d wasmi, ihi,- Amgired :d acu, mena, maca- Timerna :amezwaru, wis sin, deg tazwara, tin ur-

s, rnu, deg taggara

3.3. Amedya ef uris afuklanef usfukel ad d-nessisen sin n yirisen yemgaraden,

yiwen ad yili d aris amagnu ef wazal n tmeut deg tmurt nLeqbayen, wayed aris n usussen.

Aris :Tameut n LeqbayelAas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ef tmeut d lala

n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen acu ef llan, wala fehmen bia n

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lejdud-nsen, yettwassnen seg wasmi d-texleq yemma-s n

ddunit.

ret, steqsit, sani terram, anda tewem ad tafem awalyiwen : d ayen yenna umezwaru i yenna uneggaru. ef wawal-nsen, ef wakken i yasen-tefka tmussni-nsen tameut erLeqbayel ur teswi, ur terri ; argaz yeseb-itt am nettat amzzayla, ur aken-ni; ad tt-ya, ad tt-yezzenz am wakken araya, yezzenz taanetafunast deg ssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesi

rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yili mazal-itt meiyet, deg-scwi n lmenfia, hatan iban; asmi meqret, tekcem-itt tewser,ad tt-ezlen er rrif, ad tt-deqren am nettat, am uqecwaliqersen .

Aya yakk d lekteb. Nekni yessnen akken tella lala n

Leqbayel, ifehmen, yeran acu yellan deg wul n Uzwawi,nezmer ad neggal ur nennet belli ulac i yezizen er Uqbayliam tmeut-is, laxaer yera bla nettat ddunit-is tefre, axxamdin ur yelli. Kra n lbana d rray yellan, telem yes-s tmeut.

Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : Ulac i yuren, i nettagd amlehur n tsumta. Mei meqqer, ur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqamlaa melba ccwer n uxxam-is. Lemmer d lecal n rray dttedbir i yettarran bunadem d argaz, yili amur ameqqran deg

Leqbayel yessefk d nutni ara yelsen icwawen, ad eniberniyas i tulawin-nsen laxater, ef wakken nessen nerateddun lecal, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen.

Kullec ef ufus-nsent, ula ma ur heddrent ara degtejmuyaakked leswaq, d lehur-nsent i ierrun, d rray-nsent i

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ixeddmen s ddaw ufus; aqerru n uxxam d tameut, amwakken i yas-qqaren : Axxam bla tameut am leber melbalut. Mesub d laa ur nekmil ara.

Abalu : S. A. Boulifa,1913, Mthode de langue kabyle-Cours de deuxime anne, Alger,

Adolphe Joudan (Editeur), Isebtar, 276/277.

Deg teslet n uris-a, ad d-nessukk ti ef yiferdisenimezgiyen i d-yettualen deg usfukel. S umata d nutni iyettakken i uris udem n usfukel. Da ad nwali tuddsa-s ssyinakin ad nezrew iferdisen n tutlayt ef yezmer uselmad adyesbedd tugzimin-is deg tnerit.

3.3.1. TuddsaS.A. Boulifa deg uris-a ira ad yesseli nead d-yesken

tikerkest n tmuli n yiberraniyen yettwalin tameut erLeqbayel ur tli tixutert, d tin rran deg rrif am tawsa kan.

Akken ad yaweer yiswi-s yefren aris afklan s tessa tuddistibedden ef sin n yigemmiren. Yessasen-d deg tazwara d acu ittxemmimen wiyi, ssyin yefka-d tamuli-s netta i yellan mgal

tamezwarut. Hattan tuddsa n uris amek tella.

- Tazwert : d taseddart tamezwarut, deg-s amaruyessasen-d s umata asentel n uris. Asentel-a yerza widyettmeslayen ef Leqbayel nutni urin ran amek ttidiren neamek tella tmetti-nsen.

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- Agemmir : (netamuli tamezwarut) d taseddart tis

snat, deg-s i tella tmuli n medden, wid yettwalin tameut erLeqbayel ur tli azal, tettwasab d taawsa ned aersiw. ef

waya yessassen-d umaru ifukal ef ibedd ugemmir-a.

Ifukal n ugemmir-a :- Tameut er Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri.- Tettwasab am zzayla.

Amedya :ttaen-tt, znuzun-tt am yal aersiw yettnuzun degssuq.

- Ur tesi rray deg kra, yerna mi wesret ur tezmir i kra,ttarran-tt deg rrif am tawsa.

Amgelgemmir : tiseddarin tis kraakked tis uku, deguric-a n uris ad naf tamuli tis snat yemgaraden eftmezwarut. S tmuli-ya amaru yewwet amek ara d-yeskentikerkest n tmuli n wiyi iwakken ad tt-yesseli yerna ad d-yesken amek tella tidet ef waddad n tmeut er Leqbayel.Da yessassen-d ifukal i yefkan afud i tmuli-s.

Ifukal :Ad naf deg uris yal afakul amaru yefka-d tamuli-

nnien magal tin n yiberraniyen yerna yessegza-d annect-a s syifukal d yinzaten ne imedyaten. Hattan tmuli numaru :

Tameut tla azal tla rray yerna tettucawar deg kra yellan.Acku :

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- Ulac i yezizen er Uqbayli am tmeut-is.- Telem s kra n lbana d rray yellan.- D rray-nsent i ixeddmen.

- Kullec ef ufus-nsent.- Aqerru n uxxam d tameut.

Anzaten :- laxaer yera bla nettat ddunit-is tefre, axxam din

ur yelli.

- Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren : Ulac i yuren, inettagad am lehur n tsumta.

- Mei meqqer, ur-sen, yiwen ur yettuqam laamelba ccwer n uxxam-is.

- Ula ma ur heddrent ara deg tejmuyaakked leswaq, dlehur-nsent i ierrun, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen s ddaw ufus ;

- Am wakken i yas-qqaren : Axxam bla tameut amleber melba lut. Mesub d laa ur nekmil ara.

Deg usfukel-is amaru yewwet amek ara iqenneimeris tektiwin-is, da yal afakul yerna-yas-d amedya, tin ur-s yualer yidles d wansayen n tmetti yewwi-d kra n yinzan s d-yesken d akken ayen i d-yenna d ayen ttxemmimen akk

medden, ur yelli d tamuli-s iman-is.

3.3.2. Iferdisen n tutlayt3.3.2.1. IsurazIsuraz mmalen-d assa yellan gar tefyar, yes-sen i

nezmer ad negzu tidmi n umaru d usezen-is deg uris ; yes-sen i tettifsus turi-ines. Deg uris-a n Boulifa llan yisuraz-a :

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- Ulac i yezizen er Uqbayli am tmeut-is, laxaeryera bla nettat ddunit-is tefre.

- Lemmerd lecal n rray d ttedbir- laxater, ef wakken nessen nera teddun lecal, d

rray-nsent i ixeddmen.

Ulama ur heddrent ara deg tejmuya akked leswaq, dlehur-nsent i ierrun, d rray-nsent i ixeddmen.

Yak d Igawawen i yas-yeqqaren Axxam bla tameutam leber melba lut. Mesubd laa ur nekmil ara.

Amaru yessemres laxaer (snat n tikal) akken ad d-yefk timental n tikti-s. Yesseqdec daen lemmer akken adyessenfali assan tewtilt. Assan umgired yessemres ulama.

Ar taggara n uris yessemres mesub d asaraz n usegziyessexdem-it iwakken ad d-yefk anamek n yinzi i d-iger deg

uris.

Ma nerra tamawt ad naf deg uris-a amaru ur yessugetara deg yisuraz, yesmenyif ad ilin d uffiren(implicites). Hatnayimedyaten ideg imeri ad iulfu s wassa gar tefyar macaamaru ur ten-yessemres ara :

- Aas n wid iheddren, inesxen lektub ef tmeut dlala n Leqbayel, nutni ur ssinen

Assa i nezmer ad d-nesnekwu deg tefyirt-a d assanumgired (n tmegla), amaru yesmenyif asemres n ticcert deg

wadeg n usaraz i izemren ad yili d : mena, d acu, maca, as,ulama

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- Gar tseddart tis snat d tis kra, amaru ur d-yessenfaliara assa yellan gar-asent s usaraz n tenmegla, amedya :mena, d acu, maca; as akken imeri yezmer ad t-id-yesnekwu seg turi n uris. Lada imi amaru yebda taseddart-a s tefyirt : Aya yakk d lekteb i d-yeskanen tamuli-stemgarad mai ef tmezwarut. Yes-s yesken-d ayen qqaren

wiyiseg rrif er rrif d tikerkest.

- Yella wadeg-nnien anda amaru yefren ad yesseqdec

asmiwer1 deg wadeg n usemres n yisuraz n tmerna ne nubdar asemres am wa ttarran ur-s yimura mi ara xsen ad fkenudem afessas i uris deg turi, da beddren-d iferdisen wadeffir wa, war isuraz. Amedya aric-a n uris :

Tameut er Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri ; argaz

yeseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-ni; ad tt-ya, ad tt-yezzenz am wakken ara ya, yezzenz taa ne tafunast degssuq. Deg uxxam ur tesi rray ula deg ucemma ; kra ara yilimazal-itt meiyet, deg-s cwi n lmenfia, atan iban ; asmimeqret, tekcem-itt tewser, ad tt-ezlen er rrif, ad tt-deqrenam nettat, am uqecwal iqersen.

Am wakka d-yettbin deg tseddart-a yezmer umaru ad

iger aas n yisuraz n tmerna (addition) : rnu, tin ur-s, nnig n

1 Asmiwer : ila anmek n abdar, deg tefyirt-a sqedce-t s unamek njuxtaposition.

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waya, rnu ur-s s ara yeqqen ifukal i d-yessassen. Degumedya :

Tameut er Leqbayel ur teswi, ur terri yerna argazyeseb-itt am nettat am zzayla, ur aken-ni Tin ur-s, deguxxam ur tesi rray

Ad negzu s wakka deg uselmed n tsekka n uris-ayewwi-d ad nerr tamawt tameqqrant er yisuraz acku lan

tawuri tameqqrant deg usfukel.

3.3.2.2. UdmawenAmdiq i san wudmawen deg tsekka-ya ur yelli d

ameyan acku asfukel s umata ires ef uzerrer n umselu. Dwasmi, deg tama, yewwi-d ad d-nesnekwu tihawt n umaru deg

udis. Acku yezmer ad yessemres udem amezwaru asuf neamalay nek, nekni, nkenti ; yezmer daen ad yefren adyesseqdec udem wis kraasget nutni s unamek n meddenakken ma llan, ideg ila azal n wardabu. D annect-a ara d-

yesseknen, i win ara igen taslet, ma amaru yebna assumeref tektiwin-is, ma yekcem s yilfan-is deg wayen i d-yeqqar ;ne ira ad as-yefk udem amatu ideg ara negzu mai anagarnetta i yettxemmimen akka.

Deg tama-nnien, yewwi-d ad nezzi tier wudmawenyerzan amselu iwakken ad ner anwa i wimi yettmeslayumaru, ma i yiwen ibanen nei medden s umata. Annect-a add-yemmel amek i yasen-yettmeslay, anwa udem i yesseqdec.

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Deg uris-a, deg wayen yerzan win i wimi yettmeslay,win i d-yeqsed s wawal, amaru yessemres udem wis sin asget,

yettmeslay-asen srid akken ad yessiwead yekkes yir tamuli izemren ad sun ef tmeut n Leqbayel. D wasmi i yasen-yettmeslay srid, annect-a yettban deg yimedyaten-a :

ret, steqsit, sani terram, anda tewemad tafem awal yiwen.Deg uris-a amaru yessemres udem amezwaru asget

akken ad d-yemmeslay s yisem n yimezda n tmurt nLeqbayel, yerna akken ad yefk afud ameqqran i yifukal-is.

Yes-s ira ad d-yini mai d rray-is kan i d-yefka maca dtamuli n wid akk yesnen tilawt n tmurt n Leqbayel. Dayefren udem amezwaru asget nekni, akka am :

- Nekni yessnen akken tella lala n Leqbayel, nezmer ad neggal ur nennet

S umata ur dilen ara yirisen n usfukel, yal yiwenanwa udem i yezmer ad yesseqdec. Maca s umata imi iswi-

nsen d azerrer, ttarran tamawt tameqqrant i wudem wis sin,

ama d asuf ama d asget. S wannect-a amaru iqessed srid

amselu.

A. S. Boulifa, deg tesddart tamezwarut d tis snat ira ad

yesseli tiktiwin n wid i d-yuran d wid iheddren akked d wid-nnien ur nban. Da yesmenyif ad yesseqdec udem wis kraasget nutni , yeqsed-d yes-s wid d-yessufen tikerkas ef

waddad n tmeut er Leqbayel. Maca ur asen-yettmeslay ara

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srid i nutni, yea tagnit d tamatut ideg yal yiwen ad yeqeliman-is. Imedyaten :

- Aas n wid iheddren inesxen lektub ef tmeut dlala n Leqbayel nutni ur ssinen acu ef llan

- ef wawal-nsen ef wakken i yasen-tefka tmussni-nsen

3.3.3. Taliwin n umyagAkken i ya-d-iban deg yirisen i wimi nga taslet, yal

amaru iferren taliwin iwatan aris ilmend n waddad n yinanakked d yiswi n usfukel-ines.

S wannect-a ad negzu yal tala n umyag tezmer adtettwasemres deg usfukel.

Deg uris-a, d amedya, amaru yessemres :

- Amaun : iheddren, inesxen, yesnen, ifehmen,yeran, amaun yettusemres ilmend n tsekka n tefyar iyessemres umaru aris-is ; ad tent-naf srant i useqdec numasa i i d-igellun s umaun s wazalen yemgaraden : amaakken ad d-yessenfali tigawt ezzifen deg wakud, amedya :iheddren, inesxen, ama akken ad d-yessenfali ayen yeranyekfa, amedya : yesnen, yeran

- Izri + izri ibaw : ur ssinen, llan, yettwasnen, tefka,yera, tefre, telem

- Ana:ret, steqsit.- Ad + urmir :ad neggal, ad en

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Ma d timera-nnien, azal-nsent icudd er waddad nyinan yal yiwet yettusemres akken ad d-yessenfali tigawt

ilmend n erru-ines.Izri i wayen yekfan, ana i usendeh, ad+urmir

yesqedce-it umaru s uzal amatu ne s wazal arakudan akkenad d-yessenfali tigawt timezgit, i d-yettualen s yiwen n

wudem.

3.4. Amedya wis sin ef usfukel : aris n usussenAris n usussen ila ismawen-nnien s yettwassen ; yella

wanda s qqaren adellel, yella wanda s qqaren aberre. Yettili swaas n wudmawen. Nezmer ad t-naf d aris yuran degumis, deg tesunt,nezmer adt-naf daen d aris imaw degradyu, nezmer ad t-naf d aris aselri(audio-visuel) deg tiliri,deg Internet.

Deg usussen amaru yekkat amek ara izerrer amdan

akken ad yataawsa d wasmi i yettwasab d tawsit i ikemendeg tault n asfukel. Deg tmazit as adellel s timawt yella segzik deg leswaq, udmawen-nnien n usussen d imaynuten ;nnulfan-d taggrara-ya, segmi tual tmazit tesa amiq deg

wallalen n teywalt yerna tual d tutlayt taelnawt.Ayen yerzan tuddsa-s akked wallalen n tutlayt

imezgiyen ad ten-id-nesukkes deg teslet ara neg i uris-a i d-nessekles seg radyu Summam d wiyi iseg ara d-nefkimedyaten.

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Aris n usussen :Ssif ileq-d. Asewjed n tmeriwin yebda.La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfella n zik n

Yieddaden, tessewjed-d le salon wis sin n lehaz n teslit, seg26 mai alma d 10 juin i d-iteddun.

Ili-ken di ttiadd, mreba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 nsbealma d 10 n yi.

Abalu: Radyu Summam.

3.4.1. TuddsaTaessa n usussen tbedd ef kran yiricen.

Aric amezwaru yettili d awezlan, tafyirt ne snat ; deg-samaru yettak-d isalli ef tawsa ief d-yella usussen. Tawuri-sd ajbad n lwelha n win ara yaen. S umata yettili-d s kran

wudmawen.

- Yezmer ad yili d aselem kan n medden ef tawsa-nni ; amedya : Ilmend n useggas ajdid Bougie-viande

tettxebbir belli asenqes deg ssuma n uksum d lut seg wass nsebt 20 disembr . (Aris uun 21).

- Yezmer ad yili d asmekti ef wayen snen, ran akkmedden; amedya: Ssif ileq-d, asewjed n tmeriwin yebda(er er zdat aris i d-nefren d amedya, uun 1).

1D uun n uris deg tjenet.

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- Yezmer ad yili d asmekti ef wayen ttnadin akkmadden, amedya : Tettnadim ef tkerrust i ken-ilaqen.

Aric wis sind agejdan deg usussen acku deg-s i yettili usissenn yifukal s ara izerrer umaru imeri neamseflid. Deg uric-ai yekkat umaru amek ara d-yeslal lebi i tiin n tawsa-nni d

wasmi i yesseqdec akk allalen n tutlayt: irbiben, aserwes,

akken ad d-yesken ayen yufraren deg-s.

Da, tikwal yettili usmiwer ne ubdar n yiferdisen

yelhan deg tawsa-nni, akka am uris (uun 2) :Ayen tebam ad tafem-t dina s rxa : lmakla-nwen,

lebsa-nwen, les cosmtiquesakked les articles de mnage .

Tikwal-nnien, aric wis sin yettili d askan n ubrid arayawi win yettnadin kra ne d tiririt ef useqsi-ines, akka amuris (uun1) :

La grande surface du lac, di ssuq n lfella n zik nYieddaden, tessewjed-d le salonwis sin n lehaz n teslit, seg26 maialma d 10 juini d-iteddun.

Ahric wis kra, d asiwel ned tiri srid i umsaakken ad ya.Yettili s umata d tafyirt tawezzlant ideg semrasen akk

iferidisen n tesnukyist, akka am: anya, tamerut, imesliyen1.Yes-sen i tettcebbi tiri taneggarut n usussen, yes-s daen izuzunen tamezut n yimeri. S umata wid i d-yessewajeden

1Sqedceawal s unamek n sonorits.

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asussen semrasen tafakust i yettwaseqdacen deg udellel imawi

n leswaq1.

Ama deg udellel2ama deg yirisen yuran nen radyu,amsussen yekkat amek ara tili tefyirt n tiri ne tafyirttaneggarut d tawezlant, d tagrurzant, d tafessast i cfawat d

umekti. Maca llan yirisen ideg aric aneggaru yettili dawelleh n umsa er umiq ideg ara yaf ayen yettnadi neyettili d awal udiq n ukyis n usnebgi. Amedya :

Les galeries marchandes de lAtlas, cest la classe 3

/er wiyid r turagt/Ili-ken di ttiadd, mreba yes-wen yal ass, seg 10 n

sbealma d 10 n yi.Aigle Azurtessaram-awen tirza yelhan.

3.4.2. Allalen n tutlaytIswi n uris-a d azerrer n umseflid akken ad d-yas ad

yaayen ef d-yella usussen. Da, amaru yekkat amek ara d-yesken cbaa n tawsa-nni, ayen yellan d iferdisen, anititulmisin i tesa iman-is kan. Tin ur-s, iwakken ad d-yejbedamsa yessaqdac allalen s ara iulfu umseflid i netta srid i

wimi d-yettmeslay ned netta i terza taluft. Da ef wannect-a i ttwasemrasen s tuget yiferdisen-a :

1er imedyaten deg tjentat ef usussen imawi n ssuq.2Hatnan kra n yimedyaten i germredeg leswaq ef usussen imawi :- Lubya n lefuru, lhem ad iru.- Tiurin, d ddwa i umuin.- D amerre, d aserre, mai d aderre.- ina n yilmaten, em, erem ay atmaten.3Amedya-ya n radyu Summam yettwaxdem akka s tefransist.

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- Irbiben : mmalen amek temmug, amek tga, amektettwaxdem tawsa ; amedya : aidan, ameqqran, ahrawan,awra, udiq

- Asmiwer :d abdar n wayen tla tawasa akka am uris(u.2) : Ayen tebam ad tafem-t dina s rxa : lmakla-nwen,lebsa-nwen, les cosmtiques akked les articles de mnage .

- Ana:yettwaseqdac akken ad nini i umseflid d acuara yexdem nead t-nwelleh, deg usussen nesseqdac-it akkenad nessegzi srid i win ara yaen d acu n tigawt ara yeg.

Amedya :

- Aris (u.1) : Ili-ken di ttiadd....- Aris (u. 5) : Azelt er.- Udem wis sin : acku d allal s ara d-nejbed win i d-

isellen akken yebu yili. Ad iulfu i netta srid i wiminettmeslay Amedya :

- Aris (u.1) : Ili-ken di ttiadd, mreba yes-wen.- Aris (u. 3) : Aigle Azur tessaram-awen tirza

yelhan.

- Uudem wis kra : tikwal yettili maca iseu azalardabu. Udem yettussemras lad deg yirisen n usussen nleswaq, wid i yettilin d iamawiyen. Amedya :

- Win yesan afrux, ad as-yawi lxux.- Win yeban ad yili labas, yawi abesbas.

Tamawt :Mai anagar iferdisen-a i yettilin deg usussen, mazal

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allalen-nnien ef ur d-nemmeslay ara akka am : urmir, ad +urmir. Imeri yezmer, ma yesra i waas n yisallen, ad imuqelamahil n doctoratideg gitaslet ef tewsit-a n uris.

4. TASEKKA N URIS N TGELMAAris n uglam yeskan-d amek iga neyemmug umdan,

taawsa ne adeg. S umata aglam d asnekwu n tulmissin n

wayen i d-yettwagelmen ne d abdar n yiferdisen ief ibeddwayen i d-yettwagelmen. Ih, aglam d asissen n tawsa swawalen.

Nezmer ad t-naf d aric deg ungal ideg amaruyessissen-d udmawen, imeqan nen tiawsiwin ara yefken i

yimeri tikti ef wayen ierrun deg wullis-nni. Aglam, ihi, dtugna tusdi

tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen - zahir meksem

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