CHAPTER 4 CONTENT “IN THE MIDDLE OF DIFFICULTY LIES

OPPORTUNITY.” ALBERT EINSTEIN

TISSUES, GLANDS, AND MEMBRANES

TISSUE CLASSIFICATION

EPITHELEALCONNECTIVEMUSCLE NERVEMUSCLE AND NERVE WILL BE DISCUSSED

IN LATER CHAPTERS.

EPITHELEAL TISSUES

SQUAMOUSCUBOIDALCOLUMNAR

CAN BE ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT MANNERS

SIMPLESTRATIFIEDPSEUDO-STRATIFIEDTRANSITIONAL

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

SIMPLE – ONE LAYER THICK; FOUND IN AREAS ALLOWING EXCHANGE TO OCCUR.

STRATIFIED – FOUND WHERE WEAR AND TEAR OCCURS ON CELLS.

PSEUDO-STRATIFIED- APPEAR LAYERED BUT ARE NOT

TRANSITIONAL – ABLE TO EXPAND AREA BUT NOT BASIC CELL SHAPED

SPECIAL FEATURES OF EPITHELIUM

GOBLET CELLS – PRODUCE MUCUSCILIA – HAIR LIKE PROJECTIONS

INVOLVED WITH MOVEMENT ON EDGE OF STRUCTURE

QUICKLY REPAIR SELF; ADAPT TO WEAR AND TEAR (IE CALLUSES ON HANDS)

GLANDS

PRODUCES A SUBSTANCE SENT TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY TO FUNCTION

EXOCRINE – THE SUBSTANCE EXITS THE GLAND THROUGH A DUCT

ENDOCRINE – THE BLOOD VESSELS PICK UP THE SUBSTANCE WITHIN THE GLAND TO DISTRIBUTE TO THE BODY

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

PROVIDES SUPPORTMATRIX – NONLIVING MATERIAL

BETWEEN TISSUES MADE OF WATER, FIBER, AND HARD MINERALS

3 CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CIRCULATING – LYMPH, BLOODGENERALIZED – FIBROBLASTS- TENDON,

LIGAMENTS, JOINT CAPSULESSTRUCTURAL – ASSOCIATED WITH THE

SKELETON- CARTILAGE, BONE

GENERALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LOOSE AREOLAR – AROUND VESSELS/ ORGANS, IN

MEMBRANES, BETWEEN MUSCLES, UNDER THE SKIN

ADIPOSE – FAT TISSUE

DENSE IRREGULAR – FIBROUS MEMBRANES TO COVER

ORGANS REGULAR – TENDONS (MUSCLE TO BONE) AND

LIGAMENTS (BONE TO BONE)

CARTILAGE

STRONGER THAN OTHER TISSUES EXCEPT BONE

MADE OF CHONDROCYTESHYALINE – TRANSLUCENT “GRISTLE”,

COVERS LONG BONES, BETWEEN RIBS/ STERNUM, NOSE

FIBROCARTILAGE – PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, SPINAL DISC, AROUND KNEE JOINT

ELASTIC - OUTER EAR, LARYNX

BONE

OSSEOUS TISSUECARTILAGE AS A FETUS, OSSEFIES NEAR

BIRTH AND CONTINUES TO DEPOSIT MINERALS

OSTEOBLASTS – CELLS THAT WILL BECOME OSTEOCYTES (BONE CELLS), BUILD BONE

OSTECLASTS – BREAK DOWN BONE TISSUE FOR RESORPTION BY THE BODY, ‘CRUNCH’ BONE

MORE IN CHAPTER 7

MUSCLE TISSUE

SKELETAL MUSCLE VOLUNTARY, STRIATED, MULTINUCLEATED

CARDIAC MUSCLE INVOLUNTARY, STRIATED, INTERCALATED DISCS,

MULTINUCLEATE

SMOOTH MUSCLE INVOLUNTARY, SMOOTH, UNINUCLEATE MORE IN CHAPTER 8

NERVE TISSUE

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ALL NERVES OUTSIDE THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN

NERVE CELL – NEURON; IMPULSE TRAVELS FROM DENDRITES TO THE CELL BODY, THEN DOWN THE AXON TO THE AXON TERMINAL WHERE NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE RELEASED TO STIMULATE THE NEXT DENDRITES OR ORGANS

NEUROGLIA – SUPPORT CELLS FOR THE BRAINMORE INCHAPTER 9 AND 10

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

SEROUS – LINE THE CLOSED VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES; HAS PARIETAL AND VISCERAL LAYERS PLEURA PERICARDIUM PERITONEUM

MUCUS – LINE BODY WHERE IT IS EXPOSED TO OUTSIDE THE BODY

CUTANEOUS – SKIN (CHAPTER 6)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES

SYNOVIAL – BETWEEN JOINTS; SECRETE LUBRICANT; ALSO LINE THE BURSAE

MENINGES – COVERING OF BRAIN & SPINAL CORDFASCIA – FIBROUS BANDS/ SHEETS TO HOLD ORGANS

IN PLACE SUPERFICIAL – LIES UNDER THE SKIN, HOLDS FAT DEEP – COVERS, PROTECTS SKELETAL MUSCLES

FIBROUS PERICARDIUM – CAVITY WHERE HEART SITSPERIOSTEUM – FIBROUS COVERING OF BONEPERICHONDRIUM – COVERING AROUND CARTILAGE

MEMBRANE AND DISEASE

MEMBRANES TEND TO SEPARATE CAVITIES SO THEY SLOW THE SPREAD OF INFECTION.

OTHER TIMES THE MEMBRANES THEMSELVES ARE INFLAMED.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

TUMORS (– OMAS)

BENIGN – DOES NOT SPREAD

PAPILLOMAADENOMALIPOMAMYOMAANGIOMANEVUSCHONDROMAOSTEOMA

MALIGNANT – SPREADS

CARCINOMA ( FROM EPITHELIUM)

SARCOMA – (CONNECTIVE TISSUE)

NEUROMA – NERVE TISSUE GLIOMA

LYMPH TISSUE LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA

DIAGNOSING CANCER

‘CAUTION’ – MONITOR THE SYMPTOMSMICROSCOPIC STUDY OF SAMPLE FROM BODY

BIOPSY – NEEDLE, PUNCH, ENDOSCOPIC, SURGICALRADIOGRAPHY – X RAYS, DENSE TISSUEULTRASOUND – SOUND WAVES, SOFT TISSUECOMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY – CROSS -

SECTIONAL XRAYS; USED WITH BRAINMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING – MAGNETS

AND RADIO WAVES FOR SOFT TISSUEPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY –

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE GIVEN WHICH CONCENTRATES IN ACTIVE CELLS = ‘HOT SPOT” – NOTES CANCER ACTIVITY

SERUM TESTING – CA 125, GENES

TREATMENT OF CANCER

STAGING – T, N, MSURGERYRADIATIONCHEMOTHERAPYTARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY

TISSUES AND AGING

TISSUE LOSES ELASTICITYCOLLAGEN LESS FLEXIBLE

BLOOD VESSELS LESS FLEXIBLE = HTN LESS BLOOD FLOW TO LOWER = HARD TO HEAL

TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS STRETCH STOOPED POSTURE JOINT INSTABILITY

BONES LOSE CALCIUM PRONE TO FRACTURE; OSTEOPOROSIS

MUSCLES ATROPHY

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYHIST/O-EPI-PSEUD/O--BLASTCHONDR/O-OSS, OSSE/O –OST/E-MY/O- CARDI/O-LEUK/OGRAPH/OULTRA-ANT/I-

NEUR/O-PLEUR/O-PERI--ITISARTHR/O-NEO-MAL--OMAONC/O-PAPILL/O-ADEN/O-ANGI/O-