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International Center for Transitional Justice

June 2014

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© 2014 International Center for Transitional Justice. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution.

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ABSDF All Burma Students’ Democratic FrontASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsCNF Chin National FrontDFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)DfID Department for International Development (UK)MPC Myanmar Peace CenterNCCT Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination TeamNLD National League for DemocracyUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNOCAL Union Oil Company of California

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17 urÇmhzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItpD&ifcHpm 2011/ Conflict, Security and Development, Word Bank, 2011. y#dyu©MuD;rsm; &yfwefUoGm;onfhwdkif

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aMumifh xdktzGJUtpnf;rsm;tay: vlxkr,HkMunfrIjzpfaponf/ 22

18 idib. At 125.

19 urÇmhukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcHu EdkifiHwumvlUtcGifhta&;Oya'rsm;ESifh EdkifiHwumvlom;csif;pmemaom Oya'tm; qdk;0g;pGm csdK;azmufcH

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20 Pilar Domingo and Lisa Denney, “The Politics of Practice: security and justice programming in Fragile and Conflict

Affected States,” Office of Development Initiatives, December 2012.

21 “y#dyu©ESifhy#dyu©tvGef vlrItodkif;t0ef;rsm;twGif; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rIESifh toGiful;ajymif;rIqdkif&mw&m;rQwrI/” taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf\

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Decisions of the Security Council, 2009 (New York: Official Record S/RES/1894, 2009).

22 Progress Report on Fragility Assessments and Indicators,” International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding

Working Group on Indicators, December 4, 2012 udkMunfhyg/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufjcif;twGuf CSO

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rsm;twGuf wdkuf&dkufaqmif&GufrI tm;enf;aeonf/

www.ictj.org 9




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23 “Reform in Myanmar: implications for business and political risks,” Risk Advisory, March 2013. udkMunfhyg/




www.ictj.org10

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ygonf/ 25

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pDpOfaeonf/27 tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh wyfrawmftMum; ueOD; qufqHa&;onf vlom;csif;

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tar&duefjynfaxmifpkoHtrwfMuD; 'J&pfrpfcs,fu Mo*kwfvwGif ajymqdkcJhonf/28

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24 Mary Callahan, “Political Authority in Burma's Ethnic Minority States: Devolution, Occupation, and Co-existence,”

East-West Center, 2007.

25 usef;rma&;? ynma&;u@rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu aqmif&Gufaomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh oD;jcm;jyifyrS aqmif&Gufavom vkyfief;rsm; xdawGUrIudk

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wGuf Charles Petrie and Ashley South, “Mapping of Myanmar Peacebuilding Civil Society,” prepared for the Civil Society

Dialogue Network, March 2013. udk Munfhyg/ 26 Associated Press, “Myanmar to have closer ties, military cooperation from Australia,” March 18, 2013.

27 Damien McElroy, “Britain to offer military training to Burma to help end ethnic conflicts,” The Telegraph, July 14,

2013.

28 Tim McLaughlin, “US and Myanmar up military engagement,” Myanmar Times, August 1, 2013.

www.ictj.org 11




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jzpfapEdkifojzifh w&m;a&;u@csdeJUaecsdefwGif aemufxyf y#dyu©topfwckyif xyfjzpfvmEdkifonf/33

29 Mary Callahan, “The generals loosen their grip,” Journal of Democracy, October 2012.

30 or®wOD;odef;pdefOD;aqmifaom trsdK;om;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;OD;aqmifaumfrwDtm; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; wdkuf½dkufBuD;MuyfEdkif&ef

zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ jrefrmhtvif;? Mo*kkwf 10? 2013

31 Lex Rieffel ESifh James W.Fox wdkUu udk;um;az:jyxm;onf/ “rsm;vGef;? rjrefvGef;bl;vm;/ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHjcm;taxmuftyHhrsm;\

tusyftwnf;/” Nathan Associates Inc. rwfv 2013/

32 ibid

33 tao;pdwfodvkdygu Stuart Larkin, Myanmar at the Crossroads: Rapid Industrial Development or De-industrialization,

January 1, 2012; Vikram Nehru, Myanmar's Economic Policy Priorities, The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, November 2012.




www.ictj.org12

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34 urÇmhbPfESifh tm&SzGHUNzdK;a&;bPfonf jrefrmtpdk;&tm; aemifwGif aiGtvHk;t&if;ESifh xkwfacs;Edkifaom tajctaersdK;jzpfvmap&eftwGuf

vdktyfcsufrsm;jyifqifay;jcif;? t&nftcsif;jr§ifhwifay;jcif;rsm;udk t"duxm;aqmif&Gufaeonf/ Asian Development Bank, “ADB-Myanmar

Partnership Strategy,” www.adb.org/countries/myanmar/strategy; World Bank, “Myanmar Overview: Strategy,” April

2013, www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/overview Munfhyg/

35 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, “Myanmar Appoints EITI Lead,” December 17, 2012, http://eiti.org/

news/myanmar- appoints-eiti-lead

36 Sam Zarifi and Benjamin Zawaki, “Myanmar needs an effective legal system, and so do its foreign investors,” South

China Morning Post, March 28, 2013.

37 2000 ckESpfwGif avmht,f*s,fvdpfc½dkifw&m;½Hk;u ppfwyf\ vlUtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufrIrSwfwrf;rsm; ododESifh EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifjcif;ESifh

ydkufvdkif;wnfaqmufjcif;rS tusdK;aus;Zl;&&dSjcif;aMumifh UNOCAL tm; vlUtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufrIESifh w&m;qGJcGifhay;cJhonf/ 2015 ckESpfwGif

UNOCAL u trIudkausat;cJhNyD; w&m;vdk&Gmom;rsm;tm; avsmfaMu;aiGay;cJhonf/ www.earthrights.org/legal/doe-v-unocal-case-

history Munfh/

38 International Crisis Group, Myanmar: the Politics of Economic Reform, July 27, 2012.

www.ictj.org 13




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39 Ashley South, Prospects for Peace: Opportunities and Threats, PRIO, 2012; “Ending Burma’s conflict cycle?

Prospects for ethnic peace,” Transnational Institute, February 2012.

40 For a discussion on transitional political arrangements, power sharing and power dividing, see Charles T. Call, Why

Peace fails: The Causes and Prevention of Civil War Recurrence, Georgetown University Press, 2012.

41 A World Bank and UNDP Statebuilding project that followed the Paris Aid Effectiveness declaration examined 27

peace agreements since 1989. Although “overall almost all agreements include at least one justice-related provision,”

unlike elections and security reform, the justice provisions had fewer references to international assistance in

implementation. Astri Suhrke, Torunn Wimpelmann, and Marcia Dawes, Peace Processes and Statebuilding: Economic

and Institutional Provisions of Peace Agreements, Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2007, 24–26.

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46 ukvor*¾Mum;0ifaphpyfolrsm;onf vlom;rsdK;EG,fwckvHk;tm; qefUusifaomjypfrIrsm;? ppf&mZ0wfrIrsm;? vlrsdK;jyKef;owfjzwfrIrsm; odkUr[kwf

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www.ictj.org 15




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twGuf jyifqifcJhMuonf/48

wGif jyefvnfjyifqifxm;aom United Nations Guidance for Effective Mediation wGif &Sif;vif;pGm jyXmef;xm;onf/ Priscilla Hayner,

Negotiating Justice: Guidance for Mediators, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and International Center for Transitional

Justice, 2009. Munfhyg/

47 rlMurf;oabmwlnDcsufwGif oufqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;tm; “w&m;rQwrIESifh ppfrSefaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;” twGuf vdktyfcsufay: oabm

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jzpfzdkUta&; arQmfrSef;xm;onf/

48 ordkif;aMumif;t&ta&;ygaomvnf; yifvHkvkyfief;pOfonf tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifjcif; (ucsif? csif;ESifh &Srf;omyg0ifcJhonf/) r&dSovdk xdktcsdeftcgu

tjiif;yGm;zG,fwckvnf;jzpfcJhonf/ Matthew J. Walton, “Ethnicity, Conflict and History in Burma: The myths of Panglong,” Asian

Survey, Vol. 28 No. 6 (2008), 889–910.




www.ictj.org16

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jzpfonf/50

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49 Associated Press, “Forgetting the Past is the price of change in Myanmar: 2 years into reforms,” Washington Post,

March 28, 2013.

50 ABSDF touf&Sifusef&pfcJholrsm;?aqG;rsdK;rsm;u w&m;pGJqdkvdkufjcif;? jrefrmwdkif;rfpf? pufwifbm 24?2012/ Bertil Lintner “Old atrocity,

new implications,” Democracy for Burma, October 31, 2012, quoting a source as saying “if the students after 20 years

haven't forgotten and forgiven those who killed their own comrades, what about justice for all those thousands of people

who were killed by the military’s bullets in 1988 or were tortured and had to spend most of their youth in dark prison

cells?”

www.ictj.org 17




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51 “Calls for Apology Over Deaths in Custody Under Burma’s Junta,” The Irrawaddy, January 2, 2014.

52 “Despite a Frugal Existence, a Former Inmate Spends and Spends,” The Irrawaddy, December 18, 2013.

53 Ko Htwe, “Burma’s Supreme Seat of Power,” Democratic Voice of Burma, Jul. 3, 2013 and Simon Denyer, “In Burma,

fear gives way to anger toward well-connected business elite,” Washington Post, March 26, 2013.

54 Paul Keenan, Ethnic Nationalities Council, “Discrimination, Conflict and Corruption: the Ethnic States of Burma,”

2011.

55 2012 ckESpf ZGefvwGif &Srf;tzGJUaygif; 80 ausmfonf ¤if;wdkU\ pdk;&drfcsufrsm;udk pkaygif;xkwfjyefNyD;aemuf jrdKUe,f 39 NrdKUe,frS &Srf;jynfae

jynfolaygif; 2500 ausmftm; ppfwrf;aumuf,lí &&dSaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk 2012 Edk0ifbmvwGif xkwfjyefcJhonf/




www.ictj.org18

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xnfhoGif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/

56 xm;0,f?a'otwGif; ajr,modrf;qnf;rIrsm;? A (inter)national human rights concern, Paung Ku and Transnational Institute,

September 2012. See also Access Denied: Land Rights and Ethnic Conflict in Burma, Transnational Institute, May 2013.

57 A noteworthy exception was put together by the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies as part of its “Listening Project”

in mid-2011. Its research was small in scale (23 interviews with civil society leaders and workers in Yangon) and framed

around the proposal for an international inquiry into human rights crimes, which has since lost momentum. However,

the report remains relevant in its presentation of a range of perspectives on where justice for past abuses fits with other

competing priorities, and what form justice and reconciliation mechanisms inside the country might take. See Myanmar

Voices on the Commission of Inquiry, Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, July 2011.

www.ictj.org 19




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58 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, Tomas Ojea Quintana A/HRC/22/58,

March 6, 2013.




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59 A useful tool for this purpose is the Impunity Watch Research Instrument: www.impunitywatch.org/en/

publication/2

60 om"utm;jzifh trsdK;orD;tdrfaxmifOD;pD;jzpfonfh tdrfaxmifpkrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; owif;tcsuftvufaumuf,l&mwGif ¤if;tcsufrSwqifh

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www.ictj.org 21




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rsm;jyKjyif? twwfynmrsm;pkpnf;jcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;onf toHk;0ifonf/

61 yGifhvif;jrifomrI&dSaom tpdk;&jzpfzkdUtwGuf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIta&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;pGmESifh USAID onf owif;vGwfvyfcGifhOya'rsm;ESifh tpdk;&

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International Development, Burma, www.usaid.gov/burma.

62 “A Complementary Relationship: Reparations and Development,” Naomi Roht-Arriaza and Katharine Orlovsky Roht-

Arriaza and Orlovsky, in Transitional Justice and Development: Making Connections, Pablo de Grieff and Roger Duthie,

eds. (2009), 202, citing “The Fondo Especial de Administración de Dinero Obtenido Ilícitamente a Perjuicio del Estado

(FEDEDOI) holds funds recovered from ex-president Alberto Fujimori and his officials. According to the National Human

Rights Commission, it has been used for the Comprehensive Reparations Plan. Informe CCDDHH 2006, citing Proyecto

de Ley 110-2006-PE” and Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, Digest of

Asset Recovery Cases (Draft), November 2013 (CAC/COSP/2013/ CRP.10), 10, para. 16




www.ictj.org22

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63 Myanmar’s second Universal Periodic Review will take place in 2015. See the official response to the Special

Rapporteur’s report at UN Document A/HRC/22/58/Add1, 6 March 2013.

www.ictj.org 23




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udk rnfodkU arwÅm&yfcHrnf? rnfodkUyHkaz:rnfu ta&;BuD;onf/

64 “Myanmar Rights Post Set for Yanghee Lee, As UN Invites Peacekeepers,” Inner City Press, March 4, 2014.

65 Although South Africa is often referred to as the example par excellence in this regard, the truth commissions in

Peru and Guatemala, or recent transitional justice efforts in Colombia, may offer more relevant practice for Myanmar,

as those countries’ conflicts took place largely outside urban centers and impacted significantly on indigenous minority

communities. Many indigenous victims have testified to the importance of having the majority community know and

recognize what they suffered, and that the armed conflict was a continuation of a “permanent state of war” against attacks

on land, culture, language, and political self-determination. See www.ictj.org/news/transitional-justice-and-struggle-

indigenous-rights




www.ictj.org24

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od&rnf jzpfonf/

www.ictj.org 25




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www.ictj.org26

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66 “Peace versus Justice: A False Dilemma,” (video) ICTJ, May 2011.

www.ictj.org 27




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ICTJ New York5 Hanover Square, 24th Fl.New York, NY 10004Tel +1 917 637 3800Fax +1 917 637 3900www.ictj.org

togiful;ajymif;jcif;wgif w&rqwri az:aqmifekdifrnfu vrf;amumif;rsm; … · 2019-12-19 · iv...

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