tomo 2 - diabetes y ejercicio

8/3/2019 Tomo 2 - Diabetes Y Ejercicio

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CN@MKSKV^ KLK]FNFNA



I}{xa ck s} m`la ck Cn`mkskv ~ Klk}fnfna ck d` Vafnkc`c Kvx`ðad` ck Cn`mkskv %VKC.

Faa}cng`ca}`

@gg` Gan`dv

CN@MKSKV^ KLK]FNFNA



®=88? Vafnkc`c Kvx`ðad ck Cn mkskv %VKC.®=88? Kcnfnagkv J`~a$ V'@'

@}nm`{$ 05;*059 ! 858=0 M`}fkdag`Vki}k$ => ! =588= J`c}nc

NVMG< 53*>?;69*=9*9

X}knjx}kvnög< J3 @{sakcnfnög @vafn`cav$ V'D'Ckxövnsa dki`d< M*0'560*8?Njx}kvnög< X}kvv DngkNjx}kva kg Kvx`ð`*X}ngskc ng Vx`ng ]kvk}`cav sacav dav ck}kfeav' Ga vk x{kck }kx}ac{fn} gngi{g` x`}sk ck kvs`x{mdnf`fnög$ gn `dj`fkg`}d` kg {g vnvskj` }kf{xk} mdk$ gn s}`gvjnsn}d` xa} gngiügjkcna kdkfs}ögnfa$ jkfàgnfa$ oasafaxn`ca$ kg cnvfav$ gn ck f{`dp{nk} as}` oa}j`$

vng d` x}kn `{sa}n|`fnög kvf}ns` ck dav x}axnks`}nav ckd fax~}nise'Kd kjxdka ck dav gajm}kv }kinvs}`cav$ j`}f`v }kinvs}`c`v$ ksf'$ kg kvs` x{mdnf`fnög$ga vnignfff` ‖ngfd{va kg `{vkgfn` ck ckfd`}`fnög kuxdêfns`‖ p{k s`dkv gajm}kv kvsàgkukgsav ck d`v dk~kv ~ }kid`jkgsav x}askfsa}kv xk}sngkgskv ~ p{k xa} s`gsa x{kckgkjxdk`}vk dnm}kjkgsk'

]kvxagv`mndnc`c ck x}ac{fsav< kd kcnsa} ga x{kck i }`gsn|`} dav c`sav vam}kxavadaiê` ~ `xdnf`fnagkv ck dav jkcnf`jkgsav ngcnf`cav kg kvsk dnm}a' Kg f`c` {gack dav f`vav$ kd {v{`}na snkgk p{k fajx}am`} v{ x}kfnvnög fagv{ds`gca as}` dnsk}`s{}`o`}j`fî{snf`'

yyy'kc n f n agk vj`~a ' k v

Kcns`<

Faa}cng`ca}` ck d` Mnmdnaskf` VKC< @g` Fenfa' _af`d ck d` L{gs` Cn}kfsn`ck d` VKC' Faa}cng`ca}` ck dav I}{xav ck S}`m la



I}{xa ck s} m`la ck Cn`mkskv ~ Klk}fnfna ck d Vafnkc`c Kvx`ðad ck Cn`mkskv %VKC.

O}`gfnvfa L`nk} @jx{cn`Ài{kc` F`m`ddk}a

Lavî Kg}np{k F`jxndda@gg` I{snî}}k| Vk}`oêg J{}ndda@gsagna Xî}k|



Vafnkc`c Kvx`ðad` ck Cn`mkskv %VKC.

L{gs` Cn}kfsn`X}kvnckgsk' C}' ]`jag IajnvEavxns`d Fdêgnf n X}angfn`d' M`}fkdag`

_nfkx}kvnckgs` 0¬' C}`' Jn}kgsu{ A~`}|àm`dEavxns`d ¢_n}ikg ckd F`jnga²' X`jxdag`

_nfkx}kvnckgs` =¼' C}`' @ckd` ]an}` DavfavO{gc`fnög ¢Lnjîgk| Cê`|²' J`c}nc

Vkf}ks`}n`' C}`' Ve`}ag` @|}nkd Jn}Èavxns`d ¢Cafk ck Afs{m}k²' J`c}nc

_nfkvkf}ks`}na' C}' L{`g Kjndna Okdn{ @dmnð`g`Ngvsns{s ck ]kfk}f`' Eavxns`d ¢_`dd c„Ekm}ag²' M`}fkdag`

Skva}k}a' C}' @gsagna D{nv F{kvs` J{ða|Fajxdkla Eavxns`d`}na ¢F`}dav E`~`²' Jàdì`

_af`d 0¼' C}' O}`gfnvfa Jk}nga Sa}}kvEavxns`d [gnk}vns`}na ¢D` Ok²' _`dkgfn`

_af`d =¼' C}`' @g` Fenfa M`ddkvsk}av

O{gc`fnög V`}cà O`}}nad' M`}fkdag` _af`d 6¼' C}' Lavî @gsagna J`sa J`saEavxns`d Gs}`' V}`' ck F}nvs`d' A}kgvk

_af`d 3¼' C}' Lavkx O}`gfe G`c`d @MV ]``d V{c*NFV C}`vv`gkv' M`}fkdag`

_af`d ;¼' C}' @doagva Döxk| @dmÈavxns`d [gnk}vns`}na ck F`g`}n`v' Skgk}nok



NU

• Xk}k @d`vs}{k Xa|aJàvsk} kg Xvnfadaiê` ckd Ckxa}sk ~ @fsnnc`c Oêvnf`

• Ài{kc` F`m`ddk}a Oni{k}a`Vk}nfna ck Kgcaf}ngadaiê` ~ G{s}nfnög' Eavxns`d

[gnk}vns`}na ck F`g`}n`v

• Lavî Kg}np{k F`jxndda Àd`}k|Ckx`}s`jkgsa ck Onvnadaiê`' O`f{ds`c ck Jkcnfng`'

[gnk}vnc`c ck Kus}kj`c{}`' M`c`la|

• Ikjj` F`}}k}`v Iag|àdk|Vk}nfnav ck Kgcaf}ngadaiê` ~ G{s}nfnög ~ Xkcn`s}ê`'

Eavxns`d ck d` V`gs` F}k{ n V`gs X`{' M`}fkdag`

• F`}jk Fajkdd`v Mk}kgi{k}Kvxkfn`dnvs` kg Jkcnfng` Ckxa}sn` ~ S}`{j`sadaiê`'

O{gc`fnög @dse`n`

• @gg` I{snî}}k| Kvxng`dKvxkfn`dnvs` kg Kgcaf}ngadaiê`' O{gc`fnög @dse`n`

• Vk}`oêg J{}ndda I`}fê`Cnksnvs` ~ kc{f`ca} kg Cn`mkskv' Ngvsns{sa ck Cn`mkskv'

O{gc`fnög V`}cè O`}}nad' M`}fkdag`

ÊGCNFK CK @[SA]KV

Êgcnfk ck `{sa}kv



U

Mnmdnaskf` VKC

Cn`mkskv ~ klk}fnfna

• @gg` Gan`dv V`}cèKvxkfn`dnvs` kg Kgcaf}ngadaiê`' Ngvsns{sa ck Cn`mkskv'

O{gc`fnög V`}cè O`}}nad' M`}fkdag`

• @gsagna Xî}k| Xî}k|Vk}nfnav ck Kgcaf}ngadaiê` ~ G{s}nfnög ~ Xkcn`s}ê`'

Eavxns`d ck d` V`gs` F}k{ n V`gs X`{' M`}fkdag`



UN

ÊGCNFK CK F@XÊS[DAV

Êgcnfk ck f`xês{dav

Klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ cn`mkskv' X}ödaia 0 @' Gan`dv

Fagfkxsa ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa' 6 @vxkfsav ffvnadöinfav ~ jks`mödnfav LK' F`jxndda

Mkgkfffnav ckd klk}fnfna' Kd klk}fnfna

=;faja kdkjkgsa sk}`xî{snfa À' F`m`ddk}a

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna' 36K`d{`fnög fdêgnf` jîcnfa*ckxa}sn`

F' Fajkdd`v$ @' I{snî}}k|

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna' ;>Jîsacav ck `cekvnög ~ jasn`fnög

X' @d`vs}{k



UNN

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa ?9kg d` cn`mkskv' @xdnf`fnög ck x}ai}`j`vck klk}fnfna V' J{}ndda

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa 5>kg d` cn`mkskv' @l{vskv ckd s}`s`jnkgsa

~ `c`xs`fnög ` d`v fajxdnf`fnagkv s`}cê`v @' Xî}k|$ I' F`}}k}`v

Êgcnfk do`mîsnfa ck j`sk}n`v 08>



0

@' Gan`dv

Kd klk}fnfna kv {g fajxagkgsk njxa}s`gsk kg kd j`gkla ck d`

cn`mkskv$ ck j`gk}` p{k x{kck vk} {sndn|`ca x`}` oajkgs`}

d` v`d{c ~ d` f`dnc`c ck nc` ck dav x`fnkgskv okfs`cav ck cnfe`

kgok}jkc`c' Kg kvsk vkgsnca$ d` x}kvkgsk jagai}`oê` v{}ik

faja ngnfn`sn` ck dav jnkjm}av ckd I}{xa ck S}`m`la vam}k

Klk}fnfna$ ck d` Vafnkc`c Kvx`ðad` ck Cn`mkskv$ fag d` ffg`dnc`cck `fk}f`} dav fagafnjnkgsav màvnfav ~ o{gc`jkgs`dkv ckd klk}*

fnfna ` dav x}aokvnag`dkv ngsk}kv`cav kg d` x}ajafnög ck kvs`

`fsnnc`c'

D` ngskgfnög ckd dnm}a e` vnca x}axa}fnag`} {g` nvnög `jxdn`

kd`ma}`c` xa} cnvsngsav kvxkfn`dnvs`v ckd skj`$ p{k e`g }k`dn|`*

ca {g` kuskgv` }knvnög ~ e`g `xa}s`ca x`}sk ck v{v axngnagkv

~ kuxk}nkgfn`v' Kd x}njk} f`xês{da s}`s` vam}k dav `vxkfsav ffvna*döinfav ~ jks`mödnfav p{k x}ac{fk kd klk}fnfna vam}k kd a}i`*

gnvja kg ikgk}`d ~ d` cn`mkskv kg x`}snf{d`}' Kg kd vni{nkgsk

f`xês{da vk `da}`g dav mkgkfffnav ckd klk}fnfna faja kdkjkgsa

sk}`xî{snfa$ fag kvxkfn`d ngsk}îv kg dav kvs{cnav ck x}kkg*

fnög ck d` cn`mkskv ` s}`îv ck d` x}ajafnög ck d` `fsnnc`c

oêvnf` kg d` xamd`fnög fag `dsa }nkvia' Dav vni{nkgskv f`xês{dav

`g cn}nincav kuskgv`jkgsk ` d` x}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna' Vk

ckvf}nmkg dav x`}àjks}av ck k`d{`fnög fdêgnf` jàv njxa}s`g*

Klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ cn`mkskv'

X}ödaia



=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


skv ~ vk `da}`g `d jnvja snkjxa dav jîsacav ck `cekvnög ~

jasn`fnög x`}` ngnfn`} ~ vki{n} {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna' On*

g`djkgsk$ vk fajkgs` d` `xdnf`fnög ck x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna

kvxkfêfffav$ `vê faja d`v kvs}`skin`v ~ }kfajkgc`fnagkv x}àfsn*

f`v' Vk `g`dn|`g fag kvxkfn`d fagvnck}`fnög dav `l{vskv ckd s}`*

s`jnkgsa ~ d` c`xs`fnög ` d`v fajxdnf`fnagkv s`}cê`v$ ck jaca

p{k dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv x{kc`g x}`fsnf`} klk}fnfna fag d`

jàunj` kfff`fn` ~ vki{}nc`c'



6

L'K' F`jxndda

Klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ v`d{c

Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa x}`fsnf`ca fag }ki{d`}nc`c kv {g kdkjkgsa

kvkgfn`d x`}` kd j`gskgnjnkgsa ck {g`v fagcnfnagkv öxsnj`v

ck v`d{c vng cnvsngfnög ck kc`c$ vkua a f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v îsgnf`v'

G{jk}avav kvs{cnav e`g ckjavs}`ca p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa a d`

`fsnnc`c ckxa}sn` x}`fsnf`cav fag }ki{d`}nc`c klk}fkg {g kokf*sa x}kkgsna vam}k cnk}v`v kgok}jkc`ckv ~ kv ea~ {g` ek}}`*

jnkgs` sk}`xî{snf` kg kd s}`s`jnkgsa ck d`v `okffnagkv jàv x}k*

`dkgskv kg dav x`êvkv ckv`}}add`cav$ faja d cn`mkskv snxa =$ kd

vêgc}ajk jks`mödnfa a d`v `okffnagkv f`}cna`vf{d`}kv'

C{}`gsk j{feav vnidav$ kd klk}fnfna e` kvs`ca x}avf}nsa xa} d`

vafnkc`c kg ikgk}`d ~ xa} d` jkcnfng` kg x`}snf{d`}< kd klk}fnfna

faja j`dcnfnög cnng`' P{nkg skgê` v`d{c k}` p{nkg nê` mnkg vngkvoa}|`}vk j{fea$ `d }kvi{`}ca vnkjx}k ck d`v ngfdkjkgfn`v ckd

snkjxa' Ea~ d`v fav`v e`g c`ca {g {kdfa kg dav x`êvkv ckv`}}a*

dd`cav ~ vk fagvnck}` saca da fags}`}na' [g` l{vsnfff`fnög ck kvs`

x`}`cal` ~ ck d` }`|ög ck d`v kgs`l`v ck d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` d`

x}axa}fnag` d` jack}g` ¢jkcnfng` c`}yngn`g` a kad{fnagnvs`²'

Vkiüg v{v x}ngfnxnav$ j{fe`v ck d`v kgok}jkc`ckv p{k ea~ gav

`nikg ck}n`g ck d` ngfajx`snmndnc`c kgs}k kd cnvkða kad{sna

ck g{kvs}a a}i`gnvja ~ kd {va p{k ea~ dk c`jav' Kg da p{k fag*

Fagfkxsack klk}fnfna oêvnfa'

@vxkfsav ffvnadöinfav ~ jks`mödnfav



3

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


fnk}gk `d klk}fnfna ~ d` v`d{c$ d` jkcnfng` c`}yngn`g` vkð`d` p{k

kv {g` }kid` ikgk}`d kg |aadaiê` p{k sacav dav `gnj`dkv ckmkg

i`vs`} kgk}iê` j{vf{d`} x`}` fagvki{n} d` kgk}iê` ck dav `dnjkg*

sav' Kd vk} e{j`ga e`mns`gsk ck x`êvkv ckv`}}add`cav kv kd ügnfa

j`jêok}a p{k kv f`x`| ck ngik}n} i}`gckv f`gsnc`ckv ck `dnjkg*

sav j{~ f`dö}nfav vng }k`dn|`} kd jàv xkp{kða kvo{k}|a j{vf{d`}

x`}` dai}`}dav' Kvsk `dkl`jnkgsa ck g{kvs}a cnvkða kad{sna %vk*

ckgs`}nvja. oà}kfk d` kgok}jkc`c'

Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa klk}fk v{v kokfsav v`d{c`mdkv `d `fs{`} va*

m}k cnok}kgskv gnkdkv p{k vk fajkgs`}àg m}kkjkgsk' [ga ckdav f`jmnav vk x}ac{fk kg dav x}axnav x}asìagnvs`v ckd jan*

jnkgsa$ faja vag dav jüvf{dav$ d`v `}snf{d`fnagkv ~ dav e{kvav'

Kd klk}fnfna e`mns{`d `{jkgs` d` kunmndnc`c$ d` kdafnc`c ~ d`

o{k}|` ck fags}`ffnög j{vf{d`} jkcn`gsk jacnfff`fnagkv `g`*

söjnf`v ~ ffvnadöinf`v< d`v ffm}`v j{vf{d`}kv `{jkgs`g kg i}a*

va} ~ kg güjk}a$ jkla}`g v{ f`x`fnc`c %kg|nj`v ~ s}`gvxa}s`*

ca}kv. x`}` `x}akfe`} d` kgk}iê`$ ~ `{jkgs`g v{ `vf{d`}n|`*

fnög x`}` oà}kfk} kd `xa}sk ck dav g{s}nkgskv ~ kd auêikga' Kdklk}fnfna jkla}` dav janjnkgsav ck d`v `}snf{d`fnagkv' ]kvxkf*

sa ` dav e{kvav$ kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa oà}kfk kd ckxövnsa ck f`dfna$

da p{k fagvsns{~k {g` ck d`v `}j`v jàv kfff`fkv x`}` x}kkgn}

d` avskaxa}avnv'

Kd vnvskj` f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ kd `x`}`sa }kvxn}`sa}na vag dav

kgf`}i`cav ck ddk`} `d jüvf{da kd auêikga ~ dav v{vs}`sav kgk}*

iîsnfav gkfkv`}nav ~ ck }ksn}`} dav x}ac{fsav ck ckvkfea' E`~{g jüvf{da p{k vnkjx}k e`fk klk}fnfna f{`gca gav jakjav< kd

fa}`|ög' Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa e`mns{`d x}ac{fk {g` `c`xs`fnög mk*

gkfffnav` s`gsa kg d` `g`sajê` faja kg d` o{gfnög ckd fa}`|ög$

ck d`v `}sk}n`v ~ ck dav x{djagkv' Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa `{jkgs` d`

f`x`fnc`c ck d`v `}sk}n`v x`}` fagc{fn} d` v`gi}k$ xa} kva jkla*

}` d` x}kvnög }sk}n`d ~ x}knkgk a s}`s` d` kgok}jkc`c `vf{d`}

fa}ag`}n` a xk}noî}nf`2 s`jmnîg `fsü` xavnsn`jkgsk vam}k d`

kd`vsnfnc`c ~ d` fags}`fsndnc`c f`}cn`f`v ~ xa} kva vk {v` kg kd



;

Fagfkx sa ck klk}fnfna oê vnfa'

@ vxkfsav ffvnadöinfav ~ jks`mödnfav

s}`s`jnkgsa ck d` ngv{fffnkgfn` f`}cn`f`' Kd vkckgs`}nvja vk fag*

vnck}` {g o`fsa} ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`}' Vam}k kd x`}`sa }kvxn*

}`sa}na$ kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa o`a}kfk d` oa}s`dk|` ck dav jüvf{dav

}kvxn}`sa}nav ~ kvsa xk}jnsk `{jkgs`} kd ad{jkg x{djag`} }k*

fd{s`mdk$ kv ckfn} p{k e`fk s}`m`l`} ` vkffnagkv ck g{kvs}av x{d*

jagkv p{k ga kvsàg s}`m`l`gca kg f`va ck ddk`} {g` nc` vk*

ckgs`}n`'

^` p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa }kp{nk}k {g i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa$ {ga ck

dav kokfsav mkgkfffnavav ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa vk klk}fk vam}k kd

jks`madnvja ck d`v i}`v`v ~ ck d` id{fav`' Kv ck ckvs`f`} p{k d` x}àfsnf` e`mns{`d ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kv d` ügnf` jkcnc` ga o`}*

j`fadöinf` f`x`| ck kdk`} dav gnkdkv ck fadkvsk}ad ECD$ kd fa*

dkvsk}ad ¢m{kga²' S`jmnîg dav s}nidnfî}ncav vk }kc{fkg fag kd

klk}fnfna oêvnfa fagsng{`ca' Ni{`djkgsk vag mnkg fagafncav dav

kokfsav mkgkfffnavav ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa vam}k d` enxk}id{fkjn`$

p{k `fsü` kg cav gnkdkv o{gc`jkgs`dkv< xa} {g` x`}sk$ kd klk}*

fnfna oêvnfa o`a}kfk kd fagv{ja ck id{fav` xa} kd jüvf{da2 xa}

as}`$ kv d` ügnf` jkcnc` ga o`}j`fadöinf` f`x`| ck }kc{fn} d`}kvnvskgfn` ckd jüvf{da ` d` ffnög ck d` ngv{dng`' @jm`v ffna*

gkv vag j{~ mkgkfffnav`v x`}` d` cn`mkskv$ xa} kva kd klk}fnfna

oêvnfa kv {ga ck dav xnkv ckd s}êxack p{k$ l{gsa fag d` cnks` ~ d`

jkcnf`fnög$ ckmk v{vskgs`} {g fa}}kfsa s}`s`jnkgsa ck d` cn`*

mkskv'

Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ kd ckxa}sk klk}fkg kokfsav mkgkfffnavav va*

m}k `vxkfsav xvnfadöinfav ~ `gs}axajîs}nfav' P{nkg da }k`dn|`ck oa}j` }kid`c` ~ e`mns{`d jacnfff` v{v eàmnsav ck nc` ~ v{

`vxkfsa oêvnfa' D` xk}vag` p{k vk ngnfn` kg `diüg ckxa}sk ckl`

fag o`fndnc`c kd s`m`fa$ xnk}ck xkva ~ vni{k fag jàv o`fndnc`c

{g` cnks` v`d{c`mdk' [g` xk}vag` p{k x}`fsnp{k {g ckxa}sk ck

oa}j` }kid`c` c{}`gsk {gav jkvkv jacnfff` v{v x`}àjks}av `g*

s}axajîs}nfav ~ kg kvxkfn`d }kc{fk d` i}`v` kg d`v daf`dn|`fna*

gkv jàv fajxdnf`c`v$ faja kv d` fngs{}` a dav j{vdav$ fag v{v

fa}}kvxagcnkgskv mkgkfffnav v`d{c`mdkv ~ kvsîsnfav' P{nkg x}`f*



?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


snf` {g ckxa}sk a {g` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` }kid`c` `{jkgs` d` x}a*

c{ffnög ck kgca}ffg`v ~ kgfko`dng`v$ kg x}ngfnxna x`}` fajxkg*

v`} d`v jadkvsn`v j{vf{d`}kv ~ `}snf{d`}kv p{k ckvkgf`ckg` d`

x}axn` `fsnnc`c oêvnf`$ xk}a kd kokfsa fad`sk}`d ck kvs`v ea}ja*

g`v ckd xd`fk} kv x}axa}fnag`} `d x}`fsnf`gsk {g` xk}fkxfnög ck

mnkgkvs`} ~ ck dki}ê`$ da p{k xk}jnsk p{k p{nkgkv x}`fsnf`g {g

ckxa}sk skgi`g {g` jkla} `fsns{c `gsk dav x}amdkj`v ck d` nc`

~ {g` j`~a} }kvnvskgfn` ` d` o}{vs}`fnög ~ d` `gvnkc`c'

D` }k`dn|`fnög e`mns{`d ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa a d` x}àfsnf` ck `d*

iüg ckxa}sk xagk kg vngsagê` ` g{kvs}a a}i`gnvja fag v{ cnvk*ða kad{sna' Kvsk l{vsk klk}fk `ffnagkv oà}`mdkv vam}k g{kv*

s}a a}i`gnvja s`gsa ck êgcadk oêvnf` faja xvêp{nf`' Kg fagl{g*

sa$ kvs`v ng{kgfn`v oà}`mdkv x}knkgkg g{jk}av`v kgok}jk*

c`ckv ~ `~{c`g ` v{ s}`s`jnkgsa' [g` ck d`v kgok}jkc`ckv jàv

vkgvnmdkv `d klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg v{v `vxkfsav x}kkgsnav ~ sk}`*

xî{snfav kv d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v'

Snxav ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ v{v mkgkfffnav x`}` d` v`d{c

D` x}àfsnf` ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa snkgk j{feav x}axövnsav$ xk}a

fagnkgk cnvsngi{n} d` ffg`dnc`c dücnf`$ ck kgs}kskgnjnkgsa$ ck cn*

k}vnög$ fag p{kdd` p{k snkgk xa} jnvnög d` x}kkgfnög a kd s}`s`*

jnkgsa ck cksk}jng`c`v kgok}jkc`ckv' Kg kvsk üdsnja f`va$ kd

klk}fnfna ckmk vk} x}kvf}nsa fag }nia} ~ fagafnjnkgsa ck f`{v`

x`}` v{ j`~a} kfff`fn`' Jàv `ckd`gsk vk ckvf}nmn}à föja ckmk}k`dn|`}vk {g klk}fnfna oêvnfa x`}` p{k iafk ck n}s{ckv sk}`xî{sn*

f`v2 èa}` vk ckffgn}àg `di{gav fagfkxsav o{gc`jkgs`dkv'

Dav sî}jngav ¢`fsnnc`c oêvnf`²$ ¢klk}fnfna oêvnfa²$ ¢`fsnnc`c ck*

xa}sn`² ~ ¢oa}j` oêvnf`² fag o}kf{kgfn` vk {v`g faja vngögnjav$

f{`gca kg }k`dnc`c ga da vag' @{gp{k d`v ckffgnfnagkv ck kvsav

fagfkxsav x{kckg vk} cnok}kgskv vkiüg d` cnvfnxdng` p{k vk fagvn*

ck}k$ kvsk skusa vk fkgs}`}à kg dav p{k s`ðkg ` d` fnkgfn` jîcnf`'



5

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


jks}a a `{samüv$ f{nc`} kd l`}cêg$ sac`v vag `fsnnc`ckv xd`fkg*

sk}`v p{k ng{n}àg mkgkfffnav`jkgsk kg kd kvs`ca ck àgnja ckd

x`fnkgsk ~ dk e`}àg xk}ck} {g`v xaf`v f`da}ê`v' Vng kjm`}ia$ vn

vnkjx}k vk ddk` ` f`ma d` jnvj` `fsnnc`c oêvnf`$ îvs` `xkg`v

KLK]FNFNA @K]ÖMNFAKlk}fnfna ck m`l` ngskgvnc`c ~ d`}i` c{}`fnög faja f`jng`}$ fa}}k}$

g`c`}$ jags`}` kg mnfnfdks` a x}`fsnf`} kvp{ê ck oagca

F`}`fsk}êvsnf`vD`v gkfkvnc`ckv jks`mödnf`v ck auêikga vag v`snvokfe`v xa} kd

`x`}`sa f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ }kvxn}`sa}na

G{s}nkgskv {sndn|`cav

I}`v`v ~ f`}maenc}`sav' D` id{fav` vk jks`madn|` xa} d`v ê`v`k}ömnf`v ~ ga vk x}ac{fk j{fea d`fs`sa

Cn`igövsnfaO}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ck jkgav ckd 58+ ckd jàunja vkiüg kc`c ~

gnkdkv ck d`fs`sa kg v`gi}k xa} ckm`la ckd {jm}`d `g`k}ömnfa

%jkgav ck 3 jjad ! D.

KLK]FNFNA @G@K]ÖMNFAKlk}fnfna ck i}`g ngskgvnc`c ~ fa}s` c{}`fnög faja f`}}k}`v ck

kdafnc`c$ dk`gs`jnkgsa ck xkv`v ~ xnfav ck fsnnc`c kg as}avckxa}skv faja kd oüsmad a kd skgnv' S`jmnîg üdsnj`v ks`x`v ck {g

klk}fnfna j{~ ngskgva

F`}`fsk}êvsnf`vD`v gkfkvnc`ckv jks`mödnf`v ck auêikga ga vag v`snvokfe`v xa} kd

`x`}`sa f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ }kvxn}`sa}na

G{s}nkgskv {sndn|`cavF`}maenc}`sav' D` id{fav` vk jks`madn|` xa} d` ê` `g`k}ömnf` ~ vk

x}ac{fk j{fea d`fs`sa

Cn`igövsnfaO}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` j`~a} ckd 58+ ckd jàunja vkiüg kc`c ~ gnkdkv ck

d`fs`sa kg v`gi}k xa} kgfnj` ckd {jm}`d `g`k}ömnfa %jàv ck 3 jjad ! D.

S@MD@ 0' F`}`fsk}êvsnf`v o{gc`jkgs`dkv ck dav klk}fnfnav

`k}ömnfav ~ `g`k}ömnfav



>



}kxa}s`}à mkgkfffnav `d x`fnkgsk$ p{k ga `df`g|`}à {g` oa}j`

oêvnf` f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ jks`mödnf`' Xa} kva$ vnkjx}k p{k vk` xa*vnmdk$ ~ ckvi}`fn`c`jkgsk kg j{feav f`vav ga da kv$ e`~ p{k

x}ai}`j`} klk}fnfnav ck jàv ngskgvnc`c ~ vam}k saca p{k kvsîg

xd`gnfff`cav x`}` p{k vk`g x}ai}kvnav$ p{k v{xagi`g {g kvxê*

}ns{ ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa$ ck v{xk}`fnög ck cnfff{ds`ckv f}kfnkgskv'

Kv kg kvs`v fagcnfnagkv f{`gca kd klk}fnfna ng{~k mkgkfffnav`*

jkgsk vam}k sacav dav x`}àjks}av f`}cna`vf{d`}kv$ }kvxn}`sa*

}nav ~ jks`mödnfav'

Klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ i`vsa f`dö}nfa

[g` ck d`v }`|agkv x`}` d` {sndn|`fnög ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg d`

x}kkgfnög ~ s}`s`jnkgsa ck d` amkvnc`c$ d` cn`mkskv ~ as}`v kg*

ok}jkc`ckv jks`mödnf`v kv p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa v{xagk {g ng*

f}kjkgsa ckd i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa' Xk}a kvs` }k`dnc`c ffvnadöinf`

fagnkgk vns{`}d` kg v{ l{vsa sî}jnga< kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa fagv{*

jk j{~ xaf`v bndaf`da}ê`v kg x}axa}fnög d`v p{k xa}s` f{`d*p{nk} `dnjkgsa' Kg d` s`md` = vk j{kvs}` {g klkjxda ck kvs` vn*

s{`fnög'

D` f{kvsnög kv p{k d` kad{fnög e` cas`ca `d jüvf{da ck dav

`gnj`dkv ck {g` i}`g kfffnkgfn`2 kv ckfn}$ x{kck }k`dn|`} s}`m`la

fag {g jêgnja ck i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa' Ck as}a jaca$ ±föja vk}ê`

}kgs`mdk x`}` {g xàl`}a ckvfkgck} ckvck da `dsa ck {g` sa}}k

x`}` s}`x`} {g ngvkfsa a {g` jni` ck x`g ~ d{kia adk} ` kg*

@fsn vnc`c C{}`fnög %jng. Bndaf`da}ê`v

Fajk} cav f}anvv`gsv 08 "3=8

Fa}}k} `d ?8+ _A=jàu

?8 ‖3=8

F`jng`} ` ; bj ! ea}` ?8 ‖=08

S`md` =' Klkjxda ckd ¢c}`j` f`dö}nfa² ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa}kok}nca ` {g` j{lk} ck 98 bndav



08

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


fk} d` i}`kc`c e`vs` v{ gnca1 ±Föja e{mnî}`jav kad{fnag`ca

dav e{j`gav$ c{}`gsk jnddagkv ck `ðav ck e`jm}{g`v$ vng vk}

f`x`fkv ck xk}vki{n} ` d`v xnk|`v ck f`|` c{}`gsk cê`v s}as`gca

xa} d`v v`m`g`v `o}nf`g`v1

Saca klk}fnfna oêvnfa njxdnf` fags}`ffnög j{vf{d`}$ ~ x`}`

p{k îvs` vk }k`dnfk vk gkfkvns` {g `xa}sk ck kgk}iê`' Xa} kva$ kd

klk}fnfna oêvnfa v{xagk vnkjx}k {g i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa `cnfnag`d `d

}kvsa ck dav fagfkxsav faja i`vsa jks`mödnfa m`v`d kg }kxava$

sk}jaiîgkvnv ngkvxkfêfff` ~ kokfsa sî}jnfa ck dav `dnjkgsav'

Kvs` fags}nm{fnög kv j{~ `}n`mdk ~ ckxkgck ck d`v f`}`fsk}êv*snf`v ck d` xk}vag` %vkua$ j`v` fa}xa}`d$ xa}fkgs`lk i}`va$

kc`c. ~ ckd i}`ca ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf` }k`dn|`c`' @ d` ea}` ck

x}kvf}nmn} {g klk}fnfna oêvnfa e`~ p{k k`d{`} kd njx`fsa f`dö}n*

fa p{k ` ` skgk} kg kvk x`fnkgsk kg x`}snf{d`}' Kvsa kv {g x}a*

mdkj` cnoêfnd ck }kvadk} ckvck {g x{gsa ck nvs` x}àfsnfa' @

fagsng{`fnög$ vk g`dn|`g d`v kgs`l`v ~ ckvkgs`l`v ck d`v cnok*

}kgskv xavnmndnc`ckv'

[ga ck dav x}afkcnjnkgsav e`mns{`dkv p{k vk {sndn|`g x`}` f`df{*

d`} kd i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa ck {g cksk}jng`ca snxa ck klk}fnfna kg {g`

xk}vag` kv }kf{}}n} ` d`v g{jk}av`v s`md`v p{k vk kgf{kgs}`g kg

sacav dav j`g{`dkv a kg Ngsk}gks' Kg x}njk} d{i`}$ e`~ p{k }kfe *

|`} sac`v d`v s`md`v p{k ga kux}kvkg kd i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa kg o{gfnög

ckd xkva fa}xa}`d' Saca kd j{gca x{kck kgskgck} p{k dav jüvf{*

dav ck d`v xnk}g`v ck {g` xk}vag` ck 008 bndav ga fagv{jkg d` jnv*

j` kgk}iê` f`jng`gca {g` ea}` p{k dav ck as}` ck 98 bndav' Kgs}kd`v s`md`v p{k snkgkg kg f{kgs` d` j`v` fa}xa}`d ckmkg cnok}kgfn`}*

vk cav snxav< p{kdd`v p{k kg kd föjx{sa ck i`vsa f`dö}nfa ngfd{~kg

sacav dav fagfkxsav$ kv ckfn}$ p{k x}axa}fnag`g i`vsa jks`mödnfa

sas`d c{}`gsk d` }k`dn|`fnög ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ ~ `p{kdd v p{k vöda

ngcnf`g d`v f`da}ê`v i`vs`c`v njx{s`mdkv kufd{vn`jkgsk d` fsn*

nc`c oêvnf` %s`md` 6.' Îvs`v vag d`v jàv `ckf{`c`v$ ~` p{k vk x{k*

ck e`fk} {g` k`d{`fnög jàv `l{vs`c` ckd i`vsa f`dö}nfa sas`d ckd

x`fnkgsk< vk f`df{d` x}njk}a d` fsnnc`c jks`mödnf` kg }kxava {sn*



00



dn|`gca f{`dp{nk}` ck dav x}afkcnjnkgsav }kfagafncav$ ~ d{kia vk

dk v{j` kd i`vsa af`vnag`ca xa} d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` f`df{d`ca jk*

cn`gsk d`v s`md`v fa}}kvxagcnkgskv'

As}` j`gk}` ck k`d{`} kd i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa xa} kd klk}fnfna oê*

vnfa kv s}`îv ck d`v `c`xs`fnagkv }kvxn}`sa}n`v ~ f`}cnafn}f{*

d`sa}n`v' Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa ngf}kjkgs` kd fagv{ja ck auêikga$

d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ~ kd }nsja }kvxn}`sa}na$ ~ kvsav x`}àjk*s}av vk fa}}kd`fnag`g$ ckgs}a ck cksk}jng`cav dêjnskv$ fag kd

i`vsa f`dö}nfa ~ d` ngskgvnc`c ck d` fsnnc`c oêvnf` }k`dn|`c`' Da

nck`d vk}ê` }k`dn|`} {g` k`d{`fnög ngcnnc{`d ck d` o}kf{kgfn`

f`}cn`f` jkcn` c{}`gsk d` }k`dn|`fnög ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ jk*

cn`gsk {g eadsk } $ xk}a vn ga kv xavnmdk x{kck }kf{}}n}vk ` s`md`v

faja d` p{k vk j{kvs}` kg d` s`md` 3'

Üdsnj`jkgsk vk kvsà }kf{}}nkgca ` dav dd`j`cav kp{n`dkgskvjks`mödnfav %JKS. x`}` {gnfff`} f}nsk}nav ~ o`fndns`} d` s`}k` ck

k`d{`} kd i`vsa jks`mödnfa ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa' [gJKS kp{n`*

dk `d güjk}a ck f`da}ê`v p{k {g ngcnnc{a fagv{jk f{`gca kvsà

kg }kxava$ nkgk ` vk} kp{n`dkgsk ` {g fagv{ja ck auêikga ck

6$; jD ! bi ! jng' D` kgs`l` ck dav JKS kv p{k {gnfff` kd i`vsa

jks`mödnfa' [g ngcnnc{a amkva$ vkgs`ca$ i`vs` 0 JKS ~ {ga

ckdi`ca s`jmnîg i`vs` 0 JKS$ `{gp{k kg `da}kv `mvad{sav kd

i`vsa jks`mödnfa ck {ga ~ as}a vk` j{~ cnok}kgsk'F

{`gca kvs`v

@fsn vnc`c bf`d ! bi !e @fsn vnc`c bf`d ! bi !e

^`fk} ckvxnk}sa 8$0 Fnfdnvja ck x`vka =$;

S}`m`l`} vkgs`ca 8$; M`nd`} 6$;

S}`m`la dnik}a ck xnk 0$8 F`m`di`} 3$8

O}ki`} xd`sav$ xd`gfe`} 0$; Vk}}`} j`ck}` ?$;

M`}}k} a o}ki`} v{kdav 0$; Fa}}k} 9$8

F`jng`} ; bj ! e =$8 ]kj`} fag o{k}|` 08$8

S`md` 6' I`vsa kgk}iîsnfa `x}aunj`ca$ xa} kgfnj` ckd v`da}m`v`d kg }kxava$ ck `di{g`v `fsn vnc`ckv



0=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


xk}vag`v f`jngkg {g` ea}`$ f`c` {g` e`m}à fagv{jnca 6JKS'

Kunvskg kg Ngsk}gks g{jk}av`v s`md`v ck `fsnnc`ckv oêvnf`v ~

v{v fa}}kvxagcnkgskv JKS$ `di{g`v j{~ cks`dd`c`v' Kg d` s`md` ;

vk j{kvs}` {g }kv{jkg'

Vk ckmk x}kvf}nmn} kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa p{k af`vnagk kd j`~a}i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa ckgs}a ck d`v xavnmndnc`ckv oêvnf`v ~ o`jndn`}kv

ck f`c` f{`d' Xk}a vnkjx}k e`~ p{k ck}sn} p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvn*

fa vöda x{kck vk} {g` jkcnc` fa`c~{`gsk {g xd`g ck dnjkg*

s`fnög$ f{`gca vk s}`sk ck }kc{fn} xkva' Vöda `p{kdd`v xk}vag`v

p{k x{kc`g fajx}ajksk}vk ` }k`dn|`} {g` `fsnnc`c ckxa}sn`

fag {g` fnk}s` ngskgvnc`c$ ~ c{}`gsk jàv ck {g` ea}` cn`}n`$

x{kckg kvxk}`} {g` }kc{ffnög vnignfff`sn` ck xkva$ `s}nm{nmdk

`d klk}fnfna'

±P{î v{vs}`sav jks`mödnfav {sndn|` kd jüvf{da

c{}`gsk {g klk}fnfna jack}`ca1

D` ffi{}` 0 j{kvs}` {g cn`i}`j` kvp{kjàsnfa ckd fagv{ja ck

v{vs}`sav kgk}iîsnfav c{}`gsk {g klk}fnfna jack}`ca$ kgs}k 68 ~

?8+ ckd ad{jkg jàunja ck auêikga % _A=jàu

.$ p{k fa}}kvxagck

` {g` f`jng`s` ` ; bj ! ea}` a ` {g s}ask fagsng{`ca'

_ ad{jkg O}kf{kgfn` I`vsa

}kvxn}`sa}na Fagv{ja A=

f`}cn`f` f`dö}nfa

@fsn vnc`c D ! jng D ! jng D`sncav ! jng bf`d ! bi !e

J{~ dnik}` 08 8$; 58 0$;

Dnik}` 08*=8 8$;*0$8 58*088 =$;*6$8

Jack}`c` =8*6; 0$8*0$; 088*0=8 3$8*;$8

Xkv`c` 6;*;8 0$;*=$8 0=8*038 ?$;*5$8J{~ xkv`c` ;8*?; =$8*=$; 038*0?8 5$;*00$8

S`md` 3' _ da}kv `x}aunj`cav ck }nsja }kvxn}`sa}na$ o}kf{kgfn`

f`}cn`f`$ fagv{ja ck auêikga ~ i`vsa f`dö}nfakg cn vk}v`v `fsn vnc`ckv oêvnf`v kg `c{dsav



06



C{}`gsk kd }kxava$ kd jüvf{da amsnkgk kd >8+ ck v{ kgk}iê` ckd

jks`madnvja ck dav àfncav i}`vav' Kvsk `xa}sk$ vn kd ngcnnc{a

kvsà kg `~{g`v$ x}afkck o{gc`jkgs`djkgsk ck dav àfncav i}`vav

088

;8

8

F a g v { j a c k A =

% + .

8 0 = 6 3Klk}fnfna %68 ` ?8 _A=jàu.

Id{fav` Àfncav i}`vav

Ea}`v

Oni{}` 0' Cn`i}`j` ckd fagv{ja ck v{vs}`sav kgk}iîsnfav c{}`gsk{g klk}fnfna jack}`ca

0' @fsn vnc`ckv dnik}`v %;8 ` =88 bf`d !e.<

Dkk} vkgs`ca 0$8

Fagc{fn} {g fafek 0$?

S}`m`l`} vkgs`ca 0$;

S}`m`l`} ck xnk =$8

D`ma}kv ckd eai`} =$;

=' @fsn vnc`ckv jack}`c`v %=88 ` 688 bf`d !e.

Fnfdnvja s}`gp{nda 6$8

Iado 6$;

F`jng`} ` ; bj ! e 3$8

6' @fsn vnc`ckv ngskgv`v %jàv ck 688 bf`d !e.

Skgnv 3$;

@k}ömnf ?$8

Vp{`ve 5$8

F`}}k}` jack}`c` 08 bj ! e 08

S`md` ;' _ da}kv kg JKS ck `di{g`v fsn vnc`ckv oêvnf`v}kok}nc`v ` {g `c{dsa ck 98 bi



03

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


dnmk}`cav xa} d` enc}ödnvnv ck dav s}nidnfî}ncav ckd sklnca `cnxava$

p{k ckxkgck ckd kvs}nfsa m`d`gfk kgs}k d`v ea}jag`v p{k oà}k*

fkg d` dnxödnvnv %`c}kg`dng` ~ id{fìög. ~ d` ngv{dng`$ p{k d` ngen*

mk' D` x}axa}fnög ck id{fav` fagv{jnc` xa} kd jüvf{da kg }k*

xava kv j{~ xkp{kð` ~ `xkg`v ddki` ` f{m}n} kd 08+ ck d`v ck*

j`gc`v kgk}iîsnf`v' F{`gca fajnkg|` ` }k`dn|`}vk kd klk}fnfna$

vk `fsn` {g` vk}nk ck ea}jag`v %o{gc`jkgs`djkgsk `c}kg`dn*

g` ~ id{fìög. p{k snkgkg faja jnvnög jandn|`} dav ckxövnsav

ck }kvk}` x`}` x}axa}fnag`} fajm{vsnmdk `d jüvf{da' Dav cav

fajm{vsnmdkv o{gc`jkgs`dkv vag d` id{fav` %=8+ ck d`v ckj`g*

c`v. ~ dav àfncav i}`vav %58+ ck d`v ckj`gc`v kgk}iîsnf`v.'

D`v ea}jag`v fags}`}}ki{d`ca}`v `fkdk}`g d` id{faikgödnvnv

ekxàsnf` ~ kd eêi`ca vk fagnk}sk kg {g ö}i`ga vkf}ksa} ck id{*

fav`' C{}`gsk dav x}njk}av jng{sav ck klk}fnfna$ vk ngf}kjkgs`

gas`mdkjkgsk kd fagv{ja ck id{fav` xa} kd jüvf{da' @d s}`s`}*

vk ck {g klk}fnfna k}ömnfa$ ck jack}`c` ngskgvnc`c$ d` id{fav` vk

cki}`c` o{gc`jkgs`djkgsk xa} d` ê` `k}ömnf`' Kvsk fagv{ja

ck id{fav` x{kck j`gskgk}vk ` da d`}ia ck `}n`v ea}`v ck klk}*fnfna' Kg `{vkgfn` ck ngikvsnög ck idüfncav$ ~ c`ca p{k kd ckxö*

vnsa ck id{föikga ekxàsnfa ~ j{vf{d`} kv dnjns`ca$ kd `xa}sk ck

id{fav` ckvck kd eêi`ca kv x}axa}fnag`ca xa} d` id{fagkaiîgk*

vnv2 d` id{fav` vk o`m}nf` o{gc`jkgs`djkgsk x`}sn} ckd idnfk}ad

p{k ddki` `d eêi`ca ckvck kd sklnca `cnxava'

D` `c}kg`dng` ~ kd id{fìög kvsnj{d`g d` dnxödnvnv ckd sklnca

`cnxava' Dav àfncav i}`vav dnmk}`cav ddki`g `d jüvf{da {gncav` `dmüjng`' Kd idnfk}ad kv fagk}snca kg id{fav` kg kd eêi`ca'

Kvsk x}afkva vk k oà}kfnca xa}p{k c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna ja*

ck}`ca vk c{xdnf` kd {la v`gi{êgka kg kd sklnca `cnxava %o`fn*

dns` d` }ksn}`c` ck dav àfncav i}`vav dnmk}`cav. ~ vk ngf}kjkgs`

cnk| kfkv kg kd jüvf{da %o`fndns` kd `xa}sk ck v{vs}`sav.' C{*

}`gsk kd klk}fnfna jack}`ca$ kd s}`gvxa}sk ck àfncav i}`vav

xa} d` `dmüjng` x`v` ck = jad ! jad kg }kxava ` ? jad ! jad c{*

}`gsk kd klk}fnfna'



0;



F{`gca vk x}`fsnf` kd klk}fnfna k}ömnfa ck ngskgvnc`c jack}`*

c` faja kd p{k vk ckvf}nmk$ d` id{fav` ~ dav àfncav i}`vav vk jk*

s`madn|`g ` s}`îv ckd fnfda s}nf`}mauêdnfa$ ~` p{k kd `xa}sk ck

auêikga kv kd `ckf{`ca' Kvs`v fn}f{gvs`gfn`v x{kckg `}n`} vn vk

ngf}kjkgs` d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna }k`dn|`ca' F{`gca kd klk}fn*

fna kufkck {g` ngskgvnc`c ckd 5; + ck d` _A=jàu

$ p{k kv {g gnkd

ckxa}sna ngskgva ~ xa} da s`gsa ga `ckf{`ca ` d` o{gfnög sk}`*

xî{snf` ck d` p{k vk s}`s` kg kvs`v dêgk`v$ vk x}ac{fkg f`jmnav kg

kd jks`madnvja j{vf{d } ~ kg d` {sndn|`fnög ck v{vs}`sav' Fag kv`

ngskgvnc`c$ d` ckfffnkgfn` }kd`sn` kg kd `xa}sk ck auêikga amdni`

p{k x`}sk ck d` id{fav` skgi` p{k cki}`c`}vk xa} d` ê` `g`k}ömn*f` ` d`fs`sa' @{jkgs` kd d`fs`sa kg v`gi}k ~ fags}nm{~k d` vkg*

v`fnög ck o`sni`' Dav àfncav i}`vav x`}` vk} jks`madn|`cav kg kd

fnfda s}nf`}mauêdnfa gkfkvns`g {g fkm`ca} faja kd fns}`sa$ p{k

ckmk x}afkck} ck d` id{fav`$ `vê p{k kg fnk}s`v ngskgvnc`ckv x{k*

ck ddki`} ` kvs`} dnjns`c` d aunc`fnög ck dav x}axnav àfncav i}`*

vav xa} ga cnvxagk} ck v{fffnkgsk id{fav`' Îvs` kv d` }`|ög ck d`

njxa}s`gfn` ck dav ckxövnsav ck }kvk}` ck id{föikga j{vf{d`}

kg }kd`fnög fag d` o`sni` kg kd klk}fnfna ck d`}i` c{}`fnög %fnfdnv*ja$ j`}`sög. ~ d` l{vsnfff`fnög ck sac`v d v cnks`v }nf`v kg enc}`*

sav ck f`}maga p{k vk ngink}kg dav cê`v x}knav ` d` f`}}k}`'

Kg ckffgnsn`$ kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa }kfajkgc`ca ckvck kvs`v xà*

ing`v kv mkgkfffnava xa}p{k fags}nm{~k ` `{jkgs`} kd fagv{ja

ck id{fav` ~ ` `fn`} dav ckxövnsav i}`vav$ ~ f{`gca kvsa vk

}k`dn|` fag kvxê}ns{ ckxa}sna$ fag `vnc{nc`c ~ {g` fa}}kfs`

x}ai}`j`fnög$ xk}jnsk {g` }ka}ckg`fnög ckd jks`madnvja p{k x}ac{fk f`jmnav mkgkfffnavav x`}` d` v`d{c'

Klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ `c`xs`fnagkv jks`mödnf`v

Xa} da s`gsa$ vn kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ a kd ckxa}sk$ vk }k`dn|` fag {g

fnk}sa gnkd ck ngskgvnc`c$ ` cn`}na ~ `{jkgs`gca x}ai}kvn`*

jkgsk v{ i}`ca ck cnfff{ds`c$ kgsagfkv$ `ckjàv ckd `{jkgsa ckd

i`vsa f`dö}nfa$ vk x}ac{fk kg kd a}i`gnvja {g` vk}nk ck jacnff*



0?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


f`fnagkv jks`mödnf`v ~ ea}jag`dkv mkgkfffnav`v x`}` d` v`d{c

kg ikgk}`d ~ x`}` kd s}`s`jnkgsa ck d` cn`mkskv kg x`}snf{d`}' Vk

`df`g|` kd ffsgkvv a oa}j` oêvnf` jks`mödnf`$ ~` p{k `{jkgs`g

d`v `fsnnc`ckv ck cksk}jng`c`v kg|nj`v }kd`fnag`c`v fag kd

jks`madnvja ck dêxncav ~ ck enc}`sav ck f`}maga$ d`v fîd{d`v

kux}kv`g kg v{v jkjm}`g`v {g` j`~a} fagfkgs}`fnög ck }k*

fkxsa}kv$ ngfd{va f`jmn` d` `ffgnc`c ck îvsav xa} v{v dni`gcav ~

s`jmnîg `{jkgs` d` kux}kvnög ck s}`gvxa}s`ca}kv kg d`v jkj*

m}`g`v fkd{d`}kv' Kg kvs`v fagcnfnagkv$ kd kokfsa mkgkfffnava ckd

klk}fnfna oêvnfa vk kux`gck jàv `ddà ck d` ea}` kg d` p{k vk kvsà

x}`fsnf`gca< c{}` d`v =6 ea}`v }kvs`gskv'

[g` ck kvs`v jacnfff`fnagkv o`a}`mdkv p{k x{kck klk}fk} kd

klk}fnfna oêvnfa kv d` }kc{ffnög ck d` }kvnvskgfn` ` d` `ffnög ck d`

ngv{dng`$ p{k kv {g o`fsa} s`g njxa}s`gsk kg j{feav cn`mîsnfav

~ p{k fagcnfnag` v{ s}`s`jnkgsa ~ d` kad{fnög ck d` kgok}jk*

c`c' G{jk}avav kvs{cnav kg `gnj`dkv ck kuxk}njkgs`fnög$ kg

ngcnnc{av v`gav ~ kg cn`mîsnfav$ e`g ckjavs}`ca p{k kd kgs}k*

g`jnkgsa oêvnfa$ ngfd{va fag ngskgvnc`ckv jack}`c`v$ ng{~k xavnsn`jkgsk kg cnk}vav o`fsa}kv p{k kvsàg }kd`fnag`cav fag

d` vkgvnmndnc`c ` d` ngv{dng`< jkla}` d` vkgvnmndnc`c ` d` ea}ja*

g`$ o`a}kfk d` vnjnd`fnög ck d` id{fav` xa} kd jüvf{da$ {jkg*

s` d` `fsnnc`c ck d` dnxax}askngdnx`v`$ jkla}` kd xk}ffd dnxêcnfa d

}kc{fn} d` x}axa}fnög kgs}k fadkvsk}ad sas`d ! fadkvsk}ad ECD ~ }k*

c{fk kd xk}êjks}a ck d` fngs{}`'

Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ kd vnvskj` f`}cna v vf{d`}

Kd jüvf{da p{k vk kvsà klk}fns`gca gkfkvns` {g ngf}kjkgsa ckd

`xa}sk ck g{s}nkgskv ~ ck auêikga x`}` x}ac{fn} kgk}iê`$ ~ x}k*

fnv` p{k vk }ksn}kg ` i}`g kdafnc`c dav x}ac{fsav ck ckvkfea

jks`mödnfa faja kd FA=

a kd d`fs`sa' Kvsa }kp{nk}k p{k d` v`gi}k

fn}f{dk fag j`~a} o`fndnc`c xa} kd jüvf{da$ j`~a} kdafnc`c ~

fag j`~a} f`{c`d$ ~ xa} da s`gsa vk }kp{nk}k d` ngsk}kgfnög ckd

`x`}`sa f`}cnafn}f{d`sa}na'



09



@ da d`}ia ck d` x}àfsnf` }ki{d`} ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa vk x}ac{fk

{g` vk}nk ck c`xs`fnagkv f`}cna`vf{d`}kv mkgkfffnav`v' Îvs`v

vöda vk dai}`g fag {g klk}fnfna oêvnfa }k`dn|`ca e`mns{`djkgsk ~

fag x`s}agkv ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa$ faja vk fajkgs`}à jàv `ck*

d`gsk' @ea}` vk `g ` fagvnck}`} dav x}ngfnx`dkv x`}àjks}av

f`}cnafn}f{d`sa}nav p{k vk kg ng{ncav o`a}`mdkjkgsk xa} d`

x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa a ckxa}sk'

@d f`ma ck {g`v vkj`g`v ck }k`dn|`} kd x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oê*

vnfa$ vk amvk}` {g ckvfkgva ck d o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` kg }kxava ~

s`jmnîg c{}`gsk d` }k`dn|`fnög ck {g klk}fnfna oêvnfa ck ngskgvnc`cv{mjàunj`$ vng p{k e`mns{`djkgsk vk `x}kfnkg jacnfff`fnagkv kg

d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` jàunj` fag kd kgs}kg`jnkgsa' Kv ckfn}$

{g` xk}vag` p{k `gskv ck fajkg|`} kd x}ai}`j` f{`gca s}as`m` `

0= bj ! e j`gskgê` {g` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ck 038 d`sncav ! jng$ `d

f`ma ck {g`v f{`gs`v vkj`g`v }k`dn|`}à kd jnvja kvo{k}|a ` 068

d`sncav ! jng' Kvs` kad{fnög vk s}`c{fk kg {g` jkla}` ck d` kfff`fn`

ckd fa}`|ög p{k ngf}kjkgs` kd ad{jkg jng{sa ga vöda jkcn`gsk kd

`{jkgsa ck d` o}kf{kgfn`$ vnga s`jmnîg jkcn`gsk kd {jkgsa ck d`o}`ffnög ck k~kffnög$ kv ckfn} ckd xa}fkgs`lk ck v`gi}k p{k kd fa}`*

|ög majmk` xa} jng{sa' E`~ p{k skgk} kg f{kgs` p{k$ fagvkf{kg*

fn` ckd kgs}kg`jnkgsa k}ömnfa ck d`}i` c{}`fnög$ d`v f`nc`ckv ckd

fa}`|ög {jkgs`g$ da p{k jkla}` v{ f`x`fnc`c ck ddkg`ca' D`v x`*

}kckv ckd fa}`|ög vag `dia jàv i}{kv`v p{k kg d` xamd fnög ga kg*

s}kg`c` ~ kvsàg jkla} `vf{d`}n|`c`v' Dav `vav v`gi{êgkav p{k

n}}ni`g kd fa}`|ög klk}fns`ca snkgkg {g` j`~a} f`x`fnc`c ck cnd`*

s`}vk c{}`gsk {g kvo{k}|a oêvnfa ` d` k| p{k {jkgs` kd güjk}a ckf`xnd`}kv kg }kd`fnög fag d`v ffm}`v ckd jüvf{da f`}cn`fa' F{`gca

kd x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kv fa}}kfsa$ kd fa}`|ög %faja f{ d*kd x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kv fa}}kfsa$ kd fa}`|ög %faja f{`d*

p{nk}as}a jüvf{da. vk ckv`}}add`ck {g` oa}j` }jögnf` vng p{kvk

x}ac{|f`gckvkp{ndnm}nav kgs}kkd ad{jkg ck d`vf`nc`ckv f`}cn`* x}ac{|f`g ckvkp{ndnm}nav kgs}k kd ad{jkg ck d`v f`nc`ckv f`}cn`*

f`v ~ dav kvxkva}kv ck d`v x`}kckv ~ d` `vf{d`}n|`fnög'

S}`v {g`v vkj`g`v ck x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ dav `da*S}`v {g`v vkj`g`v ck x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ dav `da*

}kv ck x}kvnög `}sk}n`d cnvjng{~kg kg }kxava ~ c{}`gsk kd klk}*}kv ck x}kvnög `}sk}n`d cnvjng{~kg kg }kxava ~ c{}`gsk kd klk}*



05

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


fnfna kuxk}njkgs`g jkgav ngf}kjkgsav p{k kg dav ngcnnc{av

ga kgs}kg`cav' Kd x}ac{fsa ck d` x}kvnög }sk}n`d vnvsödnf` xa} d`

o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f`$ p{k kv {g êgcnfk ck d` vam}kf`}i` ` p{k

kvsà vajksnca kd fa}`|ög$ cnvjng{~k fag kd kgs}kg`jnkgsa' Kvs`

`c`xs`fnög e`fk p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa `k}ömnfa kvsî }kfajkg*`c`xs`fnög e`fk p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa `k}ömnfa kvsî }kfajkg*

c`ca faja s}`s`jnkgsa ck d` enxk}skgvnög `}sk}n`d dkk*jack}`*c`ca faja s}`s`jnkgsa ck d` enxk}skgvnög }sk}n`d dkk*jack}`*

c`$ l{gsa ` jkcnc`v eninîgnfa*cnksîsnf`v faja d` xî}cnc` ck

xkva kg f`va ck amkvnc`c ~ kd fags}ad ckd kvs}îv' Kd klk}fnfna

`k}ömnfa x}ac{fk {g` `vacnd`s`fnög kg dav jüvf{dav p{k }kc{*`k}ömnfa x}ac{fk {g` `vacnd`s`fnög kg dav jüvf{dav p{k }kc{*

fk d` }kvnvskgfn` `vf{d`} xk}noî}nf` ~$ kg fagvkf{kgfn`$ cnvjn*fk d` }kvnvskgfn` `vf{d`} xk}noî}nf` ~$ kg fagvkf{kgfn`$ cnvjn*

g{~k d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d cn`vsödnf` c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna'g{~k d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d cn`vsödnf` c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna'

Kg f{`gsa ` d` `vf{d`}n|`fnög xk}noî}nf`$ kv ckfn}$ dav xkp{k*Kg f{`gsa d` `vf{d`}n|`fnög xk}noî}nf`$ kv ckfn}$ dav xkp{k*

ðav `vav p{k `xa}s`g d` v`gi}k ` d`v ffm}`v j{vf{d`}kv ck dav

jüvf{dav kvp{kdîsnfav$ s`jmnîg `{jkgs`g kg güjk}a ~ f`x`fn*jüvf{dav kvp{kdîsnfav$ s`jmnîg {jkgs`g kg güjk}a ~ f`x`fn*

c`c ck cnd`s`}vk kg klk}fnfna' Ck kvs` oa}j`$ kd ngf}kjkgsa ck d`

ckgvnc`c f`xnd`} xk}jnsk p{k ddki{k fag j`~a} o`fndnc`c d` v`g*ckgvnc`c f`xnd`} xk}jnsk p{k ddki{k fag j`~a} o`fndnc`c d` v`g*

i}k ` d`v ffm}`v j{vf{d`}kv ckd fa}`|ög ~ jüvf{dav kvp{kdîsn*i}k ` d`v ffm}`v j{vf{d`}kv ckd fa}`|ög ~ jüvf{dav kvp{kdîsn*

fav$ `xa}s`gca kd auêikga ~ g{s}nkgskv gkfkv`}nav x`}` d` fag*fav$ `xa}s`gca kd auêikga ~ g{s}nkgskv gkfkv`}nav x`}` d` fag*s}`ffnög j{vf{d`}'s}`ffnög j{vf{d`}'

As}a `vxkfsa ngsk}kv`gsk ckd kgs}kg`jnkgsa kv p{k fagvni{k

`{jkgs`} s`gsa kd ad{jkg xd`vj`{jkgs`} s`gsa kd ad{jkg xd`vjàsnfa faja kd güjk}a ck ek*

j`sêkv ~ d` fagfkgs}`fnög ck ekjaidamng`' @ckjàv$ kd jüvf{da

kv f`x`| fag kd kgs}kg`jnkgsa `k}ömnfa ck kus}`k} jàv auêikga

ck d` v`gi}k %`{jkgs` d` cnok}kgfn` }sk}nakgav` ck auêikga.$ ck

oa}j` p{k `d v`dn} d` v`gi}k ckd jüvf{da ddk` jkgav auêikgack da p{k ddk`}ê` kg kd f`va ck {g` xk}vag` ga kgs}kg`c`' Kd

jüvf{da kgs}kg`ca$ `ckjàv$ snkgk j`~a} f`x`fnc`c ck {sndn|`}

kd auêikga p{k dk ddki` xa} dav f`xnd`}kv %j`~a} f`x`fnc`c aun*

c`sn`. ckmnca ` {g ngf}kjkgsa kg kd güjk}a ~ s`j`ða ck d`v

jnsafagc}n`v ~ ` {g `{jkgsa kg d` `fsnnc`c ck d`v kg|nj`v

aunc`sn`v' @vnjnvja$ faja ~` vk e` nvsa$ kv f`x`| ck ngf}k*

jkgs`} d` {sndn|`fnög ck d`v i}`v`v faja v{vs}`sa kgk}iîsnfa$

}ks}`v`gca d` {sndn|`fnög ckd id{föikga j{vf{d`}$ p{k kv j{~



0>



dnjns`ca' Kd {jm}`d `g`k}ömnfa kg xk}vag`v kgs}kg`c`v `x`}k*

fk fag kvo{k}|av oêvnfav jàv `dsav' Kvsa vnignfff` p{k d` xk}vag`

kgs}kg`c` kv f`x`| ck }k`dn|`} ngskgvnc`ckv ck klk}fnfna j`~a*

}kv vng o`sni`}vk'

Kd fagv{ja jàunja ck auêikga % _A=jàu

. kv {g x`}àjks}a p{k

ngcnf` d` f`x`fnc`c ckd s}`m`la oêvnfa ck {g ngcnnc{a ~ }kkl`

ck oa}j` idam`d kd vnvskj` ck s}`gvxa}sk ck auêikga ckvck d`

`sjövok}` e`vs` v{ {sndn|`fnög kg kd jüvf{da' Kvsk x`}àjks}a vk

ngf}kjkgs` kg xk}vag`v kgs}kg`c`v'

D` x}ai}`j`fnög v`d{c`mdk ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa

Kd amlksna ck {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ckmk vk} jkla}`}

kd gnkd ck v`d{c ` s}`îv ckd ckv`}}adda kp{ndnm}`ca ck d`v f{`*

s}a f{`dnc`ckv oêvnf`v x}ngfnx`dkv< }kvnvskgfn`$ o{k}|`$ kunmndn*

c`c ~ kdafnc`c' X}afkcnkgca ck kvsk jaca vk dai}` {g` jkla}`

ck d` fagcnfnög oêvnf` jàv `}jögnf` ~ vk f}k` {g eàmnsa ck nc`

`fsn` p{k xk}jnsk fags}`}}kvs`} dav }nkviav ckd vkckgs`}nvja ~fajxdkjkgs`} kd s}`s`jnkgsa ck cnk}v`v kgok}jkc`ckv faja

kv kd f`va ck d` cn`mkskv'

Saca x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ faja d` x}kvf}nxfnög cnksî*

snf`$ ckmk vk} xk}vag`dn|`ca$ `c`xs`ca ` d`v fagcnfnagkv ngcnn*

c{`dkv %kc`c$ vkua$ fagcnfnagkv o`jndn`}kv ~ d`ma}`dkv$ vns{`*

fnög ffvnadöinf` faja kjm`}`|a ~ i}`ca ck `okfs`fnög x`sadöin*

f` f{`gca kunvs`.'

@gskv ck x}kvf}nmn} {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ e`~ p{k

e`fk} {g` k`d{`fnög$ da jàv fajxdks` xavnmdk$ ckd kvs`ca ck

v`d{c ~ fagcnfnög oêvnf` ck f`c` ngcnnc{a' Kg kd f`va ckd x`*

fnkgsk cn`mîsnfa e`~ p{k e`fk} {g` k`d{`fnög x}kn` ckd i}`ca

ck ckv`}}adda ck fajxdnf`fnagkv p{k x{cnk}`g dnjns`} kd x}ai}`*

j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa' D` k`d{`fnög ck d` fagcnfnög oêvnf` x}k*

n` ck f`c` ngcnnc{a ckmk }k`dn|`}vk vam}k cav x}kjnv`v o{g*



=8

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


c`jkgs`dkv< gnkd x}kna ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~ gnkd x}kna ck

fagcnfnög oêvnf`'

Vk ckmk f{`gsnfff`} d` fsnnc`c oêvnf` p{k kd ngcnnc{a ckv`}}add`

kg kd jajkgsa ckd kvs{cna ~ p{k ckmk ngfd{n} s`gsa d`v s`}k`v }k`dn*

|`c`v c{}`gsk v{ nc` x}aokvnag`d a cajîvsnf`$ faja kd klk}fnfna kg

v{v }`sav ck afna %f`jng`}$ f{nc`} kd l }cêg$ j`g{`dnc`ckv.' D` xa*

md`fnög vkiüg kd gnkd ck fsnnc`c oêvnf` vk x{kck fd vnfff`} kg s}kv

i}{xav< . `fsnav$ p{k }k`dn|`g {g` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` kg v{ snkjxa

dnm}k p{k fagv{jk jàv ck ='888 bf`d ! vkj`g`2 m. jack}`c`jkgsk

`fsnav$ fag `fsnnc`c oêvnf` kg v{ snkjxa dnm}k p{k fagv{jk kgs}k;88 ~ ='888 bf`d ! vkj`g`2 f. vkckgs`}nav$ p{k ga }k`dn|`g gngiüg

klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ v{ fsnnc`c kv ngok}na} ` ;88 bf`d ! vkj`g`'

X`}` k`d{`} d` fagcnfnög oêvnf` kv gkfkv`}na `da}`} d`v f{`*

dnc`ckv oêvnf`v màvnf`v< }kvnvskgfn`$ o{k}|`$ kunmndnc`c ~ kdafn*

c`c' Kg }kd`fnög fag d` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa x`}` kd

s}`s`jnkgsa ck d` cn`mkskv$ da jàv njxa}s`gsk kv }k`dn|`} {g`

k`d{`fnög ck d` }kvnvskgfn`' D` jkla} oa}j` ck }k`dn|`} kvs` k`*d{`fnög kv jkcn`gsk d` k}iajks}ê` a x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a$ vnkgca

kd fagv{ja jàunja ck auêikga % _A=jàu

. d` `}n`mdk p{k jkla}

}kkl` kd kvs`ca ck kvs` f{`dnc`c' Kunvskg g{jk}av`v x}{km`v

`dsk}g`sn`v$ kg d`v p{k vk s}`s` ck ngf}kjkgs`} ck oa}j` fag*

s}ad`c` d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ckd x`fnkgsk jkcn`gsk {g klk}fn*

fna oêvnfa ~ jkcn} f{àd kv v{ }kvx{kvs` `d kvo{k}|a' [ga ck kvsav

jîsacav$ fag kd p{k vk f{kgs` fag {g` m{kg` kuxk}nkgfn`$ kv d`

dd`j`c` x}{km` ckd kvf`dög$ f{~` sîfgnf` vk x{kck fagv{ds`} kgd` }kok}kgfn` ngcnf`c` kg d` mnmdnai}`oê`'

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd kgs}kg`jnkgsa ck }kvnvskgfn`

D` }kvnvskgfn` kv d` f`x`fnc`c ck j`gskgk} {g klk}fnfna cksk}*

jng`ca c{}`gsk kd j`~a} snkjxa xavnmdk' Kd kgs}kg`jnkgsa ck

kvs` f{`dnc`c kv kd p{k `xa}s` j`~a}kv mkgkfffnav x`}` d` v`d{c

kg ikgk}`d ~ x`}` kd cn`mîsnfa kg x`}snf{d`}'D

`v `fsnnc`ckv



=0



jàv `ckf{`c`v x`}` kvsk kgs}kg`jnkgsa vag `p{kdd`v p{k ngfd{*

~kg kd klk}fnfna ck i}`gckv i}{xav j{vf{d`}kv ck oa}j` }êsjnf`

~ fagsng{`$ fag {g` ngskgvnc`c ~ c{}`fnög jack}`c`v %f`jng`}$

s}as`}$ g`c`}$ jags`} kg mnfnfdks`$ ksf.'

D` f{`gsnfff`fnög ck d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna vk x{kck e`fk}

ck j{fe`v oa}j`v< xa}fkgs`lk ckd _A=jàu

$ JKSjàu

a ck d` o}k*

f{kgfn` f`}cn`f` jàunj`' Vk `fagvkl p{k d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}*

cn`f` %OF. c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna ga vam}kx`vk kd 98*9; + ck d` o}k*

f{kgfn` f`}cn`f` jàunj` x`}` d` kc`c ckd x`fnkgsk' D` oa}j`

jàv vkgfndd` ck fàdf{da vk` OFjàu: ==8 ‖ kc`c' [g` ck d`v oa}*j`v ck fàdf{da jàv {sndn|`c`v kg x`fnkgskv fag kgok}jkc`c fa*

}ag`}n` kv kd jîsaca ck B`}agkg$ p{k fagvnvsk kg f`df{d`} d`

cnok}kgfn` kgs}k d` OFjàu

~ d` ck }kxava2 `d ?8 { 58+ ck kvs` fno}`$

vk dk v{j` d` OF ck }kxava<

OF ck }kvk}` %OF üsnd. : %ROF jàunj` ‖ OF kg }kxavaZ ?8 ` 58 +. " OF kg }kxava

D` ngskgvnc`c ~ d` x}ai}kvnög ckd kgs}kg`jnkgsa vk x{kck jagn*sa}n|`} jkcn`gsk d` `gas`fnög ck d`v o}kf{kgfn`v f`}cn`f`v da*

i}`c`v c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa jkcnc`v jkcn`gsk x{dvöjks}a

a d` `{sax`dx`fnög' Vn saca ` mnkg$ `d f`ma ck {g`v vkj`g`v kd

x`fnkgsk }k`dn|`}à kd jnvja klk}fnfna fag jkga} o}kf{kgfn` f`}*

cn`f` a xac}à ngf}kjkgs`} d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna fag d` jnv*

j` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f`'

D` c{}`fnög ck f`c` vkvnög ckmk ck vk} ck d jkgav 3; jng{sav ~ ckmk ck xk}jnsn} {g i`vsa kgk}iîsnfa vam}k kd m`v`d ck {g`v 688

bf`d' D` o}kf{kgfn` ck vkvnagkv gkfkv`}n`v x`}` d` cp{nvnfnög ck

d` oa}j` oêvnf` ckmk vk} ck `d jkgav s}kv kfkv xa} vkj`g`'

Kg sac`v d`v xk}vag`v$ vam}k saca kg d`v ck jàv kc`c$ kd kg*

s}kg`jnkgsa ck }kvnvskgfn` ckmk fajxdkjkgs`}vk fag {g kgs}k*

g`jnkgsa ck d` o{k}|` x`}` ckv`}}add`} d` j{vf{d`s{}` ~ fajm`*

sn} d` skgckgfn` ` d` v`}faxkgn`' Kvsa vk x{kck dai}`} fag xkv`v



==

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


a fag jàp{ng`v p{k axagkg }kvnvskgfn` `d janjnkgsa' Kg ik*

gk}`d$ vk }kfajnkgc` x`}` kd kgs}kg`jnkgsa ck o{k}|` fag ffgkv

v`d{c`mdkv$ {g jêgnja ck 5 ` 08 klk}fnfnav p{k ngfd{~`g dav i}{*

xav j{vf{d`}kv x}ngfnx`dkv %kus}kjnc`ckv ngok}na}kv$ kus}kjn*

c`ckv v{xk}na}kv ~ mcajng`dkv.' D` o}kf{kgfn` ckmk ck vk} ck

cav kfkv xa} vkj`g`$ ngsk}f`d`cav kgs}k dav kgs}kg`jnkgsav

ck }kvnvskgfn`$ fag {g güjk}a ck 5 ` 0= }kxksnfnagkv ck f`c`

klk}fnfna xa} vk}nk ~ x`}` s}kv vk}nkv' Kv fagkgnkgsk p{k `d x}ng*

fnxna d`v f`}i`v vk`g m`l`v ~ vk `~`g ngf}kjkgs`gca saca da

p{k vk x{kc`'

F`c` vkvnög ck klk}fnfna ckmk ck fagvs`} ck d`v vni{nkgskv ks`*

x`v< . X}kf`dkgs`jnkgsa< fag {g` c{}`fnög ck ; ` 08 jng{sav$

p{k snkgk faja amlksna kns`} dkvnagkv ~ x}ac{fn} {g` `c`xs`*

fnög ekjacngàjnf` i}`c{`d' Klk}fnfnav fag {g` o}kf{kgfn` f`}*

cn`f` ck 08 ` =8 d`sncav xa} kgfnj` ckd }kxava' m. O`vk x}ngfn*

x`d< fag {g` c{}`fnög `x}aunj`c` ck 38 ` ;8 jng{sav kg d` p{k

vk vni{k dav klk}fnfnav x}ai}`j`cav' _adk} ` d` f`dj`< ck 08

jng{sav ck c{}`fnög xk}jnsk d` }kd`l`fnög ~ d` {kds` i}`c{`d dkvs`ca ekjacngàjnf` ngnfn`d'

D` x}ai}kvnög ckd kgs}kg`jnkgsa ckxkgck}à ck d` f`x`fnc`c

ck f`c` ngcnnc{a$ ck v{ kvs`ca ck v`d{c ~ ck dav amlksnav x}a*

x{kvsav' E`~ s}kv o`vkv ck x}ai}kvnög<0' Ks`x` ck ngnfna< v{kdk

c{}`} ck 3 ` ? vkj`g`v' D`v f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v ckd klk}fnfna ckmk

vk}< s}kv kfkv xa} vkj`g`$ jkgav ck 3; jng{sav f`c` k| ~ ga

v{xk}`} kd ;8+ ck d` OFjàu' =' O`vk ck jkla}`< v{kdk c{}`} fngfaa vknv jkvkv' Vk ngf}kjkgs` x}ai}kvn`jkgsk d` ngskgvnc`c e`v*

s` dai}`} kd amlksna ckd 98 `d 58+ ck d` OFjàu

$ d` c{}`fnög vk ng*

f}kjkgs` x}ai}kvn`jkgsk e`vs` dav ?8 jng{sav ~ d` o}kf{kgfn`

`{jkgs` ` jàv ck s}kv cê`v ` d` vkj`g`' 6' O`vk ck j`gskgn*

jnkgsa' @ x`}sn} ckd vkusa jkv vk j`gsnkgk kd }nsja ck ngskgvn*

c`c ~ o}kf{kgfn`$ x{cnkgca `{jkgs`} dnik}`jkgsk d` ngskgvnc`c

a d` c{}`fnög vkiüg d`v xavnmndnc`ckv ck f`c` ngcnnc{a' Kvs`

o`vk ckmk ck c{}`} sac` d` nc`'



=6



E`~ p{k e`fk} {g vki{njnkgsa ck dav }kv{ds`cav ckd kgs}kg`*

jnkgsa$ p{k kg kd f`va ckd x`fnkgsk cn`mîsnfa ckmk kvs`} fkgs}`*

ca kg k`d{`} kd i}`ca ck fags}ad jks`mödnfa$ ckskffnög ck d`

`x`}nfnög a x}ai}kvnög ck fajxdnf`fnagkv$ jkla}` ck d`v fagcn*

fnagkv `gs}axajîs}nf`v %êgcnfk ck j`v` fa}xa}`d ~ xk}êjks}a

ck fngs{}`. ~ kvs`ca f`}cna`vf{d`}'

Mnmdnai}`oê`

@jk}nf`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag' Cn`mkskv jkddns{v `gc kuk}fnvk' Cn`mkskvF`}k' =88=2 =; %v{xd 0. ?3*?5'

F`jxndda LK' Kd Jaga Amkva' M`}fkdag`< Kcnsa}n`d F}êsnf`$ =883'

E{ OM$ J`gvag LK' Y`dbngi' Sek mkvs jkcnfngk oa} cn`mkskv1 @}fe Ngsk}gJkc' =8862 0?6< 0'6>9*0'6>5'

Lagkv GD$ Bnddn`g B L' Kuk}fnvk dnjns`snag ng ek`dse gc cnvk`vk' G Kgid LJkc' =888 2 636< ?6=*?30'

S`dd @]' Kuk}fnvk sa }kc{fk f`}cna`vf{d`} }nvb' Eay j{fe nv kga{ie1G Kgid L Jkc' =88=2 639< 0';==*0';=6'

Sa}}kv JC$ V`gfea D$ Xî}k| I$ F`jxndda LK' Xe~vnf`d kuk}fnvk$ xe~vnf`dffsgkvv$ g{s}nsnag`d x`ssk}gv$ `gc sam`ffa `gc `dfaead fagv{jxsnag ng ` xax{d`snag ao ~a{gi Vx`gnve xkaxdk' Mnad Vxa}s' =8832 =0< =3>* =;>'



=;

À' F`m`ddk}a

Ngs}ac{ffnög

Kunvskg knckgfn`v ck p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa klk}fk {gav njxa}s`g*

skv mkgkfffnav vam}k d` v`d{c ~ ck p{k dav eàmnsav ck nc` vkckgs`}n`

kvsàg `vafn`cav fag {g ngf}kjkgsa ck g{jk}av`v kgok}jkc`ckv

f}ögnf`v ~ {g` cnvjng{fnög ck d` dagiknc`c' @ckjàv$ kunvskg c`*

sav fk}f` ck p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa }kc{fk kd }nkvia ck kgok}jkc`*

ckv f}ögnf`v faja d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =$ avskaxa}avnv$ amkvn*c`c$ ckx}kvnög$ fàgfk} ck j`j`$ ck fadag ~ ck xàgf}k`v'

@cnfnag`djkgsk kunvskg knckgfn`v fd`}`v fk}f`ckd mkgkfffna p{k

d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa snkgk vam}k cnk}vav o fsa}kv ck }nkvia

f`}cna`vf{d`} %ffi{}` 0.' Ck kvs` j`gk}`$ kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa fags}n*

m{~k ck {g` oa}j` idam`d ` d` }kc{ffnög ckd }nkvia ck kgok}jkc`c

f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ kg x`}snf{d`} ` d` cnvjng{fnög kg d` ngfnckgfn` ck

f`c` {ga ck kvav o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia vam}k dav p{k `fsü`'

@ saca kdda vk v{j`g dav ngc{c`mdkv mkgkfffnav xvnfadöinfav

p{k d` x}àfsnf` ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa njxdnf` ~ p{k x{kck fags}n*

m{n} ` jkla}`} kd f{jxdnjnkgsa sk}`xî{snfa kg cksk}jng`c`v

x`sadaiê`v f}ögnf`v faja d` cn`mkskv$ da p{k fags}nm{~k idam`d*

jkgsk ` {g` jkla}` kg d` f`dnc`c ck nc` ck kvsav x`fnkgskv'

Ong`djkgsk$ ga e`~ p{k adnc`} dav mkgkfffnav kfagöjnfav p{k

kg fagfkxsa ck i`vsa v`gns`}na kvsa x{kck v{xagk}'

Mkgkfffnav ckd klk}fnfna'Kd klk}fnfna fajakdkjkgsa sk}`xî{snfa



=?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Ck kvs` oa}j`$ d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa vk fagvnck}` {g`

ek}}`jnkgs` üsnd s`gsa kg d` x}kkgfnög faja kg kd j`gkla sk}`*

xî{snfa ck cnk}v`v x`sadaiê`v$ c`ca dav mkgkfffnav p{k v{ x}àf*

snf` }kxa}s` %s`md` 0.'

Mkgkfffnav vam}k o fsa}kv ck }nkvia ~ kgo k}jkc`c f`}cna v vf{d`}

Kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}

D` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` e`mns{`d s`jmnîg x}knkgk kd ckv`}}adda ck

`}sk}nax`sê` fa}ag`}n` ~ }kc{fk vêgsaj`v kg x`fnkgskv fag kg*

ok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`} kvs`mdkfnc`'

Kunvsk {g` }kd`fnög cn}kfs` kgs}k d` ng`fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~ d`

ja}s`dnc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}$ vnkgca d` ng`fsnnc`c oêvnf` {g o`f*

sa} ck }nkvia x`}` kd ckv`}}adda ck kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}'

@vê$ d` x}àfsnf` }ki{d`} ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa k}ömnfa ngf}kjkgs`

d` f`x`fnc`c ck klk}fnfna ~ snkgk {g x`xkd njxa}s`gsk s`gsa kg d`

x}kkgfnög x}nj`}n` faja vkf{gc`}n` ck d` kgok}jkc`c f`}cna*

`vf{d`}'

Kvs{cnav x}avxkfsnav ~ kxnckjnadöinfav fk}f` ck d` `fsnnc`c

oêvnf` e`g caf{jkgs`ca ck oa}j` fagvnvskgsk {g` jkga} ngfn*

Oni{}` 0' Mkgkff fnav ckd klk}fnfna vam}k o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`}



=9

Mkgk fffnav ckd klk}fnfna'

Kd klk}fnfna faja kdkjkgsa sk}`xî{snfa

ckgfn` ck kxnvacnav f`}cna`vf{d`}kv kg ngcnnc{av oêvnf`jkgsk

jàv `fsnav ~ kg m{kg` oa}j`' As}av kvs{cnav e`g `xa}s`ca c`*

sav vnjnd`}kv jkcn`gsk d` jkcnc` ck d` f`x`fnc`c ck klk}fnfna

faja {g ngcnf`ca} ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf` e`mns{`d' Kvsav c`sav v`snv*

o`fkg dav f}nsk}nav }kp{k}ncav x`}` ngok}n} {g` }kd`fnög i}`c{`d

f`{v`d ck knckgfn` kxnckjnadöinf` fag {g` j`~a} }kc{ffnögck kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`} kg dav ngcnnc{av fag j`~a} gn*

kd ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf`' Kvs` }kd`fnög kv cavnvckxkgcnkgsk kgs}k

d` f`gsnc`c ck klk}fnfna }k`dn|`ca ~ d` ja}s`dnc`c xa} f{`dp{nk}

f`{v` ~ ck a}nikg f`}cna`vf{d`} kg d` xamd`fnög ck jkcn`g` ~

``g|`c` kc`c' Kd j`~a} kokfsa xaskgfn`d vk amsnkgk kg dav ngcn*

nc{av vkckgs`}nav p{k vk e`fkg jack}`c`jkgsk `fsnav' @ck*

jàv$ d` j`~a}ê` ck dav kokfsav mkgkfffnavav ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa

vam}k d` ja}s`dnc`c f`}cna`vf{d`} vk amsnkgk$ kg o{gfnög ck d`

Vam}k o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`}

Kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}

Enxk}skgvnög `}sk}n`d

Cnvdnxkjn`

Ngv{dnga*}kvnvskgfn` ~ cn`mkskv jkddns{v

Amkvnc`c

Eàmnsa s`màp{nfa

Vnvskj` ffm}ngadêsnfa

X}kkgfnög ck gkaxd`vn`vFadag

J`j`

Xàgf}k`v

Xvnfadöinfav

]kvx{kvs` `d kvs}îv

@gvnkc`c

Ckx}kvnög

@{sakvsnj`

Kfagöjnfav

S`md` 0' Mkgkfffnav ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa



=5

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


kc`c$ jkcn`gsk d` x}àfsnf` ck {g` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` ck jack}`c`

ngskgvnc`c %38*?8+ ck d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` jàunj .'

@vnjnvja$ dav x`fnkgskv fag kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`} x{k*

ckg mkgkfffn`}vk ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ ngfd{ncav p{kddav fag o`dda

f`}cn`fa' Kvs` jkla}ê` s}`v kgs}kg`jnkgsa oêvnfa kv kd }kv{ds`ca

ckd ngf}kjkgsa ckd {va ck auêikga faja kgk}iê` fag {g `{jkg*

sa ck d` f`x`fnc`c kgsnd`sa}n` jàunj` ~ ck d` e`mndnc`c ck dav

jüvf{dav x`}` kus}`k} auêikga ck d` v`gi}k' Kvsav f`jmnav

x{kckg s`jmnîg mkgkfffn`} ` ngcnnc{av fag o{gfnög kgs}nf{d`}

n|p{nk}c` `dsk}`c` kg dav p{k d` `c`xs`fnög s}`v }k`dn|`} klk}fn*fna kvsà jkcn`c` xa} jkf`gnvjav ea}jag`dkv$ jks`mödnfav$

gk{}adöinfav ~ ck o{gfnög }kvxn}`sa}n`$ ~ x{kckg x}ac{fn}vk

fag klk}fnfnav ck m`l` ngskgvnc`c'

Kd klk}fnfna x`}kfk p{k s`jmnîg }kc{fk kd }nkvia ck `ffnckgsk

fk}km}a`vf{d`} nvp{îjnfa ~ ekja}}àinfa kg {g =8*=9+ kg ngcn*

nc{av fag `fsnnc`c oêvnf` jack}`c`*kdk`c` fag }kvxkfsa `

ngcnnc{av fag jkga} `fsnnc`c oêvnf`'

Kunvskg knckgfn`v `fk}f` ckd kokfsa o`a}`mdk ckd klk}fnfna

vam}k `di{gav x`}àjks}av }kd`fnag`cav fag kd x}afkva ck d` ng*

`j`fnög$ faja d` kdk`fnög ck d` x}askêg` F }k`fsn`$ f{~`v

njxdnf`fnagkv kg d` `sk}avfdk}avnv vag fagafnc`v' @vê$ kd klk}fn*

fna }kc{fk d` `fsnnc`c `sk}aiîgnf` ck dav jagafnsav fag {g`

cnvjng{fnög fagfajns`gsk kg d` x}ac{ffnög ck fnsafng`v ck f`*

}àfsk} `sk}aiîgnfa'

Xk}a d` fsnnc`c oêvnf` ga vöda x}knkgk vnga p{k s`jmnîg kv {g

`}j` sk}`xî{snf` kg }kd`fnög fag cnk}vav o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia f`}*

cna`vf{d`} ~` kvs`mdkfncav$ faja enxk}skgvnög `}sk}n`d$ }kvnv*

skgfn` ` d` ngv{dng` k ngsadk}`gfn` enc}af`}mag`c`$ enxk}s}nidnfk*

}nckjn`$ gnkdkv cnvjng{ncav ck fadkvsk}ad ECD ~ amkvnc`c' D`

j`igns{c ckd kokfsa ckd klk}fnfna vam}k îvsav ckxkgck ck v{v f`*

}`fsk}êvsnf`v$ ck o`fsa}kv ck `}n`fnög ngcnnc{`d ~ ck vn kd klk}fn*



=>



fna x}ac{fk {g` }kc{ffnög xagck}`d fagfajns`gsk' Kg `di{gav

ngcnnc{av$ kd mkgkfffna x{kck vk} ck s`d jìgns{c p{k ngfd{va

njxdnp{k p{k ga vk gkfkvnskg ck as}`v ngsk}kgfnagkv sk}`xî{sn*

f`v' Kvsk kokfsa x{kck `{jkgs`} fag as}av f`jmnav kg kd kvsnda

ck nc`$ faja d` fajxavnfnög ck d` cnks` ~ d` xî}cnc` ck xkva'

@di{gav ck dav kokfsav ck d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` vam}k dav o`fsa}kv

ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`} vag ckmncav ` kokfsav ì{cav s}`v {g`

vkvnög ck klk}fnfna ~ ga ckxkgckg ck {g kgs}kg`jnkgsa s}`v klk}*

fnfna x}adagi`ca a jkla}ê` ckd kvs`ca oêvnfa' Xa} klkjxda$ dav gn*

kdkv ck s}nidnfî}ncav vk }kc{fkg s}`v klk}fnfna c{}`gsk jàv ck 9=ea}`v ~ dav gnkdkv ck fadkvsk}adECD$ s`jmnîg ck oa}j` s}`gvnsa*

}n`$ vk ngf}kjkgs`g xa} kd klk}fnfna' Kd klk}fnfna s`jmnîg }kc{fk

ck oa}j` ì{c` d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d vnvsödnf` ~ kvsk kokfsa x{kck

xk}vnvsn} c{}`gsk jàv ck 0= ea}`v' D` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna s`j*

mnîg snkgk kokfsav oà}`mdkv ì{cav vam}k d` eajkavs`vnv ck d`

id{fav`' Kvsav kokfsav i{cav `xa}s`g vaxa}sk cnfnag`d x`}` d`v

}kfajkgc`fnagkv kg d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna ck jack}`c` ngskg*

vnc`c d` j`~a}ê`$ vn ga sacav$ dav cê`v ck d` vkj`g`'

Jks`madnvja dnxax}asknfa

Cnk}vav kvs{cnav ``d`g kd kokfsa mkgkfffnava ck d` x}àfsnf` ckd

klk}fnfna vam}k kd jks`madnvja dnxêcnfa' Kg {g jks`gàdnvnv ck ;=

kvs{cnav fag kgs}kg`jnkgsa oêvnfa ck jàv ck 0= vkj`g`v ck c{*

}`fnög p{k ngfd{~k 3'988 ngcnnc{av$ vk ckjavs}ö {g ngf}kjkgsa

ckd fadkvsk}adECD%3$?+. ~ {g` cnvjng{fnögkg dav gnkdkv cks}nidn*

fî}ncav ~ fadkvsk}ad DCD ck {g 6$9 ~ ; +$ }kvxkfsn`jkgsk' Kg ikgk*}`d$ vk e` xacnca cksk}jng`} {g` cnvjng{fnög ck d`v fagfkgs}`fna*

gkv ck fadkvsk}ad DCD %0*; +. ~ s}nidnfî}ncav %0*3+. fag ngf}kjkgsa

kg dav gnkdkv ck fadkvsk}ad ECD %6*; +. kg `jmav vkuav'

Kd ngf}kjkgsa ckd fadkvsk}ad ECD `vafn`ca `d klk}fnfna vk fa*

}}kd`fnag` kvs}kfe`jkgsk fag f`jmnav kg kd xkva fa}xa}`d'

@ckjàv$ kvsk ngf}kjkgsa x{kck `}n`} kg o{gfnög ck d` ngskgvn*

c`c ~ snxa ck fsnnc`c oêvnf` kg `jmav vkuav' @di{gav$ `{gp{k



68

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


ga sacav dav kvs{cnav$ e`g kgfags}`ca cnok}kgfn`v kg f{`gsa `d

mkgkfffna p{k kd klk}fnfna x}ac{fk vam}k kd xk}ffd dnxax}asknfa kg

o{gfnög ckd vkua' @vê$ kd kokfsa ckd `{jkgsa ck dav gnkdkv ck

fadkvsk}ad ECD kv jàv x}ag{gfn`ca kg `}agkv'

@ckjàv ck kvsav kokfsav vam}k kd xk}ffd dnxax}asknfa ckvck kd

x{gsa ck nvs` ck dav o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia fdàvnfav$ s`jmnîg vk e`g

amvk}`ca jacnfff`fnagkv kg dav gnkdkv ck dnxax}askêg`% .$ p{k

vk }kc{fkg$ `vê faja jacnfff`fnagkv f{`dns`sn`v o`a}`mdkv kg

d`v x`}sêf{d`v DCD'

Kvsav kokfsav mkgkfffnavav s`jmnîg vk amsnkgkg kg ngcnnc{av

fag f`}cnax`sê` nvp{îjnf` kvs`mdkfnc`' Vk e`g caf{jkgs`ca$

kg kvsk vkgsnca$ {g ngf}kjkgsa kg dav gnkdkv ck fadkvsk}ad ECD

~ {g` cnvjng{fnög ck s}nidnfî}ncav$ `vê faja }kc{ffnög kg dav

gnkdkv ck fadkvsk}ad sas`d ~ gnkdkv ck fadkvsk}ad DCD'

Xa} as}` x`}sk$ kd klk}fnfna }ki{d`} kg ngcnnc{av fag vam}kxk*

va ck `jmav vkuav `{jkgs` kd kokfsa mkgkfffnava vam}k dav gnk*dkv ck dnxax}askêg`v ck {g` cnks` xam}k kg i}`v`v v`s{}`c`v ~

xam}k kg fadkvsk}ad' @vê$ kd klk}fnfna$ l{gsa fag d` xî}cnc` ck

xkva$ x{kck cnvjng{n} d`v fagfkgs}`fnagkv ck fadkvsk}ad DCD ~

dnjns`} d` }kc{ffnög ck fadkvsk}ad ECD p{k af{}}k s}`v {g` }k*

c{ffnög kg i}`v` v`s{}`c` ck d` cnks`'

@ckjàv$ d` }k`dn|`fnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ck }kvnvskgfn` snkgk

kokfsav mkgkfffnavav vam}k d` cnvs}nm{fnög ckd sklnca `cnxava ~ kvskekfea snkgk }kdk`gfn` kg d` }kc{ffnög ckd }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`}'

Dav jkf`gnvjav jkcn`gsk dav f{`dkv kd klk}fnfna klk}fk {g

kokfsa mkgkfffnava vam}k kd jks`madnvja dnxax}asknfa ga vag ckd

saca fagafncav' Vng kjm`}ia$ x`}kfk p{k kd klk}fnfna ngf}kjkg*

s` d` `fsnnc`c ck d` dnxax}askngdnx`v`$ da p{k o`a}kfk d` dnxödn*

vnv ck dav s}nidnfî}ncav }nfav kg dnxax}askêg`v faja x`va ngnfn`d

x`}` d` kdk`fnög ck dav gnkdkv ck fadkvsk}adE

CD'V

kf{gc`}n`*



60



jkgsk$ d` }kc{ffnög ck d` `fsnnc`c ck d` dnx`v` ekxàsnf`$ p{k

f`s`dn|` d` fagk}vnög ck d`v x`}sêf{d`vECD= ` ECD6$ }ks}`v` kd

f`s`madnvja ck d`v ECD= p{k vag jàv f`}cnax}askfsn`v'

Enxk}skgvnög `}sk}n`d

D` }kd`fnög kgs}k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ d` ngfnckgfn` ck enxk}skg*

vnög `}sk}n`d %ES @. e` vnca amvk}`c` kg cnok}kgskv xamd`fna*

gkv$ fag {g` `vafn`fnög ngk}v` kgs}k d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna

oêvnfa ~ kd }nkvia ck ckv`}}adda o{s{}a ck enxk}skgvnög `}sk}n`d'

Kvs` `vafn`fnög ga kv s`g knckgsk kg kd vkua okjkgnga'

Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa snkgk {g kokfsa ngckxkgcnkgsk vam}k d` }k*

c{ffnög ck d`v fno}`v skgvnag`dkv$ fag {g` cnvjng{fnög ck 5*08

jjEi s`gsa kg x}kvnög `}sk}n`d vnvsödnf` faja cn`vsödnf`' @d

jkgav 33 kgv`~av fag ='?93 ngcnnc{av e`g ``d`ca kd kokfsa

ckd klk}fnfna vam}k d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d ck }kxava a m`v`d$ fag {g`

}kc{ffnög jkcn` kg x}kvnög `}sk}n`d vnvsödnf` %X @V. ~ x}kvnög

`}sk}n`d cn`vsödnf` %X @C. ck 6$3 ~ =$3 jjEi$ }kvxkfsn`jkgsk'

[g cksk}jng`gsk ckd kokfsa ckd klk}fnfna kv d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`dm`v`d fag }kc{ffnagkv ck 9$3 ~ ;$5 jjEi$ }kvxkfsn`jkgsk$ kg

X @V ~ X @C kg enxk}skgvav' Kvsa v{ink}k p{k kd klk}fnfna x{kck

vk} d` ügnf` sk}`xn` }kp{k}nc` kg `di{gav ngcnnc{av fag ES @

dkk' Vng kjm`}ia$ kvsk kokfsa vam}k d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d ga vk

fa}}kd`fnag` fag o`fsa}kv faja o}kf{kgfn`$ c{}`fnög a ngskgvn*

c`c ckd klk}fnfna' @vnjnvja$ vk e` }kinvs}`ca {g` cnvjng{fnög

vnignfff`sn` ~ skjx}`g` kg d` enxk}s}aff` kgs}nf{d`} n|p{nk}c`

d`v 0? vkj`g`v ck fajnkg|a ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa'

Dav jkf`gnvjav xaskgfn`dkv jkcn`gsk dav f{`dkv kd klk}fnfna

oêvnfa fags}nm{~k ` kvsk kokfsa mkgkfffnava vam}k d` x}kvnög `}sk*

}n`d kvsàg jkcn`cav xa} d` }kc{ffnög ck d` }kvnvskgfn` `vf{d`}

xk}noî}nf` %] _X.' @vê$ xkp{kðav f`jmnav kg kd cnàjks}a ck d`

d{| `vf{d`} skgc}ê`g {g i}`g njx`fsa kg d` }kvnvskgfn` `vf{*

d`}' D` }kc{ffnög ck ] _X s}`v klk}fnfna oêvnfa vk ckmk s`gsa {g`

`c`xs`fnög gk{}ae{ja}`d faja kvs}{fs{}`d$ `vê faja ` {g`



6=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


}kvx{kvs` `vf{d`} dsk}`c` kvsêj{dav `va`fsnav' Kd {jkg*

sa ck d` `fsnnc`c ckd vnvskj` gk}nava vnjxàsnfa %VGV. kv {g`

ck d`v f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v kg d` ES @ kvkgfn`d fag {g` j`~a} dnmk}`*

fnög ck ga}kxngko}ng` p{k x}aaf` `vafagvs}nffnög k ngf}k*

jkgsa ck ] _X vkf{gc`}n`jkgsk' D` }kc{ffnög xd`vjàsnf` ck

dav gnkdkv ck ga}kxngko}ng` s}`v kgs}kg`jnkgsa oêvnfa e` vnca

amvk}`c` kg `di{gav kvs{cnav' Xa} as}` x`}sk$ d` enxk}`fsnn*

c`c ckd VGV vk e` `vafn`ca fag {g ngf}kjkgsa kg kd i}ava} ck

d` x`}kc `vf{d`}$ xa} da p{k d` x}àfsnf` ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa x{k*

ck ckvkjxkð`} {g x`xkd faja jkcnc` x}kkgsn` vam}k d` }k*

jackd`fnög `vf{d`} p{k vk `vafn` ` d` ES @' G{jk}avav kvs{*cnav s}`gvk}v`dkv ~ dagins{cng`dkv ``d`g dav f`jmnav kg d`v

kvs}{fs{}`v `vf{d`}kv p{k af{}}kg kg kd jüvf{da kg }kvx{kvs`

`d kgs}kg`jnkgsa oêvnfa' Kvsav f`jmnav ngfd{~kg ga vöda }kja*

ckd`fnög `vf{d`} %ngf}kjkgsa dagins{c ~ ckd cnàjks}a. vam}k

`vav ~` kunvskgskv vnga$ ckjàv$ okgöjkgav ck `ginaiîgkvnv'

Fag }kvxkfsa `d vnvskj` }kgng`*`ginaskgvng`$ d` knckgfn` `fs{`d

v{ink}k p{k kd kokfsa `gsnenxk}skgvna ckd klk}fnfna xafa snkgk p{k k} fag îd' Vk e` amvk}`ca kg ga}jaskgvav {g` }kc{ffnög kg dav

gnkdkv ck }kgng` ~ `ginaskgvng` NN s}`v klk}fnfna p{k$ vng kjm`}ia$

ga vk e` }kinvs}`ca ck oa}j` fagvnvskgsk kg ngcnnc{av fagES @'

Kd kokfsa `gsnenxk}skgvna ckd kgs}kg`jnkgsa oêvnfa vk `vafn`

` `di{gav o`fsa}kv ikgîsnfav$ ~ `di{gav `{sa}kv v{ink}kg p{k

cnfeav o`fsa}kv ng{~kg e`vs` kg {g 09+ kg d` }kc{ffnög ck d`

x}kvnög `}sk}n`d ck }kxava' Ck oa}j` idam`d$ vng kjm`}ia$ kvskkokfsa kv xkp{kða c`ca p{k x}am`mdkjkgsk kunvskg ngsk}`ffna*

gkv kgs}k jüdsnxdkv dafn ~ o`fsa}kv `jmnkgs`dkv ga fagafncav'

]kvnvskgfn` ` d` ngv{dng`$ jks`madnvja

enc}af`}mag`ca ~ cn`mkskv jkddns{v

Kunvskg o`fsa}kv ikgîsnfav ~ `jmnkgs`dkv njxdnf`cav kg d` ksna*

daiê` ck d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =' Kgs}k kvsav üdsnjav kvsàg d`

amkvnc`c ~ d` cnvs}nm{fnög ck d` i}`v` fa}xa}`d$ kvxkfêfff`jkgsk



66



d` cnvs}nm{fnög ck d` i}`v` ngs}`mcajng`d' Vn vk `fsü` vam}k d`

ng`fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~ d` cnks` jkcn`gsk {g` jacnfff`fnög ckd kvsn*

da ck nc`$ vk kvsà ngsk}ngnkgca$ xa} s`gsa$ vam}k kd ckv`}}adda

ck d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =' Xa} as}` x`}sk$ s`jmnîg vk v`mk

p{k d` cn`mkskv snxa = kv {g` kgok}jkc`c cngàjnf` kg d` p{k dav

x`fnkgskv o}kf{kgskjkgsk vk e`fkg ngv{dngaxîgnfav$ c`ca p{k

v{ ffvnax`sadaiê` ngfd{~k ckokfsav s`gsa kg d` `ffnög ck d` ngv{*

dng` %}kvnvskgfn` ` d` ngv{dng . faja kg v{ vkf}kfnög %cîfffns ck

ngv{dng`.' Kd ckokfsa kg d` ffnög ck d` ngv{dng` a ngv{dnga}}kvnv*

skgfn` x{kck vk} ikgîsnfa a cp{n}nca$ faja v{fkck kg vns{`fna*

gkv ck amkvnc`c `mcajng`d' @ckjàv$ d` enxk}id{fkjn` f}ögnf` ~ kd ngf}kjkgsa ck dav àfncav i}`vav dnm}kv x{kckg fags}nm{n} `

d` }kvnvskgfn` ` d` ngv{dng`' Vk v`mk p{k kd klk}fnfna jkla}` d`

vkgvnmndnc`c ` d` ngv{dng` s}`c{fnîgcavk kg {g` jac`dnc`c ck

s}`s`jnkgsa'

[ga ck dav kokfsav `i{cav ckd klk}fnfna kg d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v

snxa = kv d` cnvjng{fnög ck d` id{fkjn`$ `fs{`gca ck oa}j` vn*

gî}inf` fag d` ngv{dng` kg dav sklncav vkgvnmdkv ` îvs`' D` j`~a*}ê` ck dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = amkvav j{kvs}`

{g` cnvjng{fnög ck dav gnkdkv ck id{fkjn` s}`v kd klk}fnfna oêvn*

fa fa}}kd`fnag`c` fag v{ c{}`fnög k ngskgvnc`c$ vê faja fag d`

id{fkjn` x}kklk}fnfna' Kvs` }kc{ffnög kg dav gnkdkv ck id{fk*

jn` vk `s}nm{~k ` d` cnvjng{fnög kg d` x}ac{ffnög ekxàsnf` ck

id{fav` fag {g ngf}kjkgsa x`}`dkda ck v{ fagv{ja xa} x`}sk

ckd jüvf{da kvp{kdîsnfa' D` cnvjng{fnög ck d` x}ac{ffnög ekxà*

snf` ck id{fav` vk ckmk ` {g jkf`gnvja ck okkc*m`f b gki`sna`vafn`ca ` gnkdkv j`gskgncav ck ngv{dng` c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna ~

` gnkdkv kdk`cav ck id{fkjn` `gskv ckd klk}fnfna' Kvsk kokfsa

}kc{fsa} ck d` id{fkjn` kv$ `ckjàv$ j`gskgnca s}`v {g klk}fnfna

ck jkcn`g` ngskgvnc`c' C{}`gsk klk}fnfnav ck fa}s` c{}`fnög ~

ck `ds` ngskgvnc`c$ d`v id{fkjn`v v`gi{êgk`v o}kf{kgskjkgsk vk

ngf}kjkgs`g kg amkvav fag cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = p{k snkgkg

enxk}ngv{dngkjn` ~ xk}j`gkfkg vê e`vs` 0 e ckvx{îv ckd klk}fn*

fna ckmnca `d ngf}kjkgsa ck ea}jag`v fags}`}}ki{d`ca}`v'



63

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Vng kjm`}ia$ d` }kvx{kvs` `d klk}fnfna ck dav gnkdkv ck id{fk*

jn` kg ngcnnc{av ckdi`cav fag cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = kv `}n`*

mdk ~ ga s`g x}kckfnmdk faja kg dav amkvav' V{ f`{v` }kvnck s`gsa

kg {g ckokfsa kg kd jkf`gnvja id{fa}}ki{d`ca} ga x`gf}kàsnfa

faja kg {g` òkfs`fnög ckd jkf`gnvja ck okkc*m`f b `gskv jkg*

fnag`ca'

G{jk}avav kvs{cnav e`g javs}`ca p{k kd klk}fnfna ngf}kjkgs`

d` vkgvnmndnc`c ` d` ngv{dng` ` gnkd kvxdàfgnfa ~ xk}noî}nfa kg ng*

cnnc{av fag cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = ~ p{k xk}vnvsk 0=*=3 ea}`v

s}`v îvsk' ^ kv p{k d` f`xs`fnög ck id{fav` jkcn`c` xa} ngv{dngàf{}}k x}nj`}n`jkgsk kg kd jüvf{da kvp{kdîsnfa ~ kvsà }kd`fna*

g`c` cn}kfs`jkgsk fag d` j`v` j{vf{d`} k ngk}v`jkgsk fag d`

j`v` i}`v`' Vng kjm`}ia$ kd kokfsa ck {g` vkvnög ck klk}fnfna nv*

d`c` vam}k d` `ffnög ck d` ngv{dng` vk xnk}ck ` dav xafav cê`v ~

snkgk kvf`va mkgkfffna kg d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =' Xa} da s`gsa$

d`v }kfajkgc`fnagkv x`}` cnvjng{n} d` }kvnvskgfn` ` d` ngv{dng`

kg cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = vag d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` }ki{d`} }k`dn|`*

c` fag {g` ngskgvnc`c m`l`*jack}`c`'

@ckjàv$ kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa }kc{fk d` enxk}id{fkjn` xavx}`g*

cn`d$ ~ fag }kd`fnög `d kokfsa vam}k kd fags}ad id{fîjnfa vk e`

knckgfn`ca kg {g jks`gàdnvnv ck g{kk kvs{cnav {g` cnvjng{*

fnög ck d` ekjaidamng` id{favnd`c` %Em@0F

. ckd 8$;*0 +$ fag f`j*

mnav oà}`mdkv s`jmnîg kg d` sadk}`gfn` ` d` id{fav`' Kg kvsav

kvs{cnav$ dav xk}nacav ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa `}n`}ag kgs}k vknv vk*

j`g`v ~ 0= jkvkv$ xk}a d` jkla}` kg d` sadk}`gfn` ` d` id{fav`vk amvk}ö kg kvs`cnav s`g x}kfafkv faja s}`v vnksk cê`v fagvk*

f{snav ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa' Kvsav f`jmnav mkgkfffnavav ikgk}`d*

jkgsk vk cksk}na}`g ` d`v 9= ea}`v ckd üdsnja klk}fnfna kg d`

cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = ~ vag {g }kkla ckd üdsnja klk}fnfna }k`*

dn|`ca ngcnnc{`djkgsk jàv p{k ckd gnkd ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa'

Kg d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = kunvsk {g ngf}kjkgsa ck dav o`f*

sa}kv ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`} fajaES

@ ~ cnvdnxkjn`' D` en*



6;



xk}skgvnög `}sk}n`d kv {g o`fsa} ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`} p{k

af{}}k e`vs` kg {g ?8+ ck dav òkfs`cav ck cn`mkskv jkddns{v

snxa =' @di{gav kvs{cnav$ {gp{k ga sacav$ e`g knckgfn`ca {g`

cnvjng{fnög ck d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d kg ngcnnc{av fag cn`mkskv

jkddns{v snxa = fag d` x}àfsnf` ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa'

@vnjnvja$ d` x}àfsnf` ckd klk}fnfna kg x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv

jkddns{v snxa = vk e` }kd`fnag`ca fag {g xk}ffd dnxêcnfa jkgav

`sk}aiîgnfa$ s}`c{fnmdk kg {g kokfsa mkgkfffnava vam}k ja}s`dn*

c`c f`}cna`vf{d`}' Cnk}vav kgv`~av e`g ckjavs}`ca {g` cnv*

jng{fnög kg dav gnkdkv ck s}nidnfî}ncav$ fadkvsk}ad sas`d ~ fa*fnkgsk fadkvsk}ad ECD ! fadkvsk}ad sas`d$ jnkgs}`v p{k as}av kvs{*

cnav ga e`g kgfags}`ca f`jmnav' @di{gav c`sav v{ink}kg p{k

kvsk kokfsa }kc{fsa} oà}`mdk vam}k s}nidnfî}ncav ~ fadkvsk}ad

sas`d kg cn`mîsnfav snxa = vk `df`g|` jkla} jkcn`gsk xî}cnc`

xagck}`d$ `{gp{k dav f`jmnav ngc{fncav kg dav dêxncav jkcn`gsk

kd klk}fnfna vag ngckxkgcnkgskv ckd xkva fa}xa}`d' Kvsav f`j*

mnav vam}k dnxax}askêg`v x}ac{fncav xa} kd klk}fnfna s`jmnîg

ckxkgckg ck d` ngskgvnc`c$ c{}`fnög ~ o}kf{kgfn` ckd klk}fnfna'

Ck oa}j` `cnfnag`d$ as}a ck dav kokfsav amvk}`cav s}`v d`

x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna ~ p{k fags}nm{~k d` cnvjng{fnög ckd }nkv*

ia f`}cna`vf{d`} kg kvsav x`fnkgskv kv v{ ffnög vam}k dav jk*

f`gnvjav ck dkvnög kgcaskdn`d njxdnf`cav kg d` x`saiîgkvnv ck

d` `}sk}navfdk}avnv' Kg kvsk vkgsnca$ vk e` ckvf}nsa {g` cnvjng{*

fnög ck j`}f`ca}kv faja d` s}ajmajac{dng`'

Vk e` ckjavs}`ca {g` fa}}kd`fnög ngk}v` kgs}k d` `fsnnc`c

oêvnf` ~ d` ja}s`dnc`c xa} f{`dp{nk} f`{v`' Kvsk ekfea snkgk

s`jmnîg njxa}s`gfn` kg d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = fag knckg*

fn`v ck {g` }kd`fnög kgs}k kd klk}fnfna$ d` ja}s`dnc`c ~ kd fags}ad

id{fîjnfa' @{gp{k kd }nkvia ck j{k}sk vk ngf}kjkgs` fag {g

kvs`s{v id{fîjnfa jkgav oà}`mdk$ kd kokfsa `ck}va ck d` en*

xk}id{fkjn` vam}k d` ja}s`dnc`c x`}kfk p{k vk }kc{fk fag {g`

jkla}ê` ckd kvs`ca oêvnfa'



6?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Kd klk}fnfna ~ d` cnks` vag dav xnd`}kv o{gc`jkgs`dkv kg kd s}`s`*

jnkgsa ck d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =$ vnkgca v{ fajmng`fnög jàv

kokfsn` p{k v{ {va `nvd`ca x`}` j`gskgk} {g` xî}cnc` ck xkva

`ckf{`c` ~ {g` jkla}ê` ckd fags}ad jks`mödnfa' D` xî}cnc` xag*

ck}`d fagc{fk {g` cnvjng{fnög kg d` }kvnvskgfn` ` d` ngv{dng` ~

x{kck vk} jàv mkgkfffnav` kg d` x}ai}kvnög ck d` cn`mkskv jkddn*

s{v snxa = f{`gca d` vkf}kfnög ck ngv{dng` `üg kv `ckf{`c`'

Kd klk}fnfna s`jmnîg kvsà njxdnf`ca kg dav f`jmnav kg d` cnvs}nm{*

fnög ck d` i}`v` fa}xa}`d' D` xî}cnc` ck d` i}`v` nvfk}`d kv {ga ck

dav mkgkfffnav ckd klk}fnfna p{k njxdnf` {g` jkla}ê` kg dav êgcnfkvjks`mödnfav' @ckjàv$ vk v`mk p{k d` amkvnc`c `mcajng`d kv {g o`f*

sa} ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ ck ckv`}}adda ck cn`mkskv jkddns{v

snxa ='Vng kjm`}ia$ kgkdfagskusa ckd` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = kvsk

mkgkfffna x{kck vk} cnoêfnd ck `df`g|`}$ c`ca p{k$ x`}` jkla}`} kd

xkva ~ d` fajxavnfnög fa}xa}`d$ kd klk}fnfna }ki{d`} ckmk skgk} {g`

ngskgvnc`c jack}`c` %;8+ o}kf{kgfn f`}cn`f` jàunj . fag {g`

o}kf{kgfn` ck fngfa kfkv a jàv xa} vkj`g` kg vkvnagkv ck x}aun*

j`c`jkgsk {g` ea}` ~ j`gskgnc` c{}`gsk {g xk}naca x}adagi`ca'

Kd njx`fsa ck d` cn`mkskv vam}k kd kvsnda ck nc` ~ d` v`d{c ~ dav

`l{vskv xvnfadöinfav p{k vk }kp{nk}kg x{kckg skgk} fagvkf{kgfn`v

kg d` v`d{c xvnfadöinf` ~ kg kd fags}ad id{fîjnfa' Kunvskg kokfsav

xvnfadöinfav oà}`mdkv ckd klk}fnfna }ki{d`} kg d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v

snxa =< {g` jkga} `fsn`fnög ckd vnvskj` gk}nava vnjxàsnfa `d kv*

s}îv faignsna fag {g` }kc{ffnög oà}`mdk ck d` x{gs{`fnög kg kv*

f`d`v ck ckx}kvnög$ jkla}` ck d` `{sakvsnj` ~ }kc{ffnög ck d`v dsk*}`fnagkv kjafnag`dkv `vafn c`v kxnvacnav ns`dkv kvs}kv`gskv'

Kvsk mkgkfffna ck snxa xvnfadöinfa x{kck o`fndns`} p{k kd x`*

fnkgsk `fkxsk jàv o`fndjkgsk dav f`jmnav cnksîsnfav' C`c` d`

ng{kgfn` oà}`mdk p{k kvsa x{kck skgk} vam}k kd fags}ad id{fî*

jnfa$ ckmk `fagvkl`}vk d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna }ki{d`} x`}`

fagvki{n} {g` }kc{ffnög ck kvs}îv ~ {g `{jkgsa ckd mnkgkvs`}

xvnfadöinfa ~ ck f`dnc`c ck nc` kg cnfe` xamd`fnög'



69



D` }kd`fnög kgs}k `fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~ xavnmdk x}kkgfnög ck d` cn`mk*

skv jkddns{v snxa = vk v{vskgs` kg d` amvk}`fnög ck p{k kd `m`gcaga

ck kvsndav ck nc` jàv s}`cnfnag`dkv kg cksk}jng`cav i}{xav vafn`*

dkv fag {g` j`~a} `fsnnc`c oêvnf` e` v{x{kvsa {g `{jkgsa ck d`

x}k`dkgfn ck cn`mkskv' Kvs` amvk}`fnög s`jmnîg vk fagff}j` xa}

kd ngf}kjkgsa ck d` x}k`dkgfn` ck cn`mkskv kg i}{xav p{k e`g kjn*

i}`ca a p{k nkg kg {g kgsa}ga {}m`ga `d fajx`}`}dav fag dav p{k

xk}j`gkfkg kg kd kgsa}ga }{}`d'

Kvs{cnav s}`gvk}v`dkv ~ kxnckjnadöinfav }ks}avxkfsnav s`jmnîg

e`g `d`ca {g` }kd fnög cn}kfs` kgs}k d` fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~ d` sadk}`g*fn` ` d` id{fav` kg cksk}jng`c`v xamd`fnagkv' @vê$ kg ngcnnc{av vng

cn`mkskv$ dav gnkdkv ck id{fav` ~ ck ngv{dngkjn` vag vnignfff sn *

jkgsk j`~a}kv kg `p{kddav jàv ng`fsnav' @ckjàv$ cnk}vav kvs{*

cnav x}avxkfsnav~` e`g ckjavs}`ca {g` }kd`fnög kgs}k d` x`}nfnög

ck cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = ~ {gav eàmnsav ck nc` jàv vkckgs`}nav'

Xa} as}` x`}sk$ s`jmnîg vk e` ckjavs}`ca kd kokfsa p{k kd klk}*

fnfna oêvnfa ~ d` xî}cnc` ck xkva klk}fkg vam}k d` x}kkgfnög ckcn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =' @vê$ kg kd kvs{cna Cn`mkskv X}kkgsnag

X}ai}`j %CXX.$ 6'=63 ngcnnc{av fag ngsadk}`gfn` ` d` id{fav` ck

jàv ck =; `ðav o{k}ag vnig`cav ck oa}j` `dk`sa}n|`c` jacnff*

f`fnagkv kg kd kvsnda ck nc` p{k ngfd{ê`g klk}fnfna oêvnfa %70;8

jng{sav ! vkj`g` ck jack}`c` ngskgvnc`c.$ jksoa}jng` a xd`fk*

ma'S}`v =$5 `ðav ck vki{njnkgsa$ d ngfnckgfn` ck cn`mkskv o{k ck

3$5$ 9$5 ~ 00 f`vav ! 088 xk}vag`*`ða kg kvsav s}kv i}{xav fag {g`

cnvjng{fnög ck {g ;5 + kg d` x`}nfnög ck cn`mkskv dav =$5 `ðavkgs}k dav ngcnnc{av `vnig`cav ` ngsk}kgfnög vam}k kvsnda ck

nc`' Kvs` ngsk}kgfnög v{x{va {g` xî}cnc` xagck}`d jkcn` ck 3

bi ~ {g ngf}kjkgsa %5*JKS*e ! vkj`g`. kg d` fsnnc`c oêvnf`$ vnkg*

ca kvs` ngsk}kgfnög jàv xaskgsk p{k kd {va ck jksoa}jng`$ p{k

}kc{la d` `x`}nfnög ck cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa = kg {g 60 +'

Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa o{k s`jmnîg {g` ck d`v kvs}`skin`v ck ngsk}*

kgfnög x`}` d` x}kkgfnög ck cn`mkskv kg kd kvs{cna v{kfa ck



65

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


J`djÿ }k`dn|`ca kg `}agkv kgs}k 39*3> `ðav' Kgs}k `p{kddav

p{k x}kvkgs`m`g {g` ngsadk}`gfn` ` d` id{fav` `d ngnfna$ `d jk*

gav kd camdk ckv`}}addö cn`mkskv ` dav vknv `ðav ck vki{njnkgsa

vn ga e`mê`g x`}snfnx`ca kg kd x}ai}`j` ck s}`s`jnkgsa' [g` ck

d`v dnjns`fnagkv ck kvsk kvs{cna kv p{k dav x`}snfnx`gskv ga o{k*

}ag `vnig`cav ck oa}j` `dk`sa}n` ` dav i}{xav ck ngsk}kgfnög

sk}`xî{snf`' @ dav 0= `ðav ck vki{njnkgsa$ d` ja}s`dnc`c sas`d

o{k ck {g ?$; ! 0'888 xk}vag`v*`ða kg kd i}{xa ck ngsk}kgfnög

o}kgsk ` {g 03 ! 0'888 xk}vag`v*`ða kg kd i}{xa fags}ad'

Kg kvs` jnvj` dêgk` ckvs`f` kd kvs{cna ck vknv `ðav ck c{}`*fnög }k`dn|`ca kg Feng`' @d fajnkg|a ckd kvs{cna$ ;99 ngcnnc{av

fag ngsadk}`gfn` ` d` id{fav` o{k}ag nckgsnfff`cav jkcn`gsk f}n*

m`ca ~ cnvs}nm{ncav ck oa}j` `dk`sa}n` {ga ck dav f{`s}a i}{xav

ck s}`s`jnkgsa< klk}fnfna$ cnks`$ cnks` ~ klk}fnfna$ i}{xa fags}ad'

D` ngfnckgfn` f{j{d`sn` ck cn`mkskv dav vknv ðav o{k vnignfff`*

sn`jkgsk jkga} kg dav i}{xav ck ngsk}kgfnög fag klk}fnfna kg

fajx`}`fnög fag kd i}{xa fags}ad %klk}fnfna: 30 +2 klk}fnfna ~ cnk*

s`: 3?+2 cnks`: 33+2 fags}ad: ?5 +.' Kvs` cnok}kgfn` j`gs{a v{vnignfff`fnög ngfd{va s}`v kd `l{vsk xa} cnok}kgfn`v `d ngnfna kg kd

êgcnfk ck j`v` fa}xa}`d ~ id{fkjn` m`v`d'

@di{g`v knckgfn`v$ s`jmnîg `fk}f` ck d` kokfsnnc`c ck d` ng*

sk}kgfnög vam}k kd kvsnda ck nc`$ ck}n`g ck as}a kvs{cna `dk`sa*

}n|`ca$ kd Onggnve Cn`mkskvX}kkgsnag Vs{c~$ kg kd p{k d` ngfnckg*

fn` f{j{d`sn` ck cn`mkskv o{k ckd 00 + kg kd i}{xa ck ngsk}kg*

fnög ~ ck =6 + kg kd i}{xa fags}ad' Kg kd i}{xa ck ngsk}kgfnögsk}`xî{snf` vk }k`dn|`}ag f`jmnav cnksîsnfav ~ d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}*

fnfna oêvnfa %jêgnja 68 jng{sav `d cê` ~ ck jack}`c` ngskgvnc`c.

fag {g amlksna ck xî}cnc` xagck}`d ck `d jkgav kd ; +'

D` }kc{ffnög }kd`sn` ckd }nkvia s`gsa kg CXX faja kg kd kvs{*

cna ck S{ajndkesa o{k d` jnvj`$ ck {g ;5 +' Xa} da s`gsa$ kunvsk

{g` knckgfn` ff}jk ~ fagvnvskgsk `fk}f` ck p{k dav x}ai}`j`v

sk}`xî{snfav p{k ngfd{~kg {g ngf}kjkgsa ck d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~



6>



{g` xî}cnc` jack}`c` ck xkva }kc{fkg d` ngfnckgfn` ck cn`mk*

skv jkddns{v snxa = kg ngcnnc{av fag ngsadk}`gfn` ` d` id{fav`'

Kg fags}`vsk ` da p{k v{fkck kg d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =$ ga

kunvskg knckgfn`v fagngfkgskv `fk}f` ck d` jkla}ê` ckd fags}ad

id{fîjnfa fag kd klk}fnfna kg d` cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa 0' Kvsk ek*

fea vk ckmk x}kv{jnmdkjkgsk {g` jkga} njxa}s`gfn` ck d` }kvnv*

skgfn` d` ngv{dng` kg d` ffvnax`sadaiê` ck kvs` üdsnj`'Vng kjm`}ia$

fag d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa vk x{kck amskgk} {g jnvja fag*

s}ad id{fîjnfa$ `{gp{k fag jkgav cavnv ck ngv{dng` fag kokfsav

o`a}`mdkv ð`cncav vam}k enxk}skgvnög }sk}n`d ~ as}av o`fsa}kv ck}nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`}$ ckjàv ck dav ck f`}àfsk} xvnfadöinfa'

Amkvnc`c

Kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa kv {g` njxa}s`gsk sk}`xn` fa`c~{`gsk d` cnk*

s` x`}` kd `df`gfk ~ j`gskgnjnkgsa ck d` xî}cnc` xagck}`d' X`}k*

fk vk} kokfsna kg kd j`gskgnjnkgsa ` d`}ia xd`|a ck d` xî}cnc`

xagck}`d ~ kv {ga ck dav jàv xaskgskv o`fsa}kv x}agövsnfav ck

fags}ad ckd xkva ` d`}ia xd`|a' D` j`~a}ê ck dav kvs{cnav fags}a*d`cav j{kvs}` vöda {g` jackvs` }kc{ffnög xagck}`d %=*6 bi. kg

kd i}{xa `vnig`ca `d klk}fnfna' F{`gca vk `ð`ck d` cnks` ` d` kv*

s}`skin` sk}`xî{snf`$ d` xî}cnc` xagck}`d jkcn` kv ck 5$; bi'

Xa} as}` x`}sk$ d` fajxavnfnög fa}xa}`d ~ d` cnvs}nm{fnög ck d`

i}`v` kvsàg j{~ }kd`fnag`c`v fag d` ja}s`dnc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}

~ x{kckg jkla}`} fag d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa' Dav ngcnn*

c{av ck `jmav vkuav oêvnf`jkgsk `fsnav snkgkg {g fafnkgskfngs{} ! f`ck}` jàv o`a}`mdk p{k dav ngcnnc{av vkckgs`}nav'

Vnvskj` ffm}ngadê snfa

Kunvskg knckgfn`v fk}f` ckd xavnmdk kokfsa mkgkfffnava ckd klk}*

fnfna vam}k kd vnvskj` ffm}ngadêsnfa fag {g` jkla}ê` kg cksk}jng`*

cav x`}àjks}av ekjavsàsnfav `vafn`cav ` s}ajmavnv' @vê$ d`

x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfnav ck }kvnvskgfn` c{}`gsk jàv ck vknv jkvkv

kg xamd`fnög ck kc`c ``g|`c` vk e` fa}}kd`fnag`ca fag {g` cnv*



38

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


jng{fnög kg dav gnkdkv ck ffm}ngöikga %06 +.$ {g `{jkgsa ckd `f*

sn`ca} snv{d`} ckd xd`vjngöikga ~ {g` }kc{ffnög ckd X @N*0'

D` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna ck jack}`c` ngskgvnc`c c{}`gsk afea

vkj`g`v kg `}agkv s`jmnîg }kc{la d` `cekvnög xd`p{ks`}n`$

s`gsa kg }kxava faja s}`v klk}fnfna$ kg fajx`}`fnög fag fag*

s}adkv fag {g }ksa}ga ` dav `da}kv m`v`dkv ` d`v 0= vkj`g`v'

S`jmnîg vk e` caf{jkgs`ca {g` fa}}kd`fnög ngk}v` kgs}k kd

klk}fnfna ~ d` nvfavnc`c xd`vjàsnf` kg {g kvs{cna amvk}`fna*

g`d fag 6';== ngcnnc{av' As}av kvs{cnav e`g ckjavs}`ca {g

kokfsa o`a}`mdk vam}k kg|nj`v ffm}ngadêsnf`v kg lökgkv ~ kg x`*fnkgskv s}`v ngo`}sa `i{ca ck jnaf`}cna'

Eàmnsa s`màp{nfa

@d jkgav afea kvs{cnav e`g ku`jng`ca kd kokfsa c~{`gsk ckd

klk}fnfna vam}k kd `m`gcaga ckd eàmnsa s`màp{nfa$ `{gp{k d` j`*

~a}ê` ck dav kvs{cnav vag xkp{kðav ~ dav }kv{ds`cav ga kvsàg v{*

lksav ` {g jks`gàdnvnv fajx`}`sna' Kunvskg }kv{ds`cav p{k ``*

d`g {g 00$> + ck `mvsngkgfn `d `ða kgs}k dav ngcnnc{av vajksncav` {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna o}kgsk ` {g ;$3+ kg kd i}{xa fags}ad'

Kvsav c`sav$ `{gp{k x}kdnjng`}kv$ x`}kfkg ngcnf`} p{k d` `fsnn*

c`c oêvnf` o`fndns` kd `m`gcaga ckd eàmnsa s`màp{nfa ` d`}ia xd`|a

jkcn`gsk kd ngf}kjkgsa ck d` s`v` ck ckve`mns{`fnög ngnfn`d'

Mkgkfffnav kg i}{xav ck kc`c v g|`c`

Kd ckv`}}adda ~ j`gskgnjnkgsa ck d` }kvnvskgfn` `k}ömnf`$ k*unmndnc`c kg d`v `}snf{d`fnagkv ~ o{k}|` j{vf{d`} vag o`fsa}kv

njxa}s`gskv vn vk fagvnck}` d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna kg i}{xav

ck kc`c ``g|`c`' Ngcnnc{av ck `jmav vkuav$ kg kvsav i}{xav ck

kc`c$ j{kvs}`g {g` jkla}ê` fajx`}`mdk kg x}ai}`j`v ck klk}*

fnfna f{`gca v{ f{jxdnjnkgsa kv kdk`ca' @ckjàv$ d` x}àfsnf`

ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa s`gsa `k}ömnfa faja ck }kvnvskgfn` x{kck

x}adagi`} v{ `{sagajê` ` jàv d`}ia xd`|a kg `fsnnc`ckv fasn*

cn`g`v' D` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ck }kvnvskgfn` `nvd`ca snk*



30



gk vad`jkgsk {g kokfsa jack}`ca vam}k o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia f`}*

cna`vf{d`} kg fajx`}`fnög fag kd klk}fnfna `k}ömnfa$ xk}a

`xa}s` kokfsav mkgkfffnavav vam}k kd jks`madnvja enc}af`}ma*

g`ca jkcn`gsk kd ckv`}}adda ~ j`gskgnjnkgsa ck d` j`v` j{v*

f{d`} ~ xa} v{ kokfsa vam}k kd jks`madnvja m`v`d' @vê$ d` x}àfsn*

f` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg kvsk i}{xa ck xamd`fnög vk }kfajnkgc`

ck oa}j` vnvskjàsnf` xa} v{ kokfsa o`a}`mdk vam}k d` o{k}|` ~

j`v` j{vf{d`}$ ckgvnc`c jngk}`d övk`$ f`x`fnc`c o{gfnag`d$

`vê faja xa} d` x}kkgfnög ~ }ke`mndns`fnög ck x}amdkj`v j{v*

f{davp{kdîsnfav' D` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna kg i}{xav ck kc`c

``g|`c` kv s`g vki{}` faja mkgkfffnav` kg d` jkla}` ck d` k*unmndnc`c ~ d` f`dnc`c ck nc`'

Mkgkfffnav xvnfadöinfav

@ckjàv ck dav mkgkfffnav oêvnfav ckd klk}fnfna$ d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}*

fnfna oêvnfa `k}ömnfa ck fa}s` ~ d`}i` c{}`fnög vk `vafn` fag {g`

jkla}ê` kg `}nav êgcnfkv o{gfnag`dkv xvnfadöinfav' Kvs{cnav

s}`gvk}v`dkv }kkd`g p{k$ fajx`}`cav fag ngcnnc{av vkckgs`*}nav$ d`v xk}vag`v `fsn`v x}kvkgs`g jkla}kv }kv{ds`cav kg kvf`*

d`v ck o{gfnög faignsn`$ ckj{kvs}`g {g` }kvx{kvs` f`}cna`vf{*

d`} }kc{fnc` `d kvs}îv ~ jkgav vêgsaj`v ck `gvnkc`c ~ ckx}kvnög'

Kg ngcnnc{av p{k ngf}kjkgs`g v{v gnkdkv ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf` ga

vk `x}kfn` {g j`~a} }nkvia ck ckx}kvnög kg }kd`fnög fag p{kddav

p{k ~` k}`g `fsnav' Vng kjm`}ia$ p{nkgkv k}`g fsnav ~ vk enfnk*

}ag ng`fsnav x}kvkgs`g 0$; kfkv jàv }nkvia ck ckx}kvnög'

Kd klk}fnfna }kc{fk d` ckx}kvnög kg eajm}kv v`gav ck kc`c

``g|`c`$ kg ngcnnc{av fag kgok}jkc`c f`}cn`f` ~ ckx}kvnög

j`~a}' Kd klk}fnfna s`jmnîg jkla}` d` `{safagff`g|` ~ `{sakvsn*

j`$ `skgü` d`v }kvx{kvs`v f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ gk{}ae{ja}`dkv

`d kvs}îv jkgs`d ~ }kc{fk `di{gav snxav ck fajxa}s`jnkgsa'

@{gp{k kd klk}fnfna ikgk}`djkgsk ga e` ckjavs}`ca jkla}`} d`v

o{gfnagkv faignsn`v$ xk}nacav fa}sav ck klk}fnfna x{kckg skgk}

` fa}sa xd`|a kokfsav o`a}`mdkv'



3=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Mkgkfffnav kfagöjnfav

Dav mkgkfffnav kfagöjnfav p{k d` x}àfsnf` ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa x{kck

skgk} vam}k d` v`d{c vag v{vs`gfn dkv ~ x{kckg njxdnf`} {g` }kc{f*

fnög g{`d ck dav favskv jîcnfav cn}kfsav fag xaskgfn`dkv ea}}av vn

vk `xdnf`g ` sac` d` xamd fnög' Kvsk mkgkfffna e` ck vk} s`jmnîg fag*

vnck}`ca kg d` }kd`fnög favsk*mkgkfffna ck d` }ke`mndns`fnög f`}cn`f`'

Mnmdnai}ò ê

K~}k E$ Bèg ]$ ]amk}svag ]J$ O@E @ `gc sek @FV ! @C@ ! @E @ Fadd`ma}`*

snk Y}nsngi Fajjnsskk' X}kkgsngi f`gfk}$ f`}cna`vf{d`} cnvk`vk$ `gccn`mkskv< ` fajjag ìkgc` oa} sek @jk}nf`g F`gfk} Vafnks~$ sek @jk}n*f`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag$ `gc sek @jk}nf`g Ek`}s @vvafn`snag' F @ F`g*fk} L Fdng' =8832 ;3%3.< 0>8*=89'

Oadbngv FE$ Vnjk YK' Xe~vnf`d ffsgkvv s}`ngngi `gc jkgs`d ek`dse' @j L

Xv~fead' 0>502 6?< 696*65>'

B`s|j`}| ~b XS$ L`gvvkg N' Sek kfagajnf favsv `vvafn`skc ynse xe~vnf`dng`fsnns~ `gc amkvns~ ng F`g`c`< `g {xc`sk' F`g L @xxd Xe~vnad' =883 2=>%0.< >8*00;'

Bgaydk}YF$ M`}}ks*Fagga} K$ Oaydk} VK$ E`jj`g]O$ D`feng LJ$Y`db*k} K@$ G`se`g CJ$ Cn`mkskv X}kkgsnag X}ai}`j ]kvk`}fe I}a{x' ]k*c{fsnag ng sek ngfnckgfk ao s~xk = cn`mkskv ynse dnokvs~dk ngsk}kgsnag a}jksoa}jng' G Kgid LJkc' =88=2 63?< 6>6*386'

B}`{vYK ks d' Kookfsv ao sek `ja{gs gc ngskgvns~ ao kuk}fnvk ag xd`vj`dnxax}askngv' G Kgid LJkc' =88=2 639%0>.< 0'356*0'3>='

Vekxe`}c ] L$ M`d`c~IL' Kuk}fnvk v f`}cna`vf{d`} sek}`x~' Fn}f{d`snag'0>>>2 >>%9.< >?6*>9='

Vni`d ] L$ Bkgg~ IX$ Y`vvk}j`g C$ F`vs`ðkc`*Vfkxx` F' Xe~vnf`d `fsnn*

s~ ! kuk}fnvk `gc s~xk = cn`mkskv' Cn`mkskvF`}k' =8832 =9%0>.< =';05*=';6>'

Vs}`ssag L] ks d' Kookfsv ao xe~vnf`d fagcnsnagngi ag ffm}ngadnsnf `}n`mdkv`gc ffm}ngaikg ng ~a{gi `gc adc ek`dse~ `c{dsv' Fn}f{d`snag' 0>>02 56<

0'?>=*0'?>9'

Seajxvag XC$ ks `d' Kuk}fnvk gc xe~vnf`d `fsnns~ ng sek x}kkgsnag `gcs}k`sjkgs ao `sek}avfdk}asnf f`}cna`vf{d`} cnvk`vk' Fn}f{d`snag' =8862089%=3.< 6'08>*6'00?'

[vvek} JE$ Ykvs ]$ S`~da} @E$ JfKykg @' Kuk}fnvk ngsk}kgsnagv oa}vjabngi fkvv`snag' Fafe}`gk C`s`m`vk V ~vs ]k' =888 2%6.<FC88==>;



36

F' Fajkdd`v

@' I{snî}}k|

Ngs}ac{ffnög

Kg d` x}ajafnög ck d` v`d{c$ d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` a klk}fnfna oêvnfa

kv {g` ck d`v jkcnc`v p{k fags}nm{~kg kg i}`g jkcnc` ` jkla}`}

d` kvxk}`g|` ~ d` f`dnc`c ck nc` ck d` xamd`fnög' Kd jaca ck nc`

`fs{`d e` ddk`ca {g` kunvskgfn` f`c` k| jàv vkckgs`}n`'

Gnkdkv jack}`cav ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa x}ac{fkg mkgkfffnav

fagvnck}`mdkv$ dav jîcnfav ck `skgfnög x}nj`}n` snkgkg kd ckmk}ck ngoa}j`} ` v{v x`fnkgskv ~ `fagvkl`} ~ x}kvf}nmn} klk}fnfna

oêvnfa ck oa}j` `ckf{`c`'

D` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ga kv ni{`d kg sacav dav i}{xav

ck x`fnkgskv$ ckxkgck}à ck d` kc`c$ ckd vkua$ ck d`v x}kok}kgfn`v ~

kgok}jkc`ckv ck m`vk kunvskgskv' D` cn`mkskv kv {g` ck d`v `okf*

fnagkv p{k x{kckg mkgkfffn`}vk ck {g` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` `ckf{`c`'

Kd amlksna ck kvsk `x`}s`ca kv fagvsns{n} {g ngvs}{jkgsa à*

dnca x`}` dav x}aokvnag`dkv p{k vk ngsk}kvkg kg kd skj` ck fsnn*

c`c oêvnf` ~ v`d{c'

K`d{`fnög jîcnfa*ckxa}sn` x}kn` `d klk}fnfna

Kv njxa}s`gsk }k`dn|`} {g` `da}`fnög jîcnf` `gskv ck ngnfn`} kd

x}ai}`j`$ `vê faja {g` `x}axn`c` }knvnög jîcnfa*ckxa}sn`'

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna'Kv`d{`fnög fdêgnf`jîcnfa*ckxa}snv`



33

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


±Xa} p{î d` k`d{`fnög jîcnf`1

• X`}` v`mk} vn kunvsk f{`dp{nk} kgok}jkc`c p{k x{kc` j`gn*

okvs`}vk a `i}``}vk fag kd klk}fnfna' E`~ xk}vag`v p{k fa}}kg

{g `dsa }nkvia `d e`fk} klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ ckmkg dnjns`}vk ` x}`f*

snf`}da ügnf`jkgsk fag v{xk}nvnög jîcnf`'

• D` ngoa}j`fnög amskgnc` kg {g` k`d{`fnög jîcnf` x{kck

{v`}vk x`}` ckv`}}add`} d` xd`gnfff`fnög ~ x}ai}`j`fnög ckd

klk}fnfna ~ d`v xavnmndnc`ckv ck }kgcnjnkgsa'

• X`}` d` x}kkgfnög ck dkvnagkv ` gnkd j{vf{davp{kdîsnfa'

@{gp{k {g` k`d{`fnög jîcnf` idam`d kv üsnd ~ ckvk`mdk gskv ck

d` x}ai}`j`fnög ck klk}fnfnav x`}` saca kd j{gca$ îvs` kv njx}kv*

fngcnmdk x`}` d`v xk}vag`v ck `dsa }nkvia ck kgok}jkc`ckv fa}ag`*

}n`v a ck vêgsaj`v ck s}`vsa}gav f`}cnax{djag`}kv a jks`mödnfav$

kg eajm}kv j`~a}kv ck 38 `ðav ~ j{lk}kv j`~a}kv ck ;8'

O`fsa}kv x}ngfnx`dkv ck }nkvia fa}ag`}na @ fagsng{`fnög$ vk kg{jk}`g dav x}ngfnx`dkv o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia fa*

}ag`}na$ vkiüg dav c`sav ckd @jk}nf`gFaddkik ao V xa}svJkcnfngk'

• Cn`igövsnfa ck enxk}skgvnög a x}kvnög }sk}n`d vnvsödnf` v{*

xk}na} ` 0?8 a cn`vsödnf` v{xk}na} ` >8 jjEi$ a fag jkcnf`fnög

`gsnenxk}skgvn`'

• Fadkvsk}ad vî}nfa v{xk}na} ?$=8 jjad ! D %v{xk}na} ` =38 ji ! cD.'

• O{j`ca}'

• Cn`mkskv jkddns{v'

• Envsa}n` o`jndn`} ck kgok}jkc`ckv fa}ag`}n`v a ck as}`v

kgok}jkc`ckv `sk}avfdk}ösnf`v kg x`c}kv a kg ek}j`gav `gskv

ck dav;;

`ð

av'



3;

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna'

K `d{`fnög fdê gnf` jîcnfa*ckxa}sn`'

Vnvskjà snf` ck {g k u jkg jîcnfa*ckxa}sna x}kna

Envsa}n` fdêgnf`

D` }k`dn|`fnög ck d` envsa}n` fdêgnf` ckmk vk} kue`{vsn` ~ cks`*

dd`c`$ ~ }kf`m`} dav vni{nkgskv c`sav'

• @gskfkckgskv o`jndn`}kv ck ngsk}îv< vk ckmk ngc`i`} o{gc`*

jkgs`djkgsk vam}k kgok}jkc`ckv fa}ag`}n`v$ j{k}sk vümns`$

cn`mkskv ~ `dsk}`fnagkv dnxêcnf`v'

• @gskfkckgskv x`sadöinfav xk}vag`dkv< kv x}kfnva }kf`m`}

ngoa}j`fnög vam}k d`v kgok}jkc`ckv x`ckfnc`v ~ d`v `fs{`dkv$ ng*i}kvav eavxns`d`}nav$ ngsk}kgfnagkv p{n}ü}inf`v ~ jkcnf`fnagkv'

• @dk}in`v'

• Eàmnsav söunfav< `dfaead$ s`m`fa$ as}av 

• @dnjkgs`fnög< güjk}a ck saj`v `d cê`$ snxav ck `dnjkgsav$

f`gsnc`c ck `i{`'

• ]nsja v{kða ! nindn`< ea}`v ck v{kða$ s{}ga d`ma}`d$ ngvajgna'

• Envsa}n`d ckxa}sna< ckxa}sk$ gnkd ckxa}sna$ }nsja ck faj*

xksnfnagkv$ güjk}a ck ea}`v ck ckcnf`fnög vkj`g`d$ ngskgvnc`c

ckd kgs}kg`jnkgsa'

• Envsa}n`d d`ma}`d< snxa ck s}`m`la %`fsna$ vkckgs`}na.$ v{v*s`gfn`v söunf`v'

• Kg j{lk}kv< kc`c ck d` x}njk}` jkgvs}{`fnög$ f`gsnc`c ck

xî}cnc`v jkgv{`dkv$ cê`v kgs}k fnfdav$ cê`v ck xî}cnc`v$ cada}'

Kg ckxa}snvs`v j`~a}kv$ kc`c ck d` jkgax`{vn`'

• X}ki{gs`v i{ê`<

‖ ±F{àgca vk dk e` kokfs{`ca d`ü

dsnj` `g`dêsnf`1



3?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


‖ ±E` skgnca vkgv`fnög ck o`sni`$ kckj`v kg d`v kus}kjnc`*

ckv ngok}na}kv$ sav xk}vnvskgsk$ enxk}}k`fsnnc`c m}agp{n`d$

`vj` ck kvo{k}|a$ cnvgk` gafs{}g`$ s`p{nf`}cn` `gsk xkp{kðav

kvo{k}|av 1

‖ ± @diüg jîcnfa dk e` cn`igavsnf`ca {g x}amdkj` f`}cn`fa1

±E` gas`ca cada} kg kd xkfea `d }k`dn|`} `diüg kvo{k}|a a kg

}kxava c{}`gsk kd üdsnja jkv1

‖ ±E` xk}cnca kd fagafnjnkgsa a kd kp{ndnm}na xa} vkgsn}vk j`*

}k`ca1

‖ ±X`ckfk `di{g` `dk}in`v f{sàgk`v a }kvxn}`sa}n`v1

‖ ±E` v{o}nca o}`fs{}`v$ `}s}avnv$ cada} }snf{d`} ngkvxkfêfffa$avskaxa}avnv 1

F ng k gs}a x a jk s}ê` '

K vs {c na ck d` fa jx avnfn ö g fa} x a}`d

Vk s}`s` ck {g` vk}nk ck jkcnc`v x}asafadn|`c`v p{k vn}kg x`}`

cksk}jng`} {gav x`}àjks}av p{k$ `d fajx`}`}d`v fag kd }kvsa

ck d` xamd`fnög$ x{kckg `~{c`} `d fagafnjnkgsa ck d`v f`}`fsk*

}êvsnf`v oêvnf`v ck dav ckxa}snvs`v'

• Kd êgcnfk ck j`v` fa}xa}`d cn`igavsnf`}à {g m`la xkva kg

}kd`fnög fag d` s`dd`$ vam}kxkva a {g i}`ca ck amkvnc`c'Ckskfs`

kvs`cav ck j`dg{s}nfnög$ vam}k`dnjkgs`fnög a s}`vsa}gav ck

fagc{fs` `dnjkgs`}n`'

• ]kd`fnög xkva*s`dd` vkiüg d` kc`c$ s`dd` v{xk}na} ` d` ga}*

j`d$ ni{`d a ngok}na}'

• Fajxavnfnög fa}xa}`d< jàv p{k d` }kd`fnög xkva*s`dd`$ kg

dav ckxa}snvs`v x}axa}fnag` {g` jkla} ngoa}j`fnög d` fajxavn*

fnög fa}xa}`d$ p{k xk}jnsk `da}`} kd xa}fkgs`lk ck i}`v`$ kd

j{vf{d`} ~ kd övka' Da nck`d kv {g xa}fkgs`lk i}`va xkp{kða ~

{ga m{kga j{vf{d`}' Kvsa ngoa}j`}à ck d` fagvsns{fnög ckd ngcn*

nc{a a vaj`sasnxa$ vn v{ fagvsns{fnög kv x}kcajng`gskjkgsk

jkvajö}fff`$ kfsajö}fff` a kgcajö}fff`'



39



Dav }kv{ds`cav amskgncav kg kd kvs{cna vk x{kckg fajx`}`}

fag d` fagvsns{fnög ck dav ckxa}snvs`v ckd jnvja ckxa}sk$ da p{k

xk}jnsk kd fagvkla ckxa}sna fagvnck}`gca v{ fagvsns{fnög ~ kd

ckxa}sk kvfainca'

D` fngk`gs}axajks}ê` ga kv {g kvs{cna njx}kvfngcnmdk x`}` kd

ckxa}snvs` }kf}k`sna$ xk}a vê p{k }kv{ds` kvsnj{d`gsk kg d`v }kn*

vnagkv xavsk}na}kv xack} `da}`} dav f`jmnav kg v{ fagvsns{fnög'

C ng` j a jk s}ê`

‖ Kvs{cna ck d` o{k}|`$ kus}kjnc`ckv v{xk}na}kv$ fad{jg` ~kus}kjnc`ckv ngok}na}kv'

‖ O{k}|` kuxdavn`$ o{k}|` ck }kvnvskgfn`'

‖ E`~ j{dsns{c ck x}ai}`j`v$ ck x}asafadav ~ ck `x`}`sav cn*

g`jajîs}nfav' X`}` ckxa}snvs`v ck fajxksnfnög$ vk v{kdk {sndn*

|`} d` xd`s`oa}j` ck o{k}|`v snxa skvs ck Mavfa'

K v x n}a jk s}ê` m v`d

Vk s}`s` ck {g` x}{km` ck `da}`fnög o{gfnag`d }kvxn}`sa}n`$ p{kjnck dav {lav ~ adüjkgkv }kvxn}`sa}nav' Vk e` ck }k`dn|`} vnvsk*

jàsnf`jkgsk ` sacav dav ckxa}snvs`v$ ~` p{k x`s}agkv }kvs}nfsnav

kg {g =8 + }kvxkfsa ` dav `da}kv ck }kok}kgfn` e`fkg gkfkv`}na

{g kvs{cna ck enxk}`fsnnc`c m}agp{n`d gsk kd kvo{k}|a'

Kg kvsav f`vav$ vk e`}à d` x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a fag `g`dn|`ca}

ck i`vkv$ fag kvxn}ajks}ê` x}kn` ~ xavskvo{k}|a ` ;$ 08 ~ =8

jng{sav$ `da}`gca vn {jkgs` d` }kvs}nffnög ck dav x`}àjks}av kgsnd`sa}nav' Vn kv xavnsna$ vk}à gkfkv`}n` {g` g{k` x}{km`

fag m}agfacnd`s`ca}kv$ x`}` cksk}jng`} kd i}`ca ck x`sadaiê` ~

a}nkgs`fnög cn`igövsnf`'

K d k fs}af`} c na i }` j k g } kx ava

‖ O}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f`$ ngsk}`da X]$ P]V ~ PS'

‖ Ja}oadaiê` ck d` X ckd fajxdkla P]V ~ agc` S'

‖ Cksk}jng`fnög ckd klk f`}cn`fa'



35

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


E`~ `gaj`dê`v kdkfs}af`}cnai}àfff`v$ fags}ad ckd }nsja$ mda*

p{kav ~ dkvnagkv nvp{îjnf`v p{k fags}`ngcnf`g d` }k`dn|`fnög ck

d` x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a'

K u x da}`fn ö g x a} ` x }`sav ~ vnvs kj v

@x`}`sa f`}cnafn}f{d`sa}na

‖ Fags}ad skgvnag`d$ {g` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d v{xk}na} ` =88 jjEi !

0=8 ~` fags}`ngcnf` d` x}àfsnf` ck d` x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a'

‖ O}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` kg }kxava$ ga}j`d$ m}`cnf`}cn`$ s`p{n*

f`}cn`'

‖ @{vf{ds`fnög f`}cn`f`$ fags}ad ckd }nsja$ vaxdav$ d`sncav`ga}j`dkv$ {g` `}}nsjn` kgs}nf{d`} ga fags}ad`c` kv {g` fag*

s}`ngcnf`fnög mvad{s` x`}` }k`dn|`} d` x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a'

‖ X{dvav xk}noî}nfav'

‖ _`da}`fnög ckd }ksa}ga kgava$ x}kvkgfn` ck ngv{fffnkgfn`

`vf{d`} kus}kjnc`ckv ngok}na}kv a `}nfkv' Kdkfs}af`}cnai}`*

j` kg }kxava ~` fajkgs`ca'

@x`}`sa }kvxn}`sa}na‖ @{vf{ds`fnög x{djag`} %o}kf{kgfn` }kvxn}`sa}n`.'

‖ Fags}ad ê`v }kvxn}`sa}n`v$ m{kg` xk}jk`mndnc`c g`v`d$ ckv*

n`fnagkv ckd s`mnp{k g`v`d'

‖ Fags}ad f`l` sa}àfnf`$ sö}ù kg p{ndd`$ sö}ù kvf`m`s{j$ êg*

cnfk ck jandnc`c sa}àfnf`$ v{xk}na} k ngok}na} a cnò}ìjàsnf`'

‖ Kvxn}ajks}ê` kg }kxava ~` fajkgs`c`'

@x`}`sa cnikv sn va‖ X`dx`fnög `mcajng`d$ fags}ad ck j`v`v a nvfk}ajki`dn`v'

_`da}`} d` x}kvkgfn` ck ek}gn`v'

X`dx`fnög ck i`gidnav dngoà snfav

‖ X}kvkgfn` ck `ckgax`sê`v a `ckgnsnv'

Ku`jkg gk{}adöinfa

‖ Vkgvnmndnc`c$ |ag`v ck gkvskvn` a enxk}kvskvn`'



3>



‖ ]kodklav$ enxa}}kodkun`$ enxk}}kodkun`$ `madnfnög ck }k*

odklav'

‖ O{k}|` ~ saga j{vf{d`}$ `jnas}aon`$ enxk}s}aon`$ kvx`v*

snfnc`c'

O{gfnagkv vkgva}n`dkv

‖ S}`vsa}gav ck nvnög$ fagl{gsnnsnv'

‖ S}`vsa}gav ck {cnfnög$ va}ck}`$ enxa`f{vn`'

Xnkd

‖ Jnfavnv$ xnk ck `sdks`$ `fgî'‖ Kffkj`v$ saxn`$ k}nskj`v$ ck}j`snsnv$ ksf'

Kv s{cna asa}}ngad`}ngiadöinfa

‖ ]ngnsnv$ vng{vnsnv$ asnsnv$ jnic`dnsnv'

Kuxda}`fnög ckg s`d

‖ Kvs}{fs{}`fnög ckgs`}n`$ f`}nkv'

K vs {c na ck d ` x }`sa dafa j asa}

Odk unmndnc`c

‖ M{vf`} ckvkp{ndnm}nav j{vf{d`}kv$ jüvf{dav p{k snkgkg skg*

ckgfn` d `fa}s`jnkgsa$ nvp{nasnmn`dkv$ ikjkdav$ x`}`k}skm}`dkv$

}kfsa gsk}na} ckd f{àc}nfkxv$ kuskgva}kv ck j{ðkf`$ kuskgva}kv

ck dav ckcav ck dav xnkv'

‖ Enxk}d`uns{c'

O{k}|` j{vf{d`}

‖ J{vf{d`s{}` cîmnd$ o}kf{kgskjkgsk dav `mcajng`dkv ~ kd

`vsa ngsk}ga ckd f{àc}nfkxv'

‖ Fags}`fs{}`v'

Ja vndnc`c `}snf{d`}

‖ Fags}ad fajx`}`sna mnd`sk}`d ck d`v `}snf{d`fnagkv'



;8

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Fad{jg` vk}skm}`d

‖ Kg mnxkckvs`fnög< fags}ad xîdnfa$ vn e`~ cnvnjks}ê`v ck ku*

s}kjnc`ckv ngok}na}kv'

‖ Ckvn`fnagkv$ `fsns{c xavs{}`d kvfadnösnf`$ kvfadnavnv$ en*

xk}da}cavnv$ enxk}fnoavnv'

F`ck}`

‖ Klk ga}j`d a fau` v } $ fau` v`di`' @gaj`dê` }as`fnag`d

ck kus}kjnc`ckv ngok}na}kv'

]acndd`

‖ Klk ga}j`d$ ik g{ v }a$ ik g{ v`dia$ ik g{ } kf{ }v`s{j$ ik g{

k u{j'

Xnkv

‖ D`v f`ddavnc`ckv$ vn d`v e`~$ x{kckg x}axa}fnag`} {g` nj*

xa}s`gsk ngoa}j`fnög ckd `xa~a xd`gs`}$ `vê faja s`jmnîg kd

f`d|`ca {v`ca'

‖ Xacavfaxna a fags}ad cngàjnfa xd`gs`}$ xd`s`oa}j` cko{k}|`v'

] k dn | fn ö g ck d` x } {k m ck k v o {k } | a < k } i a jk s}ê`

‖ _`da}`fnög o{gfnag`d ck d` f`x`fnc`c ck s}`m`la oêvnfa ~ ck

d`v `}n`mdkv ffvnadöinf`v ck xaskgfn` ~ }kvnvskgfn`'

‖ Dav amlksnav vag `da}`} d` `xsns{c x`}` kd klk}fnfna$ d` }kv*

x{kvs` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n` ngcnnc{`d `d klk}fnfna ~ kd }kgcn*

jnkgsa$ ~ ckskfs`} x}amdkj`v kg d` }kvx{kvs` `d kvo{k}|a' Kvs`*mdkfk} {g cn`igövsnfa o{gfnag`d'

‖ Kv gkfkv`}na p{k kd ckxa}snvs` kvsî kg saca jajkgsa jagn*

sa}n|`ca x`}` `da}`} kd s}`|`ca kdkfs}af`}cnai}àfffa kg klk}fn*

fna ~ kg d` o`vk ck }kf{xk}`fnög'

‖ D` x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a fagvnvsk kg d` `cjngnvs}`fnög ck

f`}i`v x}ai}kvn`v ck s}`m`la fag ngskgvnc`ckv f}kfnkgskv

p{k vk `xdnf`}àg e`vs` `df`g|`} kd gnkd v{mjàunja ckd }kg*

cnjnkgsa'



;0



‖ Kd x}asafada ckd skvs kdkinca kv gkfkv`}na p{k vk` kd ngcnf`*

ca x`}` v{ gnkd ckxa}sna$ ckxa}sk p{k x}`fsnf` ~ kc`c'

‖ E` ck vk} {g x}asafada kvsàgc`} p{k vk x{kc` }kxksn} kg

cnok}kgskv af`vnagkv$ p{k skgi` ff`mndnc`c ~ `dnck|' Snkgk p{k

}kvxks`} dav ck}kfeav ckd ckxa}snvs` ~ p{k x{kc` x}axa}fnag`}

{g` ngsk}x}ks`fnög cn}kfs` ck dav }kv{ds`cav'

@xdnf`fnagkv x}àfsnf`v

Dav jîcnfav ck o`jndn` snkgkg kd ckmk} ck ¢ x}kvf}nmn}² `fsnn*

c`c oêvnf`$ da p{k kv j{~ cnvsngsa ck ¢`fagvkl`}² `fsnnc`c oêvn*f`' D` x}kvf}nxfnög kv jàv ngcnnc{`dn|`c` kg o{gfnög ck d`v

f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v ckd x`fnkgsk$ x}aokvnög ~ ea}`}nav'

Kg kd caf{jkgsa j`}fa x`}` d` kd`ma}`fnög ckd Xd`g ck V`d{c

ck F`s`d{ð` kg 0>>0$ vk kvs`mdkfk p{k kg kd `ða =888 sacav dav

x}aokvnag`dkv ck d` v`d{c fagafk}àg d` njxa}s`gfn` ck d` x}àfsn*

f` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa }ki{d`} x`}` d` v`d{c ck d` xamd`fnög ~ p{k

vki{}`jkgsk skgc}àg p{k x}kvf}nmn} klk}fnfna oêvnfa {g ;8 + ckv{v x`fnkgskv'

Kv njxa}s`gsk ngfa}xa}`} kg d` envsa}n` fdêgnf` e`mns{`d d`

x}ki{gs` vam}k kd gnkd ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf` 2 kv m{kga nckgsnfff`}

` dav x`fnkgskv p{k ga `df`gfkg kd gnkd$ ngskgs`} p{k kvsav x`*

fnkgskv caxskg {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa }ki{d`}$ ~{c`}

`d x`fnkgsk ` kvfaik} kd snxa ck `fsnnc`c jàv kfff`| x`}` v{ v`*

d{c ~ kvs`mdkfk} amlksnav }k`dnvs`v ~ ` fa}sa xd`|a'

Ga kv e`mns{`d p{k kd jîcnfa ck o`jndn` x{kc` }k`dn|`} {g`

`da}`fnög s`g kue`{vsn` faja d` kuxdnf`c` `gsk}na}jkgsk$

xk}a vê p{k x{kck vk}n} ck x`{s` ck `da}`fnög<

0' D` envsa}n` fdêgnf` ~ x}ki{gs`v i{ê` kv x}àfsnf`jkgsk d`

jnvj` p{k d`v ck `da}`fnög ck v`d{c$ s`g vöda e`fk o`ds` ð`cn}

`di{gav x`}àjks}av'



;=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


=' Kvxn}ajks}ê`$ njx}kvfngcnmdk kg x`fnkgskv fag x}amdkj`v }kv*

xn}`sa}nav$ m}agfagk{jax`sê`v f}ögnf`v$ vj` `dî}inf`$ ksfîsk}`'

6'Fngk`gs}axajks}ê`2 ga kv gkfkv`}na ddk`} ` f`ma sac`v d`v

`da}`fnagkv$ xk}a vê p{k kv `fagvkl`mdk fagafk} kd êgcnfk ck

j`v` fa}xa}`d x}ax{kvsa xa} d` AJV<

Êgcnfk ck j`v` fa}xa}`d :Xkva %bi.

R%Kvs`s{}` %j.Z=

Ga}j`d< 05$;*=3$>

Amkvnc`c i}`ca 0< =;*=>$>

Amkvnc`c i}`ca =< 68*6>$>

Amkvnc`c i}`ca 6< ≫38$8

3' Kd kdkfs}af`}cnai}`j` kv njx}kvfngcnmdk kg f{`dp{nk} kc`c'

Kunvskg cnok}kgskv axngnagkv$ `{gp{k üdsnj`jkgsk vk fagvnck}`

kg j{feav `}sêf{dav faja njx}kvfngcnmdk$ ~` p{k vn}k x`}`nckgsnfff`} ` d`v xk}vag`v p{k gkfkvns`g {g` `da}`fnög jàv ck*

s`dd`c`2 vn e`~ `gskfkckgskv ck j{k}sk vümns` kg {g o`jndn`} cn*

}kfsa `gskv ck dav 38 `ðav$ vk `fagvkl` {g kfaf`}cnai}`j`'

;' O}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ~ x}kvnög `}sk}n`d'

?' @{vf{ds`fnög f`}cn`f` ~ }kvxn}`sa}n` kg }kxava$ x{dvav xk*

}noî}nfav'

9' Kuxda}`fnög gk{}adöinf`$ }kklav$ saga j{vf{d`}'

5'Fags}ad ckd `x`}`sa dafajasa}$ vam}k saca kg x}amdkj`v ck

fad{jg` a ck klk ck kus}kjnc`ckv ngok}na}kv'

>' X}{km` ck kvo{k}|a$ x`}` cksk}jng`} kd fajxa}s`jnkgsa

f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}na c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna ~ d` }kf{xk}`fnög'



;6



Skvs ck E`}`}c

Vk s}`s` ck v{mn} ~ m`l`} ck {g s`m{}ksk ck 38 fj x`}` d`v j{lk*

}kv$ ck ;8 fj x`}` dav eajm}kv ~ ck 6; fj x`}` dav gnðav jkga*

}kv ck 0= `ðav$ vni{nkgca kd }nsja ck {g jks}ögaja ` 0=8'

Vn kv xavnmdk$ ckmk vk} jagnsa}n|`ca$ vn ga da kv$ ckmk {sndn|`}*

vk x{dvêjks}a'

Vk `da}` kd êgcnfk f`}cn`fa a f`x`fnc`c f`}cn`f` x`}` e`fk}

klk}fnfna'

_`da}`fnagkv x}kn`v< x}kvnög `}sk}n`d kg }kxava ~ o}kf{kgfn`

f`}cn`f` kg }kxava'

Klkf{fnög ck d` x}{km`< v{mn} ~ m`l`} ckd s`m{}ksk ` }nsja ckd

jks}ögaja c{}`gsk 6 jng{sav' @d `f`m`}$ x`}`} ~ vkgs`}vk'

_`da}`fnagkv< x}kvnög `}sk}n`d xavsklk}fnfna' O}kf{kgfn` f`}*

cn`f` `d ffg`d$ ` {g jng{sa ck d` }kf{xk}`fnög ~ `d jng{sa ~jkcna'

D` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ckd jng{sa ~ jkcna vk e` ck cnncn}

xa} cav %vn kv 088 vk}à ;8. ~ ` kvsk `da} dk dd`j`jav X0$ p{k kv

{g `da} gkfkv`}na x`}` kd }kv{ds`ca ffg`d'

D` oö}j{d` ck kvsk x}asafada kv<

Êgcnfk f`}cn`fa: Êgcnfk f`}cn`fa< %05'888 ! ;$; X0.

Dav }kv{ds`cav vk ngsk}x}ks`g vkiüg dav vni{nkgskv c`sav<

Kufkdkgsk$ jàv ck >8'

M{kga kgs}k$ 58 ~ 5>'

Ga}j`d kgs}k$ ?; ~ 9>'

]ki{d`} kgs}k$ ;; ~ ?3'

M`la$ jkga} ck

;;'



;3

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Vk `da}` ck g{ka d` }kf{xk}`fnög ck d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ~

d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d'

Ku xdnf`fnagkv ck dav }kv{ds`cav

@ xsns{c x`}` d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn`$ ckxa}sk jàv `fagvkl`ca vk*

iüg v{ kc`c ~ gnkd ckxa}sna$ d` ngskgvnc`c jàv fa}}kfs`$ d`

c{}`fnög$ d` o}kf{kgfn` ~ kd }nsja ck x}ai}kvnög'

D`v jkla}`v p{k vk p{nk}kg fagvki{n} ~ kg p{î `~{c`}àg kg

d`v `fsnnc`ckv ck d` nc` cn`}n`'

Vn x}kvkgs` {g }kv{ds`ca m`la$ vk `fagvkl` {g` j`~a} `da*

}`fnög fag {g x}asafada snxa M}{fk a fag fngs` k}iagöjnf` ~

fag avfndavfaxna' E`~ {g` vk}nk ck x`sadaiê`v ck }nkvia p{k$

vn kvsàg `vafn`c`v ` cn`mkskv$ x{kckg }kp{k}n} kvsk snxa ck

x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a$ faja vag f`}cnax`sê`v k enxk}skgvnög ga

fags}ad`c`'

]kfajkgc`fnagkvx`}` `{jkgs`} kd gnkd ck `fsnnc`c oê vnf`

0' Snxa ck `fsnnc`c' D`v jàv `fagvkl`mdkv vag d`v cngàjnf`v$

fag d` x`}snfnx`fnög ck i}`gckv i}{xav j{vf{d }kv$ ~ `k}ömnf`v$

kv ckfn}$ vng cîfffns ck auêikga %vk x{kck j`gskgk} {g` fe`}d`

jnkgs}`v vk }k`dn|`g$ faja fa}}k} ckvx`fna$ f`jng`}$ g`c`}$ mn*

fnfdks`$ ksf'.'

=' Ngskgvnc`c ck klk}fnfna< ckmk vk} ngcnnc{`dn|`c` x`}` f`c`

xk}vag` ~ e` ck vk} v{fffnkgsk x`}` x}axa}fnag`} {g` jkla}`$ xk}a

vng f`gv`} ckj`vn`ca %;8*?8 + ckd fagv{ja jàunja ck auêikga.'

6'C{}`fnög ckd klk}fnfna$ ck 68 ~ ?8 jng{sav$ fagsng{a a ngsk}*

jnskgsk'

3' D` o}kf{kgfn` ckmk vk} ck 6 `

;cê`v xa} vkj`g`'



;;



;' Vk e` ck x}ai}`j`} {g` x}ai}kvnög fa}}kfs` vkiüg kd gnkd

ck f`c` xk}vag`'

¢E ~ {g klk}fnfna oê vnfa

fa}}kfsa ~ `fagvkl`ca x`}` f`c` {ga²

F{`dp{nk} snxa ck fsnnc`c oêvnf` e` ck kvs`} }kd`fnag`c` fag d`

kc`c$ kd vkua$ d` ffvnadaiê` ~ dav `gskfkckgskv x`sadöinfav' @ dav

x`fnkgskv `okfs`cav ck enxk}skgvnög `}sk}n`d$ f`}cnax`sê`v$ cn`*

mkskv$ kvs}îv { avskaxa}avnv$ vk ckmk x}kvf}nmn} `fsnnc`c oêvnf`

}ki{d`} ~ x`{s`}d` faja `ikgsk sk}`xî{snfa'

Fags}`ngcnf`fnagkv x`}` d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn`

0' Sacav dav x}afkvav kad{snav j`dnigav'

='F`}cnax`sê`v< ngv{fffnkgfn` kgs}nf{d`} n|p{nk}c` i}`k$ f`}*

cnax`sê` ckvfajxkgv`c`$ üsk} ~ ffm}nd`fnög `{}nf{d`}$ mdap{ka

`{}nf{dakgs}nf{d`}$ kus}`vêvsadkv dkvnag`dkv %j{dsnoaf`dkv$ mn*ikjngnvja$ ] vam}k S.$ s`p{nf`}cn` kgs}nf{d`}$ kvskgavnv jn*

s}`d$ f`}cnax`sê` amvs}{fsn`$ àgia} kvxagsàgka k ngo`}sav faj*

xdnf`cav %`vnvsadn`$ `gk{}nvj`v$ kus}`vêvsadkv$ enxk}skgvnög `}*

sk}n`d.'

6' Kgcaf}ngadaiê`< sks`gn` enxaf`dfîjnf`'

3' Gk{}adaiê`< jnax`sê`v$ jn`vskgn`$ kvfdk}avnv d`sk}`d `jna*s}öfff`$ vn}ngiajnkdn`'

;' Ekj`sadöinf`< kgok}jkc`c ck _`p{k|$ ekjax`sê`v j`dnig`v'

E`~ fags}`ngcnf`fnagkv skjxa}`dkv$ faja dav x}afkvav ngokf*

fnavav$ xk}nf`}cnsnv$ s{mk}f{davnv$ enxk}sn}ancnvja `vafn`ca `

s`p{nf`}cn`v$ jkgnginsnv$ ek}gn` ngi{ng`d e`vs` p{k vk kokfsük kd

s}`s`jnkgsa p{n}ü

}infa 



;?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Xavnmdk xd`gsndd` ck }knvnög jîcnfa*ckxa}sn`

C`sav Gajm}kxk}vag`dkv Okfe` ck g`fnjnkgsa

Ckxa}sk p{k x}`fsnf`

@g`jgkvnv @gskfkckgskv o`jndn`}kv

@gskfkckgskv x`sadöinfav x}axnav

@gskfkckgskv p{n}ü}infav

Jkcnf`fnagkv

Eàmnsav söunfav

]kd`fnög v{kða ! nindn`

@gskfkckgskv ingkfadöinfav

Xkva S`dd` Êgcnfk ck j`v` fa}xa}`d O}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` X}kvnög }sk}n`d

kg }kxava kg }kxava

Kvxn}ajks}ê`

Kdkfs}af`}cnai}`j` kg }kxava

@{vf{ds`fnög f`}cn`f`

@{vf{ds`fnög }kvxn}`sa}n` Xk}jk`mndnc`c g`v`d

X`dx`fnög ck x{dvav xk}noî}nfav

X`dx`fnög `mcajng`d

Saga j{vf{d`}

Xnkd

X{xnd`v

Fags}ad acagsadöinfa

Fags}ad `i{ck|` nv{`d

Fags}ad asa}}ngad`}ngiadöinfa

Odkunmndnc`c

O{k}|` j{vf{d`}

Jandnc`c `}snf{d`}

Fad{jg` k}skm}`d

F`ck}` ]acndd` Xnkv



;9



Skvs ck E`}`}c

O}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` Ngjkcn`s`jkgsk

kg }kxava ckvx{îv ck klk}fnfna

]kf{xk}`fnög 0k} jng{sa


X}kvnög }sk}n`d Ngjkcn`s`jkgsk

kg }kxava ckvx{îv ck klk}fnfna



Êgcnfk f`}cn`fa

]nsja c{}`gsk kd skvs

Amvk}`fnagkv vam}k dav }kv{ds`cav



;>

X' @d`vs}{k

Föja jasn`} d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn`

Ngs}ac{ffnög

Kv v`mnca xa} sacav p{k d` x}àfsnf` }ki{d`} ck ckxa}sk a `fsnn*

c`c oêvnf` kv j{~ mkgkfffnav` x`}` kd a}i`gnvja' ]kfnmnjav

fagvs`gskjkgsk ngoa}j`fnög vam}k d`v kgs`l`v ckd klk}fnfna oê*

vnfa ~ gav x}knkgkg ck d`v xavnmdkv fagvkf{kgfn`v gki`sn`v

ckd vkckgs`}nvja' Xk}a da fnk}sa kv p{k sac`ê` {g` i}`g x`}sk

ck d` xamd`fnög ga e`fk gngiüg snxa ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ck oa}j`}ki{d`}' Ga vk s}`s`$ x{kv$ ck {g` f{kvsnög ck ckvngoa}j`fnög'

Faja s`jxafa kv {g x}amdkj` ck o`ds` ck aok}s`$ ~` p{k fagv*

s`gskjkgsk gav ddki`g x}ajafnagkv ~ aok}s`v x`}` `ffkck} `

ngvs`d`fnagkv ckxa}sn`v fag m`la favsk ~ fag {g`v ngo}`kvs}{f*

s{}`v `ckf{`c`v ` f{`dp{nk} {v{`}na'

Xa} da s`gsa$ ±` p{î vk ckmk kd ekfea ck p{k d` ikgsk ga e`i` da

p{k v`mk p{k dk x{kck mkgkfffn`} ~ p{k$ `ckjàv$ x{kck kns`}dk}nkviav ~ `dsk}`fnagkv x`}` v{ a}i`gnvja1$ ~ da p{k }kv{ds` jàv

x}kaf{x`gsk$ ±p{î ddk` ` {g` xk}vag` ` `m`gcag`} {g` `fsnn*

c`c oêvnf` snkjxa ckvx{îv ck e`mk}d` ngnfn`ca1

X`}` kgfags}`} }kvx{kvs`v kvs`v x}ki{gs`v e`m}à p{k fagvnck*

}`} `vxkfsav x}axnav ck d` xk}vag` faja d` jasn`fnög$ d`v kuxkf*

s`sn`v$ njxkcnjkgsav x`}` d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn`$ xk}vag`dnc`c 

Vn$ ckvck kd x{gsa ck nvs` jîcnfa$ vk fagvnck}` axa}s{ga }kfa*

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna'Jîsacav ck

`cekvnög ~ jasn`fnög



?8

Mnmdnaskf` VKC

Cn`mk skv ~ klk}fnfna

jkgc`} {g x}ai}`j` ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf` ` {g` xk}vag` fag cn`mk*

skv a ngoa}j`} ` dav x`fnkgskv fag }nkvia ck vk} cn`mîsnfav ck p{k

kd klk}fnfna x{kck x}kkgn} d` cn`mkskv$ `gskv e`m}à p{k fagvnck}`}

sacav kvsav o`fsa}kv x`}` xack} a}nkgs`} ck oa}j` kokfsn` ` d` xk}*

vag` ~ i`}`gsn|`} v{ `cekvnög `d klk}fnfna oêvnfa }ki{d`}'

@vxkfsav p{k vk ckmkg skgk} kg f{kgs`

`gsk d` ngskgfnög ck x}`fsnf`} klk}fnfna oêvnfa

Jasnv`fnög

Kv gkfkv`}na fagafk} p{î kv da p{k }k`djkgsk jasn` ` d` xk}va*

g` p{k gkfkvns` vk} s}`s`c`' @di{gav x`fnkgskv ga snkgkg gngiügsnxa ck ngsk}îv e`fn` dav x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa' Kg kvsav

f`vav$ vk cn}ê` p{k d` xk}vag` ga kvsà jasn`c`'

Kvs` `ff}j`fnög kv x`}fn`djkgsk fnk}s`$ ~` p{k vk x{kck fag*

vnck}`} p{k kvs` xk}vag` ga f}kk p{k d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` a kd ck*

xa}sk x{kc`g v`snvo`fk} gngi{g` ck v{v gkfkvnc`ckv màvnf`v'

[g x}ngfnxna kdkjkgs`d ck d` jasn`fnög kv kd vni{nkgsk x}ngfnxna<¢da p{k jasn` ` {g` xk}vag` kv v`snvo`fk} v{v gkfkvnc`ckv²'

Kv ckfn}$ vn vk snkgk kg f{kgs` kvs` `ff}j`fnög$ }kv{ds` knckg*

sk k njx}kvfngcnmdk v`mk} f{àdkv vag d`v gkfkvnc`ckv ckd x`fnkg*

sk ~ vn ckgs}a ck îvs`v vk kgf{kgs}` d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn`' Kg kd

f`va ck p{k d` xk}vag` kgf{kgs}k gkfkv`}na x}`fsnf`} ckxa}sk$

s`jmnîg e`~ p{k xd`gsk`}vk fag p{î ngskgfnög da e`fk %kvsîsnf`$

v`d{c$ nc` vafn`d$ cnk}vnög$ x`}` }kc{fn} kd }nkvia ck fajxdnf`*fnagkv ck d` cn`mkskv$ x`}` ngskgs`} jkla}`} kd fags}ad jks`mödn*

fa ck v{ cn`mkskv$ j`gskgk} kd xkva$ cnvjng{n} d` `gvnkc`c .'

Vk s}`s`$ x{kv$ ck `k}ni{`} ck p{î j`gk}` d` x}àfsnf` ckd ck*

xa}sk x{kck i`}`gsn|`} p{k kvs`v gkfkvnc`ckv }k`djkgsk vk f{*

m}`g ~ e`fk} p{k d` xk}vag` vk cî f{kgs` ck kdda' Xa} klkjxda$ vn

{g` xk}vag` kvsà xafa jasn`c` xa} v{ nj`ikg oêvnf` xk}a j{*

fea xa} e`fk} g{k`v `jnvs`ckv$ kd `k}ömnf dk }kv{ds`}à xafa



?0


Jî sacav ck `cekvnög ~ jasn v`fnög

jasn`ca} xa}p{k dk v{xagk j{fea kvo{k}|a2 kg f`jmna$ {g`

fd`vk ck injg`vn` v{`k dk x{kck i`}`gsn|`} p{k ` ` f{m}n} v{v

gkfkvnc`ckv vng gngiüg snxa ck ngfagkgnkgskv'

Amlk snva v

As}a ck dav sî}jngav {sndn|`cav x`}` gajm}`} d`v gkfkvnc`ckv

kv kd ck amlksnav' Da p{k jasn` ` d` ikgsk kv fagvki{n} `p{kdda

p{k vk e` j`}f`ca$ v{v jks`v' Knckgskjkgsk e`~ amlksnav p{k

ga vag xk}fnmncav xa} d` xk}vag` faja {g` gkfkvnc`c$ xk}a dav

p{k vag fagvnck}`cav faja `dia gkfkv`}na vag dav p{k d` xk}va*

g` m{vf` fag jàv cksk}jng`fnög ~ vag dav p{k ngc{fkg ` {g`fagc{fs` xk}vkk}`gsk'

J{fe`v kfkv {g` xk}vag` kv ckj`vn`ca kunikgsk fag v{v jks`v

~ vk f}k` {g`v kuxkfs`sn`v p{k vag ckvjkv{}`c`v vam}k dav mkgkff*

fnav p{k d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn` dk x{kck }kxa}s`} ` fa}sa xd`|a' Kvsa$

ngckokfsnmdkjkgsk$ fagddk` kd m`gcaga$ ~` p{k k föja v{v amlksn*

av p{kc`g dklav$ x}aafàgcadk o}{vs}`fnög' Xa} as}a d`ca$ dav amlk*

snav p{k }kv{ds`g ckj`vn`ca oàfndkv ck fagvki{n} vag xk}fnmncav xa} d` xk}vag` faja xafa jasn`ca}kv$ xa} da p{k kd }ksa vk ckv`*

gkfk' Vn {g` xk}vag` d` p{k vk dk }kfajnkgc` e`fk} klk}fnfna j`gn*

ffkvs` {g`v jks`v ckv`l{vs`c`v$ ~` vk` xa} kufkva a mnkg xa} ckokf*

sa$ e`~ p{k e`fk}dk }kkunag`} ~ javs}`}dk p{k ck kvs` j`gk}` ga

xac}à j`gskgk} v{ ngsk}îv ~ axs`}à }àxnc`jkgsk xa} `m`gcag`}'

Xa} as}a d`ca$ vk ckmk skgk} kg f{kgs` p{k dav amlksnav e`g ck

kvs`} j{~ mnkg ckffgncav$ kgskgcnkgca p{k e`~ amlksnav ` d`}ia$jkcna ~ fa}sa xd`|a'

J{fe`v kfkv d`v xk}vag`v vk xd`gsk`g amlksnav d`}ia xd`|a

xk}a ga fagvnck}`g dav amlksnav ngsk}jkcnav$ gn xnkgv`g kg

f{àdkv `g ` vk} d`v jks`v fasncn`g`v x`}` p{k ffg`djkgsk vk

x{kc` fagvki{n} kd amlksna' Xa} kdda$ kv x}kfnva jkgs`dn|`} ` d`

xk}vag` ck p{k e` ck fagvnck}`} f{àdkv vag dav xkp{kðav x`vav

p{k cn`}n`jkgsk e` ck vki{n} x`}` p{k amskgi` v{ jks` ffg`d'



?=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


K v`d{`fnög ck d` ngskgfnög ck x}`fsnf`} klk}fnfna oêvnfa

@{gp{k vk x{kck }k`dn|`} kvs` k`d{`fnög ck j{fe`v oa}j`v$ `

fagsng{`fnög vk x}kvkgs` {g` x}ax{kvs` ck `vxkfsav ckd x`fnkgsk

p{k ckmkg vk} `da}`cav ckvx{îv ck e`mk}dk ngoa}j`ca ck d` gkfk*

vnc`c ck x}`fsnf`} di{g` fsnnc`c oêvnf`' @ x`}sn} ck kvs` }kok}kg*

fn`$ vk x{kck kvs}{fs{}`} d` k`d{`fnög faja jkla} fagkgi`'

X}ngfnx`djkgsk vk k`d{`}à<

• E nvsa}n`d ck `fsnnc`c o ê vnf`< vk}ê` fagkgnkgsk v`mk}

f{àgs`v kfkv e` ngnfn`ca ~ `m`gcag`ca dav cnok}kgskv x}ai}`*

j`v ck klk}fnfnav' S`jmnîg vk ckmk fajx}am`} vn e`mê` x}`fsn*f`ca ckxa}sk c{}`gsk d` ngo`gfn` ~ ! a d` l{kgs{c'

• Dav jasnav< îvsk kv kd `x`}s`ca kg kd p{k vk ckmkg `da}`}

f{àdkv vag v{v jasn`fnagkv' Kg kd f`va ck p{k ga j`gnffkvsk

gngi{g`$ ckmk}ê` }kfa}cà}vkdk f{àdkv x{kckg vk}$ faja xa}

klkjxda jkla}`} kd fags}ad jks`mödnfa ck v{ cn`mkskv$ d` nj`ikg

fa}xa}`d$ d` v`d{c$ e`fk} g{k`v `jnvs`ckv$ }kd`l`}vk$ m{vf`}

snkjxa x`}` {ga jnvja 

• Dav aml ksnav< x`}` xack} k`d{`} kvsk `x`}s`ca vk x{kck oa}*

j{d`} d` vni{nkgsk x}ki{gs`< ±P{î p{k}}ê` {vskc fagvki{n} e`*

fnkgca klk}fnfna$ kg s}kv jkvkv1 ]kv{ds` gkfkv`}na }kfaik} dav

amlksnav fag cks`ddk k ngs{n} vn vag ckvjkv{}`cav a ckj`vn`ca

oàfndkv ck fagvki{n}' Vn vk ckskfs` {g` o`ds` ck faek}kgfn` kg kvsk

`x`}s`ca e`~ p{k faj{gnf`}da k ngskgs`} `l{vs`}dav ` d` }k`dnc`c'

]kf{î}ckvk p{k kv gkfkv`}na fagvnck}`} s`gsa dav amlksnav ` d`}*ia xd`|a faja dav amlksnav ` jkcna ~ ` fa}sa xd`|a'

• @{sak ff f`fn` xk}fnmnc`< e`~ xk}vag`v p{k ga vk kg f`x`fkv

ck e`fk} klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ s`d k| xa} p{k$ vnjxdkjkgsk$ ga e`g

ekfea g{gf` ckxa}sk' Kd vkgsnjnkgsa ckd }ncêf{da$ ck o`ds` ck f`*

x`fnc`c$ kd jnkca ` skgk} enxaid{fkjn` a d`v j`d`v kuxk}nkgfn`v

x}kn`v x{kckg e`fk} p{k {g` xk}vag` ga p{nk}` e`fk} `fsnnc`c

oêvnf`'



?6



• M`}}k}`v< {g` k| }kfainc` sac` kvs` ngoa}j`fnög$ e`fk

o`ds` fagvnck}`} kd üdsnja `vxkfsa$ dav njxkcnjkgsav' J{fe`v

kfkv$ d`v xk}vag`v x`v`g xa} `dsa d`v cnfff{ds`ckv }k`dkv ~ cn`*

}n`v p{k x{kckg v{}in} x`}` x}`fsnf`} klk}fnfna' E`~ p{k fagvk*

i{n} p{k kd x`fnkgsk k}m`dnfk f{àdkv vag d`v m`}}k}`v x`}` p{k

vk` fagvfnkgsk ck kdd`v$ ~` p{k ck kvs` oa}j` vk kns`}àg o}{v*

s}`fnagkv ~ `m`gcagav xa} ga e`mk} `l{vs`ca v{fffnkgskjkgsk

dav o`fsa}kv ck ad{gs`c ck x}`fsnf`} k l k}fnfna fag xavnmndn*

c`c ck x}`fsnf`} k l k}fnfna' @di{g`v ck d`v m`}}k}`v jàv o}k*

f{kgskv vag<

‖ Xk}fkxfnög ck o`ds` ck snkjxa'‖ Vkgv`fnög ck f`gv`gfna'

‖ Amdni`fnagkv o`jndn`}kv'

‖ O{k}|` ck ad{gs`c'

‖ @ffkvnmndnc`c ` d`v ngvs`d`fnagkv'

‖ Cnfff{ds`c kfagöjnf`'

‖ O`ds` ck `xa~a vafn`d'

[g` k| fagvnck}`cav sacav kvsav x{gsav$ ~` vk kvsà kg cnvxa*vnfnög ck }kfajkgc`}dk {g` `fsnnc`c oêvnf`'

]kfajkgc`} d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn v`

[ga ck dav ekfeav p{k x{kckg fagcnfnag`} d` ckfnvnög ck x}`f*

snf`} a ga ckxa}sk kv d` ngoa}j`fnög cnvxagnmdk' Kv gkfkv`}na

e`fk} v`mk} `d x`fnkgsk cn`mîsnfa f{àdkv vag d`v kgs`l`v ~ f`*

}`fsk}êvsnf`v ck d` x}àfsnf` ckxa}sn` a ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa }ki{*

d`}' Ckd jnvja jaca$ kv fagkgnkgsk ckvf}nmn} d` `fsnnc`c p{kvk dk kvsà }kfajkgc`gca' Kv x}kfnva fagafk} d`v f`}`fsk}êvsn*

f`v ck f`c` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` x`}` p{k f{`gca vk `fagvklk$ vk

vkx` fnkgfn` fnk}s` p{k vk l{vs` d`v gkfkvnc`ckv ck d` xk}va*

g` ~ p{k ga dk x}aaf`}àg gngiüg ngfagkgnkgsk'

Vk}ê` j{~ `ckf{`ca p{k kd jîcnfa x{cnk}` ao}kfk} d` x}njk}`

a}nkgs`fnög vam}k f{àd vk}ê` d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` jàv }kfajkgc`*

mdk x`}` kd x`fnkgsk'



?3

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Faja üdsnj` fagvnck}`fnög$ }kv{ds` njx}kvfngcnmdk p{k vk ck*

}nk ` dav x`fnkgskv ` fkgs}av ckxa}snav ~ fd{mkv kvxkfn`dn|`*

cav$ fag x}aokvnag`dkv }k`djkgsk oa}j`cav ~ p{k vk`g fagafk*

ca}kv ck d`v f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v ck d` xk}vag` kg fagf}ksa'

X`}` xack} `da}`} da p{k dk v{xagk ` {g x`fnkgsk cn`mîsnfa

e`fk} klk}fnfna$ xac}ê` }kvxagck} `d vni{nkgsk f{kvsnag`}na

%`c`xs`ca ckd dnm}a ck d` @C @.<

Xk}ffd ck `fsnvnc`c<

0' Jn cê` ga}j`d f{kgs` fag

'''''''''

ea}`v ck v{kða

''''''''' ea}`v ck xaf` fsnnc`c %dkk}$ fagc{fn}$ k} d` skdknvnög .

''''''''' ea}`v ck `fsnnc`c jack}`c` %`gc`}$ f{nc`} kd l`}cêg$

s}`m`la cajîvsnfa .

''''''''' ea}`v ck `fsnnc`c ngskgv` %klk}fnfna `k}ömnfa$ s}`m`lav

xkv`cav$ ckxa}skv ck fajxksnfnög .

=' D`v `fsnnc`ckv oêvnf`v p{k jàv jk cnnk}skg vag<'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

6' D`v `fsnnc`ckv oêvnf`v p{k jk i{vs`}ê`g `x}kgck} vag<

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

3' Xk}fnma dav o`fsa}kv vni{nkgskv faja amvsàf{dav ` d` ea}` ck

e`fk} klk}fnfna %j`}f`} dav p{k fagkgi`.<

'''''''' snkjxa '''''''' xafa `xa~a o`jndn`}

'''''''' kc`c '''''''' cada} `d e`fk} klk}fnfna

'''''''' cngk}a '''''''' xaf` e`mndnc`c ! faa}cng`fnög

'''''''' `}s}nsnv '''''''' xaf` kgk}iê`

'''''''' jnkca ` d` enxaid{fkjn`

'''''''' o`ds` ck ngvs`d`fnagkv `ckf{`c`v

'''''''' `m{}}njnkgsa



?;



Mnmdnai}`oê

@jk}nf`g Faddkik ao Vxa}sv Jkcnfngk' I{nckdngkv ao kuk}fnvk skvsngi `gc x}kvf}nxsnag$ 3' ¬ kc' Ond`ckdff`< Dk` `gc Okmnik}$ 0>>5'

@gck}vag ML$ ]{mng ]]$ kc' Xvnfadaiê` x}àfsnf` kg cn`mkskv' M`}fkdag`< @jk}nf`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag' Kc' Jkcnf`d S}kgcv$ V'D'$ =886'

F`xcknd` DN' @fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~ kvsnda ck nc` v`d{c`mdk' M`}fkdag`<[@M$ 0>>>'

F`vxk}vkg F L$ Xaykd BK$ Fe}nvskgvag IJ' Xe~vnf`d @fsnns~$ Kuk}fnvk$`gc xe~vnf`d ffsgkvv' X{mdnfEk`dse ]kx' 0>5;'

Favsndd C' Onvnadaiê` ckd kvo{k}|a ~ kd ckxa}sk' M`}fkdag`< X`ncas}nma$ =88='

F}{| L' Xvnfadaiê` ckd ckxa}sk' M`}fkdag`<J`}sêgk| ]af`$ 0>>9'

C}amgnf O$ Iag|àdk| ck V{va LJ$ J`}sêgk| I`}fê` LD' M`vkv fnkgsêfff`v x`}` {g öxsnja }kgcnjnkgsa' In}ag`<J`vok}o`}j$ =883'

J`}sêgk| Daxk| K' X}{km`v ck `xsns{c oêvnf`' M`}fkdag`< X`ncas}nma$ =88='

Vk}}` J`lkj DD' Fagvkla ~ x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa faja ngvs}{*

jkgsa ck x}ajafnög ck d` v`d{c kg `skgfnög x}nj`}n`' Skj`v `fs{`dkv ck`fsnnc`c oêvnf` ~ v`d{c' M`}fkdag`< Jkg`}ngn$ =888'

_n`cî @' Xvnfadaiê` ckd }kgcnjnkgsa oêvnfa'M`}fkdag`< Kcnsa}n`d [AF$ =886'

Ynddn`jv LJ' Xvnfadaiê` ckd ckxa}sk' J`c}nc< Mnmdnaskf` G{k`$ 0>>0'



?9

V' J{}ndda

Ngs}ac{ffnög

D` x}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna kv {g` x}àfsnf` ngcnnc{`d kg d` f{`d

vk ckmk dai}`} d` fa}}kfs` ngsk}`ffnög kgs}k kd fagafnjnkgsa fnkg*

sêfffa ~ d`v sîfgnf`v ck fajxa}s`jnkgsa' V{ `xdnf`fnög ckmk }k`*

dn|`}vk ck {g` oa}j` kunmdk$ fag kd amlksna ck ngf}kjkgs`} d``cek}kgfn` d`}ia xd`|a `d x}ai}`j` x}ax{kvsa ~ d` fagvkf{fnög

ck dav amlksnav ngcnnc{`dkv j`}f`cav ngnfn`djkgsk'

Vn mnkg vk m`v` kg d` fnkgfn`$ ~ kg v{ knckgfn`$ d` ffg`dnc`c ck

d` x}kvf}nxfnög kv dai}`} {g f`jmna ck fajxa}s`jnkgsa ckd ng*

cnnc{a x`}` p{k ngfa}xa}k kd klk}fnfna ckgs}a ck v{v eàmnsav' Kd

x}aokvnag`d p{k x}kvf}nmk klk}fnfna ckmk ngsk}kgn} vam}k kd xk}*

ffd ck v`d{c ~ kd fajxa}s`jnkgsa ck {g ngcnnc{a p{k e` saj`cad` ckfnvnög ck ngnfn`} d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa }ki{d`}$ ~

x`}` kdda ckmk}à `xdnf`} sac`v d`v ek}}`jnkgs`v cnvxagnmdkv fag

kd ffg ck }koa}|`} v{v jasn`fnagkv'

Kg kd f`va ckd x`fnkgsk fag cn`mkskv$ kd amlksna ck v`d{c `c*

p{nk}k {g` i}`g njxa}s`gfn` `d vk} kd klk}fnfna {g` x`}sk ckd s}`*

s`jnkgsa' @ckjàv$ `xa}s` as}` vk}nk ck kokfsav xavnsnav `vafn`*

cav ` d` x}kkgfnög ck fajxdnf`fnagkv$ faja vag d` jkla}` ck d`

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfnaoêvnfa kg d` cn`mkskv'

@xdnf`fnög ckx}ai}`j`v

ck klk}fnfna



?5

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


oa}j` oêvnf`$ }kc{ffnög ckd }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`}$ cnvjng{fnög

ck d` i}`v` fa}xa}`d ~$ kg `di{gav f`vav$ d` jkla}` ckd fags}ad

id{fîjnfa' S`jmnîg x}ac{fk ngsk}kv`gskv mkgkfffnav xvnfadöin*

fav$ ck i}`g `~{c` x`}` o`fndns`} d` `c`xs`fnög ` d` kgok}jkc`c'

Xa} as}a d`ca$ ga vk ckmk adnc`} p{k d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna

oêvnfa x{kck fajxa}s`} {g` vk}nk ck }nkviav' D` }kfajkgc`fnög

ck p{k dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv x`}snfnxkg kg x}ai}`j`v ck

klk}fnfna vk m`v` kg kd ekfea ck p{k dav mkgkfffnav v{xk}`g `j*

xdn`jkgsk dav }nkviav'

D` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna ckmk fagvnck}`} dav xaskgfn`dkv

}nkviav ~ fagvki{n} dav jàunjav mkgkfffnav jkcn`gsk {g` `ck*

f{`c` vkdkffnög ck dav ngcnnc{av$ {g m{kg cnvkða ckd x}ai}`j`

ck klk}fnfna$ jagnsa}n|`fnög ckd x}afkva ~ {g` fa}}kfs` kc{f`*

fnög ckd x`fnkgsk'

Kdkjkgsav ck d` fagcnfnög

oêvnf` }kd`fnag`cav fag d` v`d{c

E`mns{`djkgsk$ vk e` fagvnck}`ca kd gnkd ck fagcnfnög f`}cna*

}}kvxn}`sa}n` ckd ngcnnc{a faja {g ngcnf`ca} ck v`d{c' Kg }k`dn*

c`c$ dav f`jmnav kg kd kvs`cafdêgnfa ck {g ngcnnc{a ga vnkjx}k vk

`vafn`g f`jmnav kg v{ fagv{ja ck auêikga' Kvs{cnav }kfnkgskv

ckj{kvs}`g p{k d` x`}snfnx`fnög kg x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna ck ng*

skgvnc`c v{`k ` jack}`c` %dav f{`dkv snkgkg {g m`la kokfsa vam}k

kd fagv{ja jàunja ck auêikga. x{kck skgk} {g kokfsa mkgkfffna*va kg d` x}kkgfnög ck cnok}kgskv kgok}jkc`ckv$ ngfd{~kgca kgok}*

jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}$ enxk}skgvnög a cn`mkskv snxa ='

Xa} kdda$ kg kd cnvkða ck {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna vk ckmkg

skgk} kg f{kgs` sacav dav kdkjkgsav ck d` fagcnfnög oêvnf` }kd`*

fnag`cav fag d` v`d{c$ ga vöda `p{kddav }kd`fnag`cav fag kd fag*

v{ja ck auêikga' Kvsav kdkjkgsav vag<



?>

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna oê vnfa kg d` cn`mkskv'

@xdnf`fnög ck x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna

‖ ]kvnvskgfn` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n`< f`x`fnc`c ck }k`dn|`} s}`*

m`lav p{k njxdnp{kg d` x`}snfnx`fnög ck i}`gckv i}{xav j{vf{*

d`}kv ` da d`}ia ck xk}nacav x}adagi`cav' Kv màvnf` kg kd j`gsk*

gnjnkgsa ck d` v`d{c f`}cna`vf{d`}'

‖ O{k}|`*}kvnvskgfn` j{vf{d`}< f`x`fnc`c ckd jüvf{da x`}`

}k`dn|`} {g` skgvnög a o{k}|` v{mjàunj` ck oa}j` }kxksnc` a

x`}` j`gskgk} {g` fags}`ffnög j{vf{d`} c{}`gsk {g xk}naca

x}adagi`ca'

‖ Odkunmndnc`c< f`x`fnc`c o{gfnag`d ck d`v `}snf{d`fnagkv ckjak}vk ` da d`}ia ck saca v{ `}fa ck janjnkgsav'

‖ Fajxavnfnög fa}xa}`d< vk {sndn|` kd xa}fkgs`lk ck j`v` fa}*

xa}`d i}`v` faja ngcnf`ca} x`}` k`d{`} d` fajxavnfnög fa}xa*

}`d ck {g` xk}vag`' Dav xa}fkgs`lkv öxsnjav vk vnsü`g xa} ckm`*

la ckd 0;+ kg eajm}kv ~ ckd == + kg j{lk}kv' Vk fagvnck}` amkva

f{`gca kd xa}fkgs`lk kv v{xk}na} `d =;+ kg eajm}kv ~ `d 66+ kg

j{lk}kv'

Kd x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna ckmk o}`ffnag`}vk jkcn`gsk d` x}àfsn*

f` ck cnok}kgskv snxav ck klk}fnfna p{k xk}jns`g s}`m`l`} f`c`

{ga ck kvsav kdkjkgsav ck d` fagcnfnög oêvnf` p{k x}aaf`}àg

mkgkfffnav x`}` d` v`d{c'

Xa} as}a d`ca$ kunvskg as}av kdkjkgsav ck d` fagcnfnög oêvnf`$

faja vag d` kdafnc`c$ kd kp{ndnm}na$ d` faa}cng`fnög a d` xaskg*fn`$ p{k ga kvsàg }kd`fnag`cav fag d` v`d{c$ vnga fag kd }kgcn*

jnkgsa oêvnfa' Kvsav kdkjkgsav ga vk}àg amlksnav cn}kfsav ckd

x}ai}`j` ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa'

X`}` fagvki{n} d` jkla}` ck kvsav kdkjkgsav ck d` fagcnfnög

oêvnf`$ d` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna ckmk}à fagvnck}`} o`fsa}kv

faja vag kd snxa ck klk}fnfna$ c{}`fnög$ ngskgvnc`c$ kd }nsja ck

x}ai}kvnög a kd ea}`}na ckd klk}fnfna' Kvsav o`fsa}kv vk ckgajn*



98

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


g`g ¢fajxagkgskv ck d` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa²' D`

`c`xs`fnög ck kvsav o`fsa}kv$ vkiüg d`v f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v ~ gkfk*

vnc`ckv ck f`c` x`fnkgsk$ xk}jnsk d` vki{}nc`c ~ d` kokfsnnc`c

ck klk}fnfna `d x`fnkgsk cn`mîsnfa'

X}ai}`j` x`}` d` jkla}`

ck d` }kvnvskgfn` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n`

D` }kvnvskgfn` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n` kv fagvnck}`c` faja kd faj*

xagkgsk jàv njxa}s`gsk ck d` oa}j` oêvnf`' Kvsa vk ckmk `d i}`g

güjk}a ck mkgkfffnav p{k x}ac{fk ~ ` d` }kc{ffnög ck dav o`fsa*}kv ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`} p{k vk af`vnag`g `d ngf}kjkgs`}

v{ gnkd'

Vkiüg kd @jk}nf`g Faddkik ao Vxa}sv Jkcnfngk % @FVJ. ~ d`

@jk}nf`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag % @C @.$ dav fajxagkgskv p{k

ckmk ngfd{n} {g` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa x`}` d` jkla}`

ck d` }kvnvskgfn` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n` vag<

‖ Snxa %a snxav. ck klk}fnfna'‖ Ngskgvnc`c'

‖ C{}`fnög'

‖ O}kf{kgfn`'

‖ ]nsja ck x}ai}kvnög'

‖ Ea}`}na'

Snxa ck klk}fnfna

Vk fagvnck}`g ncögk`v d`v `fsnnc`ckv `k}ömnf`v$ `p{kdd`v ck f`*}àfsk} jàv a jkgav ngskgva p{k njxdnf`g d` x`}snfnx`fnög ck

i}`gckv i}{xav j{vf{d`}kv c{}`gsk xk}nacav x}adagi`cav' Xa}

klkjxda$ f`jng`}$ fa}}k}$ g`c`}$ fnfdnvja$ kvp{ê ck oagca$ x`sng`*

lk$ m`ndk$ jags`ðnvja$ s}kbbngi$ ksf'

[ga ck dav amlksnav ck d` x}kvf}nxfnög kv dai}`} {g ngf}kjkg*

sa ckd fagv{ja f`dö}nfa sas`d ckd ngcnnc{a' Kd jêgnja ckmk vk}

ck {g`v988 B

f`d xa} vkj`g`$ vnkgca }kfajkgc`ca v{xk}`} d`v



90



='888 Bf`d' X`}` kdda kv gkfkv`}na c`xs`} dav cnok}kgskv fajxa*

gkgskv ck d` x}kvf}nxfnög %o}kf{kgfn`$ ngskgvnc`c$ c{}`fnög ~

snxa ck klk}fnfna. skgnkgca vnkjx}k kg f{kgs` d`v f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v

ck f`c` x`fnkgsk %s`md` 0.'

D`v `fsnnc`ckv `k}ömnf`v p{k }kp{nk}kg f`}}k}` a v`dsav vk

fagvnck}`g ck `dsa njx`fsa %s`md` =.' Ikgk}`djkgsk$ kvs`v `fsn*

nc`ckv vk `vafn`g ` {g` j`~a} ngfnckgfn` ck dkvnagkv j{vf{*

davp{kdîsnf`v %kvxkfn`djkgsk kg x}ngfnxn`gskv a fag vam}kxkva.'

Kvsk }nkvia vk e`fk kvxkfn`djkgsk knckgsk kg `gfn`gav ~$ kg

f{`dp{nk} f`va$ ckmk vk} fagvnck}`ca kg x`fnkgskv fag gk{}ax`*sê` xk}noî}nf`'

Kg d`v ks`x`v ngnfn`dkv ck {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna$ x{kck vk}

x}kfnva {g fags}ad kvs}nfsa ck d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna %vam}k

saca kg x`fnkgskv fag fajxdnf`fnagkv ck d` cn`mkskv.' X`}` kdda

vk ngcnf`}àg fsnnc`ckv p{k x{kc`g }k`dn|`}vk fag {g` ngskgvn*

c`c fagvs`gsk' Kgs}k kvs`v `fsnnc`ckv$ vk ngfd{~k f`jng`} a

mnfnfdks` kvsàsnf`'

Ng skgvnc`c

Kv kd xa}fkgs`lk ck d` f`x`fnc`c jàunj` ` d` p{k vk ckmk }k`dn*

|`} kd klk}fnfna' Kv kd fajxagkgsk ckd klk}fnfna jàv cnoêfnd ck

x}kvf}nmn}'

Kg d` x}kvf}nxfnög ck d` ngskgvnc`c$ vnkjx}k vk ckmk skgk} kg

f{kgs` d` c{}`fnög ckd klk}fnfna' Kd x}ac{fsa ck d` ngskgvnc`c ~d` c{}`fnög vk ckgajng` ad{jkg ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa ~ vk fagvn*

ck}` faja kd o`fsa} cksk}jng`gsk ck d` jkla}` ck d` fagcnfnög

oêvnf`'

Ck kdda ck}n` p{k d` jkla}` vk` vnjnd`} f{`gca vk }k`dn|`g `f*

snnc`ckv ck m`l` ngskgvnc`c xk}a ck d`}i` c{}`fnög p{k f{`gca

d` c{}`fnög kv fa}s` xk}a d` ngskgvnc`c kv ds`$ vnkjx}k ~ f{`gca

kd favsk sas`d ck d` `fsnnc`c %kux}kv`ca kgb

f`d. vk` vnjnd`}'



9=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


@fsnnc`c JKS, bf`d xa} ea}`,,

@k}ömnf ?*> 338*??8

@dxngnvja 3*5 688*?88

Maydngi =*3 0;8*688

M`ndk 6*9 ==8*;08

M`dagj`ga 5*0= ?88*558

F`jng`} %` 6 bj ! e. = 0;8

F`jng`} %` ? bj ! e. 3$; 668

F`jng`} %` ? bj ! e kg xkgcnkgsk. ? 338

F``} 3*9 688*;08

Fnfdnvja %40; bj ! e. 6*? ==8*338

Fnfdnvja %70; bj ! e. ?*5 338*?88

Fa}}k} %5 bj ! e. 5$9 ?38

Fa}}k} %08 bj ! e. 08$= 9;8

Fa}}k} %0; bj ! e. 0?$6 0'=88

Fa}s`} fîvxkc 6*5 ==8*?88

Kvp{ê `dxnga ;*5 698*?88

Kvp{ê ck oagca ?*0= 338*558

Oüsmad ;*0= 698*558

Injg`vn` 6*5 ==8*?88

Iado =*6 0;8*==8

L{kiav ck jkv` =*6 0;8*==8

Jags`ðnvja 6*9 ==8*;08

G`s`fnög %jack}`ca. 3*? 688*338

G`s`fnög %ngskgva. ?*5 338*?88

Xkvf` 0$;*6 008*==8

X`sng`lk ;*5 698*?88

]kja 6*? ==8*338

]kd`fnög vku{`d =*; 0;8*698

Skgnv 3*> 688*??8

S}`m`la ck afffng` 0$;*=$; 008*058

_adknmad 6*? ==8*338

,0 JKS< s`v` ck jks`madnvja m`v`d$ 6$; jD A= ! bi xkva ! jng{sa'

,,D`v f`da}ê`v i`vs`c`v c{}`gsk {g` cksk}jng`c` `fsnnc`c kvsàg f`df{d`c`v

x`}` {g ngcnnc{a ck 98 bi'

S`md` 0' I`vsa kgk}iîsnfa ck cnok}kgskv fsnnc`ckv



96



@ckjàv$ kv ngcnok}kgsk vn d` fsnnc`c kv fagsng{` a cnvfagsng{`'

Kd kokfsa ck {g klk}fnfna o}`ffnag`ca kg cnok}kgskv vkvnagkv ` da

d`}ia ck {g cê` kv kp{n`dkgsk d p{k vk }k`dn|` kg {g` vad` vkvnög'

Xa} as}a d`ca$ dav klk}fnfnav }k`dn|`cav fag `ds` ngskgvnc`c vk

`vafn`g ` {g j`~a} }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`} ~ ck dkvnagkv j{vf{*

davp{kdîsnf`v ~$ `ckjàv$ v{kdkg skgk} {gav gnkdkv ck `cek}kg*fn` jàv m`lav p{k `p{kddav }k`dn|`cav fag m`l` ngskgvnc`c'

Ck `f{k}ca fag kd @jk}nf`g Faddkik ao Jkcnfngk Kuk}fnvk

% @FVJ. vk gkfkvns` }k`dn|`} klk}fnfnav fag {g jêgnja ckd ;;*

?;+ ck d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` jàunj` %OFjàu

. x`}` fagvki{n}

jkla}`v kg kd fagv{ja ck auêikga ck {g ngcnnc{a'

Kvsa ckxkgck ck d`v fagcnfnagkv ck f`c` ngcnnc{a ~$ xa} kdda$`p{kdd`v xk}vag`v fag {g m`la gnkd ck oa}j` oêvnf` d ngnfna ckd

x}ai}`j` ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa x{kckg fagvki{n} {g` i}`g jkla}`

`d }k`dn|`} klk}fnfnav xa} ckm`la ckd ;;*?;+ ck d` OFjàu

' Kg f`j*

mna$ ngcnnc{av fag {g m{kg gnkd ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa }kp{k}n}àg

ngskgvnc`ckv v{xk}na}kv'

Kg fagfd{vnög$ kd @FVJ }kfajnkgc` ngskgvnc`ckv ck klk}fnfna

x`}` `c{dsav v`gav `d}kckca} ckd;;

*>8 +

ck d`OF

jàu'C

`ca kd ngf}k*

Njx`fsa m la Njx`fsa `dsa

F`jng`} Fa}}k}

Fnfdnvja Màvp{ks$ adknmad

Mnfnfdks` kvsàsnf` V`ds`} ` d` f{k}c`

G`s`fnög$ l{kiav f{àsnfav @fsnnc`ckv ck v`dsa

]kja @k}ömnf %ck `dsa njx`fsa.

@k}ömnf %ck m`la njx`fsa. Kvp{ê `dxnga

Kvp{ê ck oagca

S`md` =' K lkjxdav ck `fsnnc`ckv `k}ömnf`v vkiüg kd njx`fsa

j{vf{davp{kdîsnfa %m`v`ca kg Xaddafb ~ Indja}k$ 0>>8.



93

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


jkgsa ck }nkvia vafn ca d {jkgsa ck d` ngskgvnc`c kg kd klk}fnfna$

dav x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna x`}` x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv ckmk}àg x}n*

j`} d` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfnav fag m`l` a jack}`c` ngskgvnc`c' Vn

d`v fajxdnf`fnagkv ck d` cn`mkskv da xk}jnskg$ vk }kfajnkgc` p{k

kd klk}fnfna vk` x}kvf}nsa fag {g` ngskgvnc`c p{k fa}}kvxagc` `d

;;*9> + ck d` OFjàu

$ a mnkg `d 38*93 + ck d` OF ck }kvk}`'

Vk v{kdkg {sndn|`} cnok}kgskv jîsacav x`}` x}kvf}nmn} ~ jagn*

sa}n|`} d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna' Îvs`v vag d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}*

cn`f`$ kd fagv{ja ck auêikga ~ d` kvf`d` ck xk}fkxfnög ckd kv*

o{k}|a %KXK.' Dav x`fnkgskv ga}j`djkgsk kgf{kgs}`g oàfnd d`{sndn|`fnög s`gsa ck d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` faja ck d` KXK~xa}

s`gsa vk}àg dav jîsacav jàv ngcnf`cav'

Kd {va ck d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` faja jîsaca kg d` x}kvf}nx*

fnög ckd klk}fnfna vk m`v` kg d` }kd`fnög dngk`d kunvskgsk kgs}k kd

}nsja f`}cn`fa ~ d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna' @ jkcnc` p{k vk

ngf}kjkgs` d` ngskgvnc`c ck {g klk}fnfna$ `{jkgs` s`jmnîg d`

o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ckd ngcnnc{a %kvsa af{}}k kg klk}fnfnav `k*}ömnfav fagsng{av.'

D` x}kvf}nxfnög vk }k`dn|` ` x`}sn} ck d` OFjàu

$ d` f{`d ck oa}j`

nck`d vk ckmk}ê` amskgk} faja }kv{ds`ca ck {g` x}{km` ck kv*

o{k}|a' Kvsa vk}ê` }kfajkgc`mdk x`}` dav x`fnkgskv fag fajxdn*

f`fnagkv f`}cna`vf{d`}kv$ gk{}ax`sê` `{sagöjnf` a `p{kddav

s}`s`cav fag jkcnf`fnagkv p{k x{kc`g dsk}`} d` }kvx{kvs` f`}*

cn`f` `d klk}fnfna %faja mks`mdap{k`ca}kv.'

Kg d` j`~a}ê` ck dav f`vav ga kv xavnmdk fagafk} d` k}c`ck}`

OFjàu

~$ xa} da s`gsa$ vk ckmk}à kvsnj`} jkcn`gsk {g` kf{`fnög<

OFjàu: ==8 ‖ kc`c %kg `ðav.'

Dav cav jîsacav jàv faj{gkv x`}` x}kvf}nmn} dav amlksnav ck

o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna vag kd jîsaca ckd xa}*



9;



fkgs`lk ck d` OFjàu

~ kd jîsaca ckd xa}fkgs`lk ck d` OF ck }k*

vk}`'

Kd jîsaca ckd xa}fkgs`lk ck d` OFjàu

vk m`v` vnjxdkjkgsk kg

j{dsnxdnf`} d` OFjàu

xa} dav xa}fkgs`lkv }kfajkgc`cav % xa} 8$;;

~ 8$9>. x`}` cksk}jng`} kd dêjnsk jàunja ~ jêgnja ck o}kf{kg*

fn` f`}cn`f` c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna'

Kd jîsaca ckd xa}fkgs`lk ck d` OF ck }kvk}` gkfkvns` faga*

fk} d` OF ck }kxava ckd ngcnnc{a ~ d` OFjàu

%}k`d a skö}nf`.' Dav

dêjnskv jàunja ~ jêgnja vk kvs`mdkfk}àg vkiüg d`v vni{nkgskvoö}j{d`v<

Dêjnsk m`la< 8$3 %OFjàu

‖ OF ck }kxava. " OF ck }kxava

Dêjnsk `dsa< 8$93 %OFjàu

‖ OF ck }kxava. " OF ck }kxava

Xa} as}a d`ca$ kd {va ck kvf`d`v ck xk}fkxfnög ckd kvo{k}|a

%KXK. kv as}a jîsaca àdnca x`}` x}kvf}nmn} ~ jagnsa}n|`} d`

ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna' E`mns{`djkgsk$ vk v{kdk {sndn|`} l{gsafag d` jagnsa}n|`fnög ck d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f` ~ ck oa}j` ügn*

f` kg `p{kddav x`fnkgskv kg dav p{k ga kv fdêgnf`jkgsk ngcnf`ca

fagafk} d` o}kf{kgfn` f`}cn`f`'

D` kvf`d` jàv {sndn|`c` v{kdk vk} d` kvf`d` ck Ma}i ?*=8 %s`md` 6.'

C{}`fnög

V{ }kd`fnög kv ngk}v` ` d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna' X`}` x}ai}`*j`v ck 6 ` ; vkvnagkv vkj`g`dkv fag ngskgvnc`c dnik}` a jack*

}`c` %;;*9> + ck d` OFjàu

. vk `fagvkl`g vkvnagkv ck =8 ` ?8 jng{*

sav ck klk}fnfna ck }kvnvskgfn` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n`'

Kunvsk d` xavnmndnc`c ck o}`ffnag`} kd klk}fnfna kg `}n`v vkvnagkv

kg {g jnvja cê 'Ck kvsk jaca$ vk df`g|`g mkgkfffnav vnjnd`}kv

dav ck {g` vad` vkvnög ck klk}fnfna' X`}` kdda$ f`c` {g` ck kvs`v

vkvnagkv e` ck skgk} {g` c{}`fnög v{xk}na} dav08

jng{sav'



9?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


O}kf{kgfn`D` jkla}` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n` vk x}ac{fk ` x`}sn} ck d` }k`dn|`*

fnög ck cav vkvnagkv ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa vkj`g`dkv' Xa} as}a d`ca$

vk e` fajx}am`ca p{k dav mkgkfffnav ga vk ngf}kjkgs`g `d }k`dn*

|`} jàv ck fngfa vkvnagkv vkj`g`dkv'

Kd s}`m`la j{vf{d`} x}ac{fk kokfsav mkgkfffnavav vam}k kd

fags}ad id{fîjnfa$ p{k vk j`gsnkgkg ck d`v 0= e`vs` d`v 9= ea}`v

xavsk}na}kv ` v{ }k`dn|`fnög %kvsa ckxkgck ck d` ngskgvnc`c ~ d`

?

9 J{~$ j{~ dnik}a

5

> J{~ dnik}a

08

00 M`vs`gsk dnik}a

0=,

06, [g xafa c{}a 03,

0;, C{}a

0?,

09 J{~ c{}a

05

0> J{~$ j{~ c{}a

=8

,\ag` }kfajkgc`c` ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa ck }kvnvskgfn` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n` x`}`

d` j`~a}ê` ck d`v xk}vag`v v`g`v % @FVJ$ 0>>0.' Ngvs}{ffnagkv x`}` kd ngcnnc{a

%jackda `c`xs`ca ` {g` x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a x}ai}kvn`$ @VFJ$ 0>>0.<

¢C{}`gsk d` x}{km` ck kvo{k}|a x}ai}kvn`$ p{k}kjav p{k xagi` j{fe`

`skgfnög kg föja vnkgsk ck ngskgva a c{}a kd kvo{k}|a'Ckmk `da}`} d`

vkgv`fnög sas`d ck kvo{k}|a ~ o`sni`' Ga fagvnck}k f{`dp{nk} as}a o`fsa} faja

kd cada} ck xnk}g`v$ d` o`ds` ck }kvxn}`fnög a d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna' Ckmk

fagfkgs}`}vk kg v{ vkgv`fnög sas`d$ ngsk}g`$ ck kvo{k}|a' Ga v{mkvsnjk a

vam}kvsnjk kvs` vkgv`fnög$ ngskgsk vk} s`g x}kfnva faja x{kc`'²

S`md` 6' Kvf`d`v ck xk}fkxfnög ckd kvo {k}|a

%Ma}i I@'

]`sngi ao

Xk}fknkc K

uk}snag

Vf`dkv

$ ]XK

*Vf`dkv'

Jkc Vfn Vxa}sv Kuk}f' 0>5=2 03< 699*659.



99



c{}`fnög ckd klk}fnfna.' X`}` `x}akfe`} `d jàunja kvsav kokf*

sav$ vk x`{s`}à }k`dn|`} klk}fnfna {g jêgnja ck 6 cê`v ` d` vkj`*

g` %cê`v ga fagvkf{snav.$ vnkgca }kfajkgc`ca }k`dn|`} e`vs`

fngfa vkvnagkv vkj`g`dkv'

Vn kunvskg cnfff{ds`ckv x`}` c`xs`} d` jkcnf`fnög a d` cnks` d

klk}fnfna$ vk }kfajkgc`}à }k`dn|`}da ` cn`}na' Ck kvsk jaca$ vk

x}ac{fn}àg jkgav avfnd`fnagkv kg kd fags}ad id{fîjnfa ckmnc`v

` d` `}n`mndnc`c ckd klk}fnfna'

Kg x`fnkgskv amkvav$ ~ fag kd amlksna ck ngf}kjkgs`} kd i`vsaf`dö}nfa$ vk}à x}kok}nmdk x}ai}`j`} ck ? ` 9 vkvnagkv vkj`g`dkv'

@ckjàv$ kg d`v x}njk}`v vkj`g`v$ vn vk }k`dn|`g klk}fnfnav p{k

fajxa}skg {g ckvxd`|`jnkgsa ckd xkva fa}xa}`d %fa}}k}$ ckxa}*

skv ck kp{nxa a `fsnnc`ckv ck `dsa njx`fsa.$ vk `fagvkl` }k`dn*

|`} kd klk}fnfna kg cê`v `dsk}gav$ a mnkg `dsk}g`} {g cê` ck kvsk

snxa ck klk}fnfna fag as}a p{k ga v{xagi` f`}i`} fag kd x}axna

xkva %g`s`fnög$ mnfnfdks` a `fsnnc`ckv ck m`la njx`fsa.'

]nsja ck x}ai}kvnög

Dav jkf`gnvjav ck `c`xs`fnög `d klk}fnfna amdni`g ` }knv`} xk*

}nöcnf`jkgsk d` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna ngnfn`d' D` kdafnc`c kg

kd }nsja ck x}ai}kvnög ckxkgck ck `}nav o`fsa}kv$ faja kd gnkd

ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa$ kc`c$ xkva$ kvs`ca ck v`d{c % x}kvkgfn` ck

fajxdnf`fnagkv ck d` cn`mkskv.$ x}kok}kgfn`v xk}vag`dkv ~$ xa} v{*

x{kvsa$ dav amlksnav ngcnnc{`dkv j`}f`cav ngnfn`djkgsk'

Vk kvs`mdkfk}àg s}kv ks`x`v ck x}ai}kvnög< ngnfn`d$ ck jkla}` ~

ck j`gskgnjnkgsa'

Ks`x` ngnfn`d

Vk s}`s` ck {g` ks`x` ck `c`xs`fnög `d klk}fnfna kg d` p{k vk

ckmk}àg ngfd{n} klk}fnfnav v{`kv ck injg`vn` l{gsa fag `fsnn*

c`ckv `k}ömnf`v ck m`la njx`fsa ~ }k`dn|`c`v fag m`l` ngskgvn*

c`c' Kd amlksna kv x}kx`}`} `d ngcnnc{a x`}` d` x}àfsnf` ck



95

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


klk}fnfna kns`gca dkvnagkv ~ kuxk}nkgfn`v ckv`i}`c`mdkv x}ac{*

fnc`v xa} kd klk}fnfna %o`sni`$ `i{lks`v a j`dkvs`} ikgk}`d.'

D` c{}`fnög ngnfn`d ck d`v vkvnagkv vk}à ck jàv ck 08*0; jng{*

sav$ p{k ckmk}ê`g `{jkgs`} x}ai}kvn`jkgsk'

Xa} da ikgk}`d$ kvs` ks`x` c{}` ck f{`s}a vknv vkj`g`v$ vnkj*

x}k vkiüg d` f`x`fnc`c ck `c`xs`fnög ckd x`fnkgsk$ ~` p{k kg

xk}vag`v fag {g gnkd ck fagcnfnög f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n` m`la vk

ckmkg x}kk} ck vknv ` 08 vkj`g`v$ jnkgs}`v p{k vn d` fagcnfnög

ngnfn`d kv m{kg` m`vs`}à fag cav a s}kv vkj`g`v'

Ks`x` ck jkla} ck d` f a g c nfn ö g ` k}öm nf`

V{kdk vk} d` o`vk jàv d`}i`$ ga}j`djkgsk ck f{`s}a ` vknv jkvkv'

Kg îvs` vk x}ac{fkg d`v jkla}`v jàv njxa}s`gskv ~ knckgskv'

Ck ni{`d oa}j` p{k kg d` ks`x` ngnfn`d$ kvs` o`vk skgc}à {g` j`~a}

c{}`fnög kg xk}vag`v ck kc`c ``g|`c`$ ck j{~ m`la gnkd ck

fagcnfnög `k}ömnf` a p{k v{o}`g fajxdnf`fnagkv ck d` cn`mkskv'

D` c{}`fnög ckd klk}fnfna vk ngf}kjkgs`}à kg 0; ` ?8 jng{savf`c` =*6 vkj`g`v e`vs` ddki`} ` dav amlksnav x}ai}`j`cav' D`

ngskgvnc`c vk ngf}kjkgs` ckgs}a ckd ngsk}`da %ck ;; ` 9> +.$ vk*

iüg d` `c`xs`fnög ngcnnc{`d ck f`c` ngcnnc{a'

Ks`x` ck j gs k gn j n k gs a ck d` f a g c nfn ö g ` k}öm nf`

Kd amlksna x}ngfnx`d ck kvs` o`vk kv kd j`gskgnjnkgsa ckd gnkd

`df`g|`ca kg d`v ks`x`v ngnfn`dkv' Kd kvp{kj` ck s}`m`la vk}à vn*

jnd`} `d cnvkð`ca x`}` d` ks`x` ck jkla}`$ xk}a `}n`gca d` x}kv*f}nxfnög fag kd ffg ck j`gskgk} d` jasn`fnög ckd ngcnnc{a'

X}ai}`j` x`}` d` jkla}`

ck d` o{k}|` ~ d` }kvnvskgfn`j{vf{d`}

Kd klk}fnfna ck o{k}|`*}kvnvskgfn` j{vf{d`} vk }kffk}k ` d`v

oa}j`v ck klk}fnfna p{k {sndn|`g d` o{k}|` j{vf{d`} x`}` ja*

k} {g xkva a s}`m`l`} fags}` {g` }kvnvskgfn`' Kvsk snxa ck



9>



klk}fnfna x}axa}fnag` cnok}kgskv mkgkfffnav ` d`v xk}vag`v

fag cn`mkskv'

Kg as}`v îxaf`v vk e`mê` fagvnck}`ca kvsk snxa ck klk}fnfna faja

xkdni}ava kg dav x`fnkgskv fag gskfkckgskv ck kgok}jkc`c f`}cna*

`vf{d`} a fag fajxdnf`fnagkv jnf}a`vf{d`}kv a gk{}adöinf`v'

@fs{`djkgsk$ kv fagvnck}`ca faja {g snxa ck klk}fnfna vki{}a

vnkjx}k p{k vk sajkg d`v x}kf`{fnagkv `ckf{`c`v2 vk s}`s` ck

}k`dn|`} {g` ckf{`c` vkdkffnög ~ v{xk}nvnög ck dav ngcnnc{av'

Dav mkgkfffnav p{k kvsk snxa ck klk}fnfna x}ac{fk vag d` jkla*

}` ck d` o{k}|` ~ ck d` }kvnvskgfn` j{vf{d`}$ `{jkgsa ck d` kun*

mndnc`c$ `{jkgsa ck d` vkgvnmndnc`c ` d` ngv{dng` ~ ck d` sadk}`g*

fn` ` d` id{fav`$ jkla}ê` kg d` fajxavnfnög fa}xa}`d ~ cnvjng{*

fnög ck dav o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia ck kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}'

D` vki{}nc`c ck kvsk snxa ck klk}fnfnav kvs` mnkg caf{jkgs`c`

kg x`fnkgskv ik}nàs}nfav$ fag kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`} a fagcn`mkskv'

X`}` kdda$ dav x`fnkgskv ckmkg `x}kgck} ` }k`dn|`} dav klk}fn*

fnav fa}}kfs`jkgsk' Vk ckmkg jak} dav xkvav jnkgs}`v kvxn}`g

kd `n}k ck dav x{djagkv ck oa}j` }êsjnf`$ vng }kskgk} d` }kvxn}`*

fnög' Vk ckmk ngvxn}`} kg d` o`vk ck }kd`l`fnög ~ kvxn}`} f{`gca

vk j{kk kd xkva' Kv ck i}`g njxa}s`gfn` kns`} }k`dn|`} d` j`*

gnam}` ck _`dv`d`'

@ckjàv$ vk ckmk fajkg|`} kd klk}fnfna fag {g `ckf{`ca f`dkg*

s`jnkgsa$ `vê faja ffg`dn|`}da fag {g xk}naca ck kgo}n`jnkgsa

x}ai}kvna' Kvsav xk}nacav skgc}àg {g` c{}`fnög ck ; ` 08 jng{*

sav ~ fagvnvskg kg }k`dn|`} {gav jng{sav ck dnik}` fsnnc`c `k}ö*

mnf` ~ {gav f{`gsav klk}fnfnav ck kvsn}`jnkgsa' Fag kdda vk fagvn*

i{k x}kx`}`} d` j{vf{d`s{}` x`}` kd klk}fnfna ~ `c`xs`} kd }nsja

f`}cna`vf{d`} `d klk}fnfna p{k vk ` }k`dn|`}'



58

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Snxav ck klk}fnfna

Vk ngfd{~kg klk}fnfnav injgàvsnfav p{k {sndn|`g kd x}axna f{k}xa

faja }kvnvskgfn`$ cnok}kgskv snxav ck iaj`v kdàvsnf`v a j{kddkv$

s{mav kdàvsnfav$ xkvav dnm}kv % xkv`v a m`}}`v.$ jàp{ng`v p{k

x}axa}fnag`g }kvnvskgfn` jkcn`gsk xadk`v$ f`ckg`v$ fndngc}av

enc}à{dnfav a vnvskj`v kdkfs}aj`igîsnfav'

Vk fd`vnfff`g dav klk}fnfnav vkiüg d` }kvnvskgfn` vk` fagvs`gsk

%vn d` f`}i` vk j`gsnkgk ` da d`}ia ckd klk}fnfna. a `}n`mdk %vn d`

}kvnvskgfn` f`jmn` da d`}ia ckd klk}fnfna$ kvxkfn`djkgsk `d {sn*

dn|`} xadk`v.' Xa} v{ x`}sk d`v fags}`ffnagkv j{vf{d`}kv vk fd`*vnfff`g kg nvajîs}nf`v a kvsàsnf`v %d` o{k}|` vk `xdnf` vng jan*

jnkgsa.$ nvasögnf` a cngàjnf` %d` o{k}|` `xdnf`c` x}ac{fk ja*

njnkgsa. a nvafngîsnf` %f{`gca {g` o{k}|` `}n`mdk kv `xdnf`c`

x`}` jak} {g` }kvnvskgfn` ` kdafnc`c fagvs`gsk.'

Ng skgvnc`c

X`}` kvs`mdkfk} d`v f`}i`v ck s}`m`la ngnfn`dkv$ vk {sndn|`g cnok*

}kgskv jîsacav' [ga ck dav jàv vki{}av kv fajkg|`} fag kd xkva jàv m`la p{k x{kc` vk} {sndn|`ca x`}` ddk`} ` f`ma kgs}k

? ~ 08 }kxksnfnagkv' Kg saca jajkgsa$ kd x{dva f`}cn`fa ~ d`

x}kvnög }sk}n`d ckmk}àg j`gskgk}vk ckgs}a ck `da}kv ga}j`*

dkv' Vn kd x`fnkgsk sadk}` kd xkva fa}}kfs`jkgsk vk ckmk}à ng*

f}kjkgs`} x}njk}a kd güjk}a ck }kxksnfnagkv e`vs` ddki`} x}n*

jk}a ` 08*0; ~ ckvx{îv e`vs` 0;*=8 }kxksnfnagkv %ngf}kjkgsav

f`c` 0*= vkj`g`v.' Ckvx{îv ck kvsk xk}naca$ ~ vn kd x`fnkgsk

sadk}` mnkg kd klk}fnfna ~ kd xkva$ ckjavs}`gca }k`dn|`} fa}}kf*s`jkgsk dav klk}fnfnav$ kd güjk}a ck vk}nkv ck f`c` klk}fnfna

vk}à ngf}kjkgs`ca ck = ` 6$ `{jkgs`gca s`jmnîg kd xkva {sndn*

|`ca' E`mns{`djkgsk$ vk {sndn|`}àg xkvav ck 0 ` =$; bi x`}` dav

klk}fnfnav ckd s}kg v{xk}na} ~ ck =$; ` ; bi x`}` dav ckd s}kg ng*

ok}na}'

Kd güjk}a ck klk}fnfnav }k`dn|`cav ckxkgck}à ckd güjk}a ck

vk}nkv ~ ckd sas`d ck }kxksnfnagkv kg f`c` vk}nk' Kd kvx`fna ck }k*



50



f{xk}`fnög kgs}k vk}nkv ckmk vk} v{fffnkgsk x`}` dai}`} {g` }kf{*

xk}`fnög sas`d' Ga}j`djkgsk$ vk kvs`mdkfkg ck 0*= jng{sav kg

kgs}kg`jnkgsav fag ngskgvnc`c jack}`c` ~ ck e`vs` =*; jng{sav

f{`gca d` ngskgvnc`c kv `ds`'

X`}` p{kddav x`fnkgskv p{k ckmkg dnjns`} v{ kgs}kg`jnkgsa

{sndn|`} xkvav dnik}av$ dav fn}f{nsav ck xkv`v x{kckg vk} {g`

m{kg` axfnög' Kg kvsk snxa ck klk}fnfna vk `dsk}g`g klk}fnfnav

}k`dn|`cav fag j{vf{d`s{}` ck d` x`}sk v{xk}na} fag as}av }k`*

dn|`cav fag d` x`}sk ngok}na} ~ fa}sav xk}nacav ck }kf{xk}`fnög

kgs}k vk}nkv %e`mns{`djkgsk ck 68 ` ?8 vki{gcav.' Dav klk}fnfnavvk }k`dn|`g fag ngskgvnc`c jkcn`*m`l`$ ck {g 38*?8 + ck 0 ]J %0

]J kv kd xkva jàunja p{k vk x{kck {sndn|`} x`}` }k`dn|`} {g`

vad` }kxksnfnög ck {g klk}fnfna.' Vk e`}àg {g`v 08*0; }kxksnfna*

gkv kg f`c` klk}fnfna' Kvsav fn}f{nsav ck xkv`v ngfd{n}àg {g sa*

s`d ck 5 ` 0= klk}fnfnav cnok}kgskv'

Kg f{`dp{nk} f`va$ vk ckmkg }k`dn|`} klk}fnfnav p{k ngfd{~`g

sacav dav i}{xav j{vf{d`}kv<‖ Xnk}g`v ~ f`ck}`v %idüskav$ f{àc}nfkxv$ mêfkxv okja}`d ~ ik*

jkdav.'

‖ Xkfsa}`dkv % xkfea.'

‖ Eajm}av %ckdsanckv ~ s}`xkfna.'

‖ Kvx`dc` %ca}v`d.'

‖ M}`|av %mêfkxv ~ s}êfkxv.'

‖ @mcajng`dkv'

X`}` f`c` i}{xa j{vf{d`} vk ckmk j`gskgk} {g xk}naca ck

}kf{xk}`fnög ck faja jêgnja 35 ea}`v' Vk }kfajnkgc` {g jê*

gnja ck cav vkvnagkv xa} vkj`g` x`}` x}ac{fn} kokfsav ffvnadö*

infav xavnsnav'

D` jkla}` ck d` o{k}|` ~ d` }kvnvskgfn` j{vf{d`} vk m`v` kg

cav x}ngfnxnav màvnfav< x}ngfnxna ck d` vam}kf`}i` ~ x}ngfnxna ck

d` }kvnvskgfn` x}ai}kvn`'



5=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Kd x}ngfnxna ck d` vam}kf`}i` kvs`mdkfk p{k d` o{k}|` ~ d` }kvnv*

skgfn` ck {g jüvf{da vöda vk ngf}kjkgs`g f{`gca kd jüvf{da vk

fags}`k c{}`gsk {g xk}naca cksk}jng`ca e`vs` v{ jàunj` f`*

x`fnc`c ck o{k}|` a ck }kvnvskgfn`$ kv ckfn}$ fag f`}i`v v{xk}na*

}kv ` d`v p{k ga}j`djkgsk snkgk p{k kgfk}' Kd jüvf{da jkla}`

v{ o{gfnag`dnc`c %vk `c`xs . ckvx{îv ck ddki`} ` {g kvs`ca ck

o`sni`'

Kd x}ngfnxna ck }kvnvskgfn` x}ai}kvn` ngcnf` p{k d` }kvnvskgfn`

p{k {g jüvf{da ckmk kgfk} x`}` jkla}`} v{ f`x`fnc`c o{gfna*

g`d ckmk vk} `{jkgs`c` x}ai}kvn`jkgsk e`vs` kgfags}`} v{i}`ca ck ckv`}}adda ckvk`ca'

X}ai}`j`v x`}` d` jkla}` ck d` k unmndnc`c

D` ngfd{vnög ck x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna cn}nincav ` d` jkla}` ck

d` kunmndnc`c vk m`v` kg d` knckgfn` ck dav jüdsnxdkv mkgkfffnav

p{k vk ck}n`g ck kvsk snxa ck klk}fnfna' Kgs}k kddav vk ngfd{~k kd

oa}s`dkfnjnkgsa ck d`v |ag`v `}snf{d`}kv ~ d` jkla}` ckd sagaj{vf{d`}' @ckjàv$ `di{gav kvs{cnav ckjavs}`}ag d` f`x`fnc`c

ck kvsk snxa ck klk}fnfna kg d` x}kkgfnög ~ s}`s`jnkgsa ck dkvna*

gkv j{vf{davp{kdîsnf`v'

Dav klk}fnfnav ck kvsn}`jnkgsav ngf}kjkgs`g d` kunmndnc`c

ck dav skgcagkv jkcn`gsk cav snxav ck kokfsav vam}k d` {gnög

ckd jüvf{da fag kd skgcög< d` ngenmnfnög ckd }kkla jkcn`ca

xa} jkf`ga}}kfkxsa}kv ~ d` skgvnög nvfakdàvsnf`' Kd ngf}k*jkgsa ck d` skgvnög vam}k d` {gnc`c j{vf{daskgcngav` vk ck*

skfs` jkcn`gsk x}axnafkxsa}kv kg kd skgcög ~ kg kd jüvf{da$

dav f{`dkv ngenmkg xavsk}na}kv fags}`ffnagkv `iagnvs`v ckd

jüvf{da k ngc{fkg d` }kd`l`fnög ck d` {gnc`c `iagnvs`' Kd amlk*

sna ck kvs` ngenmnfnög }kkl` kv x}kkgn} d`v dkvnagkv `vafn`*

c`v {g kvsn}`jnkgsa kufkvna ~ x{kck kuxdnf`} dav ngf}kjkg*

sav ck kunmndnc`c %` fa}sa xd`|a. p{k vk x}ac{fkg ckvx{îv ck

}k`dn|`} kvsn}`jnkgsav'



56



Dav x}ngfnx`dkv kokfsav ck dav kvsn}`jnkgsav njxdnf`g d`v x}a*

xnkc`ckv nvfakdàvsnf`v ckd skgcög' Vk fagvni{k$ xa} {g d`ca$ {g

ngf}kjkgsa s}`gvnsa}na ck d` dagins{c ck d` {gnc`c jüvf{da*skg*

cög }kv{ds`gsk ck d` }kd`l`fnög ck dav fajxdklav fsng`*jnavng`

~$ xa} as}a$ {g üdsnja ngf}kjkgsa jkcn`gsk d` `dsk}`fnög ck dav

`d}kckca}kv ck d` j`s}n| kus}`fkd{d`}'

Kd kokfsa jàv oàfndjkgsk x}kfn`mdk kv d` jkla}` p{k vk x}a*

c{fk vam}k d` kunmndnc`c ckd skgcög ~ kg dav dêjnskv ck v{v

janjnkgsav' D` kc`c ` jkg{ca x}ac{fk {g` v{vs`gfn`d }k*

c{ffnög s`gsa ck d` kunmndnc`c ckd skgcög faja ck v{v dêjnskvck janjnkgsa' Kvsa kv ckmnca ` f`jmnav mnap{êjnfav kg d` {gn*

c`c j{vf{davp{kdîsnf` ~ ` as}av o`fsa}kv jkfàgnfav kg d` kv*

s}{fs{}` j{vf{d`}' Kvsav f`jmnav af`vnag`g d` }kc{ffnög ck d`

o{k}|` ck skgvnög ~ kd `{jkgsa ck d` }ninck| ckd skgcög'

Kvs` xî}cnc` ck kunmndnc`c x{kck cnvjng{n} vnignfff`sn`*

jkgsk d` f`x`fnc`c ckd ngcnnc{a x`}` }k`dn|`} `fsnnc`ckv fasn*

cn`g`v ~ }k`dn|`} klk}fnfna oêvnfa'

D` xî}cnc` ck kunmndnc`c vk `vafn` ` d` kc`c ~ kv kvxkfn`d*

jkgsk njxa}s`gsk kg `p{kddav ngcnnc{av p{k$ `ckjàv$ vag vk*

ckgs`}nav' Vk }kd`fnag` d` o`ds` ck kunmndnc`c ckd xva`v ndn`fa$

kd f{àc}nfkxv$ kd f{`c}`ca d{jm`} ~ dav nvp{nasnmn`dkv$ l{gsa fag

d` xî}cnc` ck o{k}|` ~ }kvnvskgfn` j{vf{d`} ck d` |ag` `mcajn*

g`d$ fag x`sadaiê`v kg d` |ag` d{jm`}'

Xa} as}a d`ca$ kv ck i}`g njxa}s`gfn` kd s}`m`la ck d` kunmndnc`c

ckd f{kdda$ eajm}a ~ |ag` ca}v`d$ ~` p{k ck da fags}`}na x{kck n}

dnjnsàgcavk d` f`x`fnc`c x`}` }k`dn|`} `fsnnc`ckv fasncn g`v'

Snxa ck klk}fnfna

Dav jîsacav jàv kokfsnav x`}` s}`m`l`} d` kunmndnc`c vag dav

cngàjnfav dkgsav fag ffg`d kvsàsnfa %08*68 vki{gcav. a d` o`fndn*

s`fnög gk{}aj{vf{d`} x}axnafkxsn` %OG

X.'



53

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


X`}` kd x}njk} jîsaca$ vk s}`s` ck }k`dn|`} {g kvsn}`jnkgsa `

kdafnc`c dkgs` ~ fagvs`gsk$ vavskgnkgca d` xavnfnög ffg`d c{*

}`gsk {gav 68 vki{gcav' Ckmk }k`dn|`}vk dkgs`jkgsk ~ vöda

e`vs` {g x{gsa cagck vk vnkgsk {g` jadkvsn` jêgnj` %d` vkg*

v`fnög ck skgvnög ckmk}ê` cnvjng{n} ` jkcnc` p{k vk j`gsnkgk

kd kvsn}`jnkgsa$ vn ga cnvjng{~k$ vk ckmk}ê` }kc{fn} dnik}`jkg*

sk d` xavnfnög ck kvsn}`jnkgsa.' Kg gngiüg f`va vk ckmk }k`dn*

|`} }kmask'

D` OGX vk e` {sndn|`ca `jxdn`jkgsk kg `sdks`v faja jîsaca

x`}` ngf}kjkgs`} d` kunmndnc`c' Vk }k`dn|`g fag d` `~{c` ck {gfajx`ðk}a %a ffvnask}`xk{s`. k ngad{f}`g s`gsa janjnkgsav

`fsnav faja x`vnav' E`mns{`djkgsk vk fadaf` d` `}snf{d`fnög

kg xavnfnög ck kvsn}`jnkgsa kvsàsnfa fag kd jüvf{da }kd`l`ca'

Ckvx{îv ck {gav =8 vki{gcav vk fags}`k kd jüvf{da {gav 08

vki{gcav }k`dn|`gca {g` o{k}sk fags}`ffnög nvajîs}nf` fags}`

{g` o{k}|` kusk}g` p{k `fsü` kg d` cn}kffnög ckd kvsn}`jnkgsa'

Ckvx{îv$ vk }k`dn|`}à {g vki{gca kvsn}`jnkgsa % xaskgfn`djkg*

sk j`~a} p{k kd x}njk}a.'

@fsnnc`ckv faja kd ~ai`$ s`n*fen s`jmnîg vag mkgkfffnav`v ~

x}ac{fkg jkla}`v ck d` kunmndnc`c$ x{cnîgcavk ngski}`} kg kd

x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa'

Ng skgvnc`c

Vk ckmk vkgsn} skgvnög xk}a ga cada}' D` ngskgvnc`c ckd kvsn}`*

jnkgsa e` ck vk} v{fffnkgsk x`}` gas`} {g` dkk vkgv`fnög ckjadkvsn`$ p{k skgck}à ` cnvjng{n} ` jkcnc` p{k `i{`gs`jav kd

kvsn}`jnkgsa'

C{}`fnög

Kv fagkgnkgsk }k`dn|`} ck s}kv fngfa }kxksnfnagkv ck f`c` kv*

sn}`jnkgsa' F`c` kvsn}`jnkgsa vk ckmk j`gskgk} {gav 08 ` 68

vki{gcav$ fag {g xk}naca ck ckvf`gva kgs}k klk}fnfnav ck {gav

08`

68vki{gcav'



5;



O}kf{kgfn`

[g jêgnja ck cav ` s}kv kfkv xa} vkj`g`$ vnkgca }kfajkgc`*

mdk }k`dn|`}dav ` cn`}na'

A s}av o fsa}kv

@gskv ck }k`dn|`} dav kvsn}`jnkgsav$ kv `fagvkl`mdk }k`dn|`} `d*

i{g` `fsnnc`c ck snxa `k}ömnfa p{k `{jkgsk d` skjxk}`s{}`

fa}xa}`d ~ d` n}}ni`fnög v`gi{êgk` ck d` |ag` p{k vk ` ` kvsn}`}

% xa} klkjxda$ ;*08 jng{sav ck f`}}k}` v{`k.'

Vk ckmk}àg }k`dn|`} klk}fnfnav ck kvsn}`jnkgsa s`gsa kg d`v o`*vkv ck f`dkgs`jnkgsa faja kg d` o`vk ck kgo}n`jnkgsa xavsk}na}

` d` `fsnnc`c ~$ `ckjàv$ vk ckmk}ê` fajmng`} vnkjx}k kd kgs}k*

g`jnkgsa ck o{k}|` fag klk}fnfnav ck kvsn}`jnkgsa'

F`mk }kfa}c`} p{k d` kunmndnc`c jkla}` cê` ` cê` ~ p{k {g`

k| p{k kd }`gia ck janjnkgsav vk e` ngf}kjkgs`ca a ckv`}}a*

dd`ca e`vs` kd gnkd ckvk`ca kv oàfnd j`gskgk} kvk }`gia ck ja*

njnkgsav'

Fagfd{vnagkv

D` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg kd x`fnkgsk cn`mîsnfa

ckmk kvs`} cn}ninc` ` fagvki{n} dav jàunjav mkgkfffnav fag

dav jêgnjav }nkviav' F`mk skgk} kg f{kgs` p{k kd klk}fnfna snk*

gk {g gas`mdk kokfsa s`gsa kg d` x}kkgfnög faja kg kd s}`s`*

jnkgsa ck d` cn`mkskv ~ p{k$ xa} as}a d`ca$ d`v xavnmdkv fajxdn*f`fnagkv f}ögnf`v `vafn`c`v ` d` kad{fnög ck d` kgok}jkc`c

ngcnf`g d` gkfkvnc`c ck }k`dn|`} {g fags}ad kvs}nfsa ck dav xa*

vnmdkv }nkviav'

Kvs` x}kvf}nxfnög ck klk}fnfna ckmk skgk} kg f{kgs` sacav dav

kdkjkgsav ck d` fagcnfnög oêvnf` }kd`fnag`cav fag d` v`d{c' Kg*

s}k kddav$ d` jkla}` ck d` }kvnvskgfn` f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n` vni{k

vnkgca kd amlksna$ `{gp{k kg davü

dsnjav `ðav `di{gav kvs{*



5?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


C

ê `

0

C ê `

=

C ê `

6

C ê `

3

C ê `

;

F ` d k g s ` j n k g s a

; „

f ` } }

k } ` v { ` k

; „

k v s n } ` j n k g s a v

; „

f ` } } k } ` v { ` k

0 ; „


; „

f ` } } k } ` v { ` k

; „


; „

f ` } } k } ` v { ` k

0 ;

„


; „

f ` } } k } `

v { ` k

; „

k v s n } ` j

n k g s a v

] k v n v s k g f n `

f ` } c n a *

} k v x n } ` s a } n `

6 8 „

m

n f n f d k s `

k v s à s n f `

% 0 6 8

x x j .

6 8 „

m n f n f d k s `

k v s à s n f ` % 0 6 8

x x j .

6 8 „

m n f n f d k s `

k v s à s n f ` % 0

6 8

x x j .


j { v f { d ` }

K g o } n ` j n k g s a

; „

f ` j n g ` } v { ` k

; „


; „

f ` j n g ` } v { ` k

; „


; „

f ` j n g ` } v { ` k

; „

k v s n } ` j

n k g s a v

S n k j x a

s a s ` d

; 8 „

= 8 „

; 8 „

= 8 „

; 8 „

A m v k } ` f n a g k v

K l k j x d a

c k

x } a i } `

j `

c k

k l k } f n f n a

x `

} `

x ` f n k g s k v

c n ` m î s n f a v ' K c ` c

` c { d s `

'

X } n g f n x n ` g s k v



59



K l k j x d a

c k

x } a i } `

j `

c k

k l k } f n f n a

x `

} `

x ` f n k g s k v

c n ` m î s n f a v ' K c ` c

` c { d s `

'

G n v k d ` v ` g | ` c a

C

ê `

0

C ê `

=

C ê `

6

C ê `

3

C ê `

;

F ` d k g s ` j n k g s a

; „

f ` } }

k } ` v { ` k

; „


; „

f ` } } k } ` v { ` k

; „


; „

f ` } } k } ` v { ` k

; „


; „

f ` } } k } ` v { ` k

; „


; „

f ` } } k } `

v { ` k

; „

k v s n } ` j

n k g s a v


f ` } c n a *

} k v x n } ` s a } n `

6 8 „

m n f n f d k s ` k v s à s n f `

% 0 6 8 * 0 3 8

x x j .

= 8 „

f ` } } k } ` ` x n k

% 0 6

8

x x j .

= 8 „

m n f n f d k s `

k v s à s n f ` % 0 6 8 x x

j .

6 8 „


% 0 6 8 * 0

3 8

x x j .

= 8 „

g ` s ` f n ö g

% 0 = 8 * 0

3 8

x x j .

= 8 „


% 0 6 8

x x j .

6 8 „

m n f n f d k s `

k v s à s n f `

% 0 6 8 * 0

3 8

x x j .

= 8 „

f ` } } k }

` ` x n k

% 0 6 8 x x j .


j { v f { d ` }

e a j m } a $ k v x ` d c ` $

x n k } g `

?

k l k } f n f n a v

=

v k } n k v

0 8 } k x

C k v f ` g v a 0 „

x k f s a } ` d $ m } ` | a $

` m c a j n g ` d

?

k l k } f n f n a v

=

v k } n k v

0 8

} k x

C k v f ` g v a 0 „

K g o } n ` j n k g s a

; „

f ` j n g ` } v { ` k

; „


0 8 „


; „

f ` j n g ` } v { ` k

; „


0 8

„


; „

f ` j n g ` } v { ` k

; „

k v s n } ` j

n k g s a v

S n k j x a

s a s ` d

9 8 „

9 ; „

9 8 „

9 ; „

9 8 „

A m v k } ` f n a g k v



55

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


cnav fagvkl`g `ð`cn} klk}fnfnav x`}` d` jkla}` ck d` }kvnvskg*

fn` j{vf{d`}$ x{kv e` p{kc`ca ckjavs}`ca v{ kokfsa vam}k dav

o`fsa}kv ck }nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`} `vafn`cav ` d` cn`mkskv k

ngfd{va vam}k kd fags}ad id{fîjnfa ck x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv

snxa ='

Ga vk ckmk adnc`} d` ngfd{vnög ck klk}fnfnav cn}nincav ` d` jk*

la}` ck d` kunmndnc`c$ ~` p{k i}`fn`v ` kddav vk amskgc}à {g ng*

f}kjkgsa ck d` f`dnc`c ck nc` ckd x`fnkgsk ~ vk kns`}à$ kg x`}*

sk$ d` `x`}nfnög ck dkvnagkv j{vf{davp{kdîsnf`v'

Mnmdnai}`oê`

@jk}nf`g Faddkik ao Vxa}sv Jkcnfngk' Sek ]kfajjkgckc P{`gsns~ `gcP{`dns~ ao Kuk}fnvk oa} Ckkdaxngi `gc J`ngs`ngngi F`}cna}kvxn}`sa}~`gc J{vf{d`} Onsgkvv$ `gc Odkunmndns~ ng Ek`dse~ @c{dsv' Jkc Vfn Vxa}svKuk}f' 0>552 68 %?.'

@jk}nf`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag ! @jk}nf`g Faddkik ao Vxa}sv Jkcnfngk' Langs Vs`skjkgs< Cn`mkskv Jkddns{v `gc Kuk}fnvk' Jkc Vfn Vxa}sv Kuk}f'0>>92 => %0=.'

@jk}nf`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag' E`gcmaab ae Kuk}fnvk ng Cn`mkskv' @jk}nf`gCn`mkskv @vvafn`snag$ =88='

Fadmk}i V' Sek Cn`mkskv @sedksk< X}kvf}nxsnag oa} kuk}fnvk gc vxa}s' E{*j`g bngksnfv$ =880'

Odksfek} I ks `d' Mkgkffsv `gc }kfajjkgc`snagv oa} xe~vnf`d `fsnns~ x}a*i}`jv oa} `dd @jk}nf`gv %Vs`skjkgs ag Kuk}fnvk.' Fn}f{d`snag' 0>>?2 >3<

5;9*5?='

Ikgk}`dns`s ck F`s`d{g~`$ Ckx`}s`jkgs ck V`gns`s n Vki{}ks`s Vafn`d'I{n` xk} ` d` x}ajafnö ck d` v`d{s xk} jnslè ck d„ fsnns`s oêvnf`$ 0>>3'



5>

@' Xî}k|

I' F`}}k}`v

Kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv$ ` dav mkgkfffnav p{k fagddk`

d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa x`}` d` xamd`fnög ga cn`mîsnf`%jkla}ê` ck d` faa}cng`fnög ~ ck d` oa}j` oêvnf`$ cnk}vnög$

`ff`g|`jnkgsa ck d` `{sakvsnj`$ ksf'. vk `ð`ckg as}av$ ck}n*

`cav ck d` x}axn` cn`mkskv$ ~ p{k `}n`}àg vkiüg kd snxa ~

f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v ck d` kgok}jkc`c' Vng kjm`}ia$ s`gsa kd ngn*

fna ck dav x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa faja d` `cekvnög `

îvsav vag j{~ m`lav kg d` xamd`fnög fag cn`mkskv' @ kdda fag*

s}nm{~k kg x}njk} d{i`} dav `vxkfsav }kd`fnag`cav fag d`v cn*

fff{ds`ckv p{k fajxa}s` {g f`jmna ck fagc{fs`$ xk}a s`j*mnîg d` kvf`v` ckcnf`fnög ` d` x}ajafnög ~$ vam}k saca$ ` d`

x}kvf}nxfnög ck kvs` jkcnc` sk}`xî{snf` xa} x`}sk ckd xk}va*

g`d v`gns`}na' D` o`ds` ck oa}j`fnög vam}k dav `vxkfsav }kd`*

fnag`cav fag kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ `vê faja d` o`ds` ck snkjxa

ckd xk}vag`d v`gns`}na$ kvsàg }kd`fnag`cav fag kvs` kvf`v`

ckcnf`fnög' Kg vki{gca d{i`}$ dav `l{vskv ckd s}`s`jnkgsa gk*

fkv`}nav kg `di{gav x`fnkgskv `gsk d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna ~

d` x}kvkgfn` ck fajxdnf`fnagkv s`}cê`v s`jmnîg fags}nm{~kg

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfnaoêvnfa kg d` cn`mkskv'

@l{vskv ckds}`s`jnkgsa ~

`c`xs`fnög ` d`vfajxdnf`fnagkv

s`}cê`v



>8

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


` d` m`l` `cekvnög `d klk}fnfna oêvnfa ck d` xamd`fnög fag cn`*

mkskv' Kvsk f`xês{da }knv`}à kvsav cav üdsnjav `vxkfsav'

K lk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ fags}ad id{fîjnfa

Kg ikgk}`d$ d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa fagddk` {g` cnvjng{*

fnög ck d` id{fkjn` kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv snxa = ~ {g `{*

jkgsa ck d` vkgvnmndnc`c ` d` ngv{dng` p{k c{}` 0=*9= ea}`v' Kvsav

kokfsav fags}nm{~kg ` p{k d` x}àfsnf` }ki{d`} ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa

jkla}k kd fags}ad id{fîjnfa ` d`}ia xd`|a kg dav x`fnkgskv fag

cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =$ kvxkfn`djkgsk kg `p{kddav kg dav p{k x}kcajng` d` }kvnvskgfn` ` d` ngv{dng`' @vê jnvja$ kg d` `fs{`dn*

c`c vk cnvxagk ck `m{gc`gskv c`sav ck kvs{cnav kxnckjnadöinfav

~ ck ngsk}kgfnög p{k `xa~`g p{k d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` }kc{fk kd

}nkvia ck ckv`}}add`} cn`mkskv snxa =' Kg kvsk vkgsnca$ cav kvs{*

cnav }kfnkgskv ckj{kvs}`g p{k d` jacnfff`fnög ck d` cnks` ~ kd `{*

jkgsa ck d` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` }kc{fkg kg {g ;5+ kd }nkvia ck ckv`*

}}add`} cn`mkskv kg ngcnnc{av fag ngsadk}`gfn` ` d` id{fav`'

Kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv snxa 0 a `p{kddav fag cn`mkskv

snxa = kg dav p{k x}kcajng` d` ckfffnkgfn` ck ngv{dng`$ dav kokf*

sav ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa vam}k d` id{fkjn` vag jàv `}n`mdkv$ x{*

cnkgca x}aaf`} cnvjng{fnög$ `{jkgsa a gngi{g` jacnfff`*

fnög' Kdda vk ckmk ` p{k dav f`jmnav ea}jag`dkv ffvnadöinfav

p{k vk x}ac{fkg kg d`v xk}vag`v ga cn`mîsnf`v c{}`gsk kd klk}fn*

fna ga af{}}kg xa} o`ds` ckd `l{vsk `{sajàsnfa ck d` ngv{dng`'

Xa} s`gsa$ dav f`jmnav ck d` id{fkjn` fag kd klk}fnfna ckxkgck*}àg o{gc`jkgs`djkgsk ck dav gnkdkv ck ngv{dng` kunvskgskv' Kg

kvsav x`fnkgskv$ d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ `{gp{k }kc{fk

dav }kp{k}njnkgsav ck ngv{dng`$ ga v{kdk jkla}`} kd fags}ad id{*

fîjnfa ` d`}ia xd`|a' Kg fagvkf{kgfn`$ kd klk}fnfna ga ckmk ng*

cnf`}vk fag kvsk amlksna$ xk}a vê xa} j{fe`v as}`v }`|agkv }k*

d`fnag`c`v fag d` v`d{c ~$ kvxkfn`djkgsk kg gnðav ~ lökgkv$

fag kd xd`fk} ck x}`fsnf`} ckxa}sk$ oa}j`} x`}sk ck {g kp{nxa ~

ga vkgsn}vk cnok}kgsk ck dav ckjàv'



>0


@ l{vskv ckd s}`s`jnkg sa ~ `c`x s`fnög ` d`v fajxdnf`fnagkv s`}cê v

]ki{d`fnög ck d` id{fkjn` kg kd klk}fnfna

%ffi{}` 0 ~ ffi{}` = M.C{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna$ e`~ {g {jkgsa ck d`v gkfkvnc`ckv kgk}iîsnf`v

ckd jüvf{da' X`}` v`snvo`fk} kvs`v gkfkvnc`ckv$ kg d` xk}vag` ga

cn`mîsnf` vk x}ac{fk ffvnadöinf`jkgsk {g` cnvjng{fnög ck dav gnk*

dkv ck ngv{dngkjn` ~ {g `{jkgsa ck dav gnkdkv xd`vjàsnfav ck ea}*

jag`v fags}`}}ki{d`ca}`v a enxk}id{fkjn`gskv< id{f`iög$ f`skfa*

d`jng`v$ fa}snvad ~ ea}jag` ckd f}kfnjnkgsa' Kvsav f`jmnav ea}ja*

g`dkv xk}jnskg {g {jkgsa ck d` x}ac{ffnög ck id{fav` ~$ xa} s`gsa$

v`snvo`fk} d`v gkfkvnc`ckv kgk}iîsnf`v vng ddki`} ` d` enxaid{fkjn`'

Kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv snxa 0 ~ = s}`s`cav fag ngv{dng`

kvsàg ikgk}`djkgsk x}kvkgskv sac`v kvs`v jacnfff`fnagkv jk*

s`mödnf`v$ kufkxsa kd `l{vsk `{sajàsnfa ck dav gnkdkv ck ngv{dn*

g`' Xa} s`gsa$ vn ga vk x}kî {g `l{vsk `}snfffn`d ck dav gnkdkv ck

ngv{dng`$ kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa xac}à x}aaf`}$ vkiüg d` vns{`fnög

kg d` p{k vk }k`dnfk$ {g` cnvjng{fnög$ {g `{jkgsa a {g j`gsk*

gnjnkgsa ck d`v fno}`v ck id{fkjn` %s`md`v 0 ~ =.'

Oni{}` 0' ]kvx{kvs` jks`mödnf` `d klk}fnfna oêvnfa



>=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Enxaid{fkjn`v

Kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv snxa = s}`s`cav fag cnks` a mnkg fag

cnks` ~ oà}j`fav a}`dkv p{k ga `{jkgs`g d` vkf}kfnög ck ngv{dng`

%jksoa}jng`$ ngenmnca}kv ck d` do`id{favnc`v` ~ idns`|ag`v. ga kunv*

sk }nkvia ck enxaid{fkjn`' Kg dav x`fnkgskv s}`s`cav fag oà}j`fav

p{k `{jkgs`g d` vkf}kfnög ck ngv{dng` %v{doagnd{}k`v ~ jkidngnc`v.$

`{gp{k kd }nkvia ck enxaid{fkjn` kv m`la$ x{kck x}kvkgs`}vk fag d`

x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfnav ngskgvav ~ ck d`}i` c{}`fnög' Kd }nkvia ck enxa*

Oni{}` =' Eajkavs`vnv ck d` id{fav` c{}`g sk kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa



>6



• D` id{fkjn` vn<

Enxk}ngv{dngkjn` c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna

Klk}fnfna x}adagi`ca %738*?8 jng. a ngskgva

Vng v{xdkjkgsav `dnjkgsnfnav

• D` id{fkjn` ga f`jmn` vn<

Klk}fnfna fa}sa ~ xafa ngskgva

F

agfkgs}`fnög ck ngv{dng` ga}j`dV{xdkjkgsav `dnjkgsnfnav `ckf{`cav

• D` id{fkjn` vn<

Enxangv{dngkjn` c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna

Klk}fnfna j{~ nadkgsa

V{xdkjkgsav `dnjkgsnfnav kufkvnav

S`md` 0' Klk}fnfna oêvnfa `i{ca kg d` cn`mkskv snxa 0 ~ =

fag ngv{dngaxkgn`' O`fsa}kv p{k ng{~kg kg d` }kvx{kvs`

id{fîjnf` %N.

• Klk}fnfna<

Ngskgvnc`c ~ c{}`fnög

I}`ca ck kgs}kg`jnkgsa

• I}`ca ck fags}ad id{fîjnfa<

7688 ji ! cD ~ ! a fksavnv

4688 ji ! cD ~ `{vkgfn` ck fksavnv

• S}`s`jnkgsa<

Snxa ~ cavnv ck ngv{dng`

\ag` ck ng~kffnög

Snkjxa ckvck d` ng~kffnög k ngikvsnög

• Gnkd ck ngv{dngkjn`<

Enxangv{dngkjn`

Enxk}ngv{dngkjn`

S`md` =' Klk}fnfna oêvnfa `i{ca kg d` cn`mkskv snxa 0 ~ =fag ngv{dngaxkgn`' O`fsa}kv p{k ng{~kg kg d` }kvx{kvs`

id{fîjnf` %NN.



>3

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


id{fkjn` kv j`~a} kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv snxa = s}`s`cav fag

ngv{dng` ~$ vam}k saca$ kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv snxa 0' Kg vns{`*

fnög ck m{kg fags}ad id{fîjnfa ~ kg `p{kddav jajkgsav ckd cê` kg

dav p{k d` ngv{dngkjn` kv j`~a}$ vn ga vk cnvjng{~kg `}snfffn`d*

jkgsk dav gnkdkv ck ngv{dng` a mnkg vk `{jkgs` d` ngikvsnög ck en*

c}`sav ck f`}maga `gskv a c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ kunvsk }nkvia

ck enxaid{fkjn`'

Kdda vk ckmk p{k d` enxk}ngv{dngkjn` }kd`sn` kunvskgsk ngen*

mk d` x}ac{ffnög ekxàsnf` ck id{fav` ~ `{jkgs` d` f`xs`fnög

xk}noî}nf` ck id{fav`$ xa} da p{k dav gnkdkv ck id{fkjn` cnvjn*g{n}àg ~ x{kck x`}kfk} enxaid{fkjn` %ffi{}` = @.' D`v vns{`fna*

gkv ck j`~a} }nkvia fa}}kvxagckg ` `p{kdd`v kg d`v p{k kd klk}*

fnfna oêvnfa vk }k`dn|` fangfncnkgca fag kd xnfa ck `ffnög ck d`v

ngv{dng`v `cjngnvs}`c`v$ xa} klkjxda$ ckvx{îv ck d`v fajnc`v

kg d`v x`{s`v fag jüdsnxdkv cavnv$ a mnkg c{}`gsk d` j`ð`g` ~

ckvx{îv ck fkg`} kg d`v x`{s`v fag cav cavnv ck ngv{dng` ngsk}*

jkcn` %ffi{}` 6.' Kd }nkvia ck enxaid{fkjn` vk}à j`~a} f{`gsa

jàv ngskgva ~ x}adagi`ca vk` kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa'

Kg f`jmna$ vn kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa ga kv j{~ ngskgva$ kv ck fa}s`

c{}`fnög ~ vk }k`dn|` kg {g jajkgsa ckd cê` kg p{k dav gnkdkv ck

ngv{dngkjn` vag m`lav$ kd }nkvia ck ckv`}}add`} enxaid{fkjn` kv

m`la' Xa} klkjxda$ `gskv ck d`v fajnc`v kg d`v x`{s`v fag jüdsn*

xdkv cavnv$ a `gskv ckd ckv`~{ga ~ ck d` fkg` kg d`v x`{s`v fag

cav cavnv ck ngv{dng` ngsk}jkcn`$ d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa

x}am`mdkjkgsk ga jacnfff`}à d` id{fkjn` a da e`}à dnik}`jkgsk$`{gp{k ga vk `l{vsk d` x`{s` ck s}`s`jnkgsa e`mns{`d %ffi{}` 6.'

Enxaid{fkjn` s }cê % s`md` 6.

Vn mnkg d` j`~a}ê` ck d`v enxaid{fkjn`v }kd`fnag`c`v fag kd

klk}fnfna oêvnfa x`}kfkg c{}`gsk a ngjkcn`s`jkgsk ckvx{îv ck

v{ x}àfsnf`$ kg af`vnagkv `x`}kfkg jàv s`}ck' Kvs`v enxaid{fk*

jn`v vk ckgajng`g s`}cê`v ~ vk ckffgkg faja `p{kdd`v p{k `x`*

}kfkg {g` k| s}`gvf{}}nc`v f{`s}a a jàv ea}`v s}`v ffg`dn|`} d`



>;



Oni{}` 6' ]nkvia ck enxaid{fkjn` vkiüg d` ea}` ck }k`dn|`fnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa'D`v |ag`v }kddkg`v fa}}kvxagckg ` d`v ck jkga} }nkvia$ d`v |ag`v } ~ c`v ` d`v

ck j ~ a} }nkvia



>?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


vkvnög ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa' Da jàv o}kf{kgsk kv p{k vk x}kvkgskg

kgs}k d`v vknv ~ 0; ea}`v$ `{gp{k x{kck }ks}`v`}vk e`vs` s}`gv*f{}}nc`v =3 ea}`v' Kv jàv o}kf{kgsk s}`v klk}fnfnav j{~ x}adag*

i`cav k ngskgvav %kvp{ê$ kuf{}vnagkv$ j`}`sög$ ksf'. ~ kvxkfn`d*

jkgsk kg ngcnnc{av ga kgs}kg`cav a p{k kvsàg ngskgvnfff`gca

v{ xd`g ck kgs}kga'

Enxk } id{fkjn`

Vn dav gnkdkv ck ngv{dng` vag ckj`vn`ca m`lav %vns{`fnög ck

j`d fags}ad jks`mödnfa ~ ffg`d ckd kokfsa ck d` ngv{dng`.$ kdklk}fnfna oêvnfa x}aaf`}à ni{`djkgsk kd `{jkgsa ck x}ac{f*

fnög ck id{fav` %dnmk}`fnög ck ea}jag`v fags}`}}ki{d`ca}`v ~

gnkdkv ck ngv{dng` m`lav.$ xk}a v{ {sndn|`fnög xa} kd jüvf{da

kvs`}à cnvjng{nc` %cîfffns ck ngv{dng`.$ xa} da p{k kg k| ck

enxaid{fkjn` x`}kfk}à enxk}id{fkjn`$ k ngfd{va$ kg vns{`fnög

ck ckfffnkgfn` j`}f`c` ck ngv{dng`$ fksavnv %ffi{}` = F.' Xa}

s`gsa$ kv njxa}s`gsk jagnsa}n|`} d` id{fkjn` x}kn` `d klk}fn*

fna ~ vn îvs` kv j`~a} ck =;8

ji ! cD$ cksk}jng`} d` fksag{}n`'

• @x`}nfnög ≫3 e xavsklk}fnfna %?*0; e.

• V{mkvsnj`c`< cn`igövsnfa xa} kufd{vnög

• O}kf{kgskjkgsk gafs{}g`

• J`~a} }nkvia<

Klk}fnfnav j{~ ngskgvav ~ ! a x}adagi`cav

Ngcnnc{av ga kgs}kg`cav

S

}`gvnfnög vng kgs}kga*kgs}kga• Jkf`gnvjav x}ngfnx`dkv<

Ckxdkfnög ck id{föikga j{vf{d`} ~ ekxàsnfa

@{jkgsa ck d` vkgvnmndnc`c ` d` ngv{dng`

• Fagv{ja ck id{fav` 7 x}ac{ffnög ck id{fav`

S`md` 6' Klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg d` cn`mkskv snxa 0 ~ = s}`s`c` fag

ngv{dng`' Enxaid{fkjn` xavsklk}fnfna s`}cê`



>9



Vn d` id{fkjn` kv j`~a} ck 688 ji ! cD a mnkg vn e`~ fksag{}n`$

kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa kvs`}à fags}`ngcnf`ca e`vs` p{k vk }kvs`*

mdk|f` kd fags}ad id{fîjnfa$ x`}` kns`} {g` j`~a} ckvfaj*

xkgv`fnög'

@ xkv`} ck {g m{kg fags}ad id{fîjnfa x}kna d klk}fnfna$ s`j*

mnîg x{kck `x`}kfk} enxk}id{fkjn` ckvx{îv ckd klk}fnfna' Kvsa

kv o}kf{kgsk ckvx{îv ck {g` fajxksnfnög a ckvx{îv ck {g klk}*

fnfna oêvnfa ck fa}s` c{}`fnög ~ j{~ ngskgva a nadkgsa$ xa} d`

vkf}kfnög ck {g xnfa njxa}s`gsk ck ea}jag`v fags}`}}ki{d`ca*

}`v ckmnc` ` d` vns{`fnög ck kvs}îv oêvnfa ~ ! a xvêp{nfa' As}` f`{*v`$ jàv o}kf{kgsk `üg$ kv d` ngikvsnög kufkvn` ck v{xdkjkgsav

`dnjkgs`}nav `gskv a c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna$ kg `di{g`v af`vnagkv

ckmnc` ` {g` fagc{fs` ck kns`fnög ck d`v enxaid{fkjn`v'

Kufkxsa kg vns{`fnagkv j{~ fagf}ks`v kg d`v p{k dav }nkviav

ck d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa vag j{~ kdk`cav$ dav mkgkff*

fnav v{xk}`g dav }nkviav ~ kd amlksna vk}à `c`xs`} x`}` f`c`

x`fnkgsk kd x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna ` v{ vns{`fnög ~ `vê amskgk}dav jàunjav mkgkfffnav ~ }kc{fn} dav }nkviav' Kdda ügnf`jkgsk

kv xavnmdk jkcn`gsk d` `ckf{`c` x}kvf}nxfnög ckd x}ai}`j` k

ngvs}{ffnög ckd x`fnkgsk vam}k kd j`gkla'

X}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna<

x}k vkgfnög ck dav f`jmnav id{fîjnfav

D` x}kvf}nxfnög ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa$ kgskgcnc` faja kd x}afkva

` s}`îv ckd f{`d {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kv oa}j{d`cack {g` oa}j` vnvskjàsnf` k ngcnnc{`dn|`c`$ kv njx}kvfngcnmdk

x`}` jkla}`} d` x`}snfnx`fnög ck dav x`fnkgskv ~ amskgk} dav

jàunjav mkgkfffnav fag dav jkga}kv }nkviav$ da p{k kv }kvxag*

v`mndnc`c ckd jîcnfa ~ ckd }kvsa ckd kp{nxa v`gns`}na' Xa} s`gsa$

kd x}afkcnjnkgsa ckmk vk} vnjnd`} d p{k {sndn|`jav fag d` cnks`$

d` ngv{dng` a d` `{sajacnfff`fnög ckd s}`s`jnkgsa ~$ xa} v{x{kv*

sa$ ga vn}k kd ckfn} ¢e`i` klk}fnfna² a ¢f`jngk$ p{k kv m{kga²

ni{`d p{k ga vn}k ckfn}¢

e`i` d` cnks`²

a¢

ng~îfskvk ngv{dng`²

'



>5

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


D` ngoa}j`fnög cnvxagnmdk ga xk}jnsk c`} {g`v cn}kfs}nfkv ff*

l`v$ xk}a vê kd`ma}`} {g`v }kfajkgc`fnagkv p{k$ {sndn|`c`v ck

oa}j` kunmdk$ x{kckg `xdnf`}vk ` d` j`~a}ê` ck dav x`fnkgskv ~

vns{`fnagkv' @ fagsng{`fnög vk }kv{jkg dav kdkjkgsav ` skgk}

kg f{kgs` x`}` x}kkgn} dav f`jmnav id{fîjnfav fag d` x}àfsnf`

ckd klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg dav x`fnkgskv fag cn`mkskv jkddns{v'

X } k v k g fn ög c k dav f`j m nav id{f î jnfav % s`md` 3.

X`}` xk}jnsn} kd f{}va ga}j`d ck d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~

p{k îvsk ga vk k` ngsk}}{jxnca xa} d` x`}nfnög o}kf{kgsk ck enxa*

id{fkjn`v k enxk}id{fkjn`v$ ckmk xd`gnfff`}vk `ckf{`c`jkgsk' Vn

mnkg e`~ {g`v cn}kfs}nfkv ikgk}`dkv$ d` }kvx{kvs` {g cksk}jng`ca

klk}fnfna `}n`}à ck {g ngcnnc{a ` as}a ~ kg {g jnvja ngcnnc{a

s`jmnîg `}n`}à vkiüg d` ngskgvnc`c ckd klk}fnfna$ ea}`}na$ i}`ca

ck kgs}kga$ snxa ck s}`s`jnkgsa$ ksf' Kg dav x`fnkgskv s}`s`cav fag

Xd`gsk`jnkgsa' Kvp{kj` ikgk}`d Kuxk}nkgfn` ngcnnc{`d

Jacnfff`fnagkv

Cnks` Ngv{dng`

• Ngcnnc{av ckdi`cav • Ngcnnc{av amkvav

• Klk}fnfnav ga x}ai}`j`cav • Klk}fnfnav x}ai}`j`cav

~ ! a kvxa}àcnfav ~ }ki{d`}kv

• M`la kokfsa ngv{dng` ngsk}jkcn` • M`la kokfsa ngv{dng` }àxnc`

Vng jacnfff`fnagkv• Klk}fnfna ck m`l` ngskgvnc`c ~ fa}s` c{}`fnög %4=8*68„.

• Ong`d kokfsa ngv{dng`

• S}`s`jnkgsa vöda fag cnks`

• S}`s`jnkgsa fag jksoa}jng`$ ngenmnca}kv ck d` `do`id{favnc`v`

~ idns`|ag`v

• J`~a}ê` ck x`fnkgskv s}`s`cav fag v{doagnd{}k`v ~ jkidngnc`v

Id{fkjn`v f`xnd`}kv< x}k$ c{}`gsk ~ xavsklk}fnfna

F`jmna |ag` ck ng~kffnög< ga }kfajkgc`mdk

S`md` 3' Klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg d` cn`mkskv' X}k vkgfnög ck dav

f`jmnav id{fîjnfav



>>



cnks` a mnkg fag cnks` jàv oà}j`fav p{k ga x}aaf`g enxaid{fk*

jn` %jksoa}jng`$ idns`|ag`v$ ngenmnca}kv ck d` `do`id{favnc`v . ga

vk }kp{nk}kg l{vskv ckd s}`s`jnkgsa' Kg p{kddav s}`s`cav fag v{d*

oagnd{}k`v a jkidngnc`v kd }nkvia ck enxaid{fkjn` kv m`la ~ ga v{k*

dk vk} gkfkv`}na }k`dn|`} jacnfff`fnagkv' Vng kjm`}ia$ kg kvsav

f`vav$ ckxkgcnkgca ck d`v f`}`fsk}êvsnf`v ckd x`fnkgsk ~ ckd klk}fn*

fna$ x{kck }kc{fn}vk d` cavnv ckd `ikgsk a}`d %x`fnkgsk amkva ! klk}*

fnfna x}ai}`j`ca. a mnkg {jkgs`} kd `xa}sk ck enc}`sav ck f`}ma*

ga %x`fnkgsk ckdi`ca ! klk}fnfna ga x}ai}`j`ca.' Kg dav s}`s`cav

fag ngv{dng`$ f`vn vnkjx}k vag gkfkv`}nav dav `l{vskv' Kg îvsav$ kd

jkla} xd`gsk`jnkgsa kv p{k dav `l{vskv vk m`vkg kg dav }kv{ds`cavamskgncav fag d` jagnsa}n|`fnög ck d`v id{fkjn`v `gskv$ ckvx{îv k

ngfd{va c{}`gsk kd klk}fnfna' @ fagsng{`fnög$ vk kuxagkg `di{gav

klkjxdav ck x`{s`v ck jacnfff`fnög x`}` klk}fnfnav ck jack}`c`

ngskgvnc`c ~ c{}`fnög kg sa}ga {g` ea}`'

Klk}fnfnav ga x}ai}`j`cav

Kg kvs`v vns{`fnagkv ga vk x{kck jacnfff`} d` cavnv ck ngv{dng` ~`

`cjngnvs}`c`$ ck j`gk}` p{k d` ügnf` axfnög x`}` kns`} d` enxa*id{fkjn` vk}à kd v{xdkjkgsa ck enc}`sav ck f`}maga' Kg ikgk}`d$

vag v{fffnkgskv {gav 08 i}`jav xa} f`c` 68 jng{sav ck `fsnnc`c

oêvnf`$ p{k vk saj`}à c{}`gsk ~ ckvx{îv ckd klk}fnfna vn d` id{fkjn`

x}kn` kv `ds` ~ ! a e`g s}`gvf{}}nca jkgav ck cav ea}`v ckvck d`

üdsnj` ngikvsnög$ a mnkg x}kok}nmdkjkgsk `gskv ~ c{}`gsk kd klk}fn*

fna vn d` id{fkjn` kv ga}j`d$ e`g s}`gvf{}}nca jàv ck =*6 ea}`v

ckvck d` üdsnj` fajnc` ~ ! a dav gnkdkv ck ngv{dng` ckvx{îv ckd klk}*

fnfna vag `dsav' Xa} üdsnja$ vn d` id{fkjn` }kv{ds`gsk kv ckj`vn`ca`ds`$ kv p{k kd v{xdkjkgsa ga k}` gkfkv`}na a e` vnca kufkvna$ xa}

da p{k vk }kc{fn}à kg as}`v af`vnagkv vnjnd`}kv'

Klk}fnfnav x}ai}`j`cav

Kg dav x`fnkgskv s}`s`cav fag jüdsnxdkv cavnv$ vn kd klk}fnfna vk }k`*

dn|` `gskv ck d`v fajnc`v %ckv`~{ga$ fajnc` ~ fkg`. %ffi{}` 3.$ ik*

gk}`djkgsk ga vag gkfkv`}n`v jacnfff`fnagkv$ ~` p{k d` ngv{dngk*

jn` kv m`l`$ a mnkg vk }kp{nk}k {g xkp{kða v{xdkjkgsa ck 08

i ck



088

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


enc}`sav ck f`}maga `gskv ckd klk}fnfna' Kg f`jmna$ vn vk }k`dn|`

ckvx{îv ck d`v fajnc`v %`gskv ck 3 ea}`v ck `cjngnvs}`c` d` ngv{*dng` }àxnc` a `gskv ck = ea}`v kg kd f`va ck `gàdaia ck }àxnc`. %ff*

i{}` ;.$ ckmk }kc{fn}vk d` cavnv x}kn` ck ngv{dng` kg x}aunj`c`*

jkgsk {g sk}fna a mnkg `cjngnvs}`}vk {g v{xdkjkgsa ck 08*=8 i ck

enc}`sav ck f`}maga xa} f`c` 68 jng{sav ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa'

Kg dav x`fnkgskv s}`s`cav fag cav cavnv ck ngv{dng` ngsk}jkcn`

fag a vng ngv{dng` ck `ffnög }àxnc`$ vn kd klk}fnfna vk }k`dn|` kg `~{*

g`v a gskv ck d` fkg` x{kckg ga gkfkvns`} jacnfff`fnagkv a saj`}

Oni{}` 3' @ l{vskv ckd s}`s`jnkg sa< klk}fnfna kg ~ {g`v a ckvx{îv ck 3 ea}`vxav}àxnc` a ck = ea}`v xavs`gàdaia ck }àxnc`

Oni{}` ;' @ l{vskv ckd s}`s`jnkg sa< klk}fnfna `g skv ck 3 ea}`v xav}àxnc` a`g skv ck = ea}`v xavs`gàdaia ck }àxnc`



080



{g xkp{kða v{xdkjkgsa ck enc}`sav ck f`}maga' Vn vk }k`dn|` c{*

}`gsk d` j`ð`g` a ckvx{îv ck d` fkg`$ ckmk }kc{fn}vk {g sk}fna d`

cavnv ck ngv{dng` }àxnc` x}kn` `d klk}fnfna$ a mnkg ngik}n} {g v{xdk*

jkgsa ck enc}`sav ck f`}maga vn vöda vk `cjngnvs}` ngv{dng` ngsk}*

jkcn`' Xa} üdsnja$ vn kd klk}fnfna vk }k`dn|` xa} d` s`}ck$ vk ckmk}à

ngik}n} 08*=8 i ck enc}`sav ck f`}maga xa} f`c` 68 jng{sav ck klk}*

fnfna %xa} klkjxda$ `{jkgs`} d` jk}nkgc`. a mnkg$ `{gp{k jàv

fajxdkla$ cnvjng{n} d` cavnv ck ngv{dng` ngsk}jkcn` ck d` j`ð`g`

kg {g 0;*=;+ ~ `{jkgs`} d` ck ngv{dng` }àxnc` kg {g 08*0;+'

Klk}fnfnav j{~ ng skgvav ~ ck fa} s` c{}`fnög

Faja vk e` fajkgs`gca x}kn`jkgsk$ kvsav klk}fnfnav x{kckg x}a*

af`} enxk}id{fkjn` s}`gvnsa}n` xavsklk}fnfna$ kvxkfn`djkgsk f{`g*

ca ga vk }k`dn|` f`dkgs`jnkgsa `ckf{`ca$ xa} da p{k ckmkg kns`}vk

vn kd fags}ad id{fîjnfa x}kna ga kv m{kga' Ga ckmk }kc{fn}vk d` cavnv

ck ngv{dng` x}kn` ~ s`jxafa kv }kfajkgc`mdk `cjngnvs}`} {g` ca*

vnv v{xdkjkgs`}n` ck ngv{dng` ckvx{îv ckd klk}fnfna x`}` fa}}kin} kvs`

enxk}id{fkjn`$ xa} kd j`~a} }nkvia ck enxaid{fkjn` xavsklk}fnfna'

Klk}fnfnav j{~ ng skgvav ~ ck d`}i` c{}`fnög

Ckmkg vk} vnkjx}k xd`gnfff`cav$ j`gskgnkgca {g fags}ad id{fî*

jnfa x}kna `fkxs`mdk ~ jagnsa}n|`gca d`v id{fkjn`v o}kf{kgsk*

jkgsk ` da d`}ia ckd cê`' Ckmk}àg ngik}n}vk v{xdkjkgsav ck enc}`*

sav ck f`}maga f`c` =8*68 jng{sav$ `vê faja ckvx{îv ckd klk}fn*

fna x`}` ddkg`} dav ckxövnsav ck id{föikga' S`jmnîg ckmk}àg

cnvjng{n}vk d`v cavnv ck ngv{dng`$ s`gsa `gskv faja ckvx{îv ckd

klk}fnfna$ c`ca kd }nkvia njxa}s`gsk ck enxaid{fkjn` s`}cê`' D`vcavnv x}kn`v v{kdkg }kc{fn}vk kg {g ;8 + ~ d`v xavsk}na}kv kg {g

=;+$ `{gp{k x{kckg vk} gkfkv`}n`v }kc{ffnagkv `üg j`~a}kv'

F j m na c k d` | a g c k n g ~ kffn ög

Kg 0>95$ Bannvsa x{mdnfö p{k kd klk}fnfna oêvnfa x}`fsnf`ca ngjk*

cn`s`jkgsk ckvx{îv ck d` cjngnvs}`fnög ck ngv{dng` kg kd j{vda

`fkdk}`m` v{ mva}fnög' @ x`}sn} ck eê$ vk ikgk}`dn|ö d` }kfajkg*

c`fnög ck f`jmn`} d` |ag` ck ng~kffnög ` {g` p{k ga vk o{k}` `



08=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


klk}fns`}$ vnkgca d` jàv o}kf{kgskjkgsk {sndn|`c` kd `mcajkg'

Xavsk}na}jkgsk ga vk e` ckjavs}`ca p{k kd f`jmna ck |ag` x}k*

kgi` d`v enxaid{fkjn`v }kd`fnag`c`v fag kd klk}fnfna ~$ ck ek*

fea$ kd kokfsa vam}k d` `mva}fnög ck ngv{dng` ckd f`jmna ckvck

{g` |ag` ck `mva}fnög dkgs`$ faja kd j{vda$ {g` |ag` ck `mva}*

fnög }àxnc` faja kd mcajkg kv j`~a} p{k kd p{k vk x}ac{fk xa}

kd kokfsa ckd klk}fnfna' Xa} s`gsa$ ga vk ckmk }kfajkgc`} kd f`j*

mna ck |ag` ck `cjngnvs}`fnög ck ngv{dng` ck oa}j` vnvskjàsnf`'

K lk}fnfna oêvnfa ~ fajxdnf`fnagkv s`}cê`v

D` x}kvkgfn` ck fajxdnf`fnagkv s`}cê`v fagddk` ` jkg{ca kd

ckvf{nca ck d` x}àfsnf` ck `fsnnc`c oêvnf`' Vng kjm`}ia$ dav

x}ai}`j`v ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa vni{kg skgnkgca {g x`xkd njxa}*

s`gsk kg kd j`gkla ck d` cn`mkskv ~ ck `di{g`v ck d`v fajxdnf`*

fnagkv s`}cê`v$ ~ d` fajmng`fnög ck fajxdnf`fnagkv s`}cê`v k

ng`fsnnc`c oêvnf` x{kck `ckd`gs`} d` `x`}nfnög ck ngf`x`fnc`c'

Xa} s`gsa$ kv gkfkv`}na j`gskgk} k njxdkjkgs`} d` x}àfsnf` ckd

klk}fnfna oêvnfa f{`gca `x`}kfkg d`v fajxdnf`fnagkv$ skgnkgcakg f{kgs` p{k d` x}kvf}nxfnög ckmk vk} j{fea jàv f{nc`cav`' @

fagsng{`fnög$ vk }kv{jkg `di{g`v }kfajkgc`fnagkv x`}` d`v

x}ngfnx`dkv fajxdnf`fnagkv ck d` cn`mkskv %s`md` ;.'

Gk{}ax`sê xk}n oî}nf`

~ kgo k}jkc`c v`vf{d`} xk}n oî}nf`

G k{ } ax` sê xk } n o î } nf`

D` gk{}ax`sê` xk}noî}nf` x{kck af`vnag`} d` xî}cnc` ck d` vkgvnmndn*c`c kg dav xnkv' Kg kvs`v vns{`fnagkv$ d`v `fsnnc`ckv a klk}fnfnav

}kxksncav p{k v{xagi`g {g` f`}i` njxa}s`gsk x`}` dav xnkv ngf}k*

jkgs`g kd }nkvia ck ckv`}}add`} dkvnagkv kg îvsav %o}`fs{}`v ~ {dfk*

}`fnagkv.$ p{k `ckjàv x{kckg x`v`} ng`ck}snc`v x`}` kd x`fnkgsk'

D` k`d{`fnög ck d` xadngk{}ax`sê` vk ddk` ` f`ma `da}`gca dav

}kklav$ kd vkgsnca ck d` xavnfnög$ ck d` nm}`fnög ~ kd jagaffd`jkg*

sa' D` ngf`x`fnc`c ck ckskfs`} d` vkgv`fnög x}ac{fnc` xa} {g ja*

gaffd`jkgsa ck 08

i ngcnf` d` xî}cnc` ck d` vkgvnmndnc`c x}askfsa}`'



086



F a j x d n f ` f n ö g

] k f a j k g

c ` f n a g k v

F a g s } ` n g c n f ` f n a g k v

X } k f ` { f n a g k v

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@ f s n n c ` c k v ` k } ö m n f ` v c k m ` l a N @ J

} k f n k g s k 4 ? v k j ` g ` v

N g f } k j k g s ` } d ` o } k f { k g f n `

f ` } c n a ` v f { d ` }

n j x ` f s a <

f

` j n g ` } $ m n f n f d k s ` $

@ f s n n c ` c k v e n x k } s k g v n ` v <

f ` } c n ` f ` i } ` c { ` d j k g s k

g ` s ` f n ö g $ f n g s ` } a c ` g s k

d k ` g s ` }

x k v a v n j x a } s ` g s k v $ k d k ` c `

V k v n a g k v v

{ x k } n v ` c ` v

n g s k g v n c ` c

x ` } ` n g f } k

j k g s ` } d `

n g s k g v n c ` c

c k d k l k } f n f n a

G k { } a x ` s ê `

G ` s ` f n ö g $

f n f d n v j a $ k l k } f n f n a v

F ` j n g ` s

` v x } a d a g i ` c ` v $ f a } } k } $

K ` d { ` f n ö g x } k k l k } f n f n a

x k } n o î } n f `

k g d ` v n d d ` $

k l k } f n f n a v c k

f n g s ` c k ` g c ` } $ f n g s ` } a c ` g s k $

c k d ` v k g v n m n d n c ` c

m } ` | a v ~ s a c a v ` p { k d d a v

f { ` d p { n k } ` f s n n c ` c p { k f a g d d k k v ` d s ` } '

F ` d | ` c a ` c k f { ` c a

p { k g a } k p

{ n k } ` g d `

G a } k ` d n | ` } k l k } f n f n a v n k u n v s k g

] k n v n ö g k e n i n k g k c n ` } n `

{ s n d n | ` f n ö g

c k d a v x n k v

ü d f k } ` v a

x n k c k F e ` } f a s ` f s n a

c k d a v x n k v

K g o k } j k c ` c

@ f s n n c ` c k v ` k } ö m n f ` v c k m ` l a @ f s n n c ` c k v

] k x a v a $ v n c a d a }

` v f { d ` }

n j x ` f s a <

f

` j n g ` } $ m n f n f d k s ` $

` g ` k } ö m n f ` v

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x k } n o î } n f `

g ` s ` f n ö g $ f n g s ` } a c ` g s k

c k d a v x n k v '

F ` d | ` c a ` c k f { `

c a

G k { } a x ` s ê `

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x a f a n g s k g v a v ~

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n g s k g v n c ` c '

F ` j m n a v

S k v s x ` } ` c k s k f s ` } d ` x } k v k g f n `

` { s a g ö j n f `

p { k g a j a

c n ff p { k g d `

m } { v f a v

c k d ` x a v n f n ö g f a } x a } ` d

c k k g o k } j k c ` c f a } a g ` } n `

x } k v n ö g ` }

s k } n ` d <

` f s n n c ` c k v

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` f { à s n f ` v $


k n s ` } a } s a v s ` s n v j a '

K n s ` }

~ k l k } f n f n a

v v k g s ` c a

e ` f k } k l k } f n f n a k g ` j m n k g s k

v

j { ~ o } ê a v a j { ~ f ` d { } a v a v

~ j ` g s k g k } e n c } ` s ` f n ö g ` c k f {

` c `

J a g n s a } n | ` } d ` i d { f k j n `

S ` m d ` ; '

K l k } f n f n a ~ f a j

x d n f ` f n a g k v c k d ` c n ` m k s

k v

% f a g

s n g ü ` .



083

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


F a j x d n f ` f n ö g

] k f a j k g

c ` f n a g k v

F a g s } ` n g c n f ` f n a g k v

X } k f ` { f n a g k v

] k s n g a x ` s ê `

K l k } f n f n a v

` k } ö m n f a v

G a } k ` d n | ` } ` f s n n c ` c o ê v n f ` k g

@ { j k g s a i } ` c { ` d k g d `

x } a d n o k } ` s n `

c k m ` l ` n g s k g v n c ` c <

x } k v k g f n

` c k } k s n g a x ` s ê `

n g s k g v n c ` c

m n f n f d k s ` k

v s à s n f ` $

x } a d n o k } `

s n ` ` f s n ` % e k j a } } ` i n `

K n s ` } c { } ` g s k k d k l k } f n f n a

f ` j n g ` } $ g

` s ` f n ö g $

ê s } k ` $ s }

` f f n ö g ff m } a v ` . ~ s } ` v

x } k v n ö g ` } s k } n ` d v n v s ö d n f `

f n g s ` } a c `

g s k

o a s a f a ` i

{ d ` f n ö g a f n } { i ê ` } k f n k g s k v

7 0 9 8 j j E i

K n s ` } k l

k } f n f n a v p { k ` { j k g s k g d `

x } k v n ö g `

} s k } n ` d m } { v f ` j k g s k

% ` f s n n c `

c k v o ê v n f ` v n a d k g s ` v $

j ` g n a m } ` v c k _ ` d v ` d ` $

d k ` g s ` j

n k g s a c k x k v a v . $ ` p { k d d a v

p { k f a g d d k k g j a n j n k g s a v

m } { v f a v

a c k m ` l ` } d ` f ` m k | `

% i n j g ` v n ` $ ~ a i ` . ~ c k f a g s ` f s a

% m a u k a $ ` } s k v j ` } f n ` d k v $ k s f ' .

G k o } a x ` s ê `

@ f s n n c ` c k v ` k } ö m n f ` v

K n s ` } k l

k } f n f n a v p { k ` { j k g s k g

X ` } s n f { d ` } î g o ` v n v k g d `

c k m ` l ` n g s k g v n c ` c

d ` x } k v n ö

g ` } s k } n ` d m } { v f ` j k g s k <

e n c } ` s ` f n ö g ~ f a g s } a d

` f s n n c ` c k v o ê v n f ` v n a d k g s ` v $

c k d ` x } k v n ö g ` } s k } n ` d

j ` g n a m } ` v c k _ ` d v ` d ` $

d k ` g s ` j

n k g s a c k x k v a v

S ` m d ` ; '

K l k } f n f n a ~ f a j

x d n f ` f n a g k v c k d ` c n ` m k s

k v % f a g s n g { ` f n ö g .



08;



Dav klk}fnfnav p{k ckmkg kns`}vk f{`gca vk e` xk}cnca d` vkgvn*

mndnc`c kg dav xnkv ngfd{~kg sacav p{kddav p{k x{kckg f`{v`} s}`{*

j` kg kd xnk< f`jng`s`v x}adagi`c`v$ fa}}k}$ fngs` }ac`gsk ~ f{`d*

p{nk} `fsnnc`c p{k fagddkk v`ds`}' Kvsav klk}fnfnav kvsàg sas`d*

jkgsk fags}`ngcnf`cav kg x}kvkgfn` ck üdfk}`v a xnk ck Fe`}fas

`fsna'

Dav klk}fnfnav }kfajkgc`cav f{`gca vk e` xk}cnca d` vkgvnmn*

dnc`c kg dav xnkv ngfd{~kg g`s`fnög$ fnfdnvja$ klk}fnfnav kg d` vn*

dd`$ klk}fnfnav ck m}`|av ~ sacav `p{kddav p{k ga }kp{nk}`g d`

{sndn|`fnög ck dav xnkv'

K g o k } jk c c v vf{d` } xk } n o î } nf`

D` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg kd p{k ngsk}kgi`g d`v kus}kjn*

c`ckv ngok}na}kv kg dav x`fnkgskv fag kgok}jkc`c `vf{d`} xk}n*

oî}nf` kvsà fagcnfnag`c` xa} kd i}`ca ck nvp{kjn` ~ kd ckvkgf`ck*

g`jnkgsa ckd cada} %fd`{cnf`fnög ngsk}jnskgsk.' Kg `{vkgfn` ck

as}`v fags}`ngcnf`fnagkv a dnjns`fnagkv %î`vk gk{}ax`sê` xk}n*

oî}nf`$ cada} kg }kxava.$ {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa m`v`cakg f`jng`} fagvsns{~k {g kdkjkgsa sk}`xî{snfa ck d` fd`{cnf`*

fnög ngsk}jnskgsk$ ~` p{k jkla}` d` fn}f{d`fnög fad`sk}`d ~ kd jk*

s`madnvja j{vf{d`}' Kg ikgk}`d$ ckmk }kfajkgc`}vk f`jng`} kg

|ag`v xd`g`v ~ ` {g }nsja ~ c{}`gsk {g snkjxa p{k knskg d` `x`*

}nfnög ck d` fd`{cnf`fnög'

Sacav dav x`fnkgskv$ xk}a kvxkfn`djkgsk `p{kddav fag xadngk{*

}ax`sê` ~ ! a kgok}jkc`c `vf{d`} xk}noî}nf`$ gkfkvns`g kus}kj`}dav f{nc`cav ck dav xnkv x`}` d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna' Kd x`fnkgsk

ckmk }knv`} o}kf{kgskjkgsk dav xnkv$ kus}kj`} d` dnjxnk|`$ j`g*

skgk} d` xnkd vkf` ~ d{m}nf`c`$ ~ {sndn|`} f`d|`ca `x}axn`ca' Kvsa

p{nk}k ckfn} p{k x`}` n} fa}}k} e`~ p{k ddk`} |`x`sndd`v kvxkfn`*

dkv ck fa}}k}$ x`}` e`fk} `k}ömnf$ |`x`sndd`v ck `k}ömnf$ ksf' S`j*

mnîg ckmkg f`jmn`}vk d`v |`x`sndd`v f{`gca ~` vk kvsîg cksk}na*

}`gca$ {sndn|`} f`dfksngkv kvxkfn`dkv s}`gvxn}`mdkv ~ f`jmn`} ck

f`dfksngkv ~ ck f`d|`ca ckvx{îv ckd klk}fnfna'



08?

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Gk{}ax`sê `{ sagöjnf`

D` x}kvkgfn` ck gk{}ax`sê` `{sagöjnf` x{kck dnjns`} d` f`x`fn*

c`c ck klk}fnfna ck {g ngcnnc{a ~ {jkgs`} kd }nkvia ck {g kxnva*

cna f`}cna`vf{d`} `ck}va c{}`gsk îvsk' Dav ngcnnc{av fag

gk{}ax`sê` `{sagöjnf` x{kckg ckv`}}add`} enxaskgvnög a enxk}*

skgvnög ckvx{îv ck {g klk}fnfna nia}ava$ kg x`}snf{d`} d ngnfn`}*

vk {g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna' S`jmnîg vk e`g ckvf}nsa f`vav ck

j{k}sk vümns` ~ ck nvp{kjn` f`}cn`f` vndkgsk ~ snkgkg j`~a} }nkv*

ia ck x}kvkgs`} ckvenc}`s`fnög k enxaid{fkjn`v i}`kv' D` gk{*

}ax`sê` `{sagöjnf` f`}cn`f` x{kck vavxkfe`}vk xa} d` kunvskg*

fn` ck s`p{nf`}cn` kg }kxava %7088 d`sncav ! jng.$ a}savs`snvja a xa} as}`v `dsk}`fnagkv kg d`v o{gfnagkv ckd vnvskj` gk}nava `{*

sögaja p{k njxdnf`g d` xnkd$ d`v x{xnd`v a dav vnvskj`v i`vs}ang*

skvsng`dkv a ikgnsa{}ng`}nav'

Kg kvsav x`fnkgskv kv njxa}s`gsk }k`dn|`} {g` x}{km` ga ng*

sk}kgfnagnvs` x`}` ckskfs`} d` x}kvkgfn` ck kgok}jkc`c fa}a*

g`}n` ~ }kfajkgc`} klk}fnfnav xafa ngskgvav ~ p{k ga jacnff*

p{kg d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d< `fsnnc`ckv `f{àsnf`v$ mnfnfdks` kvsàsn*f` ~ klk}fnfnav kg vkckvs`fnög' Faja kvsav ngcnnc{av x{kckg

x}kvkgs`} x}amdkj`v kg d` sk}ja}}ki{d`fnög$ ckmkg kns`} e`*

fk} klk}fnfna kg `jmnkgskv j{~ o}êav a j{~ f`d{}avav ~ j`gsk*

gk}vk `ckf{`c`jkgsk enc}`s`cav' S`jmnîg kv njxa}s`gsk kn*

s`} f`jmnav m}{vfav ck xavnfnög ~ jagnsa}n|`} o}kf{kgskjkgsk

d` id{fkjn`'

]ksngax`sê Kg dav x`fnkgskv fag }ksngax`sê` cn`mîsnf` ga x}adnok}`sn` i}`*

k$ ~ vam}k saca kg d` x}adnok}`sn`$ {g` fsnnc`c ngskgv` x{kck

x}kfnxns`} {g` ekja}}`in` ês}k` a {g ckvx}kgcnjnkgsa ck }ksn*

g`' Xa} s`gsa$ skgnkgca kg f{kgs` p{k kd i}`ca ck }ksngax`sê`

xk}jnsk kvs}`snfff`} kd }nkvia ckd klk}fnfna$ sacav dav x`fnkgskv

vk dkv ckmk }k`dn|`} {g ku`jkg ckd oagca ck ala `gskv ck ngnfn`}

{g x}ai}`j` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa ~$ xavsk}na}jkgsk$ }k`dn|`} fag*

s}adkv f`c` 0*0= jkvkv$ vkiüg d` `okfs`fnög'



089



Dav x`fnkgskv fag }ksngax`sê` jack}`c` ckmkg kns`} dav klk}*

fnfnav p{k {jkgs`g c}àvsnf`jkgsk d` x}kvnög }sk}n`d %dk`gs`}

xkvav$ j`gnam}`v ck _`dv`d` ngskgv`v.' F{`gca kunvsk }ksnga*

x`sê` ga x}adnok}`sn` i}`k a x}adnok}`sn`$ ckmkg kns`}vk klk}*

fnfnav p{k `{jkgskg d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d m}{vf`jkgsk %`fsnnc`*

ckv oêvnf`v nadkgs`v$ j`gnam}`v ck _`dv`d`$ dk`gs`jnkgsa ck

xkvav.$ `p{kddav p{k fagddkkg janjnkgsav m}{vfav a ck m`l`}

d` f`mk|` %injg`vn`$ ~ai . ~ ck fags`fsa %mauka$ `}skv j`}fn`*

dkv$ ksf'.' D` }ksngax`sê` x}adnok}`sn` `fsn` %ekja}}`in` ês}k`$

s}`ffnög ffm}av . ~ d` oasafa`i{d`fnög a fn}{iê` }kfnkgskv fagv*

sns{~kg fags}`ngcnf`fnagkv x`}` f{`dp{nk} klk}fnfna'

Dav klk}fnfnav jàv }kfajkgc`mdkv vag dav `k}ömnfav ck m`l`

ngskgvnc`c %mnfnfdks` kvsàsnf`$ f`jng`}$ g`s`fnög$ `k}ömnfav ck

m`la njx`fsa. ~ p{k xk}jns`g j`gskgk} d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d vnv*

södnf` c{}`gsk d` `fsnnc`c xa} ckm`la ck 098 jjEi'

Gk o }ax`sê

D` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` dnik}` ~ jack}`c` ngf}kjkgs` dav gnkdkv ck`dm{jng{}n` kg dav x`fnkgskv fag `dm{jng{}n` ga}j`d %4=8 i !

jng.$ gko}ax`sê` ngfnxnkgsk %jnf}a`dm{jng{}n` 7=8 i ! jng. a

kvs`mdkfnc` %7=88 i ! jng.' Kvsk ngf}kjkgsa kvsà }kd`fnag`ca

fag kd `{jkgsa ck d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d ~ xavnmdkjkgsk fag dav

f`jmnav ekjacngàjnfav }kg`dkv$ xk}a ga kunvskg c`sav p{k

xk}jns`g `ff}j`} p{k kd klk}fnfna `fkdk}k d` x}ai}kvnög ck d` gk*

o}ax`sê` ~ s`jxafa kunvskg }kfajkgc`fnagkv kvxkfêfff`v x`}`

d` x}àfsnf` ck klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg kvs`v vns{`fnagkv'

Kg d` `fs{`dnc`c$ xa} s`gsa$ ga e`~ }`|agkv fd`}`v x`}` dnjn*

s`} {g` `fsnnc`c oêvnf` jack}`c` kg dav x`fnkgskv fag gko}a*

x`sê`2 vng kjm`}ia$ dav klk}fnfnav kuskg{`gskv a ck `ds` fajxk*

snfnög$ `p{kddav p{k `{jkgs`g d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d %dk`gs`jnkgsa

ck xkvav$ klk}fnfnav `k}ömnfav ngskgvav ~ dav p{k fagddk`g j`*

gnam}`v ck _`dv`d`. x}am`mdkjkgsk ckmkg vk} ckv`fagvkl`cav

kg kvsav x`fnkgskv' Kgs}k d`v }kfajkgc`fnagkv kv njxa}s`gsk



085

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


d` enc}`s`fnög `ckf{`c` ~ fags}ad`} d` x}kvnög `}sk}n`d ~ d` `d*

m{jng{}n`'

Mnmdnai}`oê`

Ma{dk GI$ E`cc`c K$ Bkgg~ IX$ Ykddv I @$ Vni`d ] L' Kookfsv ao kuk}fnvk agid~fkjnf fags}ad gc mac~ j`vv ng s~xk = cn`mkskv jkddns{v< ` jks`*`g`d~*vnv ao fags}addkc fdngnf`d s}n`dv' L @J @' =8802 =5?< 0'=05*0'==9'

F`}}k}`v I$ Xî}k| @' Jacnfff`fnagkv ckd jks`madnvja enc}af`}mag`ca ~dnxêcnfa jkcn`gsk kd klk}fnfna' Kg< Vk}}` ]$ kc' Fa}`|ög ~ klk}fnfna oêvnfakg kd gnða ~ kd `cadkvfkgsk' M`}fkdag`< J`vvag$ =880'

Bgaydk} YF$ M`}}kss*Fagga} K$ Oaydk} VK$ E`jj`g ]O$ D`feng LJ$Y`dbk} K@$ G`se`g CJ' Cn`mkskv X}kkgsnag X}ai}`j ]kvk`}fe I}a{x']kc{fsnag ng sek ngfnckgfk ao s~xk = cn`mkskv ynse dnokvs~dk ngsk}kgsnaga} jksoa}jng' G Kgid L Jkc' =88=2 63?< 6>6*386'

D``bvagkg CK$ Dngcvs}aj L$ D`bb` S @$ K}nbvvag LI$ Gnvb`gkg D$ Ynbvs}ajB$ @{gad` V$ Bkng`gkg*Bn{b``ggnkjn V$ D``bva J$ _`ddk SS$ Nd`ggk*X`}nbb`X$ Da{ek}`gs` @$ E`j`d`ngkg E$]`vs`v J$ V`djngkg _$ Fkx`nsnv \$ E`b{j`bnJ$ B`nbbagkg E$ E`}bagkg X$ V{gc`dd L$ S{ajndkesa L$[{vns{x` J2 Onggnvecn`mkskv x}kkgsnag vs{c~' Xe~vnf`d fsnns~ ng sek x}kkgsnag ao s~xk = cn`mk*skv< sek Onggnve cn`mkskv x}kkgsnag vs{c~'Cn`mkskv' =88;2 ;3< 0;5*0?;'

Xî}k| @$ ]nid` J' Klk}fnfna oêvnfa kg cnk}vav s}`gvsa}gav jks`mödnfav<Cn`mkskv$ cnvdnxkjn` ~ amkvnc`c' Kg< J`ska L$ Vk}}`]$ kc' X}kvf}nxfnög ckdklk}fnfna oêvnfa x`}` d` v`d{c' M`}fkdag`< X`ncas}nma$ 0>>?2 689*638'

]`m`v`*Dea}ks ]$ Ma{}p{k L$ C{f}av O$ Fen`vvag LD' I{nckdngkv oa} x}kjk`dngv{dng cavk }kc{fsnag oa} xavsx}`gcn`d kuk}fnvk ao cnook}kgs ngskgvnsnkv `gcc{}`snagv ng s~xk 0 cn`mksnf v{mlkfsv s}k`skc ngskgvnkd~ ynse ` m`v`d*mad{vngv{dng }kinjkg %{ds}`dkgsk*dnvx}a.' Cn`mkskv F`}k' =8802 =3< ?=;*?68'

]nccdk JF$ JfC`gnkd X@$ Snk D@' Idnxn|nck*INSV cakv gas ngf}k`vk seke~xaid~fkjnf kookfs ao jndc kuk}fnvk c{}ngi o`vsngi ng GNCCJ' Cn`mkskv

F`}k' 0>>92 =8< >>=*>>3'

]{ck}j`g G$ Ckdng LS$ Vfegknck} VE$ B}nvb` @$ kc' E`gcmaab ao kuk}*fnvk ng cn`mkskv' @dku`gc}n`< @jk}nf`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag$ =88='

V`gk S$ Ekdk K$ Xkdbagkg]$ ks d' Sek cl{vsjkgs ao cnks gc ngv{dng cavkc{}ngi dagi*sk}j kgc{}`gfk kuk}fnvk ng s~xk 0 %ngv{dng*ckxkgckgs. cn`*mksnf jkg' Cn`mksadain`' 0>552 60< 6;* 38'

\ngj`g M$ ]{ck}j`g G$ F`jx`nigk MG$ Ckdng LS$ Vfegknck} VE2 @jk}n*f`g Cn`mkskv @vvafn`snag' Xe~vnf`d `fsnns~ ! kuk}fnvk `gc cn`mkskv jkddn*s{v' Cn`mkskv F`}k' =8862 =? %v{xd 0.< V96*99'



08>

@

@ffnckgsk fk}km}a`vf{d`}$=5

Àfncav i}`vav$ 06$ 0; @fsnnc`c k}ömnf`$ 98‖ ckxa}sn`$ 6$ ?‖ oêvnf`$ ?$ 9‖ ‖ x}kvf}nxfnög$ ;0‖ ‖ }kfajkgc`fnagkv$ ?6‖ ‖ }ki{d`}$ 63‖ ‖ v`d{c$ 36‖ jks`mödnf`$ 08‖ xk}ffd$ ?3

@c`xs`fnagkvf`}cna`vf{d`}kv$ 09

@cekvnög$ ?8

‖ xd`p{ks`}n`$ 38 @okffnagkv f`}cna`vf{d`}kv$6

@gvnkc`c$ 30 @x`}`sa f`}cnafn}f{d`sa}na$

35‖ dafajasa}$ kunmndnc`c$

3>

‖ ‖ o{k}|` j{vf{d`}$ 3>

‖ ‖ jandnc`c }snf{d`}$ 3>‖ }kvxn}`sa}na$ 35

@}sk}nakvfdk}avnv$ 6; @sk}avfdk}avnv$ =5 @{safagff`g|`$ 30 @{sakfffnkgfn` xk}fnmnc`$

?= @{sakvsnj`$ 30

M

M`}}k}`v$ ?6Mkgkfffnav xvnfadöinfav$ =;$

?5Mnkgkvs`} xvnfadöinfa$ 6?

F

F`}maenc}`sav$ 5F`}cnax`sê`v$ ;;Fksag{}n`$ >?Fksavnv$ >?Fngk`gs}axajks}ê`$ 3?$

39$ ;=

Êgcnfk `do`mîsnfack j`sk}n`v



008

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Fd`{cnf`fnög ngsk}jnskgsk$08;

Fadkvsk}ad ECD$ =>‖ DCD$ =>Fajm{vsnmdkv$ 03Fajxdnf`fnagkv$ ?9‖ f}ögnf`v$ 5;‖ jnf}a`vf{d`}kv$ 9>Fajxavnfnög fa}xa}`d$ 6?$ 3?$

?>Fagcnfnög `k}ömnf`$ 95Fagc{fs` xk}vkk}`gsk$ ?0Fagv{ja auêikga$ 93Fags}`ffnög j{vf{d`}$ 3$ 58‖ ‖ nvajîs}nf`$ 58‖ ‖ nvasögnf`$ 58Fags}`ngcnf`fnagkv$ ;;Fags}ad id{fîjnfa$ 6;$ ?5$ 9?$

>8

C

Ckfffnkgfn` ngv{dng`$ >8Ckxa}skv$ 9C

kx}kvnög$ =;$ 30Cn`mkskv jkddns{v snxa =$ =;$63

‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ enxk}skgvnög$ ?5‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ x}kkgfnög$ 69‖ X}kkgsnag X}ai}`j$ 69‖ snxa 0$ >8Cnks`$ 65

‖ k lk}fnfna oêvnfa$ 65

Cng`jajks}ê`$ 39Cnvdnxkjn`$ 63

K

Kc`c ``g|`c`$ 38‖ ‖ k lk}fnfna oêvnfa$ 38Kokfsav mkgkfffnavav$ ;$ 0?$ =9Klk}fnfna `k}ömnfa$ 9‖ `g`k}ömnfa$ 9‖ oêvnfa$ 6$ 9‖ ‖ x}ai}`j`ca$ jüdsnxdkv

cavnv$ >>Kdkfs}af`}cnai}`j`$ 39$ ;=Kgfko`dng`v$ ?Kgca}ffg`v$ ?Kgok}jkc`c f`}cna`vf{d`}$

=;$ =?$ =5$ ?5$‖ `vf{d`} xk}no î}nf`$ 08;Kgs}kg`jnkgsa$ ==$ =>$ 9?$ 99‖ `k}ömnfa$ 09Kp{n`dkgskv jks`mödnfav$ 00K}iajks}ê`$ =8$ ;8Kvf`d` Ma}i$ 9;

‖ xk}fkxfnög kvo{k}|a$ 93Kvxn}ajks}ê`$ ;=‖ m`v`d$ 39Kvsn}`jnkgsav$ 5=$ 56$ 53Kvs{cnav kxnckjnadöinfav$

=?‖ x}avxkfsnav$ =?Ks`x` ngnfna$ ==

Kuxkfs`sn`v$ ;>



000

Êgcnfk `do mî snfa ck j`sk}n`v

O

O`fndns`fnög gk{}aj{vf{d`} x}axnafkxsn`$ 56

O`fsa}kv }nkvia fa}ag`}na$ 33O`vk j`gskgnjnkgsa$ ==‖ jk la}`$ ==Onggnve Cn`mkskv X}kkgsnag

Vs{c ~$ 65Odkunmndnc`c$ 3$ 0>$ 38$ ?>$ 9>$

5=$ 56$ 5;‖ `x`}`sa dafajasa}$ 3>Oa}j` oêvnf`$ =0$ ?5O}`ffnög k ~kffnög$ 09O}kf{kgfn` f`}cê`f`$ 00$ 0=$

09$ =0$ ;=$ 93‖ ‖ jàunj`$ 96O{k}|`$ 0>‖ j{vf{d`}$ x`}`sa

dafajasa}$ 3>‖ }kvnvskgfn` f`}cna`vf{d`}$

?>$‖ ‖ j{vf{d`}$ 95$ 9>O{gfnög faignsn`$ 30

I

I`vsa f`dö}nfa$ 0=‖ kgk}iîsnfa$ ;$ >*0=Id{föikga ekxàsnfa$ 03‖ j{vf{d`}$ 03$ 0;Id{faikgödnvnv ekxàsnf`$ 03

Id{fav`$ ngsadk}`gfn`$ 69$ 65

‖ x}ac{ffnög$ >8I}`v`v$ 5‖ fa}xa}`dkv$ ?5‖ xa}fkgs lk$ 08

E

Eàmnsa s`màp{nfa$ 68‖ nc`$ ;Enc}`s`fnög$ 089Enc}`sav f`}maga$ >3$ >>$ 080‖ ‖ v{xdkjkgsav$ 080Enxk}id{fkjn`$ >5‖ xavx}`gcn`d$ 63Enxk}skgvnög$ cn`mkskv snxa =$

?5‖ `}sk}n`d$ 60$ 63Enxaid{fkjn`$ >8$ >=$ >3$ >5‖ s`}cê`$ >3Envsa}n`d ckxa}sna$ 3;‖ d`ma}`d$ 3;Ea}jag`v

fags}`}}ki{d`ca}`v$ 03$>8$ >?

N

Êgcnfk f`}cê`fa$ ;6‖ j`v` fa}xa}`d$ 3?Ngcnnc{av jkck}`c`jkgsk

`fsnav$ =9

‖ vkckgs`}nav$ =9



00=

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


Ngoa}j`fnög cnvxagnmdk$ ?6Ngv{dng`$ >8$ >?‖ `mva}fnög$ 08=‖ `ffnög }à xnc`$ 088$ 080‖ ckfffnkgfn`$ 66$ >8$ >?‖ ngsk}jkcn`$ 088‖ }kvnvskgfn`$ 66$ 63$ >8‖ vkgvnmndnc`c$ 0?$ 9>Ngskgvnc`c$ 90$ 96‖ `ds`$ 96‖ m l`$ 96‖ x}kvf}nxfnög$ 90Ngsadk}`gfn` id{fav`$ 69$ 65

B

Bndaf`da}ê`v$ >

D

D`fs`sa$ 5$ 0;Dkvnagkv$ x}kkgfnög$ 33Dnxödnvnv `c}kg`dng`$

id{f`iög$ 03Dnxax}askêg`v$ 68$ 6;Dnxax}askêgdnx`v`$ 68

J

J`gnam}`v _`dv`d`$ 089

J`v` fa}xa}`d$ 08

Jkidngnc`$ >>Jks` ffg`d$ ?0Jksoa}jng`$ 69Jîsaca B`}agkg$ =0Jnf}a`dm{jng{}n`$ 089Ja}s`dnc`c$ 6;‖ f`}cna`vf{d`}$ =9Jasn`fnög$ ;>$ ?8$ ?=$ ?9Jandnc`c `}snf{d`}$ `x`}`sa

dafajasa}$ 3>

G

Gko}ax`sê` ngfnxnkgsk$ 089Gk{}ax`sê` `{sagöjnf`$ 08?‖ xk}no î}nf`$ 08=Ga}kxngko}ng`$ 6=G{s}nkgskv$ 3

A

Amkvnc`c$ =;‖ `mcajng`d$ 6?A

m lksnav$ ?0$ ?=Avskaxa}avnv$ =;

Auêikga$ fagv{ja$ 00$ 0=‖ cnok}kgfn` `}sk}nakgav`$ 05

X

Xî}cnc` xagck}`d$ 6>



006

Êgcnfk `do mî snfa ck j`sk}n`v

Xk}ffd `fsnnc`c$ ?3‖ dnxêcnfa$ 0?Xadngk{}ax`sê`$ 08;X}kf`dkgs`jnkgsa$ ==X}kvf}nxfnög$ 36$ ?9$ 99$ 5;‖ `fsnnc`c oêvnf`$ ;0X}kvnög `}sk}n`d$ 05$ ;=$ 089X}kkgfnög$ ?9$ 5;‖ kgok}jkc`ckv$ ?‖ dkvnagkv$ 33‖ amkvnc`c$ >X}ai}`j` k lk}fnfna oêvnfa

}ki{d`}$ ;0X}ai}kva$ 99X}askêg` F }k`fsn`$ =5X}asafada M}{fk$ ;3X}{km` kvf`dög$ =8‖ kvo{k}|a$ =8$ ;8$ ;=‖ ‖ xaskgfn`$ ;8‖ ‖ }kvnvskgfn`$ ;8X{dvöjks}a$ =0$ ;6

]

]

kc{ffnög xkva$ 0=]kjackd`fnög `vf{d`}$ 6=]kvnvskgfn`$ 0>$ =8$ 68‖ f`}cna}}kvxn}`sa}n`$ ?>$ 98‖ ngv{dng`$ 66$ >8‖ j{vf{d`} x}ai}kvn`$ 50$ 5=‖ ‖ }kxksnfnög k lk}fnfna$ 0 ]J$

xkva jàunja$ 50

‖ ‖ vam}kf`}i`$ 50$ 5=

‖ `vf{d`} xk}no î}nf`$ 60]ksngax`sê` cn`mîsnf`$ 08?‖ x}adnok}`sn`$ 089]nkvia f`}cna`vf{d`}$ 63$ ?5]nsja }kvxn}`sa}na$ 00

V

V`d{c$ `fsnnc`c oêvnf`$ 36V`}faxkgn`$ =0Vkckgs`}nvja$ ;$ ;>Vkgvnmndnc`c ngv{dng`$ 9>Vêgc}ajk jks`mödnfa$ 6Vnvskj` gk}nava vnjxàsnfa$

6=Vaj`sasnxa$ 3?V{doagnd{}k`v$ >=$ >>V{xk}nvnög jîcnf`$

`fsnnc`c ckxa}sn`$ 33V{xdkjkgsav dnjkgs`}nav$ >9V{vs}`sav kgk}iîsnfav$ 3‖ {sndn|`fnög$ 0;

SS`n*fen$ 53S`p{nf`}cn`$ 08?Sk}jaiîgkvnv$ 08Sk}ja}}ki{d`fnög$ 08?Skvs E`}`}c$ ;6Snxa k lk}fnfna$ 98S

}`gvxa}s`ca}kv$ 0?



003

Mnmdnaskf` VKC


S}`gvxa}sk auêikga$ 0>S}`s`jnkgsa cn`mkskv$ 5;‖ amkvnc`c$ >S}nidnfî}ncav$ =>

_

_`da}`fnög jîcnf`$ `fsnnc`cckxa}sn`$ 36

_`vf{d`}n|`fnög xk}no î}nf`$ 05

_`vafagvs}nffnög$ 6= _kdafnc`c$ 0> _ad{jkg jàunja auêikga$

0=$ 0;$ 0>‖ xd`vjàsnfa$ 05‖ }kvxn}`sa}na$ 0=

^

^ai`$ 53

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