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Topik kamu

Cognitive Dissonance

Expectancy Violation Theory

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Chapter 8

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Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

When we are confronted with information

implying that we may have behaved in ways that

are irrational, immoral, or stupid, we experience

a good deal of discomfort.

This feeling of discomfort caused by performing

an action that runs counter to ones customary

(typically positive) conception of oneself isreferred to as cognitive dissonance.

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The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Leon Festinger (1957) was the first toinvestigate the precise workings of thispowerful phenomenon and elaborated his

findings into what is arguably socialpsychologys most important and mostprovocative theory, the theory of cognitivedissonance.

Dissonance is most powerful and mostupsetting when people behave in ways thatthreaten their self-image.

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The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

There are three basic ways we try to reducecognitive dissonance:

By changing our behavior to bring it in line

with the dissonant cognition. By attempting to justify our behavior through

changing one of the dissonant cognitions.

By attempting to justify our behavior byadding new cognitions.

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Weaknesses

Difficult to disprove/falsify the theory.

Cooper & Fazio (1984) argue that the original

theory of cognitive dissonance contains a

great deal of "conceptual fuzziness.

Sila baca

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073135615/student_view0/c

hapter7/

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Chapter 9

Tip: Baca ini dengan EVT (Miller)

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Expectancy

Violation TheoryCalie Friederichs

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E.V.T. definitions?

ExpectancyWhat people expect will happen, rather than what they desire to happen.

Violate

To break, disregard, or infringe.

TheoryThe analysis of a set of facts and their relation to one another.

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Where does EVT come from?Judy Burgoon

Communication scholar at the University of Arizona.

EVT was introduced in 1976

EVT is an extension of the Nonverbal Expectancy Violations ModelSince then Model has been dropped, leaving the Theory known as EVT.

Based off ofseveraltheories primarily focusing oncommunication amongst one another.

Theory roots extend from the Uncertainty Reduction Theory(The theory explains how individuals seek to reduce uncertainty between each other

during initial interactions, based on self-disclosure) 1975

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What is EVT?

RelationshipEVT looks at the communication exchange between one

another and will perceive the exchange of either positive

or negative depending on the relationship.

What does it do?Violations of expectancies cause arousal which in turnscompel the recipients to appraise the violations.

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What makes up EVT?

EVT is based off of twocomponents:

Proxemics:the study of distance between people as they interact

Kinesics: our interpretations of body language

EVT focuses on the proper space between people and the reaction once the spaceis crossed, leaving EVT to fall under the category of discourse and interaction.

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How EVT Works

Meet and Greet/\Relationship is Pre-determined

(Room for deviation is left aside)

/\Expectancies are formed

/\Rewardor Punishment

By rewarding you

you are deciding to

allow that friendship

to blossom.

By punishing you are choosing to

not take part in that relationship,

often by putting and end to the

conversation or friendship.

Burgoon believes that reward potential moves from the background to foreground whenour expectancy is violated.

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Expectancy Violations are based upon

what?

Was the interpretation of the behavior or nature of the violator

positiveor negative?

Cultural Norms:How close is too close? Can I have a

double wide space bubble please?

Context: Did the conversation take place in an appropriate setting?

In America, the average conversation has a space of about 2 FT --- 6 FT.

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Expectation Influencing Factors

Interactant Variables:Traits of the persons involved. Sex, race, culture, status and age can all

influence this.

Environmental Variable:

Based upon the amount of space available and the nature of thesurrounding area.

Variables related to the nature:Social norms (interaction and formality of the situation) also known as

Communicator Characteristics.

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Other Influencing Factors

Personal features:

Look the part/ Act the part

Communication:

Speak on a level you wish to be

associated with