tornado 1, guide du professeur, chapitre 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Fk sdtk www*khdtd`jspkfacinjs*bk/jkkrfnjhndsh`jjk naas nu intrdkf phnl`ldquk juirdquk
hkstdj fkjskdljnjt a`jakrjnjt ak injukf*
Natdvkz v`trk fdakjak fndhk hu a`hk ad)hkss`us*
]`ur fnatdvntd`j hk fn fdakjak& fkjrkldstrkikjt kt f naakptntd`j hks a`jhdtd`js hutdfdsntd`j s`jt
jakssndrks* W`us nvkz ndjsd naas nu intrdkf phnl`ldquk juirdquk*
Nttkjtd`j 5 nprs natdvntd`j& fn fdakjak kst vnfnbfk hurnjt njs*
2=>1& Kdd`j ]fcij & Brojwl 1=?& 242= Cfio`u
u r`d rrv* Nuuj xrd pufdd`j j pu r rpr`ud& jrldr j uj odr `jj u`id u `iiujdqu u pufd& qufqu ijdr qu `d& j f `jjijxpr rd prff fdur& u xpd`j flf* W`u r`uvrz dj`rid`j ur f r`d `pd f fldfd`j rfdv f rpr`lrpod ur www*rpr`f**
Nff rdlo rrv* J` pr ` od ``c iy rpr`u& `r `r i pufd y jy ijwo`vr& woor fr`jd `r iojdf& wdo`u prd`r pridd`j dj wrddjl r`i o pufdor*
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# > AH nuhd` nvka fks tkxtks prdjadpnux kt fks idjdhdnf`luks kj hkux vdtkssks5
vdtkssk fkjtk
vdtkssk rnpdhk /akst fn vdtkssk hf`autd`j j`rinfk p`ur fks jkrfnjh`po`jks$
# X`rjnh` jfdjk*[j d djrj p`ur f fv* Qdx rurdqu 5
@kkjkj ikt w``rhkj* j y rr`uv f i` rd fur pr`j`jdd`j* Ffvfdqu jj fjrldrij* Df pu djd jrjr f id`j* F fvpuvj ud rr dr v`fur fur pr`pr fd v`ufdr*
@kkjkj ikt zdjjkj* F x rd pr`j`jdd`j* Ffv fdqu ur fidjd)df`lu jj fjrldrij* Ffv odu djd u ryoi por*
Lrniindrk* F fv `j f xrd r`dvj diidij uj `rrdl*F xrd puvj r xpf`d `ii xrd `j`fdd`j u p`ur uj
ridd`j* Rnhd` `rjnh`* [j vrd`j ud` x prdjdpux& i` `d`)
lrii idjd)df`lu* fvdsd`j `rjnh`* F df`lu prdjdpux& `u pr uj lr`up or j
ux vrd`j5 v `u)dr j `u)dr
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[j ludhk phnl`ldquk t`ut)kj)uj a`iprkjnjt f fdvr ffv v f `rrdl xrd& f`d oqu xrd& `u f rdp& f `jdf ddqu p`ur udfdr ij f ijuf*
# Hks p`stkrs /fk jkrfnjhnds kj afnssk& fks prp`sdtd`js& fokurk$
# 2 AHs nuhd` 5 t`us fks kxtrndts nuhd` djhdqus pnr uj pdat`lrniik hnjs fk injukf kt hnjs
fk ludhk hu pr`gksskur
# HWH 5 t`utks fks vdh`s djhdquks pnr uj pdat`lrniik hnjs fk ludhk hu pr`gksskur
# X`rjnh` `jfdjk* [j d djrj rrv ux jdljj /v uj ` pr`jjf$`r f `ipfij qud urj f `j`r fjdljj*
[j rd idjd)tksts u v`ufdr f lriidr* Aux)d puvj r rlr`up pr`pdr`ffr p`ur uj djrr`ld`j yp `rid u `*
[j tkst djtkrihdndrk p`ur aonquk aonpdtrk j f 8 `ipj uj prd `jr u` /v`ufdr& `jd`j fjlldr& lriidr$* A puvj r udfd p`ur f xij ir udj*
F o v f a`rrdl hks kxkradaks f prd Blfd Ufjdl \rcj /rd N rd B$*
[j i`hfk hk pfnjdgantd`j jjuff& pr j `jd`j f`f f f*
Kxtrn p`ur fk pr`ksskur 5 uj fdvrk juirdquk 5 fn vkrsd`j hdldtnfk hu fdvrk hk ffvknvka uj naas hdrkat nux nuhd`s kt vdh`sF fdvr juirdqu udfdf j v uj pr`ur quv uj fu juirdqu*[j dipf fd v`u pri r 5 `u f jrldrij ud`& `u f jrldrij vd`& `u f `rrdl xrd*
W`u p`uvz r dfij lrjdr f prd f pl qu v`u `uodz dr pprr frj ud `ur u fdvr juirdqu v` pr`pr `uij /po``& vd`& `uij \`r& ]`wr]`dj&$ f `jrvr p`ur uj udfdd`j ufrdur*
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Hkuxdik nppr`aok hk fn pnlk 5taoks kt Aks hkux kxkradaks vdskjt ha`uvrdr qukfquks
pornsks)afs h`jt fks fvks nur`jt bks`dj pnr
fn sudtk* Dfs h`dvkjt sk gndrk rnfkikjt hnjs uj
prkidkr tkips*
Fdrk fks tkxtks nvka nttkjtd`j kst ks skjtdkf*
XAOK ]rkidkr kxkradak hu
typk vrnd u gnux*
XAOK F`bekatdg kst hk vrd)
kr fn b`jjk a`iprokjsd`j hk
qukfquks pornsks)afs hu hdnf`luk&
djhdspkjsnbfks p`ur sk prskjtkr*
F bekatdg kst nussd hk a`iikjakr
fks ii`rdskr*
Df snldt huj kxkradak `rnf qud
hkvrndt trk gndt pfusdkurs g`ds*
Fk pnssnlk fardt p`urrndt trkhkinjh pfus tnrh u a`iik
taok h`idadfk& inds kj nuauj
ans hk sudtk* Df jk snldt pns huj
kxkradak hk trnhuatd`j& inds bdkj
hujk natdvdt hk rkprnlk kt hk
ii`rdsntd`j*
Xrnhudrk fks pornsks kj
a`pdnjt fks rp`jsks hdrkatkikjt
gkrn pkrhrk bknua`up hk pkrtd)
jkjak fkxkradak*
Kdjstkdj djtkrvdkjt p`ur nttdrkr
fnttkjtd j hks fvks sur ujk
spadadt hk fn fnjluk& s`uvkjt
hk typk lrniintdanf* Dad& df snldt
hu i`t JDKX*
Fn prskjak hk ak i`t pkrikt
hk h`jjkr uj anrnatrk bdjndrk fkxkradak 5 Endik . Ek jndik pns .
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kt fks utdfdskjt nvka uj supp`rt
ardt* Akst fkxkradak * Fnaqud)
sdtd`j jnfk vdkjhrn hnjs fks
idjd)hdnf`luks*
> @p bkz`kc bde Xo`ins Inrtkjs>8
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vkkrtdkj ) vkkrtdkjhk
8 Eudst `g g`ut0 Wkrbktkr hk g`utk zdjjkj*Wrnd u gnux 0 A`rrdlk fks pornsks gnutdvks*
Eudst G`ut Wkrbktkrdjl
> Crds o`uht vnj r`aciuzdkc*
2 Kvn kkt lrnnl rudt*
1 X`ins o`uht vkkf vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
8 Qnrn hnjst jdkt lrnnl*
; Crds ds twnnf ennr*
7 Qnrn ds kf ennr*
; O`k zkllkj zk okt dj hk tkcstbnff`jjkj0A`iikjt hdt)`j hnjs fks buffks 0
> Ek suds Qnrn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
2 Ek inppkffk Kvn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1 Endik fk ``t* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
8 Ek jndik pns fks rudts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
; Enh`rk fk r`ac* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
7 End tr`ds kjnjts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
O`k zkl ek hnt ek o`uht vnj 0
A`iikjt hds)tu quk tu ndiks 0
O`k zkl ek hnt ek jdkt o`uht vnj 0
A`iikjt hds)tu quk tu jndiks pns 0
Dco`u vnj r`ac*
Dco`u vkkf vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
Dchnjs lrnnl*
Dckkt okkf lrnnlrudt*
Dco`u jdkt vnj r`ac*
Dco`u okfkinnf jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
Dchnjs jdkt lrnnl*
Dckkt okfkinnf jdkt lrnnlrudt*
Kj jkrfnjhnds& p`ur trnhudrk fk vkrbk ndikr& tu pkux utdfdskr 5
o`uhkj vnj # substnjtd /skjs htkridjnjt nrtdafk$vkrbk # lrnnl
Ns)turkinrqu0
Fk i`t JDK pkrikt hk rkjhrk fn pornsk jlntdvk*
JDK sk pfnak
hkvnjt ujk prp`sdtd`j
Dc o`u vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc* Dc o`u jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
Endik fn iusdquk nrdandjk* Ek jndik pns fn iusdquk nrdandjk*
hkvnjt uj nhvkrbk
Dc hnjs lrnnl* Dc hnjs jdkt lrnnl*
Endik hnjskr* Ek jndik pns hnjskr*
u rkja`jtrkrns s`uvkjt fk i`t JDK& j`tniikjt fn gj hk fn pornsk*
Dc wkkt okt jdkt* Ek jk snds pns*
x cfnssdkck iuzdkc
x
x Qnrn
x Uk hnjst lrnnl*
x Xo`ins
x
Dc bkj Qnrn*
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Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt*
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Dc okb hrdk cdjhkrkj*
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quk f`j ndik u jndik pns*
> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs /sudtk$
5
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XAOK Fks fvks a`utkjt
fkjrkldstrkikjt kt a`ipftkjt
fk tnbfknu*
XAOK Kxkradak hkjtrnjk)
ikjt p`ur xkr fks g`riufks hu
tnbfknu Hntnbnjc*
Qardpt AH
* Kfdsk5 Dc okb vkkf o`bbys* Dc h`k
lrnnl nnj sp`rt* Dc tkjjds lrnnl kj
dc o`u `c vnj hnjskj* Dc fudstkr
jdkt lrnnl jnnr iuzdkc*
* Enj5 Dc o`u vkkf vnj grudt. Dc kkt
lrnnl sdjnnsnppkfs kj bnjnjkj*
Idej gnv`rdktk grudt ds njnjns&
innr dc o`u okfkinnf jdkt vnj
ao`a`fnhk*
* Cnr`fdkj5 Dc o`u vnj cfnssdkck
iuzdkc* Dc fudstkr jnnr cfnssdkck
iuzdkc* Dc hnjs lrnnl p cfnssdkck
iuzdkc* Idej o`bby ds cfnssdkcbnffkt*
* C`kj5 Dc o`u jdkt vnj sp`rt kj
dc o`u okfkinnf jdkt vnj v`kt)
bnffkj* Dc hnjs `c jdkt lrnnl.
Dc o`u vkkf vnj iuzdkc* Dc spkkf
lrnnl ldtnnr kj dc fudstkr lrnnl
jnnr iuzdkc*
* Hnvdh5 Dc kkt lrnnl ao`a`fnhk*
Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt* Dc o`u jdkt
vnj iuzdkc* Dc h`k lrnnl nnj sp`rt&
dc v`ktbnf lrnnl* Kj ede& o`u ek vnj
sp`rt0
XAOK Nttdrkz fnttkjtd`j hksfvks* Nttdrkz fkur nttkjtd`j surfn pr`j`jadntd`j& fdjt`jntd`j& fnfkaturk kxprkssdvk*
XAOK Nvnjt hk gndrk fkxkradak&p`skz hks qukstd`js pr`p`s hkfn gnidffk Inrtkjs 5 \dk ds Qnrn0O`k `uh ds zk0 \nt kkt zk lrnnl 0
Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs >;
i@HKf >5 \nnr o`u ek vnj0
N O`uedevnjr ac0
B En& dc o`u vnj r`ac*
Jkkj& dc o`u jdkt vnj r`ac*
En& dc o`u vkkf vnj r`ac *
Jkkj& dc o`u okfkinnf jdkt
vnj r`ac*
i@HKf 25 \nt kkt ek lrnnl0
N Kktedelrnnlpdzzn0
B En& dc kkt lrnnl pdzzn*
Jkkj& dc kkt jdkt lrnnl pdzzn*
En& dc kkt okkf lr nnl pdzzn*
Jkkj& dc kkt okfkinnf jdkt
lrnnl pdzzn*
i@HKf 15 \nt h`k ek lrnnl0
N Hnjseklrnnl0
B En& dc hnjs l rnnl*
Jkk& dc hnjs jdkt lrnnl*
En& dc hnjs okkf l rnnl*
Jkk& dc hnjs okfkinnf jdkt
lrnnl*
vdegtdkj ) vdegtdkjhk
7 \krc pkr twkk* Njtw``rh p hk vrnlkj* Lkbrudc hk zdjjkj vnj hk
hntnbnjc* W`fl okt i`hkf*Xrnvndffkz hkux* Rp`jhkz nux qukstd`js* Kipf`ykz fks pornsks hk fn hntnbnjc*
Qudvkz fk i`hfk*
< Fudstkr kj vuf dj*Ka`utk* ]uds& a`ipftk fk tnbfknu ad)hkss`us nvka fks sdljks # `u )*
Xu fndssks vdhks fks ansks p`ur fksqukffks tu jk rk`ds pns hdjg`rintd`js*
? Fkks hk tkcstbnff`jjkj p bfnhzdehk >= fudh`p*Fds fks buffks hk fn pnlk >= onutk v`dx*
4 Ju bkj ede nnj hk bkurt. Ede bkjt kkj fdh vnj okt lkzdj Inrtkjs*
Qtkf ekzkfg v``r*N t`d hk e`ukr . Xu ks uj ikibrk hk fn gnidffk Inrtkjs* ]rskjtk)t`d*
Kfdsk
Enj
Cnr`fdkj
C`kj
Hnvdh
# # )
) #
# #
) ) #
# ) # )
Qfkatd`jjkr fks djg`rintd`js a`rrkatks kt a`rrdlkr fks krrkurs* Rkprkr fks kxprkssd`js utdfks p`ur sk prskjtkr* Hdrk ak quk f`j ndik& ak quk f`j jndik pns* A`iprkjhrk fnuhdtd`j ak quk adjq ekujks ndikjt u jndikjt pns* Fdrk nvka fn b`jjk djt`jntd`j hks tkxtks hnjs fksqukfs hks pkrs`jjks sk prskjtkjt* Qk prskjtkr*
AH nuhd` pr`gksskur5 trnac
?
5
Fk ludhk prntdquk t`ut)kj)uj`u f `jdf ddqu y r`uvj rif& rprd u`ur pl u ijuf ffv v f `fud`j `u f xrd djlr*Nu f pl& v`u `uvrdrz j uuj `u f j `j dr* ]fu `dj iijr pfudur fdvr p`ur `jjr `ur*`u f dj`rid`j udf `j rlr`up j uj uf `uij*
Ihdn 5 f irdf `j v`u vz `dj*
Fks a`jskdfs hdhnatdquks `j rprdu`ur pl u ijuf ffv*
F`bekatd vds pr oqu xrd yidquij djdqu*`u f dvd pr`p` j fijuf ffv `j juir` propdr*
Fks sardpts jrldrij `jprj ur `jh lrds j rlr fxrd `jrj*
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>* Fk tdtrk ljrnf hu aonpdtrk Df r rprd j f pl luo `u u f`jl u opdr* Qur f f pl r`d vdjf dr f prd uopdr `jrj*
2* Fk aonpknu 5 fjr j vr prd rdvij `j df v rqud`j f`d jf p`urudvd j f opdr& urij d qu f fv r`j pf dr f j u opdr* H ijdr& f fv `jjdj f pr qudf v`j pprjr qudf v`j v`dr rpf dr*
1* luo& qu j`u v`j ppf fks sdtuntd`js i`bdfdsntrdaks*
8* r`d& f prd qud pr`p`j `d fks utdfs lrniintdanux `j f ird djdpjf p`ur p`uv`dr djr f`d jf u
opdr& `d hks pnlks kxtrn qud prij ppr``jdr f u rd u qud rj uj i`ij j& j j opdr f prd pr`j`jadntd`j*
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Aonquk aonpdtrk kst hvkf`pp nut`ur hk sdx nxks 5>* F dud`j i`dfdrd2* Fppr`o fxdf5 f pl ruurd`j didfd`j i` xprd`j `jjr
p`ur p`uv`dr `iiujdqur1* [j ppr`o pr lrdv f lriidr5 f udf irdr u jdvu lriidf8* F pr`j`jdd`j;* F rvdf j u`j`id& fvfud`j pr f fv ux)ii fur rvdf fur jdvu
ird qud fur pr`p` /f prdBlfdUfjdl\rcj$7* Fvfud`j `ridv rddv /f prdHdt okb ek lkfkkrh$
Nxk > 5 Fks sdtuntd`js i`bdfdsntrdaks* ^ukjtkjh`js)j`us pnr akfn 0
[jk tointdquk jkst eninds prskjtk hk injdrk r`jtnfk*J`u prdvdfld`j f prd j orl pr ffv ux)ii u `u `uij pr`p`/$*Akux)ad s`jt djvdts ha`uvrdr kux)iiksf dil& f jrldrij `j`r /`d j vd fj& `dpfu rpd$ `u f vd`* J`u f lud`j j `jjj uj rd pd qud `rdjj fur `uvr*j& df ld jddpr f `jju prdr dil& j df ld udvr qufqu i`rux `jvr)d`j v fd qud`j r dipf qud xj qu j`u ppf`j fjlf `u u fur& jf pu r uj o`dx iufdpf v qufqu i` `or*
Fksskjtdkf p`ur j`us kst quk fks fvks s`dkjt kj i`uvkikjt& qudfs s`dkjt kj pr`ekt& qudfs s`dkjt i`bdfd)
ss*Hj uj pridr ip& ux rfvr f `jj . N ux prjr fdjdddv f rp`j*
`utk`ds& dfs jk skr`jt eninds f`jltkips skufs hnjs fn ha`uvkrtk& hnjs fn rkaokraok hks rp`jsks*Fo `jj `j `ur udvd ud pr uj po vrdd`j fxdu rp`j `j)j* Af d ljrfij `rfij `u j vrdj f qud `j `o* [j id pr rd r`pdip`rj rd djvdfij f ryoi fpprjdl* J`u f `jdff`j `uvj j f ludu pr`ur*
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Nprs ak prkidkr i`ikjt hk ha`uvkrtk vdkjt ujk nppr`aok pfus p`djtuk hu h`auikjt*Df ld irf `dl ur f xprd`j djdpjf `jjr p`ur p`uv`dr `jd`jjr j f dud`j rju* W`uvz `iprd& j`u y `ii*W`df fks `jatd`js fnjlnldrks*J`u f rif`j j r qu j`uv`j ppfHntnbnjckj* Df `jduj f jqu `jj j fquff f fv dr`j pudr `jdf `j `dj p`ur jrjr*
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ak stnhk& f bekatd jkst kj nuauj ans hk hkinjhkr nux fvks hk ii`rdskr fks hdnf`luks hk aks sdtun)td`js hk hpnrt*A j p f u* Nud& f`rqu j`u fur ij`j f rvdffr& `u`ur prpd i`rux j lr`up ux& r`d& pr`d qur v uj upp`r `u f yux*
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Nxk 2 5 Fnppr`aok fkxdanfk \``rhkjsaont kj Xnnflkbrudc
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Ffkxdquk trnhuatd hnjs fks hkux skjs jkrfnjhnds)rnjnds rnjnds)jkrfnjhnds f j u ijuf
f dp`dd`j fv drux vrdr f dljdd`j uj i`*
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F vrdf pl ruurd`j& ii`rdd`j i` xprd`j `jjr p`ur p`uv`dr`iiujdqur `j prj j f prd\``rhkjsaont kj Xnnflkbrudc* W`u f rr`uvz j oquopdr diidij pr f dud`j i`dfdrd*
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]`ur djdr ur fdjr rvdffr ijdr& j`u djfu`j djrvjd`j Kdjdj qud `jj `jdf* Ak s`jt fks stuhdktdps* Df `j `u`ur r `jr*
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Nxk 1 5 [jk nppr`aok pr`lrkssdvk hk fn lrniindrk
J`u j prj`j id f lriidr p`ur f lriidr* Fnppr`aok kst t`ue`urs djhuatdvk*F fv `j djvd `uvrdr f pdd lriidf j df`lu `u pd x*Df `uvrj f u f rlf `u f `jud u pr`ur* A ufij pr po ppr`prdd`jqurrdvj f fux yjo qu j`u v`j ppf\k `jto`uhkj.]`ur vdr f vjuff rrur& fux `j `u`ur `fij ripfd* F fv f r`jjr`j
dfij r df `j `u`ur ur `j vr*Df `j udvd xrd ppfdd`j*
at hks tnbfknux \k `jto`uhkj& fks fvks rkja`jtrkr`jt nussd rlufdrkikjt Kdjstkdj nvka fn rubrdqukNs)tu rkinrqu 0N & f`d j p dr udr fuj u fur rlf lriidf* Df lddipfij drr fjd`j fv ur fuj u fur pdd u jrfjd* ]fu r& qud djr`ud ijdr r f` uj r \k `jto`uhkj.
J`t`js nussd quk aks tnbfknux hk syjtosk jk prtkjhkjt pns rnsskibfkr hk injdrk a`ipftk t`ut akqud a`jakrjk fk p`djt lrniintdanf nb`rh*J`u j`u fdid`j qud `uvr qud djdpjf p`ur p`uv`dr djr f `d
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7/23/2019 Tornado 1, Guide du professeur, chapitre 1
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Nxk ; 5 Fk trnvndf kj nut`j`idk& fn pnrtdk
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Fdhk kst hk h`jjkr f`aansd`j nux fvks hk trnvndffkr kj nut`j`idk kt hk p`uv`dr snut`)vnfukr* A p`urqu`d fxpfdd`j f iro udvr& f fv r`uvj uj o u )vfud`j `ipfr* Aff)d r udfd pr f `rrd`j pr f fv fur pr`ud`j* F `rrd`j d pr ffv ux)ii fd f o rid pr f pr`ur* Kff r`uv ur f AH pr`ur*
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^untrk aonpdtrksJ`u rprj`j dd fjdf qud pr`p` j `rj`*J`u j j`j p `ip xr qud `j `u j
dvd `ipfijdr* Dfr`j xpf`d prdffij`u `fij j `jd`j pd fv& u ipdp`jdf F `jju pl xr j `j p xpf`d) j f prd \``rjoj flrudc j `j pdjdpjf p`ur rudr fdud`j jf j f prdHdt okb ek lkfkkrh*
@bekatdgs a`iiujdantdgsF qur `ipj `jxr j oqu opdr*]`ur rd`j fdddfd p`ur vdr f r`jj&j`u rd`j jif f `i)pj rpd`j /`ur&fdr$ ff pr`ud`j /pr)fr& rdr$*
Fks h`indjks fkxdanuxnb`rhsFppr`o fxdf `rljdu`ur ux x 5 fks gnidffks hk i ts fks idjd)hdnf`luks
]`ur dfdr fudfdd`j `d`lrii idjd)d)f`lu& j`u rprj`j dd `u
f u `r*
@bekatdgs a`iiujdantdgs H`indjks fkxdanux
fnuhdtd`j& fn fkaturk
kj kxprkssd`j rnfk&kj kxprkssd`j ardtk
kj gnidffks hk i`ts
@p
bkz`kc
bde
Xo`ns
inrtkjs
A`iprkjhrk qukfquuj qud skprskjtk /s`j j`i& df onbdtk&s`j lk& ak qudf ndik u jndikpns$*
Hdrk hk qukffk pkrs`jjk jpnrfk*
Qk prskjtkr& hdrk a`iikjt jsnppkffk& f`j onbdtk& qukflk `j n& ak quk f`j ndik kt akquk f`j jndik pns*
]nrtdadpkr uj hdnf`luk* ]rskjtkr s`j rrk& sn sur&
uj/k$ nid/k$*
Fn nidffk Fks rudts Fn inds`j ^ukfqukspktdtsi`ts
Hnnr ds
hk p`st)
b`hk.
Rka`jjntrkktj`iikrhd)rkjtks s`rtks hk a`urrdkr*
Hdrk hk qud pr`vdkjt fk a`urrdkr
kt qud df kst hkstdj* A`iprkjhrk qukfquuj quk f`j
jk a`jjndt pns qud sk prskjtkkt sk hardt*
A`iprkjhrk fn hksardptd`jhk qukfquuj pnr ujk tdkrakpkrs`jjk*
A`iprkjhrk fks a`jsdljksonbdtukffks hk fn afnssk*
Djtkrvkjdr kj afnssk kj jkrfnj)hnds
]`skr hks qukstd`js rnfkikjt
qukfquuj p`ur kj npprkjhrkhnvnjtnlk s`j suekt*
Qk prskjtkr rnfkikjt u pnrardt kt sk hardrk*
]rskjtkr kt hardrk qukfquuj fn 1k pkrs`jjk rnfkikjt upnr ardt*
Kardrk uj indf*
Fn nidffk Fks v`dsdjs Fks nids
Fk anfkjhrdkr/e`urs& i`ds& sn ds`js$
Qp`rts kt o`bbys Fks i`ykjs hk
trnjsp`rt Kjtrk nids Fk vdsnlk Nhekatds /hksardptd`j
poysdquk$
Uk ds
kaot t`g .
A`iprkjhrk qukfquuj qudhardt sn aonibrk u akffkhujk tdkrak pkrs`jjk*
A`iprkjhrk qukfquuj qudprskjtk fks ikibrks hksn nidffk kt fkurs natdvdtsonbdtukffks*
A`iprkjhrk hks pktdts i`ts pr`p`s hk ak quk f`j pkut& vkut&h`dt ndrk
Naaukdffdr qukfquuj* Hardrk sn aonibrk& ujk pdak
hujk onbdtntd`j* Hdrk ak h`jt j n bks`dj hnjs sn
aonibrk* Hkinjhkr qukfquuj a`i)
ikjt df sk skjt* Hdrk a`iikjt j sk skjt*
Fn aor`j`f`ldk [jk e`urjk Fn aonibrk Fks nppnrkdfs Naaukdffdr qukfquuj Hks b`dss`js Hks a`jtrndrks A`rvks kt nutrks
natdvdts I`ts djtkrr`lntds
rqukjts
\k vkr)
oudzkj.
A`iprkjhrk qukfquuj qudhardtsninds`j /fkshdrkjtks
pdaks& fks ikubfks& fks kjhr`dts` akrtndjs `bekts sk tr`uvkjt$*
Ha`hkr ujk njj`jak dii`)bdfdrk*
A`iprkjhrk qukf ty pkhonbdtntd`j ujk pkrs`jjkrkaokraok*
J`iikr fks pdaks hujkinds`j*
H`jjkr fk pfnj hujk inds`j* Hardrk ak qud sk tr`uvk hnjs
ujk pdak* Hdrk qud nppnrtdkjjkjt hks
`bekts* ]nrfkr hk ak qud vn sk pnsskr
hnjs fk utur*
Fn inds`j& fonbdtntd`j Fks pdaks hnjs ujk
inds`j Hnjs fn audsdjk Hks ikubfks Fkxtrdkur hujk
inds`j @onbdtks)tu 0
Fks prp`sdtd`js hk fdku
Qdtukr qukfquuj&qukfquk ao`sk/df y n$
>
22
11
88
7 X`rjnh`
Wuk hkjskibfk hks a`jtkjus hk X`rjnh` >
zks ) zkshk
Wuk hkjskibfk hks a`jtkjus hk X`rjnh`
Hkux pnlks p`ur h`jjkr uj npkru afndr hks hdrkjtks
a`ip`snjtks hk X`rjnh`*
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Aonips tointdquksnb`rhsHj `rj`& j`u `r`j f>8 oip oidqu `iird j f Ar Kur`pj
A`iiuj Rrj* Df v `d qu `ii df ld uj pr)idr jj& f ijdrudj*Aux)d r`j ppr``jd j rj` 2 qud `rr ud f>8 oip oidqu*
LrniindrkHj `rj`& fppr`o lri)
idf pr`lrdv*Q`uvj& f `iij prfdjrvjd`j hKdjstkdj 5Ns)tu rkinrqu 0
J`u vf`pp`j f p`dj lriidr u i`ij )qu& f`rqudf `j u i)ij prj* F rurdqu \k`jto`uhkj . r uj fuqud rvdr rpr p`ur ffv*
Fpru lriidf j j ijuf pri ux fv rr`uvr dfij `u qud rd* Df prjv uj `uf jr 5 f p`djlriidf& fuj `u furxipf `jr*
`rhs Aonips tointdquksa`jakrjs
Lrniindrk
hnjs fks idjd)hdnf`luks
^udks)tu0
@onbdtks)tu0
^undiks)tu0^ukjndiks)
tu pns0
^undiks)tuinjlkr0^uk
jndiks)tupnshut`utinjlkr0
^undiks)tugndrk0
^ukjndiks)tupnsgndrk 0
> Anrnatrdstdquks]krs`jjkffks
7 Rkfntd`js nvka fks nutrks>= J`urrdturks kt b`dss`js>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks
Fks pr`j`is pkrs`jjkfs suekts Fks htkridjnjts nrtdafks hgjds
kt djhgjds Fn jlntd`j jdkt Fn a`jeulnds`j hks vkrbkszdej kt
okbbkj Fks j`ibrks eusquk 2= Fn hdstdjatd`j kjtrk fks s`js
a`urts kt fks s`js f`jls
X`ins kt fa`fk ^ud&`&fkqukf0
Ek tk i`j njjdvkrsndrk*
A`iikjt prskjtks)tuqukfquuj0
> Anrnatrdstdquks]krs`jjkffks
7 Rkfntd`js nvka fks nutrks
8 F`dsdrs? Khuantd`j; rnjsp`rts
>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks>8 Fk tkips qud sa`ufk
Fn a`jeulnds`j hks vkrbks nuprskjt /nvka `u snjs djvkrsd`j$
Fn `rintd`j hk fdiprntd hks
vkrbks Fks j`ibrks hk 2= >== ardrk fks s`js a`urts kt fks s`js
f`jls
Kjtrk h`ja . Ek tk i`jtrk in aonibrk ]uds)ekt`rdrqukfqukao`sk0
^ukgnds`js)j`usnue`urhoud0
2 Onbdtnt& `ykr&kjvdr`jjkikjt
1 Wdk qu`tdhdkjjk< Qnjt& bdkj)trk4 Naonts
>= J`urrdturks kt b`dss`js>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks>8 Fk tkips qud sa`ufk
Fn pornsk djtkrr`lntdvk Fk pfurdkf hks j`is Fn jlntd`j Fks rlfks h `rto`lrnpok f rsquk
f`j ikt hks j`is nu pfurdkf F naa`rh hk fnhekatd Fks rlfks h `rto`lrnpok f rsquk
f`j ne`utk )k uj nhekatd Fn a`jeulnds`j hks nuxdfdndrks
hk i`hk wdffkj& i`ktkj& cujjkj&i`lkj
Fn j`uvkffk inds`j @onbdtks)tu0
[jk inds`j hk vnanjaks @kstsktr`uvk0
Fn audsdjk kt fn tkrrnssk
2 Onbdtnt& `ykr&kjvdr`jjkikjt
8 A`jls& f`dsdrs>> Qkrvdaks>2 Fdkux>1 Fnjluks trnjlrks
Fn trnhuatd`j hk fkxprkssd`j dfy n ) fks vkrbks hk p`sdtd`j
Fn jlntd`jlkkj Qdtukr ujk pkrs`jjk u uj bekt
fks prp`sdtd`js kt fks nhvkrbkshk fdku
Fks htkridjnjts hi`jstrntds F`rhrk hks i`ts skf`j fk typk hk
pornsk
Fks htkridjnjts p`sskssds Fk utur
Wuk hkjskibfk hks a`jtkjus hk X`rjnh` >
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XAOK Gd `ur f jrld)rij pfudur `d* z ujpu oui`ur f`r f `rr)d`j 5 `j pu r`ipr& jquuj u .
XAOK Q`ufdljz fudfd ur rp`j* Df pri ux
fv dr fxrd pfudur`d*
Qardpt AHj ri& j p`r& j ppr)ij& j fi& j lj&j lj& j u`& j rd`&l`f
XAOK Gd rirqur quii f i` qud prdjv`dr f ii pr`j`jdd`j/x 5 ri& rd`$ `j flrijdrj uj fjlu fur/j `jdqu jr ur$*Gd rirqur f r r`uf*
XAOK F fv r`j j`u urprd qud fur ij* A r rdjijuj lrj `uvr p`ur r)dj 5 `u f i` xdj j
j rjd quj jrfjd*
XAOK Djdz p`ur quf fv jrdvj rdj* F`)d rlrr prfr*
Qardpt AH> u` /J$2 f
1 idjuu8 ppr)
ij /J$; lj /G$
7 ldrldr
< u` /G$? r4 f``j
>= `up`p
> 1
2
8
< ?
7
4
trni sp`rt nppnrtkikjt gfinlkjhn
nlkjt nut` l`fg rnhd`
;
? X`nh`naot ) naotstk
djXr@ Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx.
> Cdec jnnr hk w``rhkj* @iadrckf hk Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rhkj*Rklnrhk aks i`ts* Kjt`urk fks i`ts jkrfnjhnds*
2 Fudstkr* @jhkrfdej hk w``rhkj vnj > hdk dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs njhkrs
cfdjckj*Ka`utk* Q`ufdljk fks i`ts hk > quk f`j pr`j`jak hdgrkiikjt kj jkrfnjhnds*
1 Cdec jnnr hk g`t`s* Lkkg okt Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rh* Oufp j`hdl0 Bkcdec
`kgkjdjl 8*Rklnrhk fks po`t`s* H`jjk fk i`t kj jkrfnjhnds* Bks`dj hndhk0 A`jsuftk fkxkradak 8*
>
7;812> < 4?
8 A`ibdjkkr hk g`t`s vnj `kgkjdjl 1 ikt okt Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rh*A`ibdjk fks po`t`s hk fkxkradak 1 nvka fk i`t kj jkrfnjhnds*
n kkj tkfkvdsdk h kkj tkfkg``j l kkj cfns
b kkj idjuut k kkj tkcst o s`kp
a kkj tnnrt kkjldrngk grdktkj
h g a d b o n k l
jtr`
Fks natdvdts pr`p`sks kj djtr`huatd`j s`jt v`f`jtndrkikjt gnadfks
rnfdskr* Kffks h`jjkjt f`aansd`j nux fvks hk ha`uvrdr ak qudhdrkjadk fk jkrfnjhnds hu grnjnds*
]`ur ha`uvrdr fn spadadt hk fn ito`hk& j`us djvdt`js fksfvks rklnrhkr& a`utkr& gndrk hks a`ibdjnds`js& rptkr ak qudfs
kjtkjhkjt X`utks aks natdvdts rkvdkjhr`jt rlufdrkikjt hnjsX`rjnh`* Kj iik tkips& fks fvks ha`uvrkjt fn sdljdantd`j
hks f`l`s*
Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx.
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XAOK Gd fxrd pfu)dur `d* F fv pprd)r`j p`uv`dr dr i`j uj ur fjlu*
XAOK Qulld`j 5 `jrz fiudqu i` j f rdvju fu* Gd rirqur qu`jrdrij u rjd qudj qud p j `jdqu&
fud)d r dip`rj jjrfjd j r`uv/qud$ id j j i`*
Qardpt AHj ri& j p`r& j ppr)ij& j fi& j lj&j lj& j u`& j rd`&l`f& j f``j& j ldr& jr& rdj& j idjuu& jcf& j fvdd& j c& `p
Qardpt AHj `rj` uj `rjj ji uj ji
XAOK F d rdr f i`r `uvrdr ux fv qudf
rdvj driij j jr)fjd j rjd*
XAOK J`j ufij f i`rdvj driij& id df pr`j`jj ud uj urijdr*
Qardpt AHj cfjr& j dlr& vcjd& j `fdj& j rdvdr&j `fj
kkj `fdnjt hk vncnjtdk kkj cnfkjhkr kkj rdvdkr kkj h`fgej kkj tdelkr
2
1
7
;8
>
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx. 4jklkj ) jklkjhk
; Fudstkr* O``r ek Grnjs `g Jkhkrfnjhs0 Ukt kkj crudsek*Ka`utk* Xu kjtkjhs hu rnjnds `u hu jkrfnjhnds 0 Ikts ujk ar`dx*
> 2 1 8 ; 7 < ? 4 >=
Jkhkrfnjhs
grnjnds
7 Fudstkr* @jhkrfdej hk fkttkrlrkkp wnnr`p okt naakjt vnft*Ka`utk* Q`ufdljk fn syffnbk sur fnqukffk fnaakjt t`jdquk t`ibk*
2
1
< Fudstkr kj okronnf hk w``rhkj* Fkt `p hk Jkhkrfnjhsk udtsprnnc*Ka`utk kt rptk fks i`ts* Nttkjtd`j fn pr`j`jadntd`j jkrfnjhndsk*
? Ukt `jhkr kfc bkkfh okt Jkhkrfnjhsk w``rh*Kards s`us aonquk dinlk fk i`t jkrfnjhnds*
8
kkj t`rjnh` ujk t`rjnhk kkj tnjhki uj tnjhki
4 Fudstkr kj okronnf*Ka`utk kt rptk*
;
x x x x x x x
x x x x x
kkj cnfkjhkr
kkj tdelkrhk vncnjtdk
kkj fdnjt kkj rdvdkr
kkj h`fgej
@bekatgs
Rprr qud rif* Rprr qud drj* H`jjr f i` j jrfjd* A`idjr f i` v f `jj
po``* Hddjlur f`u f i` rjd
i` jrfjd
Rprr f pf fj `jdqu* Rpr i` jrfjd* A`idjr f i` v f `jj
po``* K`ur rpr*
Ikhn
AH ud` > pr`ur5 rc >);
;>
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XAOK Hr`ufkikjt5Hdvdz f f j qufqupd lr`up `uz u]dd`jry*Ffv uj lr`up v u fu*W`u fud i`jrz uj i` rd f`j* Df `d f djrp`ur `j lr`up u fu* Qd`j lr`up& j f 1= `j&pu dr f i` j jrfjd&
`rrij pr`j`j& f`r dfllj uj p`dj* ]z judu lr`up udvj*
W`r rf `jd vdffr fpr`j`jdd`j `rr* Gdrpr f fv j rrur*
XAOK F fur r jdfj* F d qu ffv rjj `ip qudf`j pf `i)prjr rdj por*
>= X`rjnh`tdkj ) tdkjhk
>= Fkks wnt Fkn zklt* Hudh hk eudstk tkckjdjl nnj*Fds ak quk Fkn hdt* Djhdquk fk b`j hkssdj*
>> Kvkj spkfkj. Fudstkr jnnr ek fkkrcrnaot*E`u`js* Ka`utk t`j pr`gksskur*
Onff`. Dc bkj Fkn* Dc zdt `p ang kj dc kkt kkj bnjnnj *
@p hk tngkf fdlt kkj ip1)spkfkr* Kr stnnt ``c kkj a`fn `p
hk tngkf* Dc okb kkj r`zk sa``tkr* Dc spkkf ldtnnr kj tkjjds*
Idej X)sodrt ds ``c r`zk kj dc bkj bf`jh*
x
@bekatgs
N`dr por v dj* Hvdjr f i` dj u fu f
pr`j`jr `rrij*
Hkux natdvdts qud h`jjkjt a`jnjak*
]nlk h uvkrturk hu aonpdtrk *
jtr` Jkhkrfnjhs ds hk inx.
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^uk tr`uvkrkz)v`us hnjsfks hdffrkjtks pnrtdks huaonpdtrk 0]nrtdks )5 Fks sdtuntd`js i`bdfdsntrdaks&qud v`jt gnv`rdskr fnpprkjtdssnlk
]ridr `j v f idffrj prdr uj vd`&
po``& uj jrldrij ud`& pd x j f ijuf*N f o 7& f fv rfdjfur pridr rjr j prfjux)ii* N f o 4& df prjj rfij `ii ujiir f idff rj*
F fv jrjj prj)r& prjr qufquuj ur& dr qudf dij u jdijp*
]nrtdks & & 5 Fdjstnffntd`j hks rks)s`uraks djhdspkjsnbfks p`ur pr`lrksskr
rnpdhkikjt
F `juld`j vr oj zdj
F j`ir = 2= Ffpo
Fn pnrtdk kst uj kxtrn*
F vdd uj lj p`fd vjup`r qufqu qud`j priuj uxdi rj`jr v fidff rj*
Fn pnrtdk a jsnark fn pr`j`jadntd`j
Hnjs ak aonpdtrk&
tu gnds fn a`jjndssnjak
hk Xo`ins Inrtkjs kt hk sn gnidffk*
f`bekatd gjn hk ak aonpdtrk kst quk tu pudssks
fks a`iprkjhrk& a`iprkjhrk hks pkrs`jjksqud sk prskjtkjt& tk prskjtkr kt prskjtkr ujk
tdkrak pkrs`jjk* Xu skrns nussd anpnbfk hk p`skr
kt rp`jhrk hks qukstd`js pr`p`s hk fdhkjtdt
hk qukfquuj*
Xu npprkjhs fn pr`j`jadntd`j
hks s`js a`urts kt hks s`js f`jls*
Xu npprkjhs fks j`ibrks hk > 2=*
Wnj wdk ds hdk rulznc0
Fn gnidffk Inrtkjs sk prskjtk*
Dfs hdskjt nussd ak qudfs ndikjt kt ak qudfs
jndikjt pns*
Xu tkjtrnjks rka`jjntrk kt pr`j`jakr fks fkttrkshk fnfponbkt* Akst s`uvkjt dip`rtnjt f`rs huj
prkidkr a`jtnat*
Xu a`jeuluks fks vkrbks trk kt nv`dr* p* 27
p* >2
p* >7
p* 1>
p* 12
p* 1?
p* 8>
Xu npprkjhs tk prskjtkr kt prskjtkr
qukfquuj*
>>
>
2
8
;kxtrn
kfg ) kfghk
O``ghstuc >@p bkz`kc bde Xo`ins Inrtkjs
\K @JXO@[HKJ.
F pr`j`i pr`jjf u >4 F ridjj rdf jd
djjd 2= F `juld`j vr zdj
oj 1= F j`ir = 2= 14
HNXNBNJC
A`iij dr qu f j di `u
jdi p >8 A`iij d)`j pfu& i`dj&
iufdpfd pr& dvd pr 8=
KDJQXKDJ
JDK pri rjr fpor jldv >8
F i`rd i` `j hk)w``rhkj& id df y ud okt)w``rhkj 2=
A`iij xprdir fl 24 F por ridv ridj
pr uj p`dj& f por djr)r`ldv pr uj p`dj djr)
r`ld`j* 1;
\@@RHKJQAONX KJ XNNFLKBR[DC
I`ts)afs hks gnidffks hk i`ts/@kgkjkj ikt w``rhkj$ 2= O lzdj O rud \`jj Kj pr cfdj w``rXdtrks hks idjd)hdnf`luks/@kgkjkj ikt zdjjkj$ 22\d j d0
\r w``j 0 \r o`u vj0 \r o`u jd vj0 \ lrl0 \ ofif jd lrl0 \ ` lrl0 \ ` ofif jd lrl0Okt ds jdkt oktzkfghkQao``ftnnf
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qukf i`ikjt utdfdskr fkHWH 0Kj pfu r jrldr `uux vd& f dud`j i`dfd)rd qud uvrj f opdr
`j jrldr j vd`* F`r dipf& f d pr`f j`rif& qu j`u v`jppf QJKF p`ur f jrldr)ij ud`* F quj vd`puvj r vdd`jj v `uj f x j `u* v`u dr& j `jd`j p`ddfd v` fv&u i`ij f pfu `pp`rujp`ur udfdr f HWH 5 j `uvr)
ur uj opdr& j `jfud`juj f`j pr v`dr xpf`df po``& pr v`dr d `urf x f vd fj `u j`r)if /AH jf$*
]rkidrk nppr`aok hk fn pnlk 5 taoks & kt AH& trnac )& HWH& trnac >
]`ur dr f `jjdj f idff rj& pfudur p`ddfd `rj v`u*W`u udfdz `d f HWH j f `u)dr& `d fjrldrij ud` vd fj u fj)rldrij vd pfu rpd* Hj uj pridr ip& ijz ux fv `r)iufr fuj u fur oyp`o ur f `jju prdr qudf v`dj `u qudf
jjj* Hj uj uxdi ip& d rfdr f pridr xrd* Rlrz f HWHv f `u)drl*
F fv fdj f uff ud*
> @p bkz`kc bde Xo`ins Inrtkjs>2 twnnfg ) twnnfghk
> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs
Dc bkj Crds Inrtkjs*
Dc w``j dj Lkjt*
Dc okb hrdk cdjhkrkj5 Qtdej&
X`ins kj Qnrn* Dc o`u vnj
cfnssdkck iuzdkc kj vnj v`ktbnf*
Dc okkt Kvn Wkrstrnktkj*
Dc o`u jdkt vnj cfnssdkck iuzdkc&
innr dc o`u okkf vkkf vnj r`ac*
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nppkfkj& sdjnnsnppkfkj&
bnjnjkj
Idej jnni ds X`ins*
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i`khkr okkt Kvn*
Idej pnpn cdect lrnnl
jnnr sp`rt& innr dc h`knnj sp`rt* Kj dc o`u okkf
vkkf vnj rnp*
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bkj zkvkjtdkj*
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t`jkkf* Kj dc bkj okkf
syipntodkc& enwkf.
O`d. Dc bkj Qnrn Inrtkjs*
Dc bkj kfg ennr `uh*
Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt&
innr dc kkt wkf lrnnl
ao`a`fnhk kj aodps*Dc o`u vnj Ngrdcnnjsk
iuzdkc kj dc hnjs
lrnnl*
> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs
Rkprnlk hdjg`rintd`js
a`jakrjnjt fk j`i& flk& fkfdku ` f`j onbdtk ndjsd quk fn
a`ip`sdtd`j hk fn gnidffk*
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XAOK A 1 xrd ijux fv rprr f dj`ri)d`j udf p`ur `ipfr ujrr ljf`ldqu djdqurf fdj idff* H`jjz)furuj pu ip p`ur `u)vrdr f x* Qd rdj i` frr ljf`ldqu `ipfr
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vj Kv Wrrj o rd
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oj Qdj d z``j vj Qr d `or vj X`i d r`r vj
R`uz uj `d j`r fj)rldrij v f x fpl >2 `u f yux*
XAOK F pridr xrd`d v`dr fdu j f x `uf yux& jd f pl >2*
XAOK K`u pfu df*
Fdidz)v`u qud ij j fxrd*
hk h`aotkr hk uhkrs hk z``j hk z``jhk i`khkrhk cdjhkrkj
hk vnhkr
Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs >1hkrtdkj ) hkrtdkjhk
> Fkks kkrst hk vrnlkj* Fudstkr jnnr hk ah kj njtw``rh `p hk vrnlkj*Fds hnb`rh fks qukstd`js* Ka`utk fk AH kt rp`jhs nux qukstd`js*
n A`ibdkjhkpkrs`jjksns)tukjtkjhuks0b ^uds`jt)kffks0
tr`ds lnr`js& ujk kiik kt ujk gffk
uj o iik& ujk kiik& hkux lnr`js kt ujk gffk
hkux gffks& uj o`iik kt hkux lnr`js
2 Cdec jnnr hk g`t`s& fkks hk tkcst dj hk tkcstbnff`jjkj kj njtw``rh `p hk
vrnlkj*Rklnrhk fks po`t`s& fds fks buffks kt rp`jhs nux qukstd`js*
n A`iikjtsnppkffkjtfkspkrs`jjks0
b ^ukflk`jtfkskjgnjts0
a ^uds`jtakspkrs`jjks0
1 Wuf hk stnib``i vnj okt lkzdj Inrtkjs dj*
n Qaordeg dj hk lkfk vnceks hk gnidfdkbnjh tusskj hk pkrs`jkj*
b Wuf hk rkst vnj hk lklkvkjs dj hk lrdezk vnceks dj*A`ipftk fnrbrk ljnf`ldquk hk fn gnidffk Inrtkjs*
n J`tk hnjs fks ansks enujks fk fdkj hk pnrkjt kjtrk aks pkrs`jjks*
b A`ipftk fk rkstk hks h`jjks hnjs fks ansks lrdsks*
jnni5
fkktdeh5
hk br`kr vnj5 hk zus vnj5
jnni5
fkktdeh5
hk br`kr vnj5
jnni5
fkktdeh5
jnni5jnni5
;
x
Crds& Kvn& Xo`ins& Qnrn& Qtdej>2& >>& >< >2 >>
Xo`ins kj Qnrn Qtdej kj Qnrn Qtdej kj Xo`ins
hk z``j hk z``j hk h`aotkr
Kvn
hk i`khkr
hk `uhkrs
hk cdjhkrkj
@bekatgs
A`iprjr lf`fij f pr`jj qud prfj* N f fur& r`uvr rjdljij ur f pr`jj* r`uvr f fdj prj jr f pr`jj*
Ikhn
AH ud` fv5 rc >)2 AH ud` > pr`ur5 rc 7)< HWH& rc >
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Hkuxdik nppr`aok hk fn pnlk 5taoks kt A ux xrd vdj `uvrdr qufqupor)f `j f fv ur`j `dj prf ud* Df `dvj dr `rfij j ujpridr ip*Fdr f x v jd`j jdf*
XAOK ]ridr xrd uyp vrnd `u gnux*
XAOK F`d vrd)r f `jj `iprojd`j
qufqu por)f u df`lu&djdpjf p`ur prjr*F`d ud `iijr f ii`rdr*
Df ld uj xrd `rf qudvrd r d pfudur `d*F pl f rd p`urrd rij pfu r u `iio `iddf& id j uuj ud* Df j ld p ujxrd rud`j& id djhujk natdvdt hk rkprnlk kt hkii`rdsntd`j*
rudr f por j`pdj f rp`j drijr prr u`up prd)jj fxrd*
Kdjdj djrvdj p`ur drrfjd`j fv ur ujpdd f fjlu& `uvj
yp lriidf* Dd& df ldu i` JDK*F prj i` pri `jjr uj rr djdr fxrd 5 Edi . E jdi p .
HNXNBNJC
[j Hjc rif fxprd`j udf p`ur p`uv`drrjir uj il j pr)dufdr* F fv f `uvrj f udfdj v uj upp`rrd* A fxrd 7* Fqud)dd`j jf vdjr j fidjd)df`lu*
> @p bkz`kc bde Xo`ins Inrtkjs>8
Hntnbnjc
vkkrtdkj ) vkkrtdkjhk
8 Eudst `g g`ut0 Wkrbktkr hk g`utk zdjjkj*Wrnd `u gnux 0 A`rrdlk fks pornsks gnutdvks*
Eudst G`ut Wkrbktkrdjl
> Crds o`uht vnj r`aciuzdkc*
2 Kvn kkt lrnnl rudt*
1 X`ins o`uht vkkf vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
8 Qnrn hnjst jdkt lrnnl*
; Crds ds twnnf ennr*
7 Qnrn ds kf ennr*
; O`k zkllkj zk okt dj hk tkcstbnff`jjkj0A`iikjt hdt)`j hnjs fks buffks 0
> Ek suds Qnrn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
2 Ek inppkffk Kvn* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1 Endik fk ``t* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
8 Ek jndik pns fks rudts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
; Enh`rk fk r`ac* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
7 End tr`ds kjnjts* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
O`k zkl ek hnt ek o`uht vnj 0
A`iikjt hds)tu quk tu ndiks 0
O`k zkl ek hnt ek jdkt o`uht vnj 0
A`iikjt hds)tu quk tu jndiks pns 0
Dco`u vnj r`ac*
Dco`u vkkf vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
Dchnjs lrnnl*
Dckkt okkf lrnnlrudt*
Dco`u jdkt vnj r`ac*
Dco`u okfkinnf jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
Dchnjs jdkt lrnnl*
Dckkt okfkinnf jdkt lrnnlrudt*
Kj jkrfnjhnds& p`ur trnhudrk fk vkrbk ndikr& tu pkux utdfdskr 5o`uhkj vnj # substnjtd /skjs htkridjnjt nrtdafk$vkrbk # lrnnl
Ns)turkinrqu0
Fk i`t JDK pkrikt hk rkjhrk fn pornsk jlntdvk*
JDK sk pfnak
hkvnjt ujk prp`sdtd`j
Dc o`u vnj Nrd cnnjsk iuzdkc* Dc o`u jdkt vnj Nrdcnnjsk iuzdkc*
Endik fn iusdquk nrdandjk* Ek jndik pns fn iusdquk nrdandjk*
hkvnjt uj nhvkrbk
Dc hnjs lrnnl* Dc hnjs jdkt lrnnl*
Endik hnjskr* Ek jndik pns hnjskr*
u rkja`jtrkrns s`uvkjt fk i`t JD K& j`tniikjt fn gj hk fn pornsk*
Dc wkkt okt jdkt* Ek jk snds pns*
x cfnssdkck iuzdkc
x
x Qnrn
x Uk hnjst lrnnl*
x Xo`ins
x
Dc bkj Qnrn*
Dc okkt Kvn*
Dc o`u vnj v`ktbnf*Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt*
Dc o`u okkf vkkf vnj r`ac*
Dc okb hrdk cdjhkrkj*
Rkprnlk hks kxprkssd`js jakssndrks p`ur sk prskjtkr kt hdrk ak
quk f`j ndik u jndik pns*
> Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs /sudtk$
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XAOK F fv `uj
fjrldrij `ipfjf fu*
XAOK Kxrd jrj)ij p`ur xr f `riuf ufu Hjc*
Qardpt AH
>* Kfdsk5 Dc okb vkkf o`bbys* Dc h`k
lrnnl nnj sp`rt* Dc tkjjds lrnnl kj
dc o`u `c vnj hnjskj* Dc fudstkr
jdkt lrnnl jnnr iuzdkc*
2* Enj5 Dc o`u vkkf vnj grudt. Dc kkt
lrnnl sdjnnsnppkfs kj bnjnjkj*
Idej gnv`rdktk grudt ds njnjns&
innr dc o`u okfkinnf jdkt vnj
ao`a`fnhk*
1* Cnr`fdkj5 Dc o`u vnj cfnssdkckiuzdkc* Dc fudstkr jnnr cfnssdkck
iuzdkc* Dc hnjs lrnnl p cfnssdkck
iuzdkc* Idej o`bby ds cfnssdkc
bnffkt*
8* C`kj5 Dc o`u jdkt vnj sp`rt kj
dc o`u okfkinnf jdkt vnj v`kt)
bnffkj* Dc hnjs `c jdkt lrnnl.
Dc o`u vkkf vnj iuzdkc* Dc spkkf
lrnnl ldtnnr kj dc fudstkr lrnnl
jnnr iuzdkc*
* Hnvdh5Dc kkt lrnnl ao`a`fnhk*Dc kkt jdkt lrnnl grudt* Dc o`u jdkt
vnj iuzdkc* Dc h`k lrnnl nnj sp`rt&
dc v`ktbnf lrnnl* Kj ede& o`u ek vnj
sp`rt0
XAOK Ndrz fjd`j fv* Ndrz fur jd`j urf pr`j`jdd`j& fdj`jd`j& ffur xprdv*
XAOK Nvj dr fxrd&p`z qud`j pr`p` f idff rj 5 \d d Qr0O` `u d z0 \ z lrl 0
Okt lkzdj Inrtkjs >;
i@HKf >5 \nnr o`u ek vnj0
N O`uedevnjr`ac0
B En& dc o`u vnj r`ac*
Jkkj& dc o`u jdkt vnj r`ac*
En& dc o`u vkkf vnj r`ac*
Jkkj& dc o`u okfkinnf jdkt
vnj r`ac*
i@HKf 25 \nt kkt ek lrnnl0
N Kktedelrnnlpdzzn0
B En& dc kkt lrnnl pdzzn*
Jkkj& dc kkt jdkt lrnnl pdzzn*
En& dc kkt okkf lrnnl pdzzn*
Jkkj& dc kkt okfkinnf jdkt
lrnnl pdzzn*
i@HKf 15 \nt h`k ek lrnnl0
N Hnjseklrnnl0
B En& dc hnjs lrnnl*
Jkk& dc hnjs jdkt lrnnl*
En& dc hnjs okkf lrnnl*
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lrnnl*
vdegtdkj ) vdegtdkjhk
7 \krc pkr twkk* Njtw``rh `p hk vrnlkj* Lkbrudc hk zdjjkj vnj hk
hntnbnjc* W`fl okt i`hkf*Xrnvndffkz hkux* Rp`jhkz nux qukstd`js* Kipf`ykz fks pornsks hk fn hntnbnjc*
Qudvkz fk i`hfk*
< Fudstkr kj vuf dj*Ka`utk* ]uds& a`ipftk fk tnbfknu ad)hkss`us nvka fks sdljks # `u )*
Xu fndssks vdhks fks ansks p`ur fksqukffks tu jk rk`ds pns hdjg`rintd`js*
? Fkks hk tkcstbnff`jjkj `p bfnhzdehk >= fudh`p*Fds fks buffks hk fn pnlk >= onutk v`dx*
4 Ju bkj ede nnj hk bkurt. Ede bkjt kkj fdh vnj okt lkzdj Inrtkjs*
Qtkf ekzkfg v``r*N t`d hk e`ukr . Xu ks uj ikibrk hk fn gnidffk Inrtkjs* ]rskjtk) t`d*
Kfdsk
Enj
Cnr`fdkj
C`kj
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# # )
) #
# #
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# ) # )
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Qfd`jjr f dj`rid`j `rr `rrdlr f rrur* Rprr f xprd`j udf p`ur prjr* Hdr qu f`j di& qu f`j jdi p* A`iprjr fudd`j qu djq uj dij u jdij p* Fdr v f `jj dj`jd`j x j fquf pr`jj prjj* Q prjr*
Ikhn
AH ud` > pr`ur5 rc ?
?
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Qardpt AH> Hd d idj jduw vrdj* Od
o Ej* Udj idfdji dHj j od d f r `u* Odw``j dj `jlrj& jd vrvj o``f* Od p`r lrl*Od o`u rl vf vj v`f*Udj cfdj r`r o `i* Odd z*
2 Dc o vf vrdjj j vrdj)djjj& ir Qjy d idj vrdjdj* U o QjyBc* U zd ij i iddj cf* Qjy d wf* Uw``j dj Fuvj* Fuvj fdl djWfi)Brj* Qjy oj zu j w r`r*
U fudr lrl jr *
XAOK `ij dip`rjp`ur f fv 5 fur pridrxrd `iprojd`j fudd`j* Df vrdj `u frudr v dfd* Jodz p f fddr* Uk i`ktkj suaakskrvnrkj& jdktwnnr.
XAOK Fxrd vd djd)r fudfdd`j f 1 pr`jju djlufdr r`jjr fi` ipf`y*[j `d fxrd `dd`j
ridj `rrdl& d `ufd)ljr f i`)f f qu zde&onnr& zk& ode*
Qullkstd`j 5Df pu ud r djrj `jufr uj r Bfldqup`ur dur f drj vdffprj ur f 2 pl*
JNNI Nbh`u Inf`u
FKKGXDEH >= ennr
\@@J]F NNXQ Lkjt
v`ktbnf
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FKKGXDEH >2 ennr
\@@J]F NNXQ Brusskf
gfi kj a`fn
v`ktbnf
JNNI \`ut Idkvds
FKKGXDEH >> ennr
\@@J]F NNXQ Fkuvkj
rudt
hk sao``f
> @p bkz`kc bde Xo`ins Inrtkjs>7 zkstdkj ) zkstdkjhk
\dk bkj ek02>= Cdec jnnr hk g`t`s kj fkks hk tkcstkj* Wkrbdjh hk g`t`s ikt hk tkcstkj*
Rklnrhk fks po`t`s* Fds fks tkxtks* Rkfdk fks po`t`s kt fks tkxtks*
Udedstdkjennr*
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B
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bnjnjkj*
A
2>
1
> 2 1
>> Fudstkr kj vuf hk tnbkffkj dj okt Grnjs dj*a`utk kt a`ipftk fk tnbfknu ad)hkss`us kj grnjnds*
J`i J`i
]rj`i ]rj`i
Nlk Nlk
Fdku honbdtntd`j Fdku honbdtntd`j
Gnidffk Gnidffk
L`ts L`ts
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B A N
HnnjsEnj>> njs
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uj rrk& X`i& 7 njssp`rt& ``t
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> sur& 2 rrksa`utkr hks AH
F`bekatdg prdjadpnf hk aks hkux pnlks kst hk gnv`rdskr fkxprkssd`j
`rnfk hks fvks* ]`ur quk akux)ad s`dkjt anpnbfks hk sk prskjtkr&hk prskjtkr ujk tdkrak pkrs`jjk& dfs `jt bks`dj hk ii`rdskr
t`utk ujk srdk hkxprkssd`js* Hnjs fn taok & dfs v`jt trnvndffkrfn prkidrk pkrs`jjk* Hnjs fks taoks & kt & fn tr`dsdik
pkrs`jjk*
2 \dk bkj ek0
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XAOK F i`ij vju ir dvij j prdqu qud `uvr j f xr)d prj*F fv p`urrdj `iijrpr Idej nv`rdkt ds
XAOK Fxrd pr`p` 8idjd)df`lu* Nvj fdr `ur& `jjz u ip uxfv p`ur f `ipfr* Adp`urrd dr pr ux*
Kjud& ijz pfudurlr`up ux fv fdruj idjd)df`lu vj`u f i`j* Af prir `u f fv vrdr furrp`j*Hijz)fur jj f `urf pfu p`jjij p`df*
XAOK ]`ur rvdffr fpridr pr`jj& f fvrprjjj yidquijf `riuf udvj j oj)lj djd 5
Dc okkt &Dc bkj ennr &Dc w``j dj &Dc o`u vnj &Dc o`u jdkt vnj
\dk bkj ek0 >1 n Qpkkf hdnf``lek N pkr twkk* \dsskf vnj r`f*
b Wuf hk njhkrk hdnf`lkj nnj* Qpkkf zk pkr twkk*n E`ukz fk hdnf`luk N hkux* Aonjlkz hk rfk*
b A`ipftkz fks nutrks idjd)hdnf`luks* E`ukz fks hdnf`luks hkux*
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AH ud` > pr`ur5 rc >= HWH& rc 2
>=
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8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
27 Fudstkr l`kh jnnr hk v`flkjhk idjdhdnf``l* Hudh nnj `g ek kkj vrnnl `g kkj
ikhkhkfkjhk zdj o``rt*Ka`utk bdkj fk idjd)hdnf`luk sudvnjt* Djhdquk sd tu kjtkjhs ujk qukstd`j `u ujk
ngrintd`j*
27
vdkrkjtwdjtdl)vdkrkjtwdjtdlstk
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\nt ds ek gnidfdkjnni0
Qprkkc ek ``c Jkhkrfnjhs touds0
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x
x
xx
Fks hkux hkrjdrks pnlks hk fn pnrtdk \``rhkjsaont kj
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@kgkjkj ikt zdjjkj /sudtk$
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XAOK ]`ur ridjr& j`udjvd`j f fv `ipfr fuff qur po``*Noz u`up dip`r)j pd xprd`jrd* Wrdz f`ro`lrpo .
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ux*Fdvd `d r d ux `dj djvrj f rf*
2;\dk bkj ek0 vdegkjtwdjtdl ) vdegkjtwdjtdlstk
2< \krc pkr twkk* Fkkrfdjl N stkft hk vrnnl& fkkrfdjl B njtw``rht*
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24 Wdkr fkkrfdjlkj dj hk turjznnf* \nt vkrtkffkj zk0 Wuf hk tkcstbnff`jjkj dj
okt Jkhkrfnjhs dj* O`u rkckjdjl ikt hk v`flkjhk sullkstdks*^untrk fvks hnjs fn snffk hk lyijnstdquk* ^uk rna`jtkjt)dfs 0 A`ipftk fks buffks
kj jkrfnjhnds* Xdkjs a`iptk hks sullkstd`js sudvnjtks*
> X`i sk prskjtk kt hkinjhk Fuan a`iikjt df snppkffk*
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sdf ndik fn iusdquk*
1 Hnnj rp`jh qudf ndik fk g``tbnff a`iik s`j prk*
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8 Fuadk sk prskjtk& hdt qukffk n >8 njs& qukffk ndik fn iusdquk& hnjsk
v`f`jtdkrs& inds qukffk jndik pns fk g``tbnff*
X i fuan Hnnj fuadk
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Kj wdk bkj ede0
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idej vnhkr*
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Ikhn
AH ud` > pr`ur5 rc 27
27
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XAOK
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nr
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dj Brusskf& innr idej `uhkrs
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2 Dc o`u vnj i`hkrjk iuzdkc kj dc bkj kkj Qpnjennrh*
2 Dc bkj twnnf ennr kj dc o`u vnj tkckjkj*
1 Dc bkj kjdl cdjh kj dc spkkf lrnnl v`ktbnf*
8 Dc w``j dj Brusskf dj kkj lr``t ouds*
12 Eudst `g g`ut0 Wkrbktkr i`jhkfdjl hk g`utk zdjjkj*Wrnd `u gnux 0 A`rrdlk `rnfkikjt fks pornsks gnutdvks*
Eudst G`ut
> Dc bkj ]khr`* Idej twkkfdjlbr`kr okkt Crdst`*
2 Wdjakjt ds vkkrtdkj kj ds zkkr sp`rtdk*
1 F`rkw``jtdjJnikj*Ukdshkrtdkjennr*
8 ]nbf` ds kf ennr kj ds kjdl cdjh*
; Hk uhkrs vnj F`rk zdej syipntodkc*
7 Kfdjk okkt kkj jdkuwk gkts*
11 O`k zkllkj zk okt dj hk tkcstbnff`jjkj dj `kgkjdjl 1=0A`iikjt hdt)`j hnjs fks buffks hk fkxkradak 1= 0
> Ek suds kjnjt ujdquk* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
2 End trkdzk njs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1 J`us s`iiks euiknux* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
8 J`us nv`js ujk lrnjhk inds`j . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
; Crdst` kst i`j rrk* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
7 Dfs s`jt syipn . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
< Df n uj j`uvknu vf`* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
18 U`kc hk Jkhkrfnjhsk jnni vnj hkzk stkhkj ` hk cnnrt ` nldjn 28*Rkaokraok fk j`i jkrfnjhnds hk aks vdffks sur fn anrtk& p* 28*
> Brulks dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
2 Bruxkffks dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
1 Fdlk dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
8 \nvrk dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
; Njvkrs dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
7 I`js dj okt Grnjs ds dj okt Jkhkrfnjhs* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *