toxiques sans frontiers:

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Norsk institutt for luftforskning www.nilu.no Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004 Toxiques sans frontiers: European coastal contamination from the sky by metal and organic substances Kevin Barrett Norwegian Institute for Air Research Center for Ecological Economics Postboks 100, NO-2027-Kjeller, Norway [email protected]

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Toxiques sans frontiers:. European coastal contamination from the sky by metal and organic substances Kevin Barrett Norwegian Institute for Air Research Center for Ecological Economics Postboks 100, NO-2027-Kjeller, Norway [email protected]. Contaminant transport to coastal waters. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Toxiques sans frontiers:

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Toxiques sans frontiers:

European coastal contamination from the sky

by metal and organic substances

Kevin Barrett

Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchCenter for Ecological Economics

Postboks 100, NO-2027-Kjeller, [email protected]

Page 2: Toxiques sans frontiers:

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

1: Rivers

Contaminant transport to coastal waters

2: Direct Discharge

4: Atmosphere

3: Groundwater

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

How big are atmospheric sources compared to rivers?

Just some examples:

1. Results of Eloise2. Results from OSPAR

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (1): POPCYCLING-BALTIC project

% of supply Atmosphere Rivers

Baltic Proper

88 12

Kattegat 89 11

Skagerrak 91 9

supply of lindane to the Baltic(low solubility/restricted freshwater pathways)

(Breivik & Wania, 2002)

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (2): TOROS project

supplies of metals to the SW Mediterranean:a major mining region (very high freshwater loads)

tonnes Zn Cd

Rio Tinto 6300 100

other rivers 130 3

atmosphere 3200-5100

35-60

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Example from OSPAR:

Percentages of nitrogen entering OSPAR waters via atmosphere:

• Reduced nitrogen : 32%• Oxidised nitrogen : 37%

NHx: very soluble, predominantly freshwater source

NOx: soluble, important atmospheric discharge

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Supply of anthropogenic contaminants from the sky is frequently substantial.

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Where does it come from?

Can we target sources?

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004 S.Larssen: EIONET-WS-May-01.ppt Slide 9

The Baltic Watershed

The Baltic Airshed for N

Source regions for contaminants: an example for nitrogen

....and 40%+ of anthropogenic nitrogen entering the Baltic comes from the skies......

The actual ’50%’ source region

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Source regions – airsheds – can be large. -) component-specific-) receptor is also large scale -) definition may be geographical, sectoral, etc.-) management scale defined by physical and political features. Often BIG. EU?

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

So what are our current objectives, and how well are we achieving them?

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The Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area........... .........making every endeavour to move towards the target of the cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances by the year 2020.

1: Emission Control

OSPAR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES STRATEGY

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

European Marine Strategy

”....to progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of substances hazardous to the marine environment...”

Van de Wetering, 15/11/04

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

2: Environmental Quality

” The (OSPAR) Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area ..... the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances.”

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European Environment Agency Factsheets

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....and for air inputs...???Draft, January 30, 2004

Indicator Fact Sheet AP16 January 2004

Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs – lindane, PCB7) to coastal and marine waters, 1990-2002

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Ind

ex

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99

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cadmium lindanelead PCB7mercury

Why? Because (in part) the information available for such policy statements is not there.

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Cadmium deposited to coastal waters1995-2001

in precipitation

% change

Issues:

a) Coverage

Mediterranean, Arctic Sea, Black Sea, Atlantic coast

b) Quality

e.g. Netherlands-Belgium-UK

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

Reporting to OSPAR, autumn 2004

information due September

Iceland 2 stationsNorway 1 stationSweden 2 stationsDenmark 2 stationsNetherlands 2 stationsBelgium nothing yetFrance 0 stationsUK nothing yetIreland 2 stationsSpain 1 stationPortugal 3 stations

Deadline two weeks from now

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......and quality

Annual mean precipitation weighted concentrations/depositions of PCB’s: Year 2000

 no. mnths

PCB's

28 31 52 101 105 118 138 153 156 180

   ng/l

???? 10   

1.4311.431 2.142 

2.169 1.978 1.978 

1.648

???? 12 0.074 0.068 0.029 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.015 0.017 0.004 0.012

                       

   ng/m2

???? 10   

2728 4084 

4136 3772 3772 

3142

???? 12 45.6 41.7 17.7 6.4 5.7 5.6 9.0 10.2 2.4 7.4

Values underlined were all BDL (flag 781)

Factor of 100 –

1000 !!!!

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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004

From science to implementation:

We know broadly the situation, but noone appears interested.......

How do we get such messages across???

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Summary Pollutants from the air frequently exceed or equal

those from rivers

Source regions are transboundary ”..implementation without neighbours will fail...” Rotterdam Stakeholders Conference 10-12/11/04

Receptor region is not local scale

The scales of cause and effect do not match either other pollutant routes, or each other – how to identify your stakeholder groups etc.

If we identify desirable objectives, can we assess their achievement – ’review and adjustment of monitoring’.

Getting the message across......

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

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cadmium lindanelead PCB7mercury

To finish on a positive note....

Depositions to coastal waters from the air, 1990-2002