tpQ;Qhd Kiwik

md;whlk; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidia jPHf;f gpd;gw;Wfpd;w eilKiw tpQ;QhdKiw vdg;gLk;.

tpQ;Qhdpfs; md;whl tho;tpy; epfOk; ve;jnthU gpur;rid njhlHghfTk; xOq;FKiwapy; jpl;lkhd Kbitg; ngWk; Kiw tpQ;QhdKiw vdg;gLk;.

,jid mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH gpuhd;rp]; Ngfd; MthH.

tpQ;Qhd Kiwapd; gbKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW

mtjhdk;

tpN\l ftdj;Jld; Gyd; mq;fq;fspd; %yk; Gwr;#oypypUe;J jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; mtjhdk; vdg;gLk;.

mtjhdpg;G mtjhdpg;igg; ngWk; Gydq;fk; 01 ghu;j;jy; (xsp) fz;

02 Nfl;ly; (xyp) fhJ

03 Ritj;jy; (Rit) ehf;F

04 Efu;jy; (kzk;> Ju;ehw;wk;) %f;F

05 czu;jy; (NehT> #L> Fspu;r;rp> njhLif> mKf;fk;) Njhy;

fUJNfhs;

gpur;ridia tpsf;Ftjw;F ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; rkHg;gpf;fg;gLk; tpNtfkhd mDkhdq;fs; fUJNfhs; vdg;gLk;.

Fwpg;G

tpQ;Qhdpfs; xU gpur;ridia ,dq;fz;L mjw;fhd jPHit Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; gbKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW : 01. mtjhdk;. 02. gpur;ridia ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sYk; jfty;fis Nrfupj;jYk;. 03. fUJNfhis cUthf;fy;. 04. fUJNfhis gupNrhjpj;jYk; gupNrhjidia jpl;lkplYk;. 05. tpQ;Qhdf; nfhs;iffis my;yJ tpjpia cUthf;fy;.

xU khztd; fhw;W ,y;yhj NghJ jPr;Rthiyf;F NkNy ,Ue;j kuq;fspd; ,iyfs; mirtij fz;lhd;

,jd;; tpQ;Qhdg; gbKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW :

mtjhdk; : jPr;Rthiyf;F NkNy ,Ue;j kuq;fspd; ,iyfs; mirjy;

gpur;rdia ,dq;fhzy; : Vd; fhw;W ,y;yhj NghJ jPr;Rthiyf;F NkNy ,Ue;j kuq;fspd; ,iyfs; mire;jd

fUJNfhs;: 01. jPr;Rthiyapd; NkNy Vw;gLk; tspNahl;lk; fhuzkhf ,iyfs; mirjy;. (cld;fhTif) 02. jPr;Rthiyapy; Vw;gLk; ntg;gf;fjpH tPrypd; fhuzkhf ,iyfs; mirjy;. 03. jPr;Rthiyapy; Vw;gLk; xsp fhuzkhf ,iyfs; mirjy;.

fUJNfhis gupNrhjpj;jy; : jPr;Rthiyf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;j kuq;fspd; ,iyfSk; mNj msT xsp>ntg;gk;

fpilj;Jk; mit miratpy;iy. vdNt fUJNfhs; 2k; 3k; gpio MFk;.

Kbitg; ngwy; : jPr;Rthiyfapd; NkNy ,Ue;j tspntg;gkilAk; NghJ tpuptiltjhy; mjd; mlHj;jp FiwAk; ,jdhy; tsp NkNy nry;y ,iyfs; mire;Js;sJ.

tsp jPapdhy; ntg;gkile;J NkNy mirAk; NghJ mt;tplj;ij Nehf;fp Rw;whlypy; ,Ue;J tsp tUk;. ,jdhy; Rthiyf;F NkNy Nky;Nehf;fp nry;Yk; tspNahl;lk; cUthFk;. ,J cld;fhTif vdg;gLk;.

mtjhdk; gpur;rpdia ,dq;fhzy;

fUJNfhis cUthf;Fjy;

fUJNfhis gupNrhjpj;jy;

KbTf;F tUjy;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gupNrhjid

xU fUJNfhis Nrhjpg;gjw;F gupNrhjidia jpl;lkpLk; NghJ gupNrhjpf;f Ntz;ba fhuzp (khwp) jtpHe;j Vida vy;yhf; fhuzpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpr; nra;Ak; gupNrhjid “fl;Lghl;Lg; gupNrhjid vdg;gLk;.

fl;Lg;ghLg; gupNrhjidapd; gad;ghL : gupNrhjidapy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; NgWfs; fl;Lg;ghl;L gupNrhjidAld; xg;gpl;L njspthd Kbit gFg;gha;T nra;J ngWtjw;F cjTk;.

gupNrhjid 01

01. ,q;F gupNrhjpf;fg;gLk; fUJNfhs; vd;d ? fhw;Wj; jl;il Roy;tJ jPr;Rthiy fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l tspNahl;lj;jpdhy; MFk;.

02. ,q;F fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gupNrhjid “A ah my;yJ “B ah ?

B

03. ,g;gupNrhjidapy; ckJ mtjhdk; vd;d ?

A mikg;gpy; cs;s fhw;Wj; jl;il RoOjy;.

04. ,jpypUe;J vk;Kbit ngwyhk; ? jPr;Rthiyf;F NkNy Vw;gl;l cld;fhTif Xl;lNk fhw;Wj; jl;il Roy;tjw;F fhuzkhFk;.

05. fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;ig gad;gLj;jpajd; ed;ik ahJ ?

Bapy; jPr;Rthiy ,y;yhjjhy; cld;fhTif Xl;lk; ,y;iy.

Mdhy; Aapy; jPr;Rthiy ,Ug;gjhy; cld;fhTif Xl;lk; cUthfp fhw;Wj;jl;il Roy;fpwJ vd;w njspthd Kbitg; ngwyhk;.

gupNrhjid 02

01. ,q;F gupNrhjpf;fg;gLk; fUJNfhs; vd;d ?

jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Rz;zhk;G ePH tspapy; cs;s Co2 thATld; njhLifAw;wjhy; ghy; epwkhfp ,Uf;Fk;.

02. ,q;F fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gupNrhjid Aah my;yJ B ah ?

B 03. ,g;gupNrhjidapy; ckJ mtjhdk; vd;d ?

jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Rz;zhk;G ghy; epwkhf khWk;. 04. ,jpypUe;J vk;Kbit ngwyhk; ?

tspapy; cs;s Co2 thA Rz;zhk;G ePUld; njhLifAWk; NghJ Rz;zhk;G ePH ghy; epwkhf khWk;.

Fwpg;G

Rz;zhk;G ePiug;ngWk; Kiw :

01. ntw;wpiyr; Rz;zhk;ig vLj;J ePupy; fiuj;j gpd; tbjhspd; Clhf tbj;J ngwg;gLk; jputkhFk;.

02. Rz;zhk;G ePupd; tpQ;Qhdg; ngaH fy;rpak; Ijnuhl;irl; (Ca(OH)2)

03. Rz;zhk;G ePupDs; 𝐶𝑜2 thAit nrYj;Jk; NghJ ghy; epwk; cz;lhFk;.

04. ghy; epwk; cz;lhff; fhuzk; : ghy; epwkhd Caco3 cz;lhFjy;.(fy;rpak; fhgNdw;W)

fhw;Wj;jl;L

rl;b

Rthiy

A B

Rz;zhk;G ePH

nghypj;jPd;

,wg;gH gl;b

ngj;jpupf; fpz;zk;

A B

jhdhfj; Njhd;Wk; guk;giuf; nfhs;if

capuw;w nghUl;fspy; ,Ue;J capupdq;fs; jhdhf Njhd;Wfpd;wJ vd ,f;nfhs;if $WfpwJ.

Example : mOfpa ,iwr;rpapy; ,Ue;J GOf;fs; ntsptuy;.

,f;nfhs;if gpionad ,j;jhypa tpQ;Qhdp gpuhd;]p]; Nfh nub $wpdhH.( fp.gp.1668y;)

mOFk; ,iwr;rpia Rw;wp <f;fs; nkha;g;gjiaAk; ,iwr;rpapy; ,Ue;J GOf;fs; cUthtijAk; ,g;GOf;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; <f;fshf khWtijAk; ,tH mtjhdpj;jhH.

gupNrhjid 03

,iwr;rpj; Jz;ilf;nfhz;l ,U fz;zhbg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; xd;iw Jzpapdhy; %b> kw;iwaij jpwe;J itj;J mtjhdpj;jhH. (gpuhd;rp]; Nfh nub)

mtjhdk; :

01. ,U xOq;fikg;gpYk; ,iwr;rp mOfpapUe;jJ.

02. A apy; ,iwr;rpapy; <f;fs; nkha;g;gijAk; GOf;fs; cz;lhFk; rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; <f;fshf khwp ntspNaWtijAk; mtjhdpj;jhH.

03. B apy; ,iwr;rp kPJ GOf;fs; ,y;yhJ ,Ug;gijAk;> rpy Ntis Jzptiyapy; GOf;fs; Njhd;wpapUg;gijAk; mtjhdpj;jhH.

KbT : ,iwr;rpapy; <f;fs; tpLk; %l;ilapy; ,Ue;Nj GOf;fs; cz;lhfpwJ vdTk; mg;GOf;fNs ehsiltpy; <f;fshf khWfpwJ vd nub $wpdhH.

Fwpg;G

,q;F fl;Lg;ghLg;gupNrhjid B MFk;. Jzptiyapd; Nky; GOf;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzk; : ,iwr;rpapypUe;J ntspNaWk; thAf;fspd; kzj;jhy; <f;fs;

Jzptiyapy; Kl;ilapLk;. ,JNt GOthf khwpaJ. ,iwr;rp mOfpajw;fhd fhuzk; tspapy; cs;s Ez;zq;fpfs; MFk;.

nub gpd;gw;wpa nrad;Kiwia tpQ;Qhd Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; xOq;FgLj;jpdhy; :

ngd;rpypd; fz;Lgpbg;G

ngd;rpypd; CrpkUe;J myf;]he;jH gpskpq; vd;w ,q;fpyhe;J kUj;Jtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

ngd;rpypd; vd;Dk; gq;frpdhy; Ruf;fg;gLk; ngd;rpypd; vd;w Rug;G Ez;zpapu;fis mopj;jJ.

,tH gw;wPupahf;fis tsHf;Fk; NghJ mtw;Ws; vOkhwhf gpuNtrpj;j ,g;gq;frpdhy; gw;wpaupahit mopf;Fk; ,urhad gjhHj;jk; Ruf;fg;gLtJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

mOFk; ,iwr;rpapy; <f;fs; nkha;g;gijAk; GOf;fs; Njhd;wp <f;fshf khwpntspNaWtijAk; mtjhdpj;jy;

mOFk; ,iwr;rp kPJ GOf;fs; vt;thW cUthfpd vDk; gpur;rid vOjy;.

mOFk; ,iwr;rpapy; <f;fshy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Kl;il fhuzkhf GOf;fs; cz;lhfpd vOk; fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;fy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jpa gupNrhjid %yk; fUJNfhis gupNrhjpj;jy;

KbTf;F tuy;

Fwpg;G

gpd;tUtd tpQ;QhdKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; KbTf;F te;j tuyhw;W rk;gtq;fs; MFk;.

01. kuj;jpypUe;J jiuapy; tpOe;j mg;gpis mtjhdpj;J Sir. Irf; epa+w;wd; vDk; tpQ;Qhdp GtpaPHg;G tpir gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit mwpKfk; nra;jtuhthH.

02. CryhLk; tpsf;fpd; miritAk; miyT fhyj;ijAk; mtjhdpj;j thdpayhsuhd fypypNah fypyp Criy cyfpw;F mwpKfk; nra;jhH.

mtjhdk; gpur;rpid fUJNfhs;

tspapy; jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G tpiutpy; JUg;gpbj;jy;.

tspapy; jpwe;J itf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,Uk;G tpiuthf JUg;gpbg;gJ Vd; ?

jpwe;J itf;Fk; NghJ tsp> <uypg;G vd;gd mjpf msT fpilj;jy;.

ePupDs; xU nghUs; mkpo;e;J ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjd; epiw Fiwe;J fhl;Ljy;

ePupDs;Ns epiw Fiwe;J ,Ug;gJ Vd; ?

nghUs; ePupDs; mkpOk; NghJ nghUspd; epiwf;F vjpuhf NkYijg;G njhopw;gLjy;.

ntl;lg;gl;l thio kuj;jpd; mbapypUe;J ePH frpjy;.

jz;bypUe;J Vd; ePH frpjy; Ntz;Lk; ?

NtH mKf;fk; fhuzkhf Nky; Nehf;fpj; js;sg;gLtjdhNyNa ePH frpfpwJ.

Ez;zpa nghUl;fis mtjhdpj;jy;

ntWq;fz;Zf;F njspthf Njhd;whj nghUl;fs; Ez;zpa nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.

ntWq;fz;Zf;F njspthf Njhd;whj nghUl;fs; gpd;tUkhW :

01. Rtupy; glUk; ghrpapd; mikg;G

02. ghz;> Njq;fhapy; gpbj;jpUf;Fk; g+Q;rd ,ioapd; mikg;G

03. ehizaj;jpYs;s mur Kbapd; mikg;G

04. ifapYs;s ,Nuifapd; mikg;G

Ez;zpa nghUl;fis cUg;ngUf;fp ghHg;gjpy; cs;s ed;ik gpd;tUkhW : 01. FUjpapy; cs;s fyq;fs;> fpUkpfs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L Nehia mwpe;J nfhs;sy;. 02. fbfhuk; jpUj;JgtHfs; mjd; Ez;zpa nghUl;fis cUg;ngUf;fp ghHj;J mjid jpUj;Jjy;. 03. ghHitf;FiwghLs;stHfs; vOj;Jf;fis cUg;ngUf;fpg; ghHj;jy;. 04. fw;wYf;fhfTk;> Muha;r;rpf;fhfTk; jhtuf;fyq;fisAk; tpyq;Ff;fyq;fisAk; cUg;ngUf;fpg; ghHf;f

cjTk;.

vkJ #oypy; Ez;zpa nghUl;fis cUg;ngUf;fp ghHg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUl;fs; gpd;tUkhW :

01. xsp GftpLk; Nghj;jy;

02. ePH epuk;gpa nghypj;jPd; ig

03. ntw;Wf; Fkpo; Kidg;Ngdh

04. kj;jpapy; jbj;j;Jk; nky;ypa tpspk;igAk; cilaJkhd NgHngf;]; mbkl;lk;

cUg;ngUf;fk;

xU nghUs; mjd; rhjhuz gUkid tpl gyklq;F ngupjhf njupjy; cUg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

cUg;ngUf;fjpw;fhf gad;gLk; nghUs; gpd;tUk; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; : 01. xspGftplf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;. 02. kj;jpa gFjp jbj;jjhf ,Uj;jy;.

tpy;iyfs;

1. FtpT tpy;iy my;yJ xLq;F tpy;iy (J}ug;ghHit) 2. jsf;FtpT tpy;iy

3. FopT tpy;iy my;yJ tpuptpy;iy (FWk;ghHit) 4. jsf;FopT tpy;iy

FtpT tpy;iy

kj;jpapy; jbg;ghfTk;> tpspk;G gFjp nky;ypajhfTk;> tise;j Nkw;gug;ig cila fz;zhbapdhy; my;yJ Ng];ngf;]pdhy; Md mikg;G FtpT tpy;iy vdg;gLk;.

,J nghUl;fis ngupjhf;fp fhl;Ltjdhy; cUg;ngUf;f tpy;iy vdg;gLk;.

FtpT tpy;iy jd;id Nehf;fp tUfpd;w xspf;fjpHfis xLf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; xLq;F tpy;iy vdg;gLk;.

FopT tpy;iy

kj;jpapy; nky;ypajhfTk;> tpspk;Gg; gFjp jbg;ghfTk; cs;s tpy;iy FopT tpy;iy MFk;. ,J nghUl;fis rpwpjhf;fp fhl;Lk;.

,t;tpy;iy jd;id Nehf;fp tUk; xspf;fjpHfis tpupf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,J tpuptpy;iy vdg;gLk;. vspa EZf;fhl;b

,yq;if

ifahs;tjw;F ,yFthf ifgpbAld; ,ize;Js;s FtpTtpy;iy iftpy;iy my;yJ vspa EZf;Ff;fhl;b vdg;gLk;.

vspa EZf;fhl;biaf; nfhz;L xU nghUis xU rpy klq;F cUg;ngUf;fpg; ghHf;fyhk;.

rpwpa vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l nghUis iftpy;iyapD}lhf mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ njspthd tpk;gj;ij ngw ,U topfs; cz;L.

01. nghUis mirf;fhJ tpy;iyia Kd;gpd;dhf mirf;Fk; NghJ xU re;jHg;gj;jpy; njspthd tpk;gk; ngwg;gLk;. 02. tpy;iyia mirf;fhJ nghUis Kd;gpd;dhf mirf;Fk; NghJ xU re;jHg;gj;jpy; njspthd tpk;gk; ngwg;gLk;.

vspa EZf;fhl;bapy; Njhd;Wk; tpk;gj;jpd; ,ay;G 01. cUg;ngUf;fk; 02. epkpHe;jJ 03. kha tpk;gk;

$l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;b

,jpy; ,U FtpT tpy;iyfs; gad;gLtjhy; $l;L EZf;fhl;b vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,q;F tpk;gj;ijg; ngw xsp gad; gLtjhy; xsp EZf;fhl;b vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

xsp EZf;fhl;bia mikj;jtH n[d;rd; vd;gtuhthH.

$l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bapD}lhf cr;rkhf xU nghUis 1500 klq;F cUg;ngUf;fpg; ghHf;fyhk;.

$l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bapD}lhf; mtjhdpf;ff;$bait 01. jhtuf;fyk;> tpyq;Ff;fyk; 02. gq;fRf;fs;

03. mkPghf;fs; 04. gw;wPupahf;fs;

$l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpy;iyfspy; fz;Zf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s tpy;iy fz;tpy;iy my;yJ ghHitj;Jz;L my;yJ ghHittpy;iy vdg;gLk;

nghUSf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s tpy;iy nghUsp my;yJ nghUs; tpy;iy vdg;gLk;.

nghUspahf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpy;iy tisT$ba my;yJ jbg;Gf;$ba my;yJ Ftpaj;J}uk; Fiwe;j tpy;iyahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghHitj;Jz;lhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpy;iy tisTFiwe;j my;yJ jbg;Gf; Fiwe;j my;yJ Ftpaj;J}uk; ePz;l tpy;iyahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

$l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bia Ma;T$lj;jpYk;> itj;jpa rhiyapd; kUj;Jt Ma;T$lj;jpYk; fhzyhk;;

$l;L Ezf;Ff;fhl;b xd;iw mikj;jy;

rpwpa vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhd;l ml;ilia epiyf;Fj;jhf itj;J ,jd; Kd; FtpT tpy;iyia itj;J njspthf tpk;gk; ngwg;gLk; tiu tpy;iyia Kd; gpd;dhf mirj;jy;.

,d;DnkhU tpy;iyia ngw;W> Kjy; tpy;iyf;Fk; fz;Zf;Fk; ,ilNa itj;J njspthd tpk;gk; ngwg;gLk; tiu Kd; gpd;dhf mirj;jy;

Fwpg;G

xU tpy;iyia gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,Ue;j cUg;ngUf;fj;ij tpl ,uz;L tpy;iyia gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ cUg;ngUf;fk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; .tpy;iyfs; ,uz;bdJk; ,lq;fis khw;wp mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ

01. njsptw;w tpk;gk; Njhd;Wk; 02. cUg;ngUf;fk; rw;W Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; $l;L Ezf;Ff;fhl;bia jahu; nra;Ak; NghJ vjph; Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs;

01. xNu Neh; Nfhl;by; ,U tpy;iyfisAk; itg;gjpy; ,lu;ghLfs; Vw;gly;

02. tpy;iyapd; tpspk;Gg;gFjpapd; Clhf mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ vOj;Jf;fs; tisthfTk; epwk; nfhd;ljhfTk; njd;gly;

03. tpy;iyfis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;Wtjpy; ,lu;ghLfs; Vw;gLjy;; xsp EZf;ff;fhl;bapd; gFjpfSk; mjd; gad;ghLfSk;

01. ghu;itj;Jz;L : nghUspdhy; cUg;ngUf;fpa tpk;gj;ij NkYk; cUg;ngUf;f cjTk;.

02. nghUsp my;yJ nghUs; tpy;iy : tOf;fpapYs;s nghUis cUg;ngUf;Fk;.

03. Nkil : nghUis nfhd;l tOf;fpia jhq;f cjTk;.

04. ft;tp : tOf;fpia mirahJ itj;jpUf;f cjTk;.

05. Fopthb : xspia njwpg;gilar; nra;J ghu;itf;FohapDlhf mDg;Gjy;.

06. Gak; : gpbj;J J}f;Ftjw;F gad;gLk;.

07. gUk;gb nrg;gkhf;fp : ,jid jpUg;Gtjd; %yk; clw; Fohia NkYk; fPOk;. mirf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gjhy; nghUspd; njspthd tpk;gj;ijg; ngwyhk;.

08. Ez; nrg;gkhf;fp : tpk;gj;ij NkYk; njspthf;Ftjw;fhf gad;gLk;.

09. Rw;Wk; %f;Fj;Jz;L : ghu;itf;Foha;f;F NeNu Njitahd nghUspid nfhd;L tu cjTk;. EZf;Ff;fhl;bia nrg;gdply;

01. tyJ ifapdhy; Gaj;ijg; gpbj;J ,lJ cs;sq;ifapdhy; mbia jhq;fpathW Ezf;Ff;fhl;;bia J}f;fp xspAs;s xg;gkhd Nkirapd; kPJ itj;jy; Ntz;;Lk;.

02. Ezf;Ff;fhl;bapd;; jho; nghUs; tpy;iyia ghu;itf;Foha;f;F NeNu nfhd;L tUtjw;fhf Rw;Wk;%f;Fj;Jz;il jpUg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

03. ghu;itj;Jz;bD}lhf mtjhdpj;jthW ghu;itf;Foha; ntspr;rkhFk; tiu Fopthbia jpUg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

04. mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba nghUis tOf;fp kPJ itj;J xU Jsp ePu; tpl;L %L fz;zhbapdhy; %b Nkil kPJ Vw;wp nfst;tp tpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

05. ghu;itj;Jz;bD}lhf mtjhdpj;jthW njspthd tpk;gk; ngwg;gLk; tiu gUk;gb nrg;gkhf;fpia jpUg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

06. NkYk; tpk;gj;ij njspthf;f Ez;nrg;gkhf;fpia gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (tyJ ifapdhy; qz; nrg;gkhf;fpia nrg;gq; nra;ifapy; tyJ fz;zhy; ghu;otj;Jz;bd; Clhf mtjhdpg;gJ rpwe;jjhFk;)

EZf;Ff;fhl;bia Ngzp itj;jy; :

EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; cUg;ngUf;fk; = nghUspapd; cUg;ngUf;fk; × ghh;itj;Jd;bd; cUg;ngUf;fk;

mthjhdpg;G Kbe;jgpd; gUk;gb nrg;gkhf;fp %yk; ghu;itf;Fohapid NkNy mirj;J NkilapypUe;J tOf;fia mfw;wy; Ntz;Lk;

J}a cyu;e;j Jzpapdhy; tpy;iyfs;; Nkil vd;gtw;iw vd;gtw;iw ed;F Jilj;jy;.

EZf;Ff;fhl;bia ngypj;jPd; ciwapypl;L %b kwg;ngl;bapDy; itj;jy;.

EZf;Ff;fhl;bia ePd;l ehl;fSf;F ghtpg;gjpy;iy Mapd; tpy;iyfis tpy;iyfis fow;wp cyh;jpapDs; itj;J ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cyh;j;;jp vd;gJ rpypf;fh nIy; MFk;.

gapw;rp

01. xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; ghh;itJz;;L nghUsp Mfpatw;wpd;fs; KiwNa x10 x25 vdpd; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd;; cUg;ngUf;f tY ahJ?

EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; cUg;ngUf;fk; = nghUspd; c.ngUf;fk; × ghh;itj;Jz;bd; c.ngUf;fk;

250 = x10 × x25

EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd;; cUg;ngUf;f tY = 250

02. EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd;; cUg;ngUf;f tY 500> nghUspapd; cUg;ngUf;f tY 40 vdpd; ghh;itj;Jz;bd; cUg;ngUf;f tY ahJ?

ghh;itj;Jz;bd; cUg;ngUf;f tY = 12.5

EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; cUg;ngUf;fk; = nghUspd cUg;ngUf;f tY × gh.Jz;bd; cUg;ngUf;f tY

500 = 40 × A

40A = 500

A = 12.5

,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b

,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bia mikj;jtu;fs; fNdh];> w];fh MFk;.

,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapD}lhf xU nghUis 5 ,yl;rk; klq;F cUg;ngUf;fp ghu;f;fyhk;.

,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapD}lhf mtjhdpf;ff; $bait gpd;tUkhW 01. itu]; 02. jhtu> tpyq;F Gz; mq;fq;fs;

xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fz;zhb tpy;iyf;F gjpyhf ,q;F fhe;jtpy;iy gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xspf;fjpu;fSf;F gjpyhf ,q;F ,yj;jpuz; fw;iwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Ez;zq;fpfs; ntWq;fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhj mq;fpfs; Ez;zq;fpfs; vzg;gLk;.

01. itu]; 02. gw;wPupah

03. gq;f]; 04. my;fh

05. Gwl;NlhNrhth 06. (mkPgh> gpsh];Nkhbak;)

Ez;zq;fpfis $l;L EZf;Ff;fhl;bapD}lhf mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk; gpd;tUkhW 01. $l;Lg;gris cw;gj;jp. 02. Jk;G ifj;njhopy;. 03. ghypy; ,Ue;J czTg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp (japu;> Nahfl;> ghw;fl;b) 04. tpdhfpup> kJrhuk; jahupj;jy;. 05. epu;g;gPldk; tf;rpd; jahupj;jy;. 06. Ez;Zapu; nfhs;spfis jahupj;jy;.

$l;Lg;gris jahupg;G

tPl;by; NrUk;Fg;ig $yq;fs;> rikayiwapy; fopj;njhJf;fg;gl;l Nrjdg;gjhu;j;jk;> cf;Fk;fopTg; nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;iw nfhz;L Nrjdg;gris jahupf;fg;gLk;.

$l;Lg;gris vd;gJ kpfTk; nropg;Gs;s Nrjdg; grisahFk;.

Ez;zq;fpfs; gw;wPupah> gq;fR Fg;igfs; kPJ tsu;e;J mtw;iw cf;fr; nra;J vspa $Wfshf khw;Wtjhy; $l;Lg;gris Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

$l;Lg;gris cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kiwfs; gpd;tUkhW :

01. Fop Kiw : ntl;lg;gl;l Fop xd;wpDy; Nrjdg;nghUl;fs; ,l;L grisahf;fg;gLk;.

,yw;Nwhgrpy]; gw;wPupah

02. Ftpapay; Kiw : Nrjdg;nghUl;fs; Ftpj;J itf;fg;gl;L grisahf;fg;gLk; tptrha epyq;fSf;F kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Kiw ,JthFk;.

03. gPg;ghKiw

efu;g;Gwq;fspy; cs;s tPLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; 04. $il milg;G Kiw

$l;Lg; gris cw;gj;jp ,Utopfspy; eilngWk; 01. tPLfspy; (rpwpastpy;) 02. njhopw;rhiyfspy; (ngupastpy;)

Jk;Gf; ifj;njhopy; Njq;fha; kl;ilia (njz;zk; ngha;r;R) ePupy; Cw itj;J mbg;gjd; %yk; ehu; ngwg;gLk;.

njz;zk; kl;ilia ePupy; Vwj;jhs 3 khjq;fSf;F mkpo;j;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Njq;fha; kl;ilapYs;s ehu;fis mjpy; cs;s ngf;Nww;W Nru;itfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W gpide;J itj;jpUf;Fk;.

ePupy; CwtpLk; NghJ Ez;zq;fpfspdhy; (gw;wPupahtpdhy;) Ruf;fg;gLk; ngf;wpNd]; nehjpak; ngf;Nww;W Nru;itfis gpupj;jspf;Fk; my;yJ rkpghlilar; nra;Ak;. ,jdhy; ehu; ,yFthf gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;.

ghypy; ,Ue;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czTg; nghUl;fs;

ghiy tspapy; jpwe;J itf;fg;gLk; NghJ Ez;zq;fpfspd; nraw;ghl;bd; tpisthf ghy; Gspg;gile;J> jpiwe;J epwk; khwp gOjile;J tpLk;.

vdNt ghiy Ngdp itg;gjw;Fk; Ritkpf;f czit jahupg;gjw;Fk; Ez;zq;fpr; nraw;ghl;il fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;.

ghy; jpwl;rp miltij jLf;f 01. ghiy ed;F fha;r;Rjy;. 02. ghypDs; jpul;rp epNuhjpfis Nru;j;jy;.

03. ghypDs; fpUkp nfhs;spfs; Nru;j;jy;

ghypy; ,Ue;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; 01. Nahfl; 02. japu; 03. ghw;fl;b

Nahfl; jahupg;G

Kjd; Kjyhf INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Nahfl; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,jw;fhf gRg;ghy;> nrk;kwp Ml;Lg;ghy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Gjpa ghiy my;yJ Mil ePf;fpa ghiy my;yJ ,U ghiyAk; fye;J Nahfl; jahupf;fg;gLk;.

ghypy; rPdp fyf;fg;gl;l 𝟖𝟓°𝐂 − 𝟗𝟓°𝐂 ntg;gepiyia tPr;rpDy; Vwj;jhs 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟑𝟎 epkplk; ntg;gNkw;wg;gLk;.

,jd;NghJ ghypy; cs;s Neha; tpistpf;Fk; gw;wpupahf;fy; mopf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du; ghiy jpusr; nra;a my;yJ nehjpf;fr; nra;a ,yw;Nwh grpy]; gy;fhupf;];> ];nug;Nuh nfhf;f]; Nju;Nkhgpy]; vDk; gw;wPupahit GFj;Jjy;.

gpd;du; 400C – 450C ntg;gepiyapy; 3 – 6 kzpj;jpahyk; ,Uf;ftplg;gLk;.

gpd;du; nehjpar; nraw;ghl;il epWj;j FspNuw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;G

01. ,yw;Nwh grpy]; gw;wPupah ghypy; cs;s ,yf;NwhR nty;yj;ij ,yw;wpf;fkpykhf khWk;.

02. ,yw;NwhR nty;yk; ,yw;wpf;fkpyk;

03. Nahfl; jpz;kkhtjw;F mjd; mkpyj; jd;ikAk; ghypy; cs;s GujKk; fhuzk;.

japu; jahupg;G

cf;ff;$ba Fg;ig $yq;fspd; %yk; Vw;gLk; Rw;whly; khriljy; $l;Lg;gris cw;gj;jpahy; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gjpjhf fuf;fg;gl;l vUikg;ghy; my;yJ gRg;ghy; vLj;J tbfl;lg;gLk;.

gpd;du; ghy; tw;wfha;r;rg;gl;L gpd; miu ntg;gepiyf;F Fsputplg;gLk;.

gpd; mg;ghiy J}a;ikahf;fg;gl;l ghj;jpuj;jpDs; ,l;L rpwpjsT japu; my;yJ cNuhku; ,l;L 12 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; ciwa tplg;gLk;.

Fwpg;G

tbg;gjd; %yk; khRf;fs; mfw;wg;gLk;.

rpwjsT japu; Nru;g;gjd; %yk; japu; Mf;Fk; gw;wPupahthd ,yw;Nwh grpy];> ];nug;nuh nfhf;f]; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghy; ciwAk; NghJ Njhd;Wk; ,yw;wpf;fkpyk; fhuzkhf Vida gw;wPupahahf;fspd; njhopw;ghL Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

ghw;fl;b jahupg;G

Vwj;jho 1000 Mz;Lfhs tuyhw;iw cilaJ Nahfl; cw;gj;jpia ngupJk; xj;jJ.

ghypy; cs;s GujKk; nfhOg;Gk; Fwpj;jstpy; jahu; nra;ag;gl;L fyf;fg;gl;L ghr;ru;gLj;jg;gLk;.

gpd;du; ];nug;Nuh nfhf;f]; my;yJ ,yw;Nwh grpy]; gw;wPupah Nru;f;fg;gl;L nehjpf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;.

gpd; tpNrl nehjpak; Nru;f;fg;gl;L ghy; ciwatplg;gLk;.

,e;j miu Fiw jpz;k ghw;fyit tbfl;lg;gl;L jputg;gFjp mfw;wg;gLk;.

gpd; rpwpJ Neuj;jpw;F cyutpl;L mKf;fj;jpw;F cw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

gpd; gjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gw;wPupah gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t; gw;wPupah ghw;fl;b fyitapd; Gujj;jpd; kPJk; nfhOg;gpd; kPJk; jhf;fk; Gupe;J RitiaAk; kdj;ijAk; khw;Wk;.

ghiy ew;fhg;G nra;Ak; Kiwfs; 01. fpUkp mopj;jy; :

Gjpa ghy; 134°C cau; ntg;gepiyf;F ntg;gkhf;fg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ ngUk;ghyhd Ez;zq;fpfs; Kw;whf mope;J tpLk;.

02. ghu;r;ru;gLj;jy; :

Gjpa ghy; 720C ntg;gepiyapy; Vwj;jho 15 nrf;fd; ntg;gkhf;fg;gl;L gpd;du; Fspu;r;rpahf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F fpUkp mopj;j ghypYk; ghu;f;f ghu;r;ru;gLj;jpa ghy;Nghrid kpf;fJ. ghu;r;ru;gLj;Jk; NghJ ghypy; cs;s Nghrid rj;Jf;fs; mopahJ ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. ghu;r;ru; gLj;jpa ghiy njhlu;e;J FspNuw;wpapy; itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhfpup jahupj;jy; ,aw;ifahd Kiwapy; tpdhfpup jahupf;f njd;dk; gjePu; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

njd;dk; g+tpypUe;J tbAk; gjePUld; tspapy; cs;s kJTk; NrWk;.

,jd;NghJ gjePu; Ez;zpq;fpapd; nehjpj;jYf;F cl;gLk; vijy; mw;fNfhy; cUthFk;.

vijy; mw;fNfhy; gw;wPupah njhopw;ghl;bdhy; mrw;wpf;fkpykhf khw;wg;gLk;. kJtk; (gq;fR) mrw;Nwhgf;lu; njd;dk;gjePu; vijy; mw;fNfhy; (fs;S) vijy; mw;fNfhy; mrw;wpf;fkpyk;(tpdhfpup) nehjpj;jy; gw;wPupah

nraw;if tpdhfpup vd;gJ Ijhd mrw;wpf;fkpykhFk;.

mrw;wpf;fkpyk; (CH3COOH) njd;dk; gjePupy; fhzg;gLk; nts;sk; FSf;NfhR my;yJ Rf;NuhR MFk;. njd;dk;gjePu; nehjpj;jYf;F cl;gLtij jLf;f Rz;zhk;G g+rpa ghj;jpuj;jpDy; Nrfupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

FSf;NfhR C6H12O6

vijy; mw;fNfhy; C2H5OH

mrw;wpf;fkpyk; CH3COOH

epu;g;gPld tf;rpd;fs;

Fwpj;j Neha;njhw;W Mgj;Js;s xUtu; me;Nehapdhy; gPbf;fg;gLtjpy; ,Ue;J jLg;gjw;F toq;fg;gLk; tf;rpd;fs; epu;g;gPld tf;rpd;fs; MFk;.

01. mopf;fg;gl;l my;yJ nrayw;w xU Neha;f;fhuzp. Example : ePu; ntWg;G Neha; tf;rpd;fs; 02. NghypNah

03. Neha; jhf;fg;gl;Ls;s capUs;s Neha;f;fhuzp. Example : rpd;dKj;J> nfhg;gspg;ghd;> $itf;fl;L> &ngy;yh

04. ,urhad uPjpapy; nraypyf;fr;nra;ag;gl;l Neha;f;fhuzpfspd; er;Rg;gjhu;j;jk;. Example : njhz;il fug;ghd; (nfhy];jPupak; nul;diul; gw;wPupah)

05. <u;g;G typ 06. guk;giu myF nghupapaiy gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Neha;f;fhuzpapd; fyq;fs; my;yJ

ituRf;fspd; gFjpfs;. Example : B (nrq;fd;khwp) tf;rpd; Ez;zpapu; nfhy;ypfs;

Ez;zq;fpfspdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;Lfpd;w NtnwhU Wz;zq;fpfs; mopf;Fk; my;yJ mjd; tsu;r;rpia jLg;gJkhd ,urha gjhu;j;jk; Ez;Zapu; nfhs;spfshFk;.

Ez;Zapu; nfhs;spfs; gpd;tUk; Neha;fis Fdg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gad;gLfpwJ. 01. gw;wPupahtpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Neha; 02. gq;fRf;fspdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Neha;

Ez;zpapu; nfhs;spfs; ituRf;fis mopf;fkhl;lhJ.

iturhdJ rhfkhl;lhJ.

Ez;Zapu; nfhs;spfs; gpd;tUk; Ez;zq;fpapy; ,Ue;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. 01. gq;fR vDk; ngd;rpypaj;jpypUe;J 02. vrr;rpUrprpNah Nfhyp vDk; gw;wPupahtpypUe;J

tpNrlkhf jahpf;fg;gl;l tsu;g;g+lfj;jpy; ngd;rpypak; tsu;f;fg;gLk; tsu;g+lfj;jpy; Nghrid FiwtilAk; NghJ ,g;gq;frpdhy; Ez;Zapu; nfhs;spfs; Ruf;fg;gLk;.

,g;ngz;rpypaj;jpd; tiffis ,urhad khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shf;fp gy;NtW Neha;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Ez;Zapu;

nfhy;ypfs; jahupf;fg;gLk;. Example : 01. mk;gprpypd; 02. xf;rprpypd; 03. mnkhf;rpypd; 04. nll;uhirf;fpypd;

Ez;Zapu; nfhs;spfs; kdpjdpd; fyq;fSf;F Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ rpy Ntiy xt;thikia Vw;gLj;Jk;. Ez;Zapu; nfhs;spfis NtW tpyq;FfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Ez;Zapu;fshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G 01. Nehia Vw;gLj;Jjy; 02. czit gOjilar; nra;jy;

Nehia Vw;gLj;Jjy; Nehia cz;Lgd;df;$ba $z;zq;fpfspd; Nehahf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.

Example : itu]; , gw;wPupah, gq;f];> Gul;NlhNrhtd;> GOf;fs; gw;wPupahf;fs;

jdpf;fyj;jpdhy; Md mq;fpahFk; kpfr;rpwpa fyk; gw;wPupahf;fykhFk;.

fU mw;w mq;fp gw;wPupahthFk;.

rpy gw;wPupahf;fs; jhtuq;fspYk; tpyq;FfspSk; Nehia cz;Lgz;Zfpd;wJ.

gw;wPupahf;fspy; Ruf;fg;gLk; nehjpaq;fshy; cUg;Gf;fs; ghjpg;gilAk;.

rpy gw;wPupahf;fy; njhl;rpd; (er;Rg;nghUl;fis) ntspapLk; ,jdy; Neha; Vw;gLk;.

njhl;rpd;fis vjpu;g;gjw;fhf clypy; cs;s ntz;Fopak; njhl;rpd; (gpwnghUs; vjpupfis) Ruf;Fk;. Neha; Vw;gLj;Jk; gw;wPupah ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G

1. fhr Neha; faNuhfk; ikf;Nuh gw;wPupah upa+gFNyhup]; Rthrg;ig> vd;G

2. rpgpyp]; wpgdpkh gypbak; ,dg;ngWf;f cWg;G

3. epANkhdpah epANkh nfhf;f]; Rthrg;ig

4. nfhyuh tpg;upNah nfhyuh mjpf ePupog;G

5. <u;g;G top FNsh];jpupbak; nww;wis clw;jir

itu];

fy mikg;G mw;w kpfr; rpwpa mq;fp itu]; mFk;.(capu; mZmq;fp ,JthFk;)

capUs;s fyq;fspy; kl;LNk ngUFk; my;yJ njhopw;gLk;.

Rthrpf;fhJ tsuhJ. ituir fz;L gpbj;jtu; Itndhf;rp.

tpUe;J toq;fpapd; fyj;ij nfhz;L jd;id xj;j ituRf;fis cUthf;Fk;. Neha; Vw;gLj;Jk; itu]; ghjpg;gilAk; cWg;G jbkd; nuNdh itu]; %f;Ff; Fopapd; Nkydpf;fyk; vapl;]; HIV itu]; ntz;Fopak;(epd ePu;f;Fopak;) nlq;F MNgh itu]; cly; KOtJk; NghypNah (,sk;gps;is thjk;) NghypNah ik];rpw;wp]; %iyapy; cs;s euk;Gf;fyk; ePu; ntWg;G Neha; itu]; %iyapy; cs;s euk;Gf;fyk;

rpd;dKj;J> $itfl;L vd;gd itu]pdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fshFk;. ePu; ntWg;G Nehia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w itu]; kdpjd;> eha; ,uz;ilAk; jhf;Ffpd;wJ.

gq;fR

rpy gq;fRf;fNs Neha; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,g;gq;fR tpUe;J toq;fpapd; kPJ Ruf;Fk; nehjpaq;fspdhy; mjd; ,ioaq;fs; Nrjkile;J Nea; cz;lhfpwJ. Neha; Vw;gLj;Jk; itu]; ghjpg;gilAk; cWg;G Njky; gpiua]p];Ntrp nfhyu; Njhy; thapYk; NahdpapYk; Vw;gLk; njhw;W fz;bayp]; tha;> Nadp

Gul;NlhNrhth jdpf;fyj;jpyhd tpyq;FfyhFk;. ,tw;wpy; rpy Nehia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Example : gpsh];Nkhbak;> vd;wkPgh

,it FUjpj;njhFjp> epdePu;j;njhFjp> czTf;fhy;tha; njhFjpapy; tho;fpd;wd.

Neha; Vw;gLj;Jk; Gul;NlNrhth ghjpg;gilAk; cWg;G kNyupah gpsh];Nkhbak; RBS> <uy;> %is tapw;Wis vd;wkPghfp];Nuhypbf;fh czTf;fhy;tha;>(kyj;Jld; FUjp ntspNaWk;)

jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; gpd;tUkhW : 01. mkPgh 02. gpsh];Nkhbak;

03. guNkrpak; 04. vd;wkPgh

05. a+f;fpspah 06. Nthy;nthf;];

07. Ntl;rPyh

GOf;fs; Neha; Vw;gLj;Jk; GOf;fs; ghjpg;gilAk; cWg;G

ahidf;fhy; igNyupahg;GO fhy;> epdePu;j;njhFjp tapw;Nwhl;lk; nfhOf;fpg;GO czTf;fhy;tha;> <uy; FUjpr;Nrhif ehlhg;GO jir> czTf;fhy;tha;

Neha;

Neha;f;fhuzp clypDy; nry;Yk; tpjk; fz;Neha; fz; Clhfr; nry;Yk; czTf;fhy;thAld; njhlu;Gila Neha; tha; Clhfr; nry;Yk; ,zg;ngUf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Neha; ,zg;ngWf;f cWg;Gf;fSlhf nry;Yk; kNyupah> nlq;F Esk;G fbf;Fk; NghJ Neha;f;fhuzp FUjpapDs;

nry;Yk; ePu;ntWg;G Neha; Neha;tha;g;gl;l eha; fbf;Fk; NghJ ehapd; ckpo;

ePupYs;s Neha;f;fhuzp FUjpapDs; nry;Yk;. Neha;f;fhuzp guTk; Kiwfs;

fhw;why; guty;

ituR Neha; - jbkd;> rpd;dKj;J> $itf;fl;L

gw;wPupah Neha; - fhrNeha; (faNuhfk; TB)> njhONeha;(F];lNuhfk;)> %iyf;fha;r;ry; (nkdpd;i[w;wpR)

khrkile;j tspia Rthrpg;gjd; %yk; ,e;Neha;fs; njhw;Wfpd;wJ.

fhrNeha; fpUkpahd gw;wPupahrspAlDk;> csu;e;j J}RlDk; guTfpd;wJ. ePuhy; guty;

gw;wPupah – taw;WisT> the;jpNgjp> neUg;Gf;fha;r;ry;

Gul;NlhNrhth – mkPgh> tapw;WisT

Nehahspapd; kyj;jpd; %yk; ntspNaWk; fpUkpfs; ePUld; NrWk; ,e;ePiu mUe;Jtjhy; Neha; Vw;gLk;.

cztpd; %yk;

czit jpwe;J itj;jhy; <f;fy; nkha;j;jy;> cztd; %yk; J}R Jzpf;iffs; gbjy; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; fpUkpfs; czit te;jilAk;. ,t; czit rhg;gpLk; NghJ Neha; Vw;gLk;.

gw;wPupah Neha; - tapw;WisT> the;jpNgjp> neUg;Gf;fha;r;ry;

Gul;NlhNrhth – mkPgh tapw;WisT fhtpfs; %yk; guty;

njhLif %yk; guTk; Neha;fs;

gq;fR Neha; - Njky; Nghd;w Njhy; Neha;fs;

gw;wPupah Neha; - rpgpyp];

Nehahspapd; cilfisAk;> mzpfyd;fisAk; gad;gLj;jtjhy; Neha; Vw;gLk;.

vapl;]; Nehahspapd; fhaj;Jld; RfNjfpahd xUtupd; fhak; njhLifAk; NghJ ,e;Neha; guTk;.

Neha;f;fhtp

xU tpUe;J toq;fpapd; clypy; ,Ue;J Neha;f;fhuzpia ngw;W ,d;DnkhU tpUe;J toq;fpapd; clYf;F toq;fp Nehia cz;lhf;Fgit Neha;f;fhtp vdg;gLk;.

czT gOjiljy;

ahNjDk; xU czTg;nghUs; ngsjPf> ,urhad khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfp cz;zKbhahj epiyf;F khw;wkiljy; czT gOjiljy; MFk;.

czit gOjilar; nra;Ak; Ez;zq;fpfs; gpd;tUkhW 01. gw;wPupah 02. gq;fR

czT gOjilAk; NghJ 01. mjd; Nghridg; ngWkhdk; FiwAk;. 02. mjd; epwk; khw;wkilAk;. 03. Rit khw;wkilAk;.

04. Njhw;wk; khw;wkilAk;. 05. mjd; kdk; khw;wkilAk;.

czT Ez;zq;fpfspdhy; gOjilAk; NghJ mjpYs;s Nghrid ngWkhdq;fs; gpd;tUk; khw;wj;jpw;F cw;gLk;. 01. Gujk; xUq;F jpusr; nra;ag;gLk; 02. fhNghitjNuw;W(khg;nghUs;) nehjpg;gilAk; 03. nfhOg;G(,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs;) ghz;lyiljy;

Ez;zq;fpfspy; Ruf;fg;gLk; nehjpaq;fs; %yk; czT gOjilAk;

Ez;zq;fpapd; tsu;r;rpf;F Njitahd gjhu;j;jq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

01. jFe;j ntg;gk; 250C – 300C miwntg;gepiyapy; 02. <uypg;G 03. xl;rprd;

czT gOjiljiy jLj;jy;

Neha; Neha;f;fhuzp Neha;f;fhtp (JiztpUe;J toq;fp) Kjy;tpUe;J toq;fp

kNyupah gpsh];Nkhbak; mNdhgps]; ngz; Esk;G kdpjd; ahidf;fhy; Neha; igNyupah GO

(tTr;rnuupah)

fpAnsf;]; Esk;G kdpjd;

nlq;Ffha;r;ry; MNghitu]; Vb]; Esk;G kdpjd; FUjpr;NrhifAk;

tapw;Nwhl;lKk; ehlhg;GO gd;wp kdpjd;

ePu;ntWg;G Neha; itu]; eha;> Fuq;F> g+id> vyp kdpjd;

Fsp&l;ly;

Fsp&l;lg;gLk; NghJ Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F Njitahd jFe;j ntg;gk; fpilf;fhjjhy; mjd; ngUf;fk;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. czTg; nghUl;fis FspNuw;wp (-40C) ; apYk; kpif FspNuw;wpapYk; (-200C) ; itg;gjd; %yk; czitg; ghJfhf;fyhk;.

cyu;j;Jjy;

cyu;j;Jk; NghJ cztpYs;s ePupd; rjtPjk; Fiwtjhy; Ez;zq;fp njhopw;ghL eilngWk;. ,jdhy; czT gOjilahJ ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

Example :

01. kPid cyu;j;jp fUthlhf;fy;. 02. ,iwr;rpia cyu;j;Jjy;. 03. gyhf;fha;> <ug;gyhf;fha;> Nghd;wtw;iw

tw;wyhf;fy;.

04. goq;fis tw;wyhf;fy;. 05. gdk; goj;jpid tw;wyhf;fy;.

cg;gpLjy; : cg;gpLk; NghJ Ez;zq;fp tsu;r;rp jilg;gLk; ,jdhy; czT ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

jfuj;jpy; milj;jy;> gf;fl; gd;Djy; :

fpUkp mopj;j czTg;nghUl;fis tspapd;wpa epiyapy; milf;Fk; NghJ Ez;zq;fpfs; cl;nry;y Kbahjjhy; ghJfhg;gLk;.

ew;fhg;G gjhHj;jq;fis ,Ljy; : ,J cdT gOjilahJ ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. Example :

01. Nrhbak; ngd;NrhNtw; 02. Nrhbak; iej;jpiuw; : NaNO2

nty;ykhf;Fjy; : nty;ykhf;Fk; NghJ ePHj;jd;ik Fiwtjhy; Ez;zq;fp tsHr;rp jilg;gLk;. 01. gog;ghdq;fs; 02. rPdpapy; ,lg;gl;l gok; 03. Njdpy; ,lg;gl;l ,iwr;rp

tpQ;Qhd cgfuzq;fspd; gad;ghL

xl;rprd; thAit jahupf;Fk; cgfuz mikg;G

Ma;T $lq;fspy; xl;rprd; thAit jahupf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk; %yg;nghUs; nghl;lhrpak; gukq;fNdw;W MFk;.

,jid ntg;gNkw;Wk; NghJ ntsptUk; xl;rprd; thA ePupd; fPo;Kf ,lg;ngau;r;rpapdhy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;.

Fwpg;G

Ma;T $lq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd cgfuzq;fs; fz;zhbapdhy; Mdit.

,f;fz;zhb NghNu rpypf;Nfw;W fz;zhb vdg;gLk;. fz;zhb cgfuzk; gad;gLj;;Jtjw;fhd fhuzk;. 01. CLfhl;lfl;$bait. 02. vspjhf Jg;guthf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

fdkhd cgfuzq;fs; msf;Fk; cUis my;;yJ msTr;rhb gad;ghL

jputq;fspd; fztsit msf;fg; gad;gLk;.

,jpy; ml my;yJ cm3 ,y; mstpil Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk;;. Ma;T$lj;jpy;; gy;NtW msTfspshd

msTr;rhbfs; cz;L. Eg: 100ml, 50ml, 250ml, 500ml, 1000ml

a - gd;rd; RluLg;G

b - nfhjpFoha;

c - jhq;fp

d - Nghf;F Foha;

e - thAr;rhb

f - jhop

g - Njd;$l;L Nkil

h - xl;rprd; thA

i - nghw;whrpak; gukq;fNdw;W

h i

msf;Fk; cUisapy; cs;s jputj;jpd; fztsit msf;Fk; Kiw

ePH kl;lj;jpd; cauj;ij fzpj;jypd; NghJ gpiwaUtpapd; FopT Nkw;gug;Gld; njhLifAUkhW thrpg;ig ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.

,ur kl;lj;jpd; cauj;ij fzpj;jypd; NghJ ,urgpiwAUtpd; FtpT Nkw;gug;G topNa fz;kz;lj;ij itg;gjd; %yk; ,ur cauj;ij mupayhk;.

Kfit (beaker)

,jd; gad;ghLfs;

01. gUk;gbahd jput fdtsit msj;jy;;;;;;;, gupkhw;wy;. 02. fiury;fis jahupj;jYk; fyj;jYk;. 03. gy;NtW jputq;fis ntg;gkhf;Fjy;.

Kfit ngUk;ghYk; jhiu thia nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

jhiu tha; ,y;yhj KfitAk; cz;L.

Kfitapy; mlq;fj;jf;f jputf;fztsT fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; my;yJ Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

gy;NtW fztsit cs;s Kfitfs; Ma;T$lj;jpy; cz;L

Fohap (Pipette)

Ma;T $lj;jpy; ,Utif Fohapfs; cz;L. 01. Fkpo; Fohap 02. msT Nfhbl;l Fohap

Fohapia gad;gLj;j Kd; mJ Kjypy; fha;r;;rp tbj;j ePupdhYk; gpd;dh; msf;fg;gLk; jputj;jpdhYk; fOtg;gLk;.

Fkpo; Fohap :

FkpOf;F NkNy cs;s Fwp tiuf;Fk; jputj;iu epug;Gtjd;%yk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputf;fdtsit mse;J nfhs;syhk;.

Fohapfspy; jputj;ij epug;Gtjw;F Fohap epug;gpia gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

msT Nfhbl;l Fohap :

msT Nfhbl;l cUis tbthd Fohap MFk;.

Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ve;j kl;lk; tiuf;Fk; jputj;ij epug;gNt epug;gpa jputj;ij ntspNaw;wNt KbAk;.

msf;Fk; jputfztstpw;F Fohap Kidapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; jputj;Jsp cupajy;y CJtjd; my;yJ NtW Kiwapd; %yk; mjid mse;j jputf; fztsTld; Nrh;jy; MfhJ.

mstp (burette)

,jid gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; fha;r;rp tbj;j ePupdhy; fOtpa gpd;du; msf;Fk; jputj;jpdhy; fOtp gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

msitapy; 0 (G+r;rpak;) NkNy Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;fk; NkypUe;J fPohf mstPL Fwpf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

mstpapd; %yk; vg;NghJk;ntspNaWk; jputf;fztsitNa msf;fKbAk;.

mstpia Fwpj;j jputj;jpdhy; G+r;rpa kl;lj;jpw;F NkNy ,Uf;FkhW epug;gp Nkyjpf jputj;ij jpUF gpbia jpue;J ntspNaw;Wtjd; %yk; G+r;rpa kl;lj;jpw;F nrg;gd; nra;J jpUF gpbia %l Ntz;Lk;.

mstpapd; fPNo cs;s jpUF gpbiajpwg;gjd; %yk; Njitahd jputf;fyitia ngwyhk;.

,ur kl;lj;jpd; cauj;ij fzpj;jy; ePH kl;lj;jpd; cauj;ij fzpj;jy;

mstpapd; %yk; 0.05ml jputf;fztsit mstplyhk;.

mstpapdJk; FohapdJk; gad;fs;

01. ,urhad gFg;Gf;f NjitahdJ. 02. jputf;fztsit jpUj;jkhf msf;f gad;gLk;. 03. kpfr;rpwpa fztsit jpUj;jkhf msf;f gad;gLk;.

FLitfs; (Flask)

FLitfs; nghJthf 4 tifg;gLk;

01. jl;ilabf;FLit 02. tl;ilabf;FLit

03. $k;Gf;FLit

04. fdkhd FLit my;yJ epakpg;Gf;FLit

epakpg;Gf; FLitapd; gad;ghL

01. epakf;fiury; my;yJ Fwpj;j nrwpTila fiury;fis jahupg;gjw;fhf gad;gLk;.

02. jputj;ij ntg;gkhf;Ftjw;fhfTk;> gupNrjid NjitfSf;Fk;> Ez;zq;fp tsu;g;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jTk;

gad;gLk;.

Vida FLit

jputf;fztsit msg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fdkhd cgfuzq;fs; tUkhW

01. msf;Fk; cUis my;yJ msTr;rhb

02. Kfit

03. Fohap

04. mstp

05. FLit

jpzpit msf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs;

01. Kk;ikf;Nfhy; juhR

02. ,urhad juhR

03. tpw;wuhR

04. nek;Gj;juhR

05. neUf;fy; juhR

06. epyj;juhR

Kk;ikf;Nfhy; juhR (Kr;rl;l juhR)

,jd; gad;fs;

01. ,urhad gjhu;j;jq;fspd; jpzpT msf;fg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; czu;jpwd;

kpf;fthrpg;Gf;fisg; ngwyhk;.

02. Mzpia nrg;gd; nra;tjd; %yk; fhl;bia G+r;rpaj;jpw;F nfhz;L te;j gpd;dNu cupa nghUspd; jpzpit nfhz;L te;J epWf;fj;njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.

,urhaz juhR

,jd; gad; : ,urhad gjhu;j;jq;fspd; jpzpit kpfj;jpUj;jkhf msf;f gad;gLk;.

,j;juhR vg;NghJk; ,J ,Uf;Fk; fz;zhb $l;bDs;NsNa ,Uf;Fk;.

jpzpit msf;F Kd;ghf fhl;bia G+r;rpaj;jpw;F nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;.

epWf;Fk; nghUis fbfhu fz;zhbapDs; ,l;;L juhRj; jl;by; itj;J epWf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpw;wuhR

gy;NtW tPr;Rf;fspy; mstPLfisf; nfhz;l tpw;wuhR cz;L. tpw;wuhRfspy; rpy Kg> N msT Nfhblg;gl;bUf;Fk;. gad;gLj;j Kd; fhl;b 0y; ,Uf;fpwjh vd Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

thrpg;G ngwg;gLk; NghJ tpw;wuhrpd; Nkhjpuk; epiyahd Mjhuk; xd;wpy; mirahJ ,Uf;FkhW itf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

neUf;fw;wuhR

,j;juhrpy; nghUl;fis itf;Fk; NghJ mjDs; fhzg;gLk; RUsp tpy; neUf;fg;gLtjhy; thrpg;G Njhd;Wk;.

kpd;dpaypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cgfuzq;fs;

01. mk;gpau; khdp 02. Nthy;l; khdp 03. gy; khdp 04. fy;tNdhkhdp 05. kpd;khdp

mk;gpau; khdp

gad;ghL : kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij msf;fgad;gLk;

mk;gpau;khdpapd; FwpaPL

mk;gpau;khdpia njhluhf njhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. msf;fg;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhdthW mk;gpau; khdpapd; tifiaAk; msT tPr;irAk; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;

mk;gpau;khdpapd; tiffs;

01. ikf;Nuh mk;gpau;khdp : kpfr; rpwpa kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij msf;fk; 02. kpy;yp mk;gpau;khdp : rpwpa kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mstpLk; fUtp 03. mk;gpau;khdp : ngupa kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mstpLk; fUtp

Nthy;l; khdp

mOj;j NtWghl;;il msf;;f gad;gLk;

Nthy;l;khdpapd; FwPaPL Nthy;l;khdpapia kpd;Rw;Wld; rkhe;jukhf njhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

kpd; cw;gj;jpepiyaq;fspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd;rhuk; nkfh Nthy;l; (MV) mstplg;gLk;;;;. vkJ ehl;by; Efu;Ntuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;rhuj;jpd; msT 230V 1,000,000 = 1MV.

rT+jp mNugpa ehLfspy; mdy; kpd;rhuk; Efu;Ntuhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; msT 110 V MFk;.

gy;khdp

gad;ghL : kpd;Ndhl;lk;> mOj;jtpj;jpahrk;> jil vDk; 3 fdpaq;fisAk; msf;f gad;gLk;.

jilasg;gjhapd; ,k;khdpapDs; kpd; fyq;fiy njhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gy;khdpia mk;gpau; khdpahf>Nthy;l;khdpahf>Xk;khdpahf gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Xk;khdp

gad;ghL : jilia msg;gjw;fhf gad;gLk;. ,jDs; kpd;fyq;fis njhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

FwpaPL

V

A

fy;tNdhkhdp

gad;ghL : kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiriaAk;>gUkidAk; msf;f gad;gLk;.

FwpaPL

ikag;g+r;rpa fy;tNdh khdp

mk;gpau;khdp> Nthy;l;khdp> gy;khdp Mfpatw;wpd; Neu; Kbtplq;fs; nre;epwj;jpYk; kiw Kbtplq;fs; fUepwj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

,k;khdpfis kpd;Rw;Wld; njhLf;Fk; NghJ rptg;G Kbtplj;ij kpd; fyj;jpd; Neu; KidAld; fUg;G Kbtplj;ij kpd; fyj;jpd; kiw KidAld; njhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpQ;Qhd cgfuzq; fs;

nfhjp Foha; (Boiling tubes)

mstpy; ngupaJ 20ml jputj;ij cr;rkhf nfhs;sf;$baJ.

gad;ghL : jputq;fis ntg;gkhf;Fjy;.

Nrhjidf;Foha;

nfhjpFihapYk; ghu;f;f xLq;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;

gad;ghL : gupNrhjid NjitfSf;F gad;gLk;. ntg;gkhf;f nghUj;jkw;wJ.

vupFoha;

nfhjpFoha;> gupNrjidFohapYk; ghu;f;f rpwpaJ.

gad;ghL : rpupastpyhd nghUl;fis cau; ntg;gepiyf;F #lhf;f gad;gLk;.

N;rjid Foha; gpbfs; (Test Tubs Holder)

kuj;jpdhy; my;yJ gpj;jiyapdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ

gad;ghL : gupNrjid gzpfspy; NrhjidFohia gpbj;J itg;gjw;F cjTk;;.

Gzy; (Funnel)

gy;NtW msTfspy; fhzg;gLk; fz;zhb gpsh];bf;fhy; MdJ.

gad;ghL : jput ,urhad gjhu;j;jq;fis tbf;fTk;> xUghj;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhUghj;jpuj;jpw;F khw;wTk; gad;gly;.

Ks;spg;Gzy;

,J ,U tifg;gLk;. 01. jpUFgpb cs;s Ks;spg;Gzy; 02. jpUFgpb ,y;yhj Ks;spg;Gzy;

gad;ghL : jput ,urhad gjhu;j;jq;fis Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; rpwpastpy; Nru;g;gjw;F gad;gLk;.

fbfhuf;fz;zhb

gad;ghL : juhirf;nfhz;L gy;NtW nghUl;fspd; jpzpTfis epWf;ifapy; ,J

gad;gLk;.

G ↑

ngj;jupf;fpz;zk;

ngj;jupf;fpz;zj; njhFjpapy; ,U fpz;zq;fs; cz;L.

gad;ghL : gw;wpupah> gq;fR Nghd;w Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhlu;ghd gupNrjidapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

tOf;fpAk; %bj;Jz;Lk;

xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapD}lhf nghUis mtjhdpg;gjw;F nghUis itf;f tOf;fp

gad;gLk;. tOf;fp kPJs;s nghUis %Ltjw;F %bj;Jz;L gad;gLk;.

jhop

fz;zhbapdhy; nra;ag;gl;l XusT ngupa cgfuzk;.

gad;ghL : Ma;T $lj;jpy; thAr;rhbapDs; thA khjpupia Nrfupf;f gad;gLk;.

jd;dPu;g;G Nghj;jy;

gad;ghL : jhtuq;fspd; mlu;j;jpia msg;gjw;Fk; xg;gpLtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.,J fz;zhbapdhy; Mf;fgl;bUf;Fk;.

,jd; fz;zhb %bapd; eLtpy; xU kapu;j;Jis ,Uj;jy; tpNrlklFk;;;. ,J ntt;NtW msTfis cilaJ jputq;fspd; rhu; mlu;j;jpia my;yJ jd;dPu;g;ig mstpl gad;gLk;.

gd;rd; RluLg;G

gad;ghL : Ma;T$lq;fspy; nghUl;fis ntg;gNkw;w mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;; RluLg;G

,JthFk;. ,t;mLg;;Gf;F vupnghUshf thA gad;gLj;jg;gLk; (jputg;ngw;Nwhypak;)

fhiuapYs;s Jthuj;ijAk; RluLg;gpd; jd;by; cs;s Jthuj;ijAk; jpwg;gjd; %yk; tsp

toq;fis mjpfupj;J ePyr;Rthiyia cUthf;fyhk;.

ePyr;Rthiy (ntg;gk; $baJ> Gif>fwpia ntsptplhJ) Jthuj;jpd; msT rpupjhFk;

nghOJ my;yJ %lg;gLk; nghOJ Fiwjfdk; eilngw;W Gif> fupia $Ljyhf

ntsptpLk; NghJ kQ;ry;epw Rthiy ngwg;gLk;.

kQ;ry; - xspUk; gd;rd; Rthiy (Jthuk; %baJ Fiw jfdk;)

ePyk; - xspuh gd;rd; Rthiy (Jthuk; jpwe;jJ epiw jfdk;)

kJrhu tpsf;F

gad;ghL : ntg;gNkw;wYf;fhf gad;gLk;.

,jd; vupnghUs; kJrhu itd; MFk;.

,jid gad;gLj;jYk; tFg;giwf;F nfhd;L nry;yYk; ,yFthFk;. ,J fz;zhbahy; MdJ gpshj;jpf; %bia cilaJ. Gif fupia juhJ. ePy epw RthyahFk;. %bapdhy; %Ltjd; %yk; ,jid midf;fyhk;.

%f;fhyp

,Uk;ghy; MdJ Nkw;gFjp tl;lkhf my;yJ Kf;Nfhzkhf ,Uf;Fk; %d;W fhy;fis nfhd;bUg;gjhy; Kf;;fhyp vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

gad;ghL : Flit> Kfit Mfpatw;iw ntg;gkhf;Fk; NghJ ,J Mjhukhf gad;gLk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Kf;fhyp kPJ fk;gp tiyia itj;jy;. mjd; kPJ cupa cgfuzk; itf;fg;gl;L ntg;gkhf;fg;gLk;.

cuYk; cyf;ifAk;

ntd;fypapdhy; my;yJ Nghrpypapdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ. ntspg;Gwk; Jyf;fgl;bUf;fk;.

gad;ghL : gy;NtW nghUl;fis miug;gjw;Fk; fiug;ghd; gpupj;njLg;gpYk; gad;gLk;;.

fOtw; Nghj;jy;

gpshj;jpf;fpdhy; MdJ fha;r;rp tbj;j ePupdhy; epug;gg;gLk;.

gad;ghL : Ez; ePNuhl;lj;ij tspg;gLj;j gad;gLj;JtJld; fiury;fis jahupf;fTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

jf;ifj; Jis fUtp my;yJ jPl;b

epf;fy; Kyhk; ,lg;gl;l gpj;jisahy; MdJ

gad;ghL : jf;iffisAk; NtW nkd; gFjpfisAk; gy;NtW msTfspy; Jisapl gad;gLk;.

tbfl;bj;jhs;

ntd;epwKs;s tpNrl fljhrp %yk; jahupf;fg;gl;l XusT jbj;j nkd; jhshFk;.

gad;ghL : fiury;fis tbfl;l gad;gLk;.

fj;jupf;FwL

vupFoha; Glf;Fif Nghd;w cgfuzq;fis gpbf;fg; gad;gLk;.

rhtzk; my;yJ ,Lf;fp

gad;ghL : tpyq;F ,ioaq;fis ntl;b Nrhjpf;ifapy; Ez;zq;fq;fis NtWgLj;jTk;> epiwfis msf;ifapy; rpwpa epiwfis msf;Fk; gbfis vLg;gjw;F gad;gLk;.

Glf;Fif

ntz;fspahy; MdJ

gad;ghL : cNyfq;fis ntg;gNkw;w gad;gLk;.

Ijurd; thA jahupj;jy;

Ma;T $lj;jpy; Ijurd; thAit jahupf;f Njitahd %yg;nghUs;

kf;dPrpak; My;yJ rhfk;

Ijdh IjNu FNsupf;fkpyk; My;yJ ry;G+upf;fkpyk; My;yJ Njrpg;Gsp

Note :

,q;F Ijurd; thA Nrkpf;fg;gLk; Kiw fPo; Kf ,lg;ngau;r;rp (ePupd;) MFk;. my;yJ tspapd; fPo;Kf ,lg;ngau;r;rp fhuzkhfTk; Nrfupf;fyhk;.

Ijurd; thA epwkw;w ePupy; fiuahj ghuq;Fiwe;j thA MFk;. tPl;by; Ijurd; thAit jahupf;f mYkpdpaj;jhy;> mg;gr;Nrhlh> Rz;zhk;G ePu; Mfpad gad;gLk;.

Ma;T $lj;jpy; fhgdPnul;irl;L thAit jahupf;fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs;

1. fy;rpak; fhgNdw;

2. Ijdh IjNu FNsupf;fkpyk; tPl;by; fhgdPnul;irl;L thAit jahupf;fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fs;

1. Kl;ilf;NfhJ

2. vOkpr;ir gMy;yJ;rhW

jdw;;Fr;rpia gpufhrkhf vupar; nra;Ak; thA xl;rprd; thA MFk;.

jdw;;Fr;rpia nghg; vd;w rj;jj;Jld; vupar; nra;Ak; thA Ijurd; MFk;.

Rz;zhk;G ePiu ghy; epwkhf;Fk; thA fhgdPnul;irl; MFk;.