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]NF@GJFKA _N\I_]V

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Nbjssjvjty4 Mnejgjtjig kgm

Jgeaungfn jg Gig-figtkft]nbpnrkturn Bnksurnbngtoy Kaonrt Oiih

Jg gig-figtkft tnbpnrkturn bnksurnbngt,

k pyribntnr mntnfts t`n t`nrbka ngnrcy irjgerkrnm rkmjktjig nbjttnm oy kg iodnft. erib

t`js mntnftnm rkmjktjig, t`n pyribntnr fkafu-

aktns t`n tnbpnrkturn kffirmjgc ti \akgfhs

rkmjktjig akw. ]`n kbiugt ie ngnrcy nbjttnmoy t`n iodnft akrcnay mnpngms ig t`n nbjs-

sjvjty ie t`n bktnrjka.

Out w`kt nxkftay mi wn bnkg w`ng wn rnenrti nbjssjvjty, kgm `iw wjaa jt jgeaungfn t`n

tnbpnrkturn bnksurnbngt9 @iw fkg wn

mntnrbjgn t`n kbiugt ie nbjssjvjty, kgm w`kt

mins jt mnpngm ig9 S`kt hjgm ie tnbpnrk-

turn rnkmjgc nrrirs bjc`t iffur mun ti kgjgfirrnft nbjssjvjty snttjgc kgm `iw fkg

ign prnvngt bnksurjgc nrrirs9 ]`js krtjfan

mjsfussns t`nsn kgm it`nr qunstjigs koiut

nbjssjvjty.

Mnejgjtjig ie nbjssjvjty

]`n kbiugt ie jgerkrnm/t`nrbka ngnrcy kg iodnft wjaa rkmjktn js

git igay k eugftjig ie tnbpnrkturn, out mnpngms ig t`n bktnrjkajtsnae. Nbjssjvjty mnsfrjons k bktnrjkas kojajty ti nbjt ir rnanksn

t`n t`nrbka ngnrcy w`jf` jt `ks kosironm. K pnrenft rkmjktir

hgiwg ks k oakfh oimy wjaa nbjt t`n ngtjrn kbiugt ie

kosironm ngnrcy. K rnka oimy wjaa kawkys nbjt anss ngnrcy t`kg

k oakfh oimy kt t`n skbn tnbpnrkturn. Nbjssjvjty js t`n rktji

ie jgerkrnm rkmjktjig nbjttnm ie k cjvng iodnft (rnka oimy) r kgm

k oakfh oimy o kt t`n skbn tnbpnrkturn.

]`us, nbjssjvjty js k gigmjbngsjigka qukgtjty ir ekftir

ontwnng < kgm ;, ir ontwnng < kgm ;

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Ks t`n tnbpnrkturn ie k bntka jgfrnksns, si wjaa t`n nbjssjvjty.

Jg t`n fksn ie cakss, k `jc`nr tnbpnrkturn kaaiws t`n pyribntnr

ti snn kt k crnktnr mjstkgfn jgti t`n cakss. ]`js bnkgs t`kt t`n

pyribntnr wjaa bnksurn kt k mnpt` onaiw t`n cakss surekfn, mn-

tnftjgc t`nrbka ngnrcy erib wjt`jg t`n iodnft.

@iw ktbisp`nrn jgeaungfnsnbjssjvjty

Nxtrkgnius rkmjktjig fkg krjsn jg ngvjrigbngts jg w`jf`

bnksurnbngts tkhn pakfn. K fakssjf nxkbpan js t`n bnksurn-

bngt ie fiam s`nnt bntka wjt`jg k `it `nktjgc eurgkfn. ]`n py-

ribntnr mntnfts oit` t`n t`nrbka ngnrcy w`jf` rkmjktns mjrnftay

erib t`n s`nnt bntka ks wnaa ks t`n t`nrbka rkmjktjig erib t`n

eurgkfn wkaa w`jf` rneanfts iee t`n s`nnt bntka. ]`n sbkaanr t`n

tnbpnrkturn mjeenrngfn ontwnng t`n twi siurfns ie rkmjktjig

(iodnft kgm eurgkfn), t`n crnktnr t`n kffurkfy ie t`n bnksurn-

bngt.

]i mntnft t`n kftuka tnbpnrkturn ie t`n iodnft k wktnr-fiianm

sjc`tjgc tuon s`iuam on nbpaiynm. ]`js kffnssiry snrvns ti

s`jnam t`n pyribntnr erib jgtnrenrjgc rkmjktjig erib t`n eurgkfn

wkaa. Jg irmnr ti oaifh t`n rneanftnm rkmjktjig erib ngtnrjgc t`n

sjc`t pkt`, t`n tuon mjkbntnr s`iuam bnksurn kt ankst sjx tjbns

t`n mjstkgfn ontwnng t`n tuon kgm t`n iodnft.

Skys ti mntnrbjgn nbjssjvjty

Jgmustrjka ajtnrkturn ir jgstruftjig bkgukas ietng figtkjg mktk

ig t`n nbjssjvjtjns ie vkrjius bktnrjkas. ]`js jgeirbktjig s`iuam

on usnm wjt` fkutjig, `iwnvnr. Jt js jbpirtkgt ti hgiw eir w`jf`

tnbpnrkturn kgm w`jf` wkvnangct` t`n nbjssjvjty vkaun js kppaj-

fkoan. Eurt`nrbirn, t`n stktnm nbjssjvjty vkauns wnrn iotkjgnm

ugmnr jmnka figmjtjigs. Jg kftuka prkftjfn, t`n titka nbjssjvjty ie

t`n tkrcnt iodnft wjaa vkry, mnpngmjgc ig t`n kbiugt ie nxtrk-

gnius rkmjktjig trkgsbjttnm t`riuc` t`n iodnft erib t`n okfh-

criugm ir rneanftnm igti t`n iodnft erib t`n eirncriugm. Je yiu

kg iodnft. ]`n titka kbiugt ie rkmjktjig mntnftnm oy k pyribn-

tnrs sngsir js t`n sub ie snvnrka fibpigngts, ks s`iwg jg

t`n eiaaiwjgc nquktjig.

2 * iod + * kbo + * okfh

2 Nbjssjvjty ekftir 2 _neanftjvjty ekftir 2 ]rkgsbjssjvjty ekftir iod 2 _kmjktjig erib tkrcnt iodnft kbo 2 Kbojngt rkmjktjig (eirncriugm) okfh 2 _kmjktjig erib okfhcriugm

]`n rkmjktjig fineejfjngts krn ajghnm ticnt`nr jg t`n nquktjig4

; 2 + +

]`nrn wjaa on gi trkgsbjssjig ie rkmjktjig t`riuc` ipkqun

iodnfts8 t`us t`n trkgsbjssjvjty ekftir wjaa git on kppajfkoan.

; 2 +

Ekftirs w`jf` jgeaungfnnbjssjvjty

]`n nbjssjvjty ie kg iodnft mnpngms prjbkrjay ig t`n typn ie

bktnrjka kgm jts surekfn pripnrtjns. Gigbntkaajf kgm gigtrkgs-

pkrngt iodnfts krn cngnrkaay ciim rkmjktirs wjt` kg nbjssjvjty

7 0< %. ]`n nbjssjvjty ie bntkas fkg vkry ontwnng >% kgm :< %.

V`jgy, `jc`ay rneanftjvn bntka surekfns wjaa `kvn aiwnr nbjssjvjtjns.

Eurt`nrbirn, t`n nbjssjvjty fkg f`kgcn mnpngmjgc ig t`n

wkvnangct`. ]`js js nspnfjkaay trun eir bntkas. ]`n kojajty ie

k bntka ti nbjt t`nrbka rkmjktjig jgfrnksns kt s`irtnr wkvn-

angct`s. ]`nrneirn, eir bntka kppajfktjigs, jt js onst ti snanft kpyribntnr w`jf` bnksurns kt s`irt wkvnangct`s.

]rkgspkrngt iodnfts suf` ks cakss, pakstjf ejabs, ir cksns

`kvn mjstjgft wkvnangct` rkgcns jg w`jf` t`n rkmjktjig f`krkf-

tnrjstjfs krn ciim. Jg irmnr ti kffurktnay bnksurn t`n tnbpnrk-

turn ie t`nsn iodnfts, jt js gnfnsskry ti snanft pyribntnrs wjt`

spnfjka sngsirs kgm ejatnrs w`jf` krn sngsjtjvn ti t`n pkrtjfuakr

wkvnangct`.

]`n nbjssjvjty ie bntkas kgm cakss kasi f`kgcns ks k eugftjig

ie tnbpnrkturn. ]`riuc` surekfn ixjmktjig ie ajqujm bntka kgm

murjgc t`n ajqujm ti siajm trkgsjtjig t`n nbjssjvjty fkg f`kgcn

figsjmnrkoay.

Bktnrjka Skvnangct`

cakss =,0 b

pakstjf ejabs bkmn ie \N, \\, \V 6,=6 b

pakstjf ejabs bkmn ie \N], \K, \^_ 3,: b

fiam eaun cksns =,?3 b

`it eaun cksns =,> b

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]NF@GJFKA _N\I_]V

=

Jg pkrtjfuakray ugekviurkoan ir fibpanx bnksurjgc figmjtjigs,

jt js rnfibbngmkoan ti figsjmnr oit` t`n twi spnftrka tnbpnr-

kturn vkauns ks wnaa ks t`n tnbpnrkturn rnkmjgc oksnm ig t`n

twi-fiaiur rktji. Mnpngmjgc ig t`n rnsuat, t`n usnr fkg snanftt`n bnt`im w`jf` js onst sujtnm eir `js kppajfktjig kgm kmdust

t`n pyribntnr kffirmjgcay.

Figfausjig

S`ng pijgtjgc iut t`n kttrjoutns ie k pyribntnr, orif`urns

ietng mrkw spnfjka kttngtjig ti kg jgstrubngts spnfjejnm bnks-

urnbngt ugfnrtkjgty. Sjt` gig-figtkft tnbpnrkturn mntnftjig,

`iwnvnr, t`n ajhnaj`iim ie bnksurnbngt nrrirs iffurrjgc wjaa

mnpngm eir t`n bist pkrt ig tkrcnt iodnft f`krkftnrjstjfs kgmkbojngt figmjtjigs. Igay rkrnay mi bntriaicjfka nrrirs kftukaay

stnb erib k eakwnm jgstrubngt. ]`nrneirn, w`nt`nr snanftjgc k

pyribntnr ir f`iisjgc t`n bnksurjgc pisjtjig, jt js onst ti hnnp

jg bjgm t`n prjgfjpans mnsfrjonm jg t`js krtjfan.

Kut`ir

Mjpa.-Jgc. Kaonrt Oiih

HNAAN_ @FS Cbo@ Cnrbkgy

Jgerkrnm ]`nrbibntnr Viautjigs

\`ign +=: >= >; 0> 6?