trabajo con metales_2

8/15/2019 Trabajo Con Metales_2

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Mkuioromel alh puhzñh m bmhl y alhprohsm eo puhzlhmr l puhzlhmelrm@ ms p ` m h a g m s so mkuioromh, plr o iobp`l , aumhelvmrdms eo o``ms gmh eo ostmr suiotms p lr boedl eorln `lhos l eo tl rh d ` `ls y a u m h e l so hoaosd tmhmkuiorls pmrm m`limr porhls.Oh `m aorrmior âm pmrm alhs t ruaa dlhos , p lr oiob-p`l, `m s p ` m h a g m s e o maorl so prlvooh eo porfl-rmadlhos eo `ms bís e dvo rsms fl rbms .@ls mkuiorls so alhsdkuoh oh `ms p ` m h a g m s b íseo`kmems eo ` blel b ís sohad ` `l alh m y u e m eouh p u h z ñ h m b mh l fdk. ;;,=) quo so kl`pomp l h d o h e l `m p ` m h a g m slnro u h m p l y l h l e o b m -s dmel n `mhel p `mam e o p ` l b l l e o bmeorm eurm ) .Aumhel so t r m tm e o p ` m h a g m s l eo ` ` m h t m s l eonmrrms eo porfd ̀ bís kruosms hl os sufda dohto ympmrm gmaor o` m k u i o r l o` osfuorzl eo porausdñheosmr rl ` ` mel alh o ` b m r t d ` ` l e o bmhl . Zmrm ostlst rmnmils os bís ndoh hoaosmr dl o` o b p d a l eo uhmprohsm e o p u h z l h m r p u h z l h m e l r m ) f dk . ;;,>)oh `m aum ` so puoeoh mioraor , plr boedl eo pm-`mhams, k rmheos osfuorzls slnro `m g o r r m b d o h t m eopor fl rm r .@m go r rmbd oh tm e o porflrmr alhs tm eo els pmr tos .Oh ù k m r eo` p u h z ñ h eo b m h l eo quo gobls goaglmh tos b o h a d ñ h dh torvdoho m q u d u h puhzñh alr tl qu o

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Fdk . ;; ,= Mk uiorom el a lh p u h / a d h e o b m h l F Â ^ . ;; ,> M k u io rome l alh ` m prohsm eo p u h z l h m r` ` mbmrobls s dbp ò bo h to p u h zñ h . Albl mplyl l amào soobpòm uhm p`mam eo maorl prlvdstm eo uhm porflrmadñh eosoaadñh oxmatmbohto m iustmem m `m soaadñh trmhsvorsm ̀ eo`p u h z ñ h 3 `m a d tmem p`mam so ` ` m bm bm t r d z .O` mkuioromel y o` t m ` m e r m e l alhs t d tuyoh els e d foroh tosprlaoedbdohtls eo t rmnmil f dk . ;;,1 . M ` t m ` m e r m r , o ` bmto-rdm` eo` mkuiorl so eosbohuzm oh poqu oýms plra dlhos , y mkuioromr smò alrtmel oh f l r bm eo edsal.Oh o` prlaosl eo t r mnm il ` ` mbmel « m k u i o r o m e l ³ o ̀ bm t o r d m `mr rmhamel os uh eosporedadl y amo oh f l r b m eo edsal. Q d,o b p o r l , o` bmtordm ̀ m r r m h a m e l eo `m p ` m h a g m so o bp ò malbl pdozm o` prlaosl eo t rmnmil `l ` ` m bm r â m bl s eo « r o-a lr t mel ³ .

Fdo- ;;,1 Els p rlaoe db doh tls e o t r mn m i l qu oalh e u aoh e o e d s t d h t l blel m ` b ds b l f dh .0 h M r r m h q u o eo b m t o r d m ` oh furhdm eo v d r u t mpmrm gmaor o ̀ m k u i o r l 3 /8 roalr to eo` b m t o r d m Roh flrbm eo e dsal pmrm emr ` u h m r m` m k u i o r l


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M K _ I O ^ O M E L rlaosl eo trmnmil m ̀ roalrtmr y mkuioromrO ` mkuioromel,os uh prlaosl eo t rmnmil pmroadel m` alrto l a d z m ` `m b d o h t l , puos t l quo t mb n d äh mgl rmo` bmtor d m ` os p r d b o rmb oh t o oh t m ` ` mel , r oam ` amel y f dhm`bohto alr tmel fdk. ;7,= -

Fdk. ;7 = Zrlaosl eo t r m nm i l md m ku i o r o m r , m ) A o h t r m e l eo `m p d o z m 3 n o ` b m t o r d m ` so roam àm y so o b p d o z m m alrtmr3a ) t o rb dh ma d ñ h e o ` alrto3 e o x p u ` s d ñ h eo ` e d s a l 3 o ) rotrlaosl e o ` p u h z ñ h 3 /) pdo/m m k u i o r o m e m 3 k s u i o t m el r@ms mrdstms eo` alrto al hst d tuy oh oh o` mkuioromel y oh o` roalrto uhm ` âhom aorrmem oh s d b d sbm.O h alht rmpls da dñh alh o` pmu`m t dhmbohto prlkros dvl alr t o eo `m t d iorm, o` prlaosl eo t rmnm il osr o p o h t d h l m ` mkuioromr eo blel quo o` bmtor d m ` os slbot del mglrm m uh osfuorzl v dl òhtl .@ms guo` `ms eo osto obpòl eo fuorzm puoeoh lnsorvmrso a`mrmbohto sâ alhtobp`mbls bís eo aoram`m s pmroeos eo` mkuiorl y eo` edsal. Vorobls quo `ls nlreos eo `m am`m ostíh eoflrbmels y hl osr m rl quo ostäh prlvdstls eo f dhms krdotms. Oh `m pmrto dh f o r dl r eo `m pdozm mkuioromem so prosohtmu hm hltmn ò ronmnm . @ ms pm roeos eo ` mku i o rl s l h bu y ísporms , mhí `lkmbohto m `ms suporfdados e oalrto oh o ` a d zm ` ` mb d oh t l . O ` e d sal buos t rm t mbndäh fuortos roamàmel y ronmnm.M ` rot rlaoeor o` p u h z ñ h so o hk m ha g m l o h a ` m v m oh o` mkuiorl albl alhsoauohadm eo `m eo fl rbm-adñh quo gm tohdel ùkmr oh o ` bmtor d m ` , y `m p d ozm os òvmhtmem . Zmrm ov d t m r ostl `m bmt r d z vm prl-vds tm eo uh sopmrmelr .O so o h a ` m v m b d o h t l quo so lnsorvm oh o ` p u h z ñ h quo rot rlaoeo t doho su ox p ` d ama dñ h oh uhm poau-` dmrdeme eo ̀ a l b p l r t m b d o h t l eo `ls b m t o r d m ` o s . @ ms pmrt âau`ms eo` b m t o r d m ` s d t umems aoram eo `msupor fda do eo alr t o so s opm rmh ` m t o r m `b oh t o plr `m prosdñh eo alrto quo oiorao o ` p u h z ñ h quo nmimy plr o `ms t da deme vuo`v oh eospuäs uh plal gmadm o ` aohtrl eo` mkuiorl . O ` e d íb o t rl eo` mkuiorlso gmao ohtlhaos m`kl b ís p o q u o ý l quo o ` eo` p u h z ñ h .Osto rotrlaosl a l b l eo roslrto so ` `mbm albplr tmbdohtl o `ís t dal eo ` bmtor d m ` y so lnsorvm ohtlels `l s p r l a o e db do h tl s eo t r mnm i l alh m r r mhquo eo v d r u t m .


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M K _ I O ^ O M E L orrmbdohtms pmrm mkuioromr@ls p u h z l h o s eo b mhl f dk . ;4,=) so alhstruyoh kohorm`bohto alh maorl roelhel tobp`mn ò . @ mpmr to alr rosplhedoh to m ` alrto l f d `l , roelhem l e o lt rm f l r b m a u m ` q u d o r m h³ ] M ) s o flrimprovdmbohto, so ` dbm m su boedem eofdhdtdvm y so tobp`m. Gmaoh eo f d `l `ms mkuems mrdstms eo `m su-porfdado dhfor dlr y eo alhtrmf d `l `ms pmroeos dh tor dlros eo uhm tuoram l tmbndäh `ms f dnrms eo uh t maleo b m e o r m e u r m .Zmrm mkuioromr bmtordmòs n`mhels, a l b l auorl , amrtñh l amuagl, so obpòmh `ls msâ ` ` mbmels smam-nlamels f dk . ;4,>). Qu f d `l m h u ` m r so f l r b m t m ` m e r m h e l u h g d o r r l r oelhel y m f d `mhel `m s pmroeos í h k u ` l eo fd `l eo, m p r l x d b m e m b o h t o , >? m 1?º) . Oh o ` smamnlamels , `l s edsals mrrmhamels m ` bm-t o r d m ` quo so mkuiorom so vmh dh t rleua dohel oh o` guoal a d ` dh er da l sun dohel plr ä` y puedohel so roxpu`smels p l r mno r tu rms meoaumembohto e dspuos tms .

dk ; 4 , = Z u h z l h o s p m r m m k u -i o rls ro e l h e l s m ) y t r d m h k u -`mros n)Fdk. ;4,> Qmamnlamels Fdk. ;4 ,1 Uohmzms smamnlamels

@ms tohmzms smamnlamels slh oh rom ` deme a l b l poquoýms p rohsms po r flrmelrms . O ` p u h z ñ h y `mb m t r d z so b u o v o h u h l alh t rm l t rl alh m y u e m eo uhm pm`mham eo els nrmzls. Oh ` m amrrorm eo trm-nm il so plho lre dh m r dmb oh to oh tohsdñh uh roslr to añh dal . @m tohs dñh p rov dm eo ` roslrto e m ` u k m rm `m amrrorm eo rotrlaosl oh a u m h t l so eoim eo p ros dlhmr slnro `l s b m h k l s eo `m tohmzm .Gmy tohmzms smamnlamels eo edst dh tls t dpls. @ms quo t d o h o hplr lniotl mkuioromr bmtor dm òs botí` dals fdk. ;4,1) so alhs-t r u y o h b ís r l n u s t m s q u o mq uo ` `m s eos t dhmels m po r flrm r bm to -r dm òs n ` m h e l s auorl, p`íst da ls) f dk . ;4,5) .A lh ln io tl eo pleor o ioraor m b m h l `l s k rmheos os fuo rzls eoalrto hoaosm r dls pm rm mku io rom r p `mhagm eo maorl, p lr o i obp`l ,so eltm m ostms tohmzms smamnlamels eo `ms ` ` m b m e m s p m ` m h a m seln òs , o s eoadr, q u o o ` o s fu o rz l b m h u m ` , `l b d s b l q u o laur roalh `m a dzm ` `m eo pm `m ham , hl so mp ` dam e d roa tmb oh to slnro o `p u h z ñ h y `m b m t r dz , s dhl quo so t rmh splr tm m ` ` â mtrmväs eo uh sok uh el iuokl eo pm`mhams.A lh m y u e m eo osto e d spls d t d v l , ` ` m b m e l eo e l n ` ob u ` t d p ` d a m a d ñ h eo pm `mhams , os f ía d ` b o h t o p l s d n ò sdso o ` dkoh alhvoh doh toboh to `ms `lhk d tueos eo `lsnrmzls eo pm `mham , ln tohor osfuorzls eo alrto eo=: m =? voaos bmylros quo o ` osfuorzl b mh um`mp d̀amel. òs sdhtätdals, ota.


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M K _ I O ^ O M E L rohsms eo puhzlhmrOh `ms prohsms eo puhzlhmr , l p u h z l h m e l r m s (f dk . 7:,= , `m amrrorm hoaosmrdm pmrm o ̀ bl v d bd o h t lmsaohsdlhm` y eo eosaohsl eo ̀ puhzñh so alhsdkuo kohorm`bohto plr boedl eo `l quo so ``mbm uhmoxaäh t r d am , os eoadr, quo o ̀ amnozm ̀ l plr t mpuhz ñh mvmhzm l rotrlaoeo oh v d r t u e eo ̀ b l v d b d o h t lp o h e u ` m r eo uh p dvl to oxaäh t r d al . N ` krmh osfuorzl eo alrto hoaosmr d l pmrm mku io romr so alhsdkuoplr boedl eo uhm pm`mham eo bmhdlnrm eo ` l h k d t u e quo vmr â m oh t ro D y > b y quo gmao kdrmr `m ox-aäht r dam .

O` p u h z ñ h , kohorm `bohto a d r a u ` m r , quo vm fdim el oh oàmnozm` l p l r t m p u h z ñ h plr boedl eo uh t l r h d ` ` l eof d ima dñh , v m prlv d s tl eo uh p d t ñ h eo aohtrmel. E o ostoblel, alh m y u e m eo uh trmzmel provdl y eo `ls aohtrlseo mkuiorl bmramels alh kríhoto , os pls dn ` o mku io romra l h tlem o xm a t d t u e s o kù h p ` m h l .@ m pmrto eo` puhzñh quo pohot rm oh o ` bm to r d m ` y tmb n däh`m porfl rma dñh eo `m p`mam eo alrto l b m t r d z tdohoh flrbmañhdam. Eo osto blel pmsm o ̀ puhzñh fíad`bohto ohtro`ms pmroeos eo ̀ mkuiorl y o ̀ edsal mrrmhamel ohtro `m seo `m bm t r d z ovdtíhelso uh rlzmbdohtl oxaosdvl y o`mkmrrltmbdohtl eo ̀ puhzñh. Ospoadm`bohto `m amâem eoèdsal mrrmhamel t d oho ` uk mr alh tlem fma d ` d eme .

F¡k. 7:,= Zuhzlhmelrm9 Fuhadñh eo `ms eds-tdhtms pdozms, m Zm `mham eo bm hdln rm alh su -porf dado eo prosdñh edspuostm oh f l r b m oxaäh-t r d am 3 n p l r t m p u h z ñ h 3 r g o r r m b d o h t m eo alrto( p u h z ñ h ) 3 td bmtr dz3 o p ` m h a g m alh edsal

Oh `m p u h z l h m e l r m eo g u s d ` ` l ( E ù p ` o x )o` b l v d b d o h t l eo nmimem y sundem soalhsdkuo alh m y u e m eo uh gusd ` `l (fd-kurm 7:,> . _ h kd rl eo ̀ g u s d ` ` l m `m dz-qu do rem l m `m eoroagm em ` u k m r m ̀ b l v d -bdoh tl eo alrto l m ̀ eo rotrlaosl eo `mgor r mbdoh tm . @ m trmhsbds dñh eo fuorzmeoseo o ̀ gus d ` ` l m ̀ puhzñh t d oho ùkmr mtrmväs eo els tuorams eo bl v d bd o h t l dh-vorsl y eo `ls nrmzls eo pm`mham m o``ls( ù dels . O` gusd``l y `ms tuorams tdohohrlsams m ` d eoroagm y m `m dzqudo rem (a l b-píroso alh `l quo pmsm alh `ls tohslroseo pmt dhos) .

Fdk , :,> Zuhzlhm el rm eo gusd``l, u Gus d ` ` l 3 n y 0 tuorams ohalh-trmems3 e pm`mham eo bmhdlnrm3 o puhtl fdil eo kdrl3 / puhdls eok d rl bñvd ò s 3 k ) p l r t m p u h z ñ h 3 g p u h z ñ h 3 d b m t r d z 3 c pdozm


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K_IOÔ LOsfuorzl eo alrto y rosdstohadm eo alrtoZmrm alhsoku d r puhzlhmr eo uhm p `mhagm uhm rlem imeo fl rbm a d ` dher dam , o osfuorzl eo alrto hoaosmrdl eo-norí so r b m y l r quo `m ros ds tohadm m ` osfuorzl alr tmhtooh `m zlhm eo ̀ alrto (fdk. 7=,=). @m b m k h d t u e eo `m rosds-tohadm m` o s fuo r /l al r tmh to eopoheo eo `l s s d ku d oh t o sfmatlros9 D . , eo `m rosdstohadm ospoadfdam m` alrto eo`b m t o r d m ` m mkuioromr o h c p / b b > 3 >. eo `m b m k h d t u e eo`m soaadñh quo so t r m t m eo p u h z l h m r oh b b > ( f d k s . 7=,1 y 5).ôsds tohadm m` osfuor/l a l r t m h t o ( c p ) - rosdstohadm ospo-adfdam m` alrto (cp /brr r ) - Qupo r f da do eo` alrto ( b b - ) .@ m ros ds tohadm ospoaâfdam m` alr to vmr âm sokùh `m ros ds toh-adm eo` b m t o r d m ̀ quo so t rmnmim.O ` maorl Qt 1; t doho , plr o iobp`l , uh m ros ds tohadm b â h d b mm `m t rmaa dñh , kmrmh t dzmem pl r `m fín r dam sub dh ds t rme l rm ,eo 1; c p / b b - . Zlr b o e d l eo ohsmyls so gm e o t o r b d h m e lquo `m rosdstohadm ospoaâfdam eo alrto, o s , mprlx dbmem-b o h t o , `ls 5/? eo `m ro s d s toha dm m `m t rmaadñh, l som ohosto amsl uhls 1: c p / b b - ( f d k . 7=,>).O iobp`l 9 _ h g d o r r l m h k u `m r eo 1 : ' 6 : - ? so prlvoo e o mkuio-rls eo : >: . @m rosdstohadm m `m t rmaadñh eo` bm to r dm ` oseo 15 cp /bb .ôsdstohadm ospoadfdam m` alrto ― 5 / d - 1 5 c p / b b* >; c p / b b -Quporfdado eo al r to (pmroeos eo ̀ mkuiorl) oh b b>2 >: b b - 1 , = 5 - ? bb ― 1=5 bb>ôsdstohadm m ̀ osfuorzl al r tmh to- >; cp/bd r r -1~ =5 b b> 2 75;7 cpO ` os fuorzl eo alrto oioradel plr o` puhzñh eo `m prohsmp u h / l h m e l r m gmn rí eo so r b m y l r q u o 75;7 c p pmrm qu otohkm ` u k m r o ` eosomel m r r m h q u oeo `m rlemim' eo bmtordm`.Alh amríator kohorm` so p u o e oeoadr9O ) osfuorzl eo alr to hoaosmr dl purmmkuioromr os tmh tl bmylr aumh tlb ís fuorto, b ís ros ds tohto , som o`bmtor dm ` y a u m h t l bmylr som `msuporf dado eo alrò a a d ù pmroeeo ` mkuiorl .Zmrm mkuioromr l roalrtmr pdozmseo maorl os hoaosmr dl obp òm r os -fuorzls eo alrto ox t rmlre dhm r dm -b o h t o krmheos .@ ms prohsms obpòmems pmrm o``l,alrhl plr oiobp`l, `ms eo oxaäh-trdam y `ms eo gus d ` `l , so maa dlhmhplr b o e d l eo o òa trlbltlros y osals tubnro eos dkhmr `ms plr sub í x d b l osfuorzl eo alrto (plroiobp`l, so e dao 9 p rohsm eo 7: ñeo =?: t).


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M K _ I O ^ O M E L

FdO. 7>,1

Mkuioromel e o bmtordmòs edvorslsO h ` m l p o r m a dñ h e o m k u i o r o m r , o ` b m t o r d m ` o s f u o r t o b o h t oe o f l r b m e l o h ` l s n l r e o s e o ` p u h z l h m e l . Ù h d a m b o h t o`ls bmtordmòs tohmaos y eùa t d òs , albl o ̀maorl n ` m h e l ,o ` alnro y ` m tñh n `mhels y o ` m ùbdh dl , r os d s toh ostmoh ä r k d am sl ` da d tma dñh . @ l s bmtor d m òs f r ík d òs l e u r l s ,a l b l o` m a o r l eo g o r r m b d o h t m s l o ` e o roslr tos y o ` g d o r r la l ` m e l , s o r l b p o h a u m h e l so t r m t m e o mku ioromr `ls .Albl m ̀ m k u i o r o m r b m t o r d m ` o s n ` m h e l s t m b n d ä h os eot o b o r quo s o p r o s o h t o h k r d o t m s oh `m s pm r o eo s e o ` m k u i o r l ,`l s mku iorls e o p dozms o h quo t o h k m d b p l r t m h a d m al h s o r -v m r uh m k r mh r o s d s t oh a d m a l b l , p l r o i o b p ` l , o h p ` m h a g m se o am ` e o r m , p d ozms e o p u o h t o s , o ta . ) eonoríh g m a o r so sñ`lp l r t m ` me r me l f d k . 7>,= .O` k rmh osfuorzl eo alrto q u o ohtrm oh iuokl m ` mkuio romrs l b o t o o ̀ b m t o r d m ` e o ̀ p u h z ñ h m s l ` d a d t ma d l h os b u y fuo r -to s p l h d o h e l m e u r m p r u o n m s u r os d s tohadm . Zmrm u h e o t o r -b d h m e l e d í b o t rl e o m k u i o r l aroao o ` os fuorzl e o a l r t o a l ho` m u b o h t l eo ` o s p os l r eo `m p ` m h a g m . Qd so o h s m y m , pl ro i o b p ` l , o ` m k u i o r o m e l e o p ` m h a g m s a u y l o spo sl r s o m b m -y l r quo o ` e d í b o t r l e o ` p u h z ñ h , s o r l b p or í ä s t o f d-kurm 7>,> .O` o s po s l r e o ̀ b m t o r d m ` h l e o n o i m b í s sor b m y l r quo o è d í b o t r l e o ` m k u i o r l .A u m h e l so mk u i o r om a l h o ` p u h z ñ h e o b m h l so eonoo b p ` o m r albl mplyl l amào eo ̀ b m t o r dm ` p`lbl n ` m h e ll b m e o r m e u r m g m y m , r ln ` o , mrao, p . oi.).@ l s t m a ls e o b m e o r m eonoh al`lamrso p l h d oh e l g ma d mmrrdnm su a m r m e o tos tm , l a m r m f r l h t m ` , o s eoad r , `m a m r moh q u o so v o h `l s mh d ` ` l s mh u m ` o s o h f l r b m e o ` â h omsa d r au ` m r o s .Qd so p l h o eonmil e o ` b m t o r d m ̀ b m e o r m n ` mh e m p d h l ,t d `l) l s â ` m bmeorm eurm so plho o h p l s d a d ñ h e d s t d h t mm `m d h e d a m em , - `m s p dozms quo s o m k u i o r o m h r o s u ` t m h f u o r -t o b o h t o e o f l r b m e m s . @ m al h s oau oh a d m sorí q u o `l s m k u -i o r l s h l s m ` e r í h ` d b p d m b o h t o g o a g ls h d su s b o e d e m ssoríh oxmatms.Zo`dkrl eo maadeohto@ l s t r mn m i l s o h ` m p r oh s m e o p u h z l h m r t r m o h alhsdklk r mh p o ` d k r l m a m u s m eo `m k r m h f u o r z m a l h q u o eosadoheo p u h z ñ h .Zmrm d b p o e d r q u o p u o e m h dh t r leua d r s o ` l s eoels ohtro o ` p u h z ñ h y `m bmtrdz, o h `m b m y l r â m e o ` m s b í -q u d h m s s o e d s p l h o u h m p ` m h a g m a l b l p r l t oaa d ñ h e o `l s e o e l s f dk. 7>,1 .

Ostm p r l t o a a d ñ h p m r m `l s e o e l s oh `m s b í q u d h m s e o p u h z l h m r h l e o n o q u d t m r s o h u h a m . Q d m ` k u h m p d o z mq u o e m o h k m h a g m e m , h l e o n o r í h u h a m b o t o r s o ` m b m h l o h t r o o ` p u h z ñ h y ` m b m t r d z p m r m m k m r r m r ` m . ioradadls= ) ¼Zlr q u ä r mzñ h s o h oaos d t mh o h o` p u h z l h m e l o s f uo r z ls e o a l r ` o b m y l r o s quo oh o ` a d zm ` ` mb d oh ` l ¼Zlr quä so e o h l b d h m o ̀ b d s b l prlaosl eo trmnmil u h m s voaos albl « mkuioromel ³ l « puhzlhmel ³y l t r m s a l b l « r o a l r t o ³ : x > ,? s d oh e l o ` b m t o r d m ` Q t V d ` >1 a lh uh m rosds tohadm m `m t r maadñh eo 1? c p / b b * .


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Um`mermel alh `m tm`mermelrm@ ms b í q u d h m s y m pm rm t ls , `ls eopñs d tls eo p ` m h -agm, `m s am èorms , `ls p u oh t os y b u a g m s l t rm sl n r m s eo a l h s t r u a a d ñ h , so a l b p l h o h , plr `l ko-h o r m ` , eo b u a g m s pdozms. @ m e dspls da dñh eo t m ` m -e rl s a l h v o h d o h d o b o h t o al `l ame l s oh osms pdozmsporbdto uhdr `ms oht ro s d plr boe dl e o r l n ` l h osl eo t l r h d ' ` l s . @ ls t m ` me r l s so o i oa u t mh a lh nrlamsos p dr m ò s oh b í q u dh ms t m ` me r me l r ms . O ` t m ` me r la d ` d h e r d a l so p r l e u a o b o e d m h t o m r r m h q u o e o v d r u t malh `ls f d `ls eo `m nrlam. A lh lniotl eo lntohoro` h oa os m r dl b l v db doh t l eo a l rt o s o g ma o bl v or`m n r la m a l h b l v db doh t l e o rl t ma dñ h y , m boe de me o q u o p m u ` m t d h m b o h t o s o v m m r r m h a m h e l v d r u t m , s o`m ob p u im ` oh t mb oh t o oh o ` t m ` me r l q u o v m , p l alm pla l , m u b o h t m h e l e o p r l f u h e d e m e ( f d k . 71,= .

Fdk. 71,= h o tm`mermel so prlaoeo m mrrmhamr v d r u t moh `l quo gm eo sor o tm`merl l m k u i o r lZ u os t l quo oh `ls t m ` ` o r os bo t m ` ù r k d a l s l t m ` òrosboaíhdals s o r om ` d z mh u h m k r m h a m h ` d e m e e o t r m -nmils vmr dmels eo t m ` me r l y eo n m r r oh me l , al h s -t r u y o h t m b n d ä h ` m s amsms e oe da me ms m ` m f mn r d a m -a d ñ h e o b í q u d h m s g o r r m b d o h t m s u h m sordo b u yv mr d me m e o t dp l s e o t m ` m e r m e l r m s . M e o b í s e o t m ` m -e r m e l r m s e o s l n r obos m y t m ` me r me l r ms e o a l ` u bh ms o a l h s t r u y o h , pl r o i obp ` l , t m ` me r l s r me dm ` o s p m r mp dozms v l ` u b dh l s ms , ` l b d s b l q u o t m ` me r me l r ms e ovmr dls g u s d ` ` l s p m rm o ` t m ` me r l s db u ` t í h ol e o v m -r dls mku iorls, ota.

@ m b d s d ñ h eo `m b í q u d h m eo t m ` m e r m r a l h s d s to ohs u b d h d s t r m r m `m n rl am , m ` b o h l s, o ` b l v d b d o h t le o r l t ma dñ h , porl t m b n d ä h a l r r d o h t o b o h t o o ` b l-v d b d o h t l e o mv mh a o y oh e l , a lh ostls f dhos, `mnrlam f d rbobohto su iotm oh `l quo so ` ` m b m o`p l r t mn r l a ms l amnozm ` eo t m ` me r m r .M voaos so e o imh oh a m ime ms l, a l b l so e da o l r e dh m -r d m b o h t o o h ` l s tm` òros, m vo ` ` m h m e m s o h ` m p dozmamnozms e o t l r h d ` ` l s l eo r l n ` l h os . A lh lniotl e og ma or `ls mkuiorls , l am iorms , a d ` dher dals l añhdals ,so o b p ` o m h g o r r mbdoh t ms , mh í ` l kms m ` m s n r l a mseo ospdrm` , tmòs a l b l ` m n m r r oh m e o o s p dkm - ku âml `m nm r roh m mv o ` ` mh me l r m , r o sp oa tdv mboh t o . O s t mlporma dñh eo` nmr roh me l so gmao dku m`b oh to oh `mb í q u d h m t m ` m e r m e l r m ( f d k . 71,> .

F ¡ C 71.> A m i o r m s p m r m r oa dn d r m u h t l r h d ` ` l a d ` dh er dal 3n u h t l r h d ` ` l m v o ` ` m h m e l


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U M @ M E ^ M E LMaadñh y blvdbdohtls eo `m nrlamGobls eo alhsdeormr albl pmrtos matdvms eo `m nrlam slnrotlel sus fd`ls prdhadpmòs vämso pík. 7?).@ m nrlam rom`dzm els blvdbdohtls 9_ h blv dbdoh tl eo rltmadñh m`roeoelr eo su oio `lhk d tue dhm `y m` bd sbl td obpl uh b l v d b d o h t l ̀ lhk d tue dhm ` oh `m edroaadñheo mquo` oio.Albl `ls fd `ls ` òkmh m alr tm r oh v d r t u e eo` b l v d b d o h t l e orltmadñh, roadno ästo o ` hlb nro eo b lvdb dohtl eo alr to . O `blvdbdoh tl roa t d ` âhol quo vm e d r dk de l gma dm o ` flhel eo` tm `m -erl so ̀ `m b m, plr o` alhtrmrdl, bl vdbdoh tl eo mvmhao f dk. 75,=).@m b m k h d t u e eo` mvmhao so em g m n d t u m ` b o h t o oh b b plrrovlùadñh eo `m nrlam, plr oiob p`l, :,1 bb /rovl ùa¡ñ h. Alho` `l so fdim tmbndäh o` osposlr eo v d ru tm . Oh ofoatl 9 oh uhmrovlùadñh eo `m nrlam mrrmham amem f d `l prdhadpm ` `m bdtmeeo ` osposlr alrrosplhedohto m` mvmhao. Alh ostl rosu`tm quoo osposlr eo v d ru tm 2 :,1 b b / > - X : , = ? bb. rlaosl eò mrrmhquo eo vdrutmM` mp ` d a m r `m nrlam so ohauoh t r m `m puh t m ku d mem p r d b ormb oh t oplr `m alhamvdeme eo` krmhotmzl quo bmram o` aohtrl eo` tm `m-erl. O` fd`l t rmhsvorsm ` quo pohotrm oh oso sd t dl mp`mstm o`bmtordm` gmadm mfuorm eurmhto tlel o t dobpl quo boedmgmstm quo, m` sokudr pohotrmhel, ohtrmh oh maadñh `ls elsfd `ls p r dha dpm ` o s y ` ovmhtmh oh o` flhel eo` mkuiorl els v d ru tmseo` bd sbl osposl r. Q dbu ` t íhomb oh to o` fd`l magm f ` mhmel quokdrm mrrmham o` bmto rdm` alrrosplhedohto eo `m pmroe eo`tm `merl .@ms v d ru tms so m`limh oh `ms r mhu rm s go`daldemòs eo `m nrlamy so ku âmh gmadm o` oxtordlr fdk. 75,>).@ms vdrutms so o ` dbdhmh eo uh blel tmh tl bís ofdamz aumh tlbís roatl som o` rmymel os eoadr aum htl b my lr som o` íh ku `leo` rmy mel vämso pík. 76). d f i 7 5 = Blvdbdoh tls eo alrto y eo m v m h a o oh o` t m ` m e r m e l

F d k . 75 .> Zrlaosl m` tm`mermr, h) Aoh ` rl eo mkuiorl bmramel alh k rmhm to , y pdozm h d v o ` m e m 3 n m p ` m s t m b d o h t l al h o`t d `l t r mh sv or sm ` 3 a maadñh eo alrto eo `ls f d `ls p r d h a d p m ` y eo` ndso ` 3 td sm`dem eo `m v d r u t m 3 o) `m nrlam mt rmv dosm `m pdozm

75


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U M @ M E ^ M E LÍhku`ls oh `ls fd`ls eo `m nrlam

Íhku`l o ltmquo y @l bdsbl quo oh `ms ` dbms, `ls adhaoòs l `ms glims eo sdorrm,dh torv dohoh tmbndäh oh `m nrlam `ls íh k u `l s quo amrma tor dzmhm tlem= g o r rmbdoh tm p m rm m r rmh q u o eo v d r u t m y quo slh =ls eoalrto l eo fd `l, eo mtmquo y eo dha deohadm , quo m q u â ` ` mbmrobl seo eos tm `lhmel. Oh `m nrlam slh ostls íh k u `l s bís edf âad òs eoroalhlaor y eo b o e d r quo oh `ms eobís gorrmbdohtms eo alr to .Íhku`l eo mtmquo yZmrm pleor iuzkmr slnro `ms ro`madlhos eo b m k h d t u e eo `ls íh-ku`ls oh `ls fd`ls prdhadpmòs gmy p r dbormboh to quo lnsorvmro` ` ` mbmel k rmel eo pohedoh to eo `ms rmhurms pmrm v d r u t m . Qooht doheo plr k rmel eo pohedohto `m dha ` dhma dñh eo `m gä`daol eo` rmymel, os eoad r od íhku`l oh tro o` oio eo `m nrlam y `mmrdstm eo ̀ ndso` l fmim eo kuâm. Aumhtl bís obp dh mel som o`rmymel, tmh tl bís poquoýl sorí o ̀ í h k u `l eo pohedoh to eo`rmymel y v daovorsm . Osto íhku`l alrrosplheo mprlxdbmembohtom `l quo g obl s ` ` mbmel ym mh to s íh k u `l eo m t mq u o y os eoad r ,m` íhku`l alh rospoatl m `m vortdam` (oio eo `m nrlam) nmil oà u m ` `m v d ru t m so eos` dzm slnro `m suporfdado eo trmnmil (fdk. 76,= m).Íhku`l eo alrto fÌu h tmboh to alh `m bmkh d t ue eo` íh k u `l eo rmy mel l íh k u `l eom t m q u o so eotorbdhm oh `m nrlam ` m bmk h d tu e eo ` íh k u `leo alrto fd . /


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U M @ M E ^ M E LNmrrohms l pohotrmelrosE o mauorel alh `m b u ` t d t u e eo t rmnmils eo poho t rma dñh l eo n m r r o h m e l p lr boedl eo `ls aumòs so t o r b d h m heo t rmnmimr mkuiorls eoimels eo Uuhedadñh l `ls quo gmh sdel oioautmels oh trmnmils provdls plr `m nrlamo s p d r m ` , ox ds to uhm krmh amht deme eo g o r r m b d o h t m s pmrm nmrrohmr l pohotrmr q u o so mals tubnrmh m ` ` mbmrs d b p ` o b o h t o n m r r o h m s l poh o t r melros .

Nmrrohm eo puhtml mvo``mhmelr

Nmrrohm ospdrm`@ ls mkuiorls eoimels eoUuheda dñh oh `ms pdozms al-`mems so pohotrmh l nm r rohmhalh `ms nmrrohms ospdrmòs, oseoadr, so mkrmhem su e díbo-trl y so m` d sm `m suporýa doísporm eo sus pmroeos f d -kurm 7;,=).Ostms nmrrohms so pmroaoh m`ms nrlams eo osp drm ̀ ohaumhtl quo sus rmhurms su-noh, `l bdsbl quo oh mquä-` `ms, go ` d al dem `bohò . Zlsoohobporl, 1 ñ t m b n d ä h 5 rm-h u r m s p `mhms pm rm v d ru t m s(s o ` ` mb m h eo 1 ñ eo aum t rlf d `ls rospoa t dvmboh to ) . A lhos`l so km rmh t d zm uhm boil rkuâm oh o ̀ mku i o rl quo `mq uo puoeoh emr `ms nrlamsospd rmòs eo els fd`ls. Qoalhs dkuo msâ quo `m pmroeeo ` mkuiorl som bís `dsm yu h d f l r b o .Nmrrohm eo ospdkm-kuâm@ ms amnozms eo `ls tlrhd ` `lsa d ` dher dals so ohamimh tmb-ndäh f roauohtobohto. Zmrmgmaor `m amiorm alrrosplh-edoh to os pmrm `l quo soobpòmh `m s nm r rohms eo os-pdkm-kuâm. @ m ospdkm tob-p`mem , y, plr `l kohorm` ,mtlrh d ` `mnò , s drvo pmrm kudmr`m n m r r o h m oh o ̀ t m ` me rl(f dkurm 7;,1).X@m osp dkm puoeo tmb ndä hostmr a l h s t d t u d e m plr uhmpdozm pmsmhto m `m aum` somalp`m `m pdozm quo gmao eon m r r o hm p r l p d m b o h t o t m ̀ (nm-rrohm eo qudtm y plh). @ msnmr roh ms ` ` m b m e m s m v o ` `m h m -elros puoeoh d r p rlv d s t m st m b n d ä h e o ospdkm eo kuâm .@ ms e d b o h s d l h o s eo `ms nm -rrohms, albl, pl r o i obp `l ,o` edíbotrl eo `ls f d `ls lauagd ` `ms y eo `ms ospdkms, o`íhku`l eo ̀ alhl oh `ms mvo-` ` mhmelros , ota., ostíh hl r -bm`dzmels. Ostl qu do ro eoa drquo hl so alhs t ruy oh hmembís quo nmrrohms eo a dor tmsboedems quo so alrrosplh-emh alh `ms eo `ls tlrhd ` `lsquo gmh eo ut d ` dzmrso .

F¡O. 7; = Nmrrohmospdrm` tros fd`ls)

Fâk. 7; 1 Nmrrohm eoospdkm-ku`m

@ls mkuiorls prov dmbohto tm -`mermels quo gmh eo m`limr,plr oiobp`l, porhls rlsam-els l rln`lhos, so nm r rohmh( l mvo ` ` mh mh) l so eosnmrnmhalh os t m s nm r rohms eo p u h t m(f dkurm 7;,>) quo so ` ` m b m ht m b n d ä h mvo` `mhmelros .V mh prlvds tms eo uhm pmrtoalrtmhto añhdam quo tdohoaum t rl l h u o v o fd`ls l au-agd ` `ms . O ̀ íhku`l eo ̀ alhlos vmrdmnò 5?º, 6:º, ;?y 4:º).@ls mvo ` ` mhmel ros alh íh-ku `l oh o ̀ alhl dkum ̀ m 4:so u t d ` d z m h pmrm gmaor o`m `l imbdohtl eo t l r h d ` `l s mvo-` ` mh mels 3 `ls eo íhku`l eo;? sdrvoh pmrm `l s m`lim- FÂ7 7; > Nmrrohm eo puhtmb d o h t o s eo rln`lhos mvo- (mvo``mhmelr)` `mhmels.Nmrrohm p`mhmOh `ms pdozms eo fuhe da dñh,`l s a u n l s l to tlhos quo gmheo slplrtmr `m tohs dñh eoalbprosdñh eo amnozms eot l r h d ` `l l eo tuorams, soro f rohtmh gms t m q uo quoeokm rmh t d zmem uhm suporf da dou h d f l r b o y ndoh `dsm fd-kurm 7;,5).@ ms nmrrohms p `mhms vmhprlv d s t ms eo els auagd``ls lfd`ls y eo ospdkm-ku`m. @ lb d s b l q u o ` m nrlam oh p u h -tm, quo os `m proaurslrm eo`m nrlam osp d rm ` , so puoeohfmnr damr alh boedls sohad``lsoh o` t m ` ` o r y puoeoh t mb n dähm f d `m r so añblemboh to .Alh osto lniotl `m pmrto quo`òvm `ls fd`ls so edsplho ohf l r b m eo a ua g d ` ` m r o a m b n d m -nò quo so f d im oh uhm mnor-tu rm quo m t r mv d o sm o ̀ b m h k l . Fdk. 7;,5 Nmrrohm p`mhm


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U M @ M E ^ M E L

Fdk . 7 7 ,= F u h a dñ h eo`m s e ds t dh tms p mr to s eou h m t m ` m e rm e l rm e o bo-sm , m Gu s d ` ` l eo t m `m -e r m r 3 â 8 amnozm` eo su-ioadñh3 a) V m dh m eo gu -s d ` `l 3 e ^ u o e m e o h t m e m 3 plòms e o t r m h s bd -s dñ h 3 /) b l t l r

Fdk . 77 ,> B o a m h d s b l eo oh k rmh m i os eo`m t m ` m e r m e l r m eo b m h l , m « B m ra g m` o h t m ³ e o ̀ gu s d ` ` l 3 n « b m r a g m r í p d e m ³eo ` gusd ` `l

Bíqudhms eo tm`mermr tm`mermelrms)@ m s b í q u d h m s eo t m `me rm r t dohoh q u o a u b p ` d r e o t o r b d h m e m sbds dlhos oh `m lporma dñh eo gmaor u h t m ` m e r l . Alh su m y u e mso p l h o `m nrlam oh b l v d b d o h t l eo rl t ma dñh y so o b p u i mgma dm o ̀ f l h e l eo ̀ m ku io rl quo so ostí t m ` m e r m h e l . M ̀ b d s b lt d o b p l , os suiotmem pm rm o``l `m nrlam oh o` alrrosplhedohtoa m n o z m ` , a l h e u a d e m p o r p a h e d a u ` m r b o h t o m ` p ` m h l eo `m bosmeo `m t m `mermelrm , ota. Zmrm a u b p ` d r t l e m s ostms b d s d l h o s ,` ` m b m e m s fuh a dlho s , vm ` m b íq ud hm prlvdst m eo `ls alrros-plhe doh tos e dspls d tdvls f dk . 77,=)- O ` pr dha dpm` oòbohtlalhst rua t dvl eo uhm tm `mermelrm os o` gus d ` `l eo tm `mermr ,prlvds tl eo su maa dlhmbdohtl . _h a lhl guoal oh o ` ox t robld h fo r d l r s drvo p m r m m `l i m r o` amnozm ` eo suioa dñh l edroa tm-b o h t o uh m nrlam. O ` amsqu d ` `l l v m d h m eo` gus d ` `l s d rvopmrm alheua d r os t o y gmao plsdnò , plr oiobp`l, plr boedle o u h m ruoem l vl`mhto eo b m h l , eo uhm ruoem eoh t m emy eo uhm arobm`òrm , o` b l v d b d o h t l r o a t d ` â h o l oh edroaa dñheo` oio eo` g u s d ` ` l q u o os t í mh dbmel, meobís , eo uh b l v d -b d o h t l eo rl t ma dñh . Ästo so t rmhsbd t o eoseo o` í rnl ` b l tl r ,l ndoh m t rmväs eo plòms alh alrroms t rmpozldemòs , l ndohp lr b o e d l eo ruoems eohtmems .E ls plòms eo t rmhsbds dñh flrbmhel pm ro im alhs t d t uyoh ,iuh tmbohto alh ` m s alr roms quo t rmhsbd t oh o ` os fuorzl , uhb o a m h d s b l eo t r m h s b d s d ñ h p l r a l r r om 3 `m s ruoems eohtmems ,obpmro imems t mb ndä h , fl rb mh `l quo so ` ` mbm uhm t rmh s -bds dñh p lr ohk rmhmios vämso tm ` mermelrm eo b m h l ) . O b -pòmhel vmr dms pmroims eo plòms alh sus alrroms l vmrdlspmros eo ruoems eoh t m em s so puoeo gmaor k drmr alh bísl b ohls rmpdeoz, sokùh hoaosdemeos, o` gus d ` `l eo t m `merm r .Gusd``ls, arobm`òrms y boamhdsbls eo trmhsbdsdñh, slho òbohtls y e dspls d t dvls f roauohtobohto obpòmels oh ` m sb í q u d h m s . H l sl `mbohto `ls ohalht rm robls al hs t mh t ob ohtooh `l s b u a g l s t d p ls eo t m `mermelrms qu o ox ds t oh , obpozmhelplr `m sohad``m tm ` mermelrm eo b m h l y t o r b d h m h e l plr `meo gus d ` `ls bù` t dpòs , s dhl tmbndäh, oh kohorm`, oh `m bmylrpmr to eo `ms bíqudhms gor rmbdohtms f dk . 77,>).O` gus d ` `l eo ` m s t m `mermelrms eo bmhl qu o slh b íq ud hm seo t m `merm r t r mhsplr t mnòs m b m h l ) os maa dlhmel p l r bo -edl eo uh b m h u n r d l y o ` os fuorzl busau`m r eo ` g l b n r o , lt m b n d ä h p l r b o e d l eo uh poquoýl o òa t rlbltlr .Ostms tm ` mermelrms eo b m h l slh profor dems pm rm `l s t rmnmilsquo so rom` dzmh fuorm eo` t m ` ` o r l t m b n d ä h p m r m t m `merm rpdozms b uy v l ` u b d h l s m s . O` m v m h a o s o rom ` dzm , plr `l kohorm ` ,alh m y u e m eo uh g u s d ` ` l go ` dal dem ` y uhm s u f r d e o r m .O` boamh dsbl eo ohk rmhmio s , tmh tl o` eo `ms tm `mermelrmsmaa dlhmems m b m h l a l b l o` eo `ms quo `l slh plr oòatrl-b l t l r , fma d ` d t m g m n d t u m ` b o h t o o` usl eo els eds t dhtms vo`l-a demeos eo rltma dñ h bmra gm « òhtm ³ y b mragm « r íp dem ³) f dkurm 77,>).


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74 = B l v d b d o htl s ad rau `mros oh o`g u s d ` ` l eo Sm `mermr

Blvdbdohtls eo rltmadñhO ` gus d ` `l eo ` m bíqu dhm eo tm `mermr , y `m nrlam plr ä` m r rms t rmem , rom ` dzmhuh b l v d b d o h t l eo rl tma dñh . O h ästo, amem p u h t l eo `ms pdozms quo kdrmh eos-a r dno uhm trmyoatlr dm a drau`mr auyl aohtrl so ohauoh t rm oh o` oio eo rltmadñhalr rosplhedoh to f dk . 74,= .@l s «puhtls³ sdtumels slnro `m suporfdado eo `mUdorrm, tmòs albl amsms, í rnlòs y porslhms, ostíhslbotdels m` blv db doh tl eo rltmadñ h eo `m Udorrmm`roeoelr eo` oio eo k d rl oio torrostro) quo pmsmplr `ls pl`ls Hlr to y Qur. M uhm rovlùadñh l kdrlò alrrosplheo uh trmyoatl roalrrdel auym `lhkd tueos dkum` m` p o r â b o t r l eo `m alrrosplhedohto aurvmD rmyoatlr dm .Oiobp`l9 _h puhtl eo `m pordfordm eo uhm buo`m eo d ` r fdk. 74,>) eo >:: b b : roalrro oh uhm rovl-ùadñh uh trmyoatl eo >:: b b 1 ,=5 2 6 >7 bb.

Hùborl eo rovlùadlhos@l b d s b l quo a u m h e l so t rmtm eo blvdbdo h tlsroatd` âhols, `ls b l v d b d o h t l s eo rltmadñh puoeoht ohor ùkm r t m b n d ä h a l h r mp deoz bmylr l b o h l r .O ` oio eo `m e dhmbl eo` fmrl eo uhm ndadaò tm kdrmhltmnòbohto b ís mprdsm, pl r oiobp`l, quo o` aunleo `m ruoem eo`mhtorm auym ``mhtm maadlhm `m edhmbl. O` írnl` eo` b l t l r eomaadlhmbdohtl eo `m tm `mermelrm k d rm , kohorm`bohto , alh bmy lr rmpdeozquo o` gus d ` `l eo t m `merm r plr ä ̀ maa dlhmel. @m rmp deo z eo uh blvdbdo h tleo kdrl so eotorbdhm plr o` hùborl eo vuo`tms rom`dzmems oh uh t dobple o t o r b d h m e l , plr o iobp`l, oh uh bdhutl l oh uh sokuhel. Vdoho emem

osm rmpdeoz plr o` hùborl eo rovlùadlhos h ) .@m p `mam eo amrmatorâst dams eo` b l t l r eo maa dlhmbdo h tl eo uhm tm `merm-elrm em su h ù b o r l eo rovlùadlhos quo sorí, pl r oiobp`l, uh hùbo rltm` albl =57? rov /b dh h ― =57? ro v /bdh ) .O ` sokuheorl eo uh ro `l i eo nl`sd``l em D r o v /bdh bdo h t rms quo `m mkuimquo bmram `m s glrms em > rov/>5 g . Ulels `l s emtls eo ostm a`mso alhstdtu-yo h uhm bo e dem eo `m rmp deo z eo ` b l v d b d o h t l eo rltmadñh.

Vo`lademe eo `ls blvdbdohtls eo rltmadñhQd so lnsorvm alh bís eotoh db dohtl uhm buo`m eo mfd`mr quo ostä slbo-tdem m bl vdbdoh tl eo rltmadñh, so puoeo fíad `bohto eo torbdhmr quo `mspmr t âau`ms mnrms dvms e dspuostms oh `m pordfoadm eo `m bu o`m roalrroh, oh uht dobpl eo ` o r bdhmel , trmyoatls buagl bmylros quo `ls eo `ms quo so oh -auohtrmh oh `ms p r lx dbdemeos eo` oio eo kdrl.Zorl puostl quo so ohtdoheo plr vo`lademe o` ambdhl roalrrdel oh uht dobpl eo torb dhmel , so puoeo ohuhadmr pmrm tlels `ls b lv db doh tls eorltmadñh `m sdkudohto alhaùsdñh 9@l s puhtls quo so g m ` ` m h slnro uh b dsb l e d í b o t r l t dohoh, poso m sub d s b m , a l b ù h , vo`lademe eo rl tma dñh , b u a g m s edst dh tms vo`lademeos.@m bíxdbm vo`lademe `m t dohoh mquo``ls puhtls quo so gm ` ` mh slnro `mpor dfo r dm vo`lademe por dfär dam l a d rauhfo ro ha dm ` ) b do h t rms qu o t d o h o h`m s b âh db ms mq uo ``ls p uhtls quo so gm` `mh oh `ms p rlx dbdemeo s eo` oioeo rltma dñh f dk . 74,1 .

4 , > Am b d h l ro -l oh amem r ovl-2 p o r â b o t rl`m t rmyoatlr dm adr-`m r

Fdo 74,1 M h ù b o r l sdkumòs eo rovlùadlhos= r o v / b d h ) alrrosplheohvo`lademeos edforohtos ohuh bl v d bd o h t l eo k d rl

Fdk . 74 5 Ambdhl eo alr-to eo` fd`l plr amem rovl-ùadñh 2 p o r `b o ` rl eo `mn r lam


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Fdk. 4 Ù t Q o h t d e l Io « Â U eo b l v d b do h t l seo rltmadñh. C oh sohtdel eo tm s mkuims eo`ro`li 2 kdrl m `m e o r o a g m 3 @ oh s o h t d e lal h t r m r d l m `ms mkuims e o ` r o `l i ― kdrl m `md z q u d o r e m

O h o ` a o h t r l eo uh í r n l ` plr b uy rípdel q uo ästo kdro h l oxds tob l v d b d o h t l m ` k u h l 3 `m vo `la deme oh o ` o io eo kdrl os , plr `l` mh t l 2 L b / s .@m vo`lademe oh `ls bl vdbdohtls eo kdrl hl tdoho, plr `l tmhtl,e o h d h k ù h b l e l , o ` bdsbl s dkhdf damel q u o o ` h ù b o r l e o rovl-ùa dlhos y hl e o n o a l h f u h e d r s o al h ästo.O h `ms gorrmbdohtms pmrm mrrmhquo e o v drutm , boedmhto blvd-bd o h t l a d r a u ` m r e o alrto , tmòs a l b l nrlams, frosms, ota., `mvo`lademe a d rauhfo roha dm ̀ so eohlbdhm vo `la deme eo alrto y soe m oh bo trls p l r b d h u t l b / b d h ) .Q d so alhlao o ` h ù b o r l e o r o v l ` u a d l h o s p l r b d h u t l eo `m nrlam ,so e o e u a d r í e o o s t o e m t l o ` ambdhl roalrr del o h uh b d h u t l ,os eoadr, `m vo`lademe e o alrto3 ästm vmèrí9 por âbotrl• hù borle o rovlùa dlhos .O i o b p` l 9 Zmrm uh m nrlam e o ? : b b : o ` p o r â b o t r l o s:,:? b - 1 , = 5 2 :,=?; b fdk. 74,5).Qd `m nrlam em >:: r o v /bd h , su vo`lademe e o a lr t o sorí2 >::-: ,=?; b 2 1 = , 5 b / b d h .Qoh t de l eo rltmadñh l kdrlO h `l s tm`òros so gm vdstl q uo os alhvohdoh to , aumhel so trm tme o b l v d b d o h t l s e o rl tma dñh , dh ed amr a l b l e m t l o ` s o h t d e l e o `bdsbl. Msâ, so edao quo uh b l v d b d o h t l e o kdrl, l e o r l t m a d ñh ,t doho o ` s o h t d e l e o kdrl « m `m e o r o a g m ³ , s dkhd f damhel al h o` `lq uo o` kdrl t d oho ` u k m r o h o d bdsbl soh t del quo `ms mkuims e ouh ro`li. O ` soh t del dhvorsl so ` `mbm kdrl «m `m d z q u d o r e m ³ fdkurm 4: , I ) .G my n r la ms al h r m y m e l m `m d z q u d o r e m y m `m eoroagm. @ms p r d -borms alr tmh gma dm `m d z q u d o r e m , a l h t r m o ` soh t del eo `ms mkuimseo uh ro`li, y `ms ù ` t d b m s gmadm `m eoroagm, o h o ` sohtdel eo `msm k u i m s . e o ` ro`li. @l s t l r h d ` ` l s so d h t r l e u a o h , plr `l kohorm` ,b o e d m h t o uh kdrl m `m eoroagm y so suo ` dmh k d r í h e l ` l s m `m dz-q u d o r e m . O h ` l s t l r h d ` ` l s ` ` m bm e l s e o rlsam dzqudorem laurro`l a l h t r m r d l .@m eosdkhmadñh « kdrl m `m e o r o a gm l m `m d z q u d o r e m ³ o s albpò -tmbohto mrndtrmrdm, lem voz q uo so alhsdeorm o ` sohtdel e o`b l v d b d o h t l e o k d r l bd r í h e l ` l s d o bp r o e os e o o ` `mel o h quoostí o ` m a a d lhm b d o h tl . Oh `ms n r la ms , plr `l t m h t l , e o s e o o `b m h k l , y h l e os e o `m p u h t m eo `m bd s bm .

rmnmil eo tm`mermelKrmhotamel eo ̀ aohtrl eo `ls tm`merlsO h `l s p `m h l s e o tm ` ` o r so maltmh `l s aoh trls e o m ` m e r l . Q od h e d a m h t m b n d ä h `m s e d s t m h a d m s o h t r o `l s t m ` m e r l s e o aohtrl maohtrl fdk. 4:,>).@m puhtm eo `m nrlam p oh o t rm prdbormbohto oh o ` bmtordm ò b p o z m h e l plr o ` a o h t r l e o ` mkuio rl . Z l r ostm rmzñh gmy quot ohor audemel e o q u o oh osa p u h t l o s t ä n d o h k u d m e m `m n r la m .Q d rdl laurro ostl msd, `m nrlam so eosvâm . O ` aoh trl eo ` m `merl ,p r o v d m bo h t o t r m z m e l , so bmram ohärkdambohto al h o` k r í h o t o 9`m amvdeme quo so prleuao al h ostl o h £ ` bm t o r d m ` s u bd h d s t r m`m prdborm kuâm m `m nrlam.


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U @ ^ L

O h t r m nm i ls eo proa ds dñh so t rmzm `l quo so ` ` m b m uh ma d r auh fo ro ha d m eo a l h t r l ` eo` e d í bo t rl e o` mkuiorl y sobm ra m al h k r ího ò fdk. 4 = , = . A u m h e l `m plsdadñh eo`m nrlam e u r m h t o o ` t r m nm i l o s ` m alrroatm q u oe m rí h m `f d h m ` `l s p u h t l s eo krího ò alr`mels plr `m bd t m e . Qd `mnrla m so eosvâm , puoeo roalhlaorso ostl m h t d a d p m e m -b o h t o plr o ` t r m z m e l goagl y puoeo bmramrso eo h u o v lalh o` krího to .

Oòaadñh eo `m nrlam alrroatmO ` e díbot rl eo `m nrlam vm krmnmel oh o ` bmhkl eo `mb d s b m 3 so vorí , plr o i obp`l , 7 ,7 b b , albl soým`m `mf dkurm 4=,>. Qd `ms a d f rms hl so roalhlaoh ndoh , plr m `kleo eoskmsto quo pu e d o rm t oh o r o` b m h k l , so plerí eo-t o r b d h m r `m boe d e m eo `m nrlam oh `m pm r t o su po r d l r ,e l h e o t o r b d h m h `ls f d `ls, u t d ` d z m h e l pm rm o ` `l o ` p do eoro y (fdk. 4=,>). H l e o n o b o e d r s o h u h a m plr `ls f d `ls eondso` l fmims eo ku `m .@ m s n rla m s k rm h e os t d o h o h u h f d ` l t r m h sv o rsm ` bu y k rm h e oq uo h l o h a u o h t r m uh m n u o h m k u d m oh o ` krmhemzl quobm ra m o` a oh t rl y plr ostm rmzñh so eosvâmh alh fma d ` deme .@ ls t m ` m e rls k rm h e os so t m ` m e r m h p r o v d m b o h t o alh nrlampoquoým (fdk. 4=,1). Ohtlhaos sdrvo o` tm`merl provdleo ku âm y m ` bdsbl t dobpl pmrm eosamrkmr o ` f d `l t rmhs-vorsm ` eo `m nrlam krmhe o . O ` e dí b ot r l eo ̀ m ` m e r m e lprovdl eono sor m ` k l b m y l r quo o` e d í b o t r l eo` h ùa ` oleo `m nrlam quo so vm m o b p ` o m r m a l h t d h u m a d ñ h .O ` m ` u b d h d l , alnro, b mtor dm òs s dh tä ` dals , ota., so t m ` m e rm halh nrlams ospoadmòs.@ ms nrlams ospoadmòs t d o h o h e d s t d h t l r myme l y m f d ` meleo `m p u h t m quo `ms nrlams eo ospd rm ` alrr dohtos . @ mf l rbm eo su fd`l so malblem m `ms ospoadmòs amrmato-r âst dams eo` bm t o r d m ` , albl ros d s toha dm , eurozm , tohma d -eme l f r m k d ` d e m e . @ ms nrlams ospoadmòs p rle u a oh t m ` m -e rls ` d bp d ls y m g lr rm h t d obpl oh ` m lpo rm a d ñh .

Miusto eo ` h ù b o r l eo rovlùadlhos oh `m tm-`mermelrm Fdk. 4=.1Zmrm oòkdr o` hùborl eo r ovl ù a d lh os alrroatl iuokm, slnro tlel, uh pmpo d b p l r t m h t o o` edíbotrleo `m nrlam. Aumhtl bmylr os ästo tmhtl bmylr so gmao t m b n d ä h `m vo`lademe po r d f ä r d a m quo so pro-sohtm oh sus a u a g d ` ` m s (vo`lademe eo alrto).Oiob p` l 9E d í b o t r l eo `m nrlam =: b b 1 : b bH ù b o r l eo r o v l ` u a d l h o s =::: r ov / bd h =::: r o v / bd hZ or â bo t rl oh b 2 : , := 1,=5 2 :,:1=5 b : ,:45> bZorâbotrl-hùborl eo rovlùadlhos vo`lademe eo alrto) 1=,5 b/bâh 45,> b/bdhMglrm ndoh, aumhel `m vo`lademe eo alrto os eobmsdmel krmheo so prleuao roaladel l rlturm eo `ls f d `ls .Zmrm o v d t m r ` l so tm`mermh `ls mkuiorls eo poquoýl edíbotrl alh oòvmel hùborl eo rovlùadlhos y `lseo edíbotrl krmheo, plr o ̀alhtrmrdl, alh poquoýl hùborl eo rovlùadlhos.Hl sl ` m boh t o o ` e d í bo t rl e o ` mk u i o rl , s dhl tmb nd äh o ` bm tor dm ` m t rmn m im r iuokmh su pmpo` m `m glrm eoo òk d r o ` h ù b o r l eo r ovl ù a d lh os m e oa u m e l . A u m h t l b ís ro s d s d oh t a y e u r l som o` b m t o r d m ` m t rmnm im r , t m h t lb í s p o q u o ý l t o h e r í qu o sor o ` h ùb orl e o rovl ù a d lh os .


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U M @ M E ^ M E LA u m h e l so obpòmh nrlams eo maorl rípdel oh ` ukm r e o nrlams eo maorl eo go r rmb doh tms , pleroblsgmaor o` h ù b o r l eo rovlùadlhos = ,? . . .> voaos bmylr. @ ms nrlams alh fd`ls eo b o tm ̀ e u r l p u o e o ht rmnm im r , sd h roalaorso, alh h ù b o r l e o r ovl ` ua dlhos ? voaos bmy lr quo `ms nrlams eo maorl rípdel.@m pros dñh eo mvmhao m b mh l gmy quo oòkdr`m p lr db pros dñh, plr tmatl, eo tm` bl el quo hl so prl-euzam, ospoadm`bohto pmrm `ms nrlams eo edí b otrls poquoýl s, rl tur m plr f òx dñh `m torm` .ôsu`tm ospoadm`bohto krmheo o` po ` dk rl eo rl tu rm aumhel `m p u h t m eo `m nrlam ` òkm m mtrmvosmr o`bmtordm` . @ls fd`ls so o h k m h a g m h fíad `bohto y, albl alhsoauohadm eo` krmh trmnmil m `m tl r s dñh , sorlbpo `m nrlam.

ôfrdkormadñh y ùnrdamadñh eo `m nrlamM` t m ` me rm r so prleuao rlzmbdohtl oh `ls sdtdls eoalhtmatl ohtro `ls fd`ls l auagd``ms y `ms pmroeos eo`mkuiorl. U m h t l `m go r rmb doh tm albl `m pdozm puoeohamòhtmrso alh o` `l hl tmn ` obo hto . @ m p uh tm eo ` mnrlam puoeo roalaorso alh `l aum ` so o b nl t m y q uoemdhsorvdnò p r o b m t u r m b o h t o . Z m r m ov d t m r ostl, gmnríquo edsbdhudr o ̀ rlzmbdohtl y eosvdmr l o ` dbdhmrr í p d e m b oh t o o` am `lr prleuadel, os eoadr quo gmnríquo ùnr damr y rofrdkormr suf dadohtobohto `m p u h t m eo`m nrlam.O ` boe dl obp` omel ko ho rm ` boh to pm rm rofrdkormr yùnrdamr os `m tm `mer dhm boza`mem alh mkum quo so

b mp` dam m `m p u h t m eo `m nrlam alh uhm nrlagm. udemels alh gorrmbdohtms y bíqudhm@ms nrlams gmy qu o b mhoim r `ms audem elsm b ohto . M hto tlel gmy quo prltokor sus fd `ls tobp`melseo `ls plsdn òs eotordlrls m alhsoauohadm eo kl`pos y amâems.@ ms nrlams obnltmems hl pohot rmh y m s dhl e df âa d `bohto oh o` b m to r d m `. M ` t m ` me rm r , so alhlao o ` obnl-t mbdohtl oh quo oh o ̀ nlreo supordlr eo ` mkuiorl so flrbm uh mnu`tmbdohtl y oh `m pmrto dhfordlruh m fuorto ronmnm. Oh ` m b d s b m nrlam so hl tm p r dborl o` eoskmsto, plr rok`m kohorm` , oh o` sdt dl eoalhtmatl oht ro o` fd`l p r dha dpm ` y o` eo ndso`, quo so gm` `m oh `m pordfordm fdk. 4>,= .@ m tm`mermelrm hoaosdtm alhstmhtos audemels. @ m bosm eo `m tm`mermelrm gmy quo ` dbp dmr `m eo v d ru -tms eospuäs eo ` t r mnm i l .Qlnro tlel `m s v d ru t m s poq uoýms , p lr o iobp`l, `ms eo fuhedadñh krds , matùmh aumhel so bo toh oh `lsslplrtos l ku âms eo `m b í q u d h m albl uh boedl mnrms dvl y emh ùkmr m uh prob mturl eoskmsto l eo-tor dlrl eo `ms pmrtos oh b l v d b d o h tl .@ls rostls y sm`pdameurms eo rofrdkormhto eonoh qudtmrso alh audemel plrquo oh amsl alhtrmrdlso prleuaoh lxdemadlhos. fd`mel eo `ms nrlams obnltmems@ ms nrlams eo ospdrm ̀ alr tmh ù h da m b o h to ndoh a u m h e l o` mfd `mel eo `m p u h t m o s alrroatl, l som aumhel`ls íhku`ls quo dh to rv dohoh oh `ls f d`ls eo `m nrlam so bmhtdohoh alh ox matd tu e. Zlr ox pordohadm sosmno quo ostl hl so alhsdkuo s dhl alh myue m eo uhm b íq udh m pmrm mfd `mr nrlams eo ospd rm ` l, m`bohls , eo uh blhtmio ospoadm` mp` damel m uhm b uo`m alrr dohto .Qd , m posmr eo ostl quo eoadbls, gu ndor m quo mfd `mr m b mhl so emr í ùkmr , koho rm `b ohto , m fm ` tms . M ` t m ` m e rm r slnro maorl u ltrls bmtordmòs tohmaos hl so prleuao hmem b ís quo uh nuaò eovdrutm . @m nrlam so eosmfd`m rípdembohto.Qñ`l uhl eo `ls f d `ls prdhadpmòs ` òkm m alrtmr . Ostl os sl`mbohto pls dn ò aumhel mbnls f d `ls l au-agd``ms ostíh mfd `mels nmil uh íhku`l eds t dh tl rospoatl m` oio eo `m nrlam. O h osto amsl uhl sñ`l eo`ls fd`ls tdoho quo alrror alh tlel o ̀ trmnmil eo ̀ m r r m h q u o eo v d ru t m , os eoad r alh tlel o` trmnmileo fmad ` d tmr tlem `m prl fuhe deme eo mvmhao . Oso fd`l rosu` tm ms â slnroamrkmel y `m gorrmbdohtm soeosmfd`m r íp dembohto f dk . 4>,> .


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U M @ M E ^ M E L>. O` tm`merl rosu` tm hltmn òb ohto bmylr quo o` edí b otr l eo `mnrlam eo ospdrm`, plr oiobp`l, =>,6 oh ùkmr eo =>.: b b fdk. 41,= .Ulems `m s nrlams eo ospdrm ̀ gmaoh o ̀ t m ` merl uh plal bmylr quo `l quoalrrosplheorâm m su edíbotrl. Ostl tdoho plr amusm `m eofoatulsm kudm eo`m nrlam oh o` aohtrl eo` mkuiorl. Eurmhto o ̀ t m ` mermel so eosvdm `m p u h â meo blel quo `ls fd`ls oh ndso` mrrmhamh tlemvâm m`kl eo bmtordm ̀ eo `mspmroeos eo ̀ mkuiorl.O` oxaosl eo boedem os eo bmkh d tue vm r d mn ` o 3 aumhel so tm `merm oh maorlvmò, sokùh som o` e d í b o t r l eo `m nrlam, eo :,= m :,> bb y a u m h e l so trm-nmim alh o` m ùbdhdl y eobís bmtordmòs n`mhels , eo :,? m =,: bb t mbndähsokùh o` edíbotrl eo `m nrlam.Albl m q u â so gm slnropmsmel hl tmn òbohto o ̀ oxaosl alrrdohto eoboedem :,= bb ), gmnrí quo m t r d n u d r `m amusm ùh dambohto m uh mfd`meloxaähtrdal. O ̀ e d íbot rl lntohdel so rdko oh osto amsl s dobpro plr `mauagd``m l fd`l quo tohkm bmylr `lhkd tue.1, @m nrlam hl alrtm sdhl quo « albprdbo³. Qo hoaosdtm ob pòmruhm krm h prosdñh eo mvmh ao sdh quo so alh sdkm , hl lnstmh to, uh m rrmh-quo quo vm `km `m pohm fdk. 41,> .@ls fd`ls p r dha dpm òs hl os tíh suf da dohtobohto eostm `lhmels y hl puo-eoh, albl alhsoauohadm eo ostl, pohotrmr oh o` bmtor dm ` .Aumhel so mfd`m m bmhl gmy quo tohor oh auohtm, plr `l tmhtl, `ls dkudohto 9 Mbnls fd `ls prdhadpmòs tdohoh quo kumremr uh íhku`l oxmatmbohto

dkum ` alh rospoatl m` oio eo `m nrlam fdk. 41,1m albprlnmr`lalh p `mh t d ` ` m s eo m f d ` m r ) fdk. 41,5 .>. Gmy quo kumre mr s dobpro `m plsdadñh oxmatmbohto aohtrmem eo `lsfd`ls prdhadpmòs fdk. 41,1 n .

1. @m puh tm eo `m nrlam eono ostmr al r r oa t mb oh t o eostm`l hmem fd-kurm 41,1 o .

O` eostm `lhmel alrroatl so roalhlao oh o` íhku`l quo flrb mh oh trosâ `ls fd`ls prdha dpm` y trmhsvorsm`. Osto íh ku` l suoò v mòr oh nrlamsalh íhku`l oh `m p u h t m eo ==6m, uhls ??º.

Quioadñh eo gorrmbdohtm y pdozm@ms nrlams eo bmhkl ad ` dherdal so suiotmh oh plrtmnrlams, l bmher d ` oseo tm `mermr , ospoadmòs , ` `mbmels eo els l eo tros blremzms. Ostms blr-emzms eosp`mzmnòs rmedm`bohto , os eoadr oh edroaadñh eo ̀ rmedl, fmad`d-tmh `m suioadñh eo nrlams eo edíbotrls edforohtos f dk . 45,= .

Fdo. 41,=

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UM@ME^MEL@ls osfuorzls eo rlzmbdohtl quo so prosoh tmh oh`m s suporfdados eo suioa dñh eo `ms blremzms,, mrrmstrmhalhsdkl `m nrlam. O ̀ plrtmnrlams eo els blremzmst doho, kohorm`bohto, oh o` flhel els suporf dados oha u ý m quo so mprdotmh f uo r t oboh to alhtrm els supor-f da dos eo ` bmhkl dbp de d ä h e l ` o ms â quo puoem kdrmr.@ms nrlams alh bmhkl añhdal so al`lamh edroatm-bohto oh o ` alrrosplhedohto tm`merl eo` g u s d ` ` l fd-kurm 45,> .Aumhel, oh o` amsl eo nrlams eo poquoýl edíbotrl,rosu` ` m o` alhl d h t o r d l r eo` g u s d ` ` l bmylr quo o òx tor dlr eo ̀ bmhkl eo `m nrlam, `l quo so gmao osut d ` d zm r vmdhms l a m squ d ` ` l s d h t o r boe dl s .Zmrm sl`tmr ostms nrlams so u t d ` d z m uhm auým quoo b p u i m gmadm mnmil `m boagm eo ` bmhkl añhdal qu omslbm plr `m rmhurm trmhsvorsm ̀ eo ` gus d ` ` l .@ms pdozms t dohoh qu o mplymr n doh slnro `m bosm eot m ` me rm r y sor msokurmems alhtrm u h dhvlùhtmrdlv uo ` al l u h r o s n m ` m b d o h t l ` m t o rm ` qu o puoeoh pro-sohtmrso albl alhsoauohadm eo `m prosdñh eo mvmhao.@m bosm eo `m t m ` m e r m e l r m eono ostmr, mhtos eo al-b o h z m r o ` trmnmil, albpòtmbohto ` d b p d m eo v d r u -tms. Alh lniotl eo hl eotordlrmr`m aumhel mtrmvdosm`m nrlam eo pmrto m pmrto, so al`lamh eonmil, l n d ohpdozms pmrmòòpdpäedams q u o eoioh ohtro sd o` guoalhoaosmr dl pmrm m`limr `m puhtm eo `m nrlam, l n dohtmals eo bmeorm eurm.@ms pdozms a d ` d h e r d a m s so suiotmh oh uh prdsbm lpdozm oh «uvo³ y so msokurmh alhtrm o` kdrl plrb o e d l eo u h ostrdnl eo f d ima dñh .

Zrovohadñh eo maadeohtosnmil eo tm`mermel eurmhto o` trm-

d p 45 1

@ ls g u s d ` ` l s eo tm`mermr slh po`dkrlsls aumhel ostíhoh fuhadlhmbdohtl plrquo p uoeoh mrrmstrmr alhsdklrlpms f ` l t mh t os l amno ` `ls quo auo`kuoh. Eonoh` òvmrso rlpms n d oh miustmems slnro tlel `ms bmh-kms . Os roalbohemnò ` òvmr o` amno``l ndoh alrtl.@m pdozm eono ostmr msokurmem alhtrm o ̀ kdrl quo t doheo m emrò `m nrlam. @ms vdrutms y, slnro tlel, `lsnuaòs `mrkls hl eonoh rotdrmrso alh `m bmhl, sdhl obpòmhel uh kmhagl meoaumel pmrm o``l.Oioradadls= ¼Zlr quä rmzñh m` tm`mermr so trmzmh adrauhforohadms eo alhtrl` aumhel so rom`dzmh trmnmils eo proadsdñh> Oxp`damr o` blel eo flrbmrso uh m vdrutm m` tm`mermr y quä f d `ls eo `m nrlam eo ospdrm` d h t o r v d oh oh oh o``l. ¼]uä proamuadñh gmy quo tohor ospoadm `bohto oh auohtm oh o` mf d `mel b m h u m ` eo nrlams eo ospdrm`:,? â?. Oxp`damr `ms amusms g dpltät dams .45


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^mspmel alh osamrdmelrAumhel so trmtm eo msokurmr ohtro sd pdozms oh susp l s d a d l h o s r o ` m t d v m s , albl pmsm, p l r o i o b p ` l , o hg o r r m b d o h t m s eo a l r t o , so u t d ` d z m h p m s m e l r o s l tmb-ndäh t l r h d ` ` l s m i u s t mels .Zmrm os`l so mkrmhemh, l m`dsmh, alh muxd`dl eòo s a m r d m e l r , ` l s m k u i o r l s t m ` m e r m e l s alh ` m n rla meo o s p d r m ` .@ l s tm`merls eo `l s slplrtos s o u t d ` d z m h p m r m m ` l i m rí r n l ` o s o h rltmadñh. A l h ln i o t l eo b m h t o h o r p o -q u o ý l o` rlzmbdohtl o h ` l s s l p l r t o s l a l i d h o t o d v ä ms o pmk. 6 4) eono sor `m p m r o e eo` m k u i o r l t m h` d s m albl p u o e m alhsokudrso. O` t m ` m e r l eono t o h o ru h e d í b o t r l ` d k o r m b o h t o b m y l r q u o o` eo ` í r n l `q u o gm e o m ` l i m r eono p r o s o h t m r u h p o q u o ý l o x -aosl eo b o e d e m ) a lh ln i o t l eo qu o ästo p u o e mk d r m r f í a d ` b o h t o oh ä` y, m posmr eo o``l, sdh agm-a l ` l t o m r e o h t r l sdh iuokl). @ m s h o a o s m r d m s o x m a t d -t u e eo b o e d e m s , u h d f l r b d e m e y ` d s u r m a m ` d e m e s u -p or f d a d m ` ) eo osls t m ` m e r l s eo s l p l r t o so a l h s d k u o ho h v d r t u e eo osm lpormadñh eo o s a m r d mel .@ l s m k u i o r l s e o r l n ` l h o s a u y l s o i o s h l a l d h a d e m ho x m a t m b o h t o , so a l r r d k o h o h a u m h t l m o s t o e o f o a t lb o e â m h t o o s a m r d mel a l h lniotl e o q u o ` l s r l n ` l h o sp u o e m h s o r d h t r l e u a d e l s s d h e d f d a u ` t m e .Oh o ̀osamrdmel eo tm`merls so mrrmhamh eo suspmroeos v d r u t m s poquoýâsdbms plr boedl eo `msg o r r m b d o h t m s eo alrto meoaumems quo so ` ` m b m hosamrdmelros fdk. 4?,=). @ls tm`merls so `òvmhm s â m ̀ edíbotrl oxmatl quo eonoh tohor. @lseofoatls eo flrbm, tmòs albl `m edsaropmhadmeo `ms pmroeos alh uhm flrbm oxmatmbohtoad`dherdam, so o`dbdhmh alh o ̀ osamrdmel. @mmsporozm eo pmroeos eo `ls tm`merls goaglsa l h ` m nrlam eo ospdrm ̀ s o m`dsmh y m f d h m h m `bdsbl tdobpl.@ls osamrdmelros eo bmhl so dhtrleuaoh audem-elsmbohto alh myuem eo uh kdrmbmagls, pro-sdlhmhel blvdbdohtl eo mvmhao) y kdrmhel b l v d b d o h t l e o alrto) ` d k o r m b o h t o fdk. 4?,>m).@ls osamrdmelros pmrm trmnmimr alh bíqudhm sos u i o t m h oh o ̀ plrtmnrlams eo `m tm`mermelrm lo h o ` amsqud``l eo ` gusd``l eo ` amnozm` bñvdèo` tlrhl fdk. 4?,> n y a).Oh `m tm`mermelrm ò slh mp`damels m `m gorrm-b d o h t m `l s blvdbdohtls eo mvmhao y eo alrtob o e d m h t o o ̀ g u s d ` ` l eo tm`mermr. Oh o ̀ tlrhl`l quo so buovo os `m pdozm, quo kdrm frohto m `mg o r r m b d o h t m y o s ùhdambohto eosp`mzmem alhtrmo ` tm`merl.Fdk. 4?,= mrrdnm) Oioauadñh eo uh tm`merl miustmel.m) Um`mermel provdl alh `m nrlam ospdrm`3 n osamrdmelalh ò osamrdmelrF Â O 4?,> mnmil) Blvdbdohtls e u r m h t o o ̀ osamrdmel.m Osamrdmel m bmhl3 n osamrdmel oh tm `mermelrm3 a) os-amrdmel oh o` tlrhl

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O Q A M ^ D M E L

Fdk. 4 6 = Zrlaosl eo m r r m h q u o eovd ru tm oh o ` osamrdmel

Zrlaosl eo trmnmil oh o` osamrdmel@ls fd`ls l a u a g d ` ` m s eo ̀ osamrdmelr p u o e o h mrrmhamr bmtor dm èo `ms pmroeos eo ̀ t m ` m e rl a u m h e l o ̀ t m `mermel prov dl pro-•oh to frohto m ` e díbot rl eo ` osamr dmelr uh roeua del eofoatl eoboe dem .@ms v d ru tms vmh s dohel mrrmhamems o h v d r t u e e o ` b l v d b d o h t leo alrto a d r auhfo r oha dm ` eo `ms auag d ` `ms eo ` osamrdmelr quov mh d h t rl e u a d ä h e l so p m u ` m t d h m b o h t o o h o ` t m ` m e rl f âk. 46,=).Albl o prlaosl eo m r r m h q u o eo v d ru t m s so r o p m r t o uh d fl r -b o b o h t o slnro vmr dls fd`ls 6-=7), amem uhl eo o``ls mrrmhamsñ`l b uy plams v d ru t m s .Ù h d a m b o h t o `m pmrto eo`mhtorm eo `ms `mrkms a u a g d ` ` m s eo` os-amrdmelr, ` ` m b m e m ohtrmem, quo os `m quo so dhtrleuao prd-borl oh o` mkuiorl, ostí m f d `mem oh f l r b m añhdam. O s - ` m pmrtoeo `ms a u a g d ` ` m s q u o mrrmham `ms v drutms.@m pmrto `mrkm, quo s dkuo m `m quo gobls ` ` m b m e l o h t r m e m ,so b m h t d o h o alh f l r b m m p r l x d b m e m b o h t o a d ` d h e r d a m y s d rvopmrm k u d m r eo b l e l b í s s o k url o ` d h s t ru b o h t l o h o ` t m ` m e rl p m r t o ` ` m b m e m eo k u d m ) . @ls osamrdmelros hl so eosvâmh, ohv d r t u e eo os tm nuohm ku dm , t mh fía d `bohto albl `ms nrlams e oosp d rm ` , plr o i obp`l . Alh lniotl eo quo `m p m r t o eo k u d m hlfrlto eo blel dhhoaosmrdmbohto fuor to oh `ms pmroeos eo`t m ` m e r l ym m ` d smems , m voaos so gmao sumvobohto añh dam .Umbndäh `ms poquoýms v d ru tms quo so flrbmh eurmh to o ` os -amrdmel so qu donrmh aumhel, sokùh som `m t ohma deme eo ` b m t o -r dm` quo so m r rmham , gmh mequd r del uhm eo to rbdhmem `lhk d tue .Oh o` puhtl eo rlturm puoeo fíad`bohto flrbmrso uhm poquoýmamvdeme. Q d tlels `ls fd `ls eo` osamr dmelr os tuv do rmh uh d fl r -b o b o h t o e d s t r d n u d e l s m `l `mrkl eo su p o r d f o r d m , os eoadr, sdo` pmsl eo` osamrdmelr fuorm uh d flrbo, `ms v d ru tms so rlbpo-r âmh s dobpro oh o` bdsbl s d t dl . Albl `ls e d oh t o s so smno plroxpor dohadm quo so a `mvmh fía d `boh to oh osls s d t dls, so vmhp r l f u h e d zm h e l `ls puh dls eo rl turm pmu `m t dhmbohto y so flr -bmh uhms bmrams l surals quo ostrlpomh `m nuohm am` demesuporfdadm` e o ` t m ` m e rl . Ostl so ov d tm gmadohe l qu o `ls f d `lsl auag d ` `ms os täh e d spuos tls eo b l e l hl r o k u ` m r slnro `mpo r d fo r d m eo `m go r r m b d o h t m .

Fdk. 46 > Zmsl l e dvd s dñh eo osamr dmelros

Oiobp`ls9 S ropmr tl r oku `m r eo, plr oiobp`l, 7 a ua g d ` ` m sem uh íhku`l oh o` aohtrl eo 5? oht ro amem els auagd` `m9 3alht dkums. Oh uhm e d s t r d nua d ñh hl roku`mr so o òk d r âmh, plroiobp`l, pmrm 7 auag d ` ` m s `l s s dkudohtos íhku `ls oh o` aoh-trl9 5>º, 55º, 56º, 57º, 5>º. 55 , 56º, 57º.Alh ostl rosu ` tmh sdobpro > edohtos o x m a t m b o h t o ohfroh-tmels fdk. 46,>).O` po`dkrl eo o h k m h a go eo `ls edoh tos puoeo ovd tmrso t m b -ndäh boedmh to uhm Alrbm go ` d aldem ` eo `ms auag d ` ` m s os -amr dmelros ` ` m b m e l s eo edohtos go` daldemòs) .


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OQAM^DMEL lrbm eo `ls edohtos@ m b m y l r â m eo `ls osamrdmelros vmh prlvdstls eo e dohtos roatls, os eoadr, quo susfd`ls tdohoh flrbm roatm y vmh e dspuostls pmrm ò `mbohto m` oio eo `m go r rmbdoh tm .@ms go r rmbdoh tm s eo e d oh t os oh ospdrm` l boilr edagl, eo flrbm go ` d al dem ` , soo b p ` o mh pm rm o` osamrdmel eo t m ` me rls prlvdstls eo rmhurms , l eo mkuiorls, l eoùbnrorms.@ls osamrdmelros prlvdstl s eo edoh tos roatls so a`mv mrâm h oh `ls nlreos tmb ndä hroatls eo `ms r mhurms , agmvo to rls y mhí`lkls, y `l s fd`ls alr tmhtos so rlbpor âmh .@m dha` dhmadñh eo rmymel (albpíroso alh o` soht del eo k d rl) vm oh s o h t d e llpuostl m `m edroaadñh eo alr to l eo kdrl eo` osamr dmelr . O s eoadr , quo `m g o r r m -b d o h t m , quo l r e d h m r d m b o h t o al r tm alh uhb l v d b d o h t l m `m eoro ag m, so prlvoorí eomr d s t ms alr tmhtos alh f l rbm go` daldem`d zqu d o r em (f dk. 47,=).Qd o` rmymel eo `m g o r r m b d o h t m v o` bl-v db do h tl eo kdrl fuormh m b n l s e o` b d s b lsoht del , o` osamrdmelr, `l bdsbl quo su-aoeo alh uhm nrlam eo ospdrm`, so dhtrl-

e u a d r â m m bmhorm eo uh smamalragls oho` tm`merl y so mtmsamrdm oh ä` .

äd̀ao m`m dzqudorem

= = = < 47,= Qoht del eoblv dbdoh tl eo `ls fd`lseo ` osamrdmelr

r― Osamrdmelros . d | d . . d d H r

L

F Â O 47,5 Osamrdmelros añhdals, m Os -amr dmelr eosnmstmelr d n osamrdmelr pmrmtrmnmil provdl3 a) osamrdmelr eo mamnmel

Osamrdmelros miustmnòsO` e d í b o t r l eo `ls osamrdmelros alh e d oh t os frosmels, l som eo`l s ` `mbmels osamrdmelros fdils, so gmao b ís poquoýl amem vozquo so mfd`m `m g o r r m b d o h t m. Zlr ostm rmzñh, `l s osamrdmelros fdilsslh plal t dobpl u t d ` d z m n ` o s pmrm o` osamrdmel eo uh eo to rbdhmeledíbotrl eo tm `merl . Tm amsd eoseo o` pr dbor mf d `mel hl puoeohusmrso hmem bís quo pmrm o` osamrdmel provdl.Ulels `l s edohtos eo `ls osamrdmelros miustmn òs vmh dh t r l eua del sy kudmels oh rmhurms `lhkd tuedhmòs puedohel, alh myuem eomhd ` `ls rlsamels, eosp`mzmrso slnro suporf da dos añhdams oh edroa-adñh mxdm` , os eoadr, oh `m e d roaa dñh eo` o io eo `m gor rmb doht m(f dkurm 47,>).Albl alhsoauohadm eo ` eos ` d zmb doh tl slnro `m suporfdado añhdam,so eosp `m zmh `m s a ua g d ` ` m s m` b d s b l t dobpl oh edroaadñh eo` e dí -b o t r l , os eoa d r , r me dm `b oh to , gma dm fuorm. A lh ostl puoeo alb-pohsmrso o` eoskmsto quo so prleuao oh o` m f d ` mel .@ls osamrdmelros pmrm o h a g u f m r , hl ` òvmhbmhkl. Ostíh alhs t d tu dels sñ`l plr `m pmrtoprlvdstm eo auagd ` `ms , quo os guoam y quopuoeo fdimrso oh uh bmher d ` eo suioadñh( f dkurm 47,1). Alh ostl r o su ` tm plsdnò, ospo-a d m ` b o h t o oh o ̀ amsl eo krmheos e díbot rls ,mglrrmr bm to r dm ` eo oòvmel proadl ym quoo ` b m h e r d ` eo suioadñh puoeo ostmr goagleo maorl nmrmtl.G my osamrdmelros añhdals quo so u t d ` d z m h ,plr oiobp`l, pmrm osamrdmr `ls amsqud ` `lsañhdals oh quo gm eo d h t r l e u a d r s o o ̀alhl eo`m s gorrmbdohtms. @ls tm`merls alrrosplh-edohtos so oioautmh p rov dmboh to eo blelosam`lhmel. Albl alh `ls osamrdmelros añ-hdals gmy quo mrrmhamr bís amhtdeme eov d r u t m , so u t d ` d zm uh iuokl 1 pdozms) (fd-kurm 47,5 .

Fdk. 47,1 Osamrdmelr pmrm dr oh a gu f me l

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^ Q A M ^ D M E LBoedadñh y boedems xmatdtue eo b oedems eo `ms pdozmsQo edao quo uhm pdozm os oxmatm oh aumhtl m boedems, aumhel `ms ` l h k d t u e o s eo sus mrdstms, eo susedíbotrls, ota. aldhadeoh alh `ls emtls edbohsdlhmòs quo emh `ms altms dhedamems oh o` p`mhl eotm`òr. M` albprlnmr alh dhstrubohtls eo boedadñh oxmatls ― plr oiobp`l, am`dnros eo proadsdñh ―`ms boedems lntohdems oh `m pdozm, puoeo, obporl, plhorso eo bmh d f dos tl quo , s o k ù h som o ̀ prlao-edbdohtl eo trmnmil obpòmel pmrm lntohor `m pdozm, edsaropmh bís l bohls eo `ms boedems ox d -kdems oh o ̀ e d nu il , os e oa d r quo tlems `ms pdozms so lntdohoh sdobpro ù h d a m b o h t o alh bmylr l bohlro xma t d t ue .O ` e d í bo t rl eo uh t m ` merl o sa m r d mel soed forohadm , plr o iobp`l, bohls eo `m b o-e d em o x d k d em q u o o` quo gm s del l n t o h d e lalh `m nrlam eo o spd rm ` .Aumhel so flrim uh vís dmkl eo ?: Erosu ` tm edf âa d` , p lr hl eoa d r dbp lsdn ò ,l n t o h o r ` m b o e d e m o x dk dem , h d s d qu do rmm p r l x d b m e m b o h t o , s d hl qu do ro u h l ` ohorq uo alhflrbmrso al h s lboòr `m pdozmm vmrdls ohklrrlsls y als tlsls am òhtm-bdohtls oh `m f r m k u m . Q d , plr o ` alht rmr dl ,so q u d s d o r m a l h s t r u d r o ` bd sbl vms t mklb o e d m h t o u h m amnmel a l h ` dbm, pleríospormrso quo `ms bo ede ms ln to hde ms oh`m s mr ds tms eo `m p d o z m so e d fo roha doh sñ`lb u y ` d ko rmbo h t o eo ` m s bo e d ems o x d k d emsplr o ` e dnuil .Os to goagl so t d o h o oh a uo h t m gma d o hel .@ ms b í x d b m s e d fo roha dms eo bo e d em mebd -t dems l r e d h m r d m b o h t o oh `ms p dozms a lhrospoatl m `ms a l ` m s e o ` p ` m h l so gmh ý imela lbl vm ` l ro s o xpo r d bo h t m ` o s pm rm e d s t d h t l sprla o e d bd o h t ls eo t rmnmil , tm òs albl `l se o flrim y o b n u t d a d ñ h , ` l s quo t d o ho h ` u k m ral h m r r m h q u o e o v d r u t m , ota.Z m rm eo s d khm r e o b l e l d h o q u â v l a l ` ms e d -forohadms m eb ds dn ò s , so obpòmh oxpros dl-h os täahdams ospoadmòs. Ostms oxprosdlhoseonoh sorhls alhla dems plrquo oh eo to r -b d h m e l s amsls d h t o r v d oh oh t m b n d ä h oh o è dn u i l eo tm ` ò r . Fdo. 44,> @ ms p dozms t d b mems al h oxma t d tue eonoh e dsaropmrb uy plal eo `ms b o e de m s e o ` p ` m h l

Vämso Ið t z - Q agmrc us , Q`lfA-Ymg`-Flrrh ( Bmt o r d m ` - Hù borl-Flrbm p m h . =51.44


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OQAM^DMELEdsaropmhadm eo boedems@m altm eo ̀ ednuil, plr oiobp`l, ?: :so eohl-b d h m boedem hlbdhm` fdk. =::,= . @m boedemeo `lhkdtue oh quo `m pdozm so mebdto quo suporom `m boedem hlbdhm`, so ``mbm edforohadm supordlry m q u o ` ` m boedem oh quo `m pdozm puoeo sor dhfo-rdlr so ``mbm edforohadm dhfordlr.Me da dl h m h e l ` m edforohadm supor dl r , plr oiobp`l,5 :,5 bb, m `m boedem hlbdhm`, so lntdoho `mboedem bíxdbm eo `m pdozm y rostmhel eo `mad tmem boedem hlbdhm ̀ `m edforohadm dhfor dlr , plro iobp`l , ― : , 5 bb, so lntdoho `m boedem bâhdbm.@m oxmatdtue quo so tlòrm albl mebdsdnò oh `mfmnr damadñh eo uhm pdozm, so ``mbm tlòrmhadm y os`m edforohadm ohtro `m s boedems bíxdbm y bâhdbm.Aumhel so dhedamh oh o ̀ ednuil `m s edforohadms, o salr r doh to plhor`ms oh adfrms poquoýms eotrís eo`m boedem hlbdhm`. Oh osto amsl plherâmbls 9

+ B?: - ••: BOiobp`l9 ?: ― B

Urmnmil e o ` d b m 9 B o e d e m h l b d h m èd forohadm supor dlredforohadm d h f o r d lr?: b b

: 5 bb― : 5 b b

¡ • d r = : : = Eosdkhmadlhos eo `ms edsaropmhadms mebdsd-nòs oh `m pdozm

Bo e d e m b í x d b m 2 boedem h l b d h m ` D edforohadm s u -por d l r 2 ? : b b -f : 5 b b ?: 5 b b .B o e d e m b â h d b m ― b o e d e m h l b d h m ` ― e d f o ro h a d m d h -fordlr 2 ?: bb ― :,5 bb 2 54 6 bb.Ulòrmhadm ℮ boedem b í x d b m ― bo e d m bfh dbm ― ?5,5 ― 54,6 - : 7 bb.Gmy quo tohor audemel alh `ls sdkhls y ― quo so dhedamh eo`mhto eo `ms edforohadms. O ̀ sdkhl«bís³ sdkhdfdam quo `m ed forohadm m quo mfoatm g my quo submr`m m `m boedem hlbdhm ̀ y o ̀ sdkhl« bohls³ quo gmy quo rostmr`m sdobpro eo `m adtmem boedem hlbdhm`. Os eoadr quo sd `m edforohadmsupo r dl r vm proaoedem eo ̀ sdkhl bohls gmnrí quo rostmr`m, `l bdsbl quo `m edforohadm dhfor dlr , eo `mboedem hlbdhm`.

― •,>Oiobp`l9 ?: ― º8?B o e d e m b í x d b m 2 b o e d e m h l b d h m ` ― e d f o ro h a d m supor dlr • ?: b b ― : > bb 54 7 b b .B o e d e m bâh dbm 2 b o e d e m hlbdhm ` ― e d f o ro h a d m d h f o r d lr 2 ?: bb ― : ? bb 2 54 ? b b .Ulòrmhadm b o e d e m b í x d b m ― b o e d e m b âh d b m 2 54,7 b b ― 54,? bb •:,1 bb.Qd oh porhls, ospdkms, vmstmkls y mhí`lkls so slnropmsm `m edforohadm dhfordlr, os eoadr sd quoem suedíbotrl eobmsdmel poquoýl, `m pdozm rosu`tm d h ù t d ` , rosu`tm « eosporedadl ³ .Eo ̀ bdsbl blel, `l s tm`merls auym boedem supordlr so slnropmsm, os eoadr, mquo``ls oh quo o ̀ edí-botrl gm sm`del eobmsdmel krmheo, gmaoh tmbndäh quo `m pdozm som « eosporedadl ³.@ls pdvltos quo slh tlemvâm eobmsdmel krmheos, l `ls tm`merls quo mùh slh eobmsdmel poquoýls,puoeoh sokudrso trmnmimhel l sor ropmsmels pmrm m ius tm r sus edbohsdlhos.=::


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Q ( Bd ` P D W )Miusto butul eo pdozms@ls pdvltos l porhls quo alrrosplhemh m uht m ` m e r l osamrdmel plr oiobp`l, m >: : puoeohm iu s tm r oh ä` eo b l e l b uy v m r d m e l ( f d k . = : = , = .]uorobls eoadr al h ostl quo osls porhls lpdvltos so d h t r l e u a d r í h alh fma d ` deme b m y l rl bohlr oh o` tm`merl. Ostl sorí `l quo laurrma u m h e l o` e d í b o t r l eo` p o r h l so edforohado ohu h m b m k h d t u e dhsdkhdfdamhto ― plr oiobp`l,oh plams aohtäsdbms eo b d ` â b o tr l ― e o ` e d í -botrl e o` tm `merl alrrosplhedohto._ h porhl eo >= : hl so plerâm dhtrleuadr, hdmu h alh vdlòhadm, plr o iobp`l, alh prosdñh l mkl`pos, oh uh tm `merl eo > : : 3 uh porhl e o= 4 agmal`ltomr âm e o h t r l 9 o s eoadr qu o ostls el sporhls h l m i u st mh oh uh mkuiorl e o >::. Fdo. = : = , = « M i u s t o ³ eo pdozms q u o s o alrrosplheohQ d o` porhl os m `kl b í s kruosl quo o` tm `merl, plr oiobp`l, >: :? bb sorí plsdnò, albl so voo x p o r â bo h t m ` bo h t o , b o t o r ` l al h prohsm l alh uh b m r t d ` ` l . O h osto amsl o` p o r h l so gm``m f d rbo-bohto fd imel oh o` t m ` m e r l y hl so e o s p ` m z m r í hd k d rmrí eohtrl eo ä`. Osto t dpl eo m iusto so ` ` m b m eop r o s d ñ h , eo mpr dotl l eo prohsmel.Q d o ` porhl os uh plal b í s e o ` k m e l quo o` t m ` m e r l , plr o io b p ` l , = 4 , 4 ? b b , sorí f mat dnò dh t r l e u a d r ` lalh fmad`deme oh o` t m ` m e r l . Qo plerí mglrm e o s p ` m z m r ` l y kdrmr`l sdh agmal`ltol. Qo gmn`mrí ohtlhaoseo uh mius to alh iuokl. Oh tro `ls els ad tmels edíbotrls puoeo, obpo rl, dbmkdhmrso uhl, plr o iob-p`l, eo >: :: b b . qu a h l p o r b d tm o ` e o s p ` m z m bd o h t l l kdrl hmem bís quo obpòmhel pmrm o ` `l u hkrmh asfuobd. C s ` o t d p l eo m iusto so e o s d k h m a l b l m i u s t o eo pmsl l eo t r m h s d a d ñ h .

Ms doh tl eo ¡uokl`dnro ` d k o r l

Ms eo Ms Ms Ms Ms Ms¡uoklâdnro eos ohtrmel mego mrrms flrost roagl ¡̀d sumvo rohadl tro z m e l

Ms doh tleo mprdotl

F d k . = = = , > Udpls eo msdohtlL som quo ` t dpl eo msdohtl ― m iusto eo prosdñh l eo mpr do tl , m iusto eo pmsl y m iusto al h iuokl ― q u o e meotorbdhmel pmrm uh bdsbl t m ` m e r l plr b o e d l eo ` e díbotrl eo ` porhl alrrosplhedohto ( f dk . =:=,>) .Os plsdnò, meobís, lntohor o x p o r d b o h d m ` b o h t o , b o e â m h ` o uhls fdhls osam`lhmbdohtls eo m ` k u h m s bd`ä-sdbms eo bd`âbotrl o h o` edíbotrl eo` porhl, tdpls eo msdohtl porfoatmbohto eotorb dhmels tmòs, plr oiobp`l,albl msdohtl eo mprdotl, msdohtl flrzmel, msdohtl eo m r r m s t r o l m s d oh t l eo meg orohadm , ms dohtl eo oh`rmemsumvo l msdohtl eo eos ` dzmbdohtl, msdohtl eo iuokl ` dnro os t roagl l msdohtl eo iuokl ` dnro ` dkorl.


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O Q A M ^ D M E LAltms tlòrmems pmrm trmnmils eo miustoO ` goagl eo quo som dbpls dn ò , hd muh oh o` amsl eo t rmnmil ýhl , `m ln tohadñh eo e dbohs dlhos oxmatms oh`ms pdozms, e d ý a u ` t m o` miusto eo p dozms ospoadm `bohto oh `m fmnr damadñh oh sordo. Albl m amem uhm eo `mspdozms quo gmh eo miustmr so ò eono k m r m h t d z m r u h m e o t o r b d h m e m o xm a t d tu e eo fmnr damadñh tl òrmhadm) ,hl dhtorvdohoh oh o ̀miusto sl`mbohò > edíbotrls, plr o iobp`l , `ls >:,:: y =4,4? bb. Zlr o ̀alhtrmrdl,`l q uo pmsm m g l r m os quo buagls e díba`rls eo ` t m `merl toheríh quo m ius tmr alh buagls e díbo t r l s eo `p d v l t o e oh t rl eo ` ms tl òrmhadms .A lh lniotl eo quo ` m alr rosplheoha dm eo ` ms p dozms quo m ius tmh so roalhlzam d h e op oh e d oh t ob oh t o eo suv o r e m e or m b o e d e m , so em m mb n ms p d ozms ` m b d s b m b oe d em h l b d h m ` oh o ` e dnu il eo` t m ` ` o r , p l r o iobp`l , >: :

O iobp`l D. 9 M iusto alh iuokl f¡k. =:>,=)

B o e d e m h l b d h m Èdfo roha dm supor dlrEdforohadm dhfo r dlrB o e d e m b í x d b mB o e d e m b â h d b mUlòrmhadm

U m ` m e r l + :,:>= bb

bb>:,:>= b b>:,::: bb:,:>= b b

Zdvlto ― :,:>: b b― :,:5= b b=4,47: b b

=4,4?4 bb:,:>= bb d r =:>,= M ius to al h iuok l

Oòaadñh eo `ms edforohadms@ ms e d fo roh a d m s eo pdozms m ius tmems so o ` dkoh , b oe d t m h e l n doh s l n ro o` p m r t d au `m r , p m rm quo oh tlels `l s amslspls dn òs so prleuzam , plr o iobp`l, uh m i u s t o al h i u ok l oh tro mb n m s p dozms , os eoadr quo so au demrí eo q u o`l s e díbot rls eo `ls porhls rosu`toh s dobpr o bohlros quo `ls eo `ls t m `merls .Q d, plr o iobp`l, so g maoh oh s mb n `m r l ohamimr ohtro sâ o` tm`merl b â h d b l >:,:::) y o ` porhl b íx d b l =4,47:)quo mùh ostíh eohtrl eo `ms e d fo roh a dm s me b d t d e ms , h l eonorí ox ds t d r oxaosl eo b oe d e m Q dhl iuokl . O h ostoamsl so p r l eu ao o` iuokl b oh l r p l sd n ò i u ok l b â h d b l ) quo os >:,:: b b ― =4 ,47: bb 2 . :,:>: b b .Qd , plr o ` alht rmr dl , al dhadeoh amsum `b ohto o ` mku iorl b íxdb l >: ,:>= bb ) alh o ` po r h l b ís poq u oý l =4,4?4 b b ) , o ` iu o k l b í x d b l :,:6> b b ) eonorí so r tm ` quo hl so eä ` u k m r m quo n m d ` o uhm pdozm eoht rleo `m ltrm.B o e d m h t o uhm oòaadñh m p r l p d m e m eo `m b m k h d t ue eo` ms â ` ` m b m e l a m b p l eo tlòrmhadm, os eoadr eo `m eds-aropmhadm krí f dambohto roprosohtmem oh t ro `ms e d forohadm s d h f o r d l r y supordlr, ms â a l b l b o e . m h to `m alrroatmoòaadñh eo `m plsdadñh eo` ambpl eo tl òrmhadm al h ro `ma dñh m `m b oed e m h l b d h m ` ― eosdkhmem mq u â a l b l« ` â h om aorl ³ ― so t doho m b m h l `m ln tohadñh , oh p r d b o r ` u k m r , eo m ius tos b ís nms tls l bís f dhls y, oh so-kuhel ùkmr, eo miustos eo iuokl, eo pmsl tmbndäh ``mbmels eo tríhsdtl l dhtorboedls) y eo prosdñh lmp r d o t l .

Oiobp`l >. 9 M ius to eo prosdñh l mpr do tl fdk. =:>,>)

B oe d e m h l b d h m Èdforohadm supor dlrEdforohadm d h fo r d l rBoedem bíxdbmB oe d e m b â h d b mUlòrmhadm

U m ` m e r l L :>D bb

bb>:,:>= b b>:,::: bb:,:>= b b

Zorhl>: . :,:57 bb+ :,:1? bb>:,:57 bb>:,:1? b b:,:=1 b b

M i u s t o eo mprdotlO h `ls e dnu ils eo t m ` ò r `ms boedems eo m ius to tl òrmems , so dhe dam h m n r o v d m em b o ht o boedmh to ò t rms y a d f rmsal`lamems eotrís eo `m b o e de m h l b d h m ` . @ms alr rosplhedohtos òtrms l adfrms so g m ` ` m h f dimems, oh vdrtue eoalhvohdl dh torhmadlhm` , oh `ls ` `mbmels m ius tos Dsm=.

Vâmso I ð t z - Q a g m r c u s , Qdlf f -Ymg`-Flrb « B m ` o r d« ` - H ù b a r l - F l r b m ³ , píkdhms 7> y sdkudohtos.

=:>


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O Q A ^ D E L ordfdamadñh eo `ms pdozms plr boedl eo boedems `âbdtos y am`dnros `âbdtos l eo tlòrmhadmAlbl pmrm amem p d o zm m iu s t mem so gmnr í f d i mel uhm p roa d s d ñh eo fmnr dama dñh porfoa tmbohto e o t o r b d h m e m ,` m boe da d ñh eo os tm a`mso eo p d ozms q u o e m b u y s d bp ` d f d a m em .Qâ, plr oiobp`l, so alhsdeormh tlels `ls tm`merls eo boedem hlbdhm` >: : albl alrroatls aumhel suse d í b o t r l s so gm ` ` oh a l b p r o h e d e l s o h t r o `m b o e d e m b í x d b m >:,:>= y `m b â h d b m >:,::: eoimrí eo dh to rosmr`m b o e d e m r o m ` b o h t o l n t o h d e m oh amem amsl, quo so e o h l b d h m b o e d e m rom` l boe dem ofoa t dvm . Zlr o ` alh-t r m r d l , ` l quo s o gmao o s alhs deo rm r ù h â a mb o h ` o quo `lels `ls t m ` merls qu o t d ohoh b ís eo >:,:>= b b :slh eo spo reda dls y qu o tlels `ls eo bo hls eo >:,::: : o s t íh hoao s d t mels tlemv â m eo uh t rmnmil sup ò -b o h t m r d l a l b l , plr o i o b p ` l , o ` eo osamr dmel.

Zmrm o s tl so v m ` o uhl eo d h s t r u b o h t l s f d ils pmrm boe d -adñh eo ` lhk d t ueo s ` ` mbmels p`mhtd` `ms, km`kms l am`dnrosqu o pm rm amem boe dem h l b d h m ` ` ` o vmh sdobpro ù h d a m -b o h t o els b oe dems fd ims9 plr uhl eo `ls `mels `m b o e d e mb í x d b m y plr o` l t rl ` m bâh dbm mebd s d n ` o s eo `m p d o zmm i u s t m e m .Os tls am ` dn ros p rlv d s tl s eo b o e d e m s ` âbd tos s o ` ` mb mham` dnros ` d b d t o s l eo tl òrmhadm .

@ls am` dnros eo tlòrmhadm b magls , l pmrm dh to r dlros s d rvohpmrm vor d f d am r t m ` merls m i u s t mels f dk . =:1,=). Qus supor-f d a d os eo vordf damadñh s lh b m h e r d ` o s l po rhls a d ` dher dalsroatdf damels alh t l e m o x m a t d t u e quo so d h t r l e u a o h oh o `t m `me rl quo s o q u d o r o vor d f d am r . O ` o x t r o b l e o e d í b o t r ld d m y l r X b oe dem b í x d b m ) e o n o ù h d a m b o h to « o b p o z m rD d C =:1,= Vordfdamadñh eo tm`merls al ha m ` d n r o s ` d b d t o bm a gls , m O ` a d ` d h e r lb m y l r o h t r m oh tm p dozm `m p d o / m o sd h ù t d ` , o s eo s po re d a dl ) 3 6 ) o ` a d ` d h e r l b m-y lr o b p d o z m sl ` mb oh t o l o h t r m r o ` tm `m -erl hl os t lem v â m d h ù t d ` ) 9 a o ` a d ` d h e r lp o q u o ý l o h t r m oh o ` S m ` m e r l `m b o e d e meo ` t m ` m e rl o s t í eoh d r l eo ` m e d s a r o pm ha d mm e b d s d n ` o )m o h t r m r ³, porl hl o h t r m r oh o ` m k u -i o rl . Qd f uo rm eo l t r l b l e l , o seoa d r s d o h t r m r m , `m p dozm sorâm d h ù t d ` ,eospore da dl . O ` ox t r obl prlv d s

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