traffic & road safety research group, department of psychology, university of waikato, private...

Traffic & Road Safety Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New ZealandTransport Engineering Research New Zealand Ltd., PO Box 97846, South Auckland Mail Centre, New Zealand

Driving while conversing Cell phones that distract and passengers who react

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Driving Behavior Simulation Lab

Experiment 1

Participants

Sample : 119 participant.

Remove 7 participant.Mechanical failures(5)Eyestrain or dizziness(2)

Of the 64 participants.(the other 48 served as conversors for the drivers)87% indicated they owned a cell phone.Converse as they drove :78.6% 　 (51.8% used it weekly or more often)Cell phone to send and receive text messages while they drove:66.1%　 (51.8% used it weekly or more often)


Experiment 1

Apparatus

Complete automobile.(BMW 314i)Three angled projection surface.Four speaker located inside the car.A digital video camera.


Experiment 1

Simulation scenario

5 Hazard1 overtaking lane


Experiment 1

Experiment design

Between subjects.Independent Variable4 Group (16 Participants, 50% male)

Randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups.Dependent VariableMean seedMean deceleration RT(sec)Mean deceleration TTC(sec)Mean utterance lengthMean number of pausesMean % SA utterancesMean % hazards recalled Driving DifficultyTotal number of crashesPercent of drivers

1.Control2.Passenger3.Cell phone4.Remote passenger


Experiment 1

Procedure

[Step1] Introduction

[Step2] Consent agreement

[Step3] Brief questionnaire about background and cell phone use.

[Step4] Short practice.

[Step5] Participants in Groups 2 to 4 then self-selected which the pair. Can any topics,conversation card be used of no topics.

[Step6] experiment(24min)

[Step7] asked to rate the difficulty of driving the simulated on a 7-point scale1=easy 7=extremely


Experiment 1

Results

-Vehicle speeds(1/3)

Significant difference


Experiment 1

Results


Unuivariate analyses at each hazard site showed significant group differences:Hazard 1(busy intersection)Hazard 3(one-lane bridge)Hazard 4(road works)Hazard 5(landslip)


Experiment 1

Results


Post hoc pair-wise Significantly lower than Marginally lower than

Hazard1Passenger <cell phone

remote passenger

Control <cell phone(p<0.06) remote passenger

(p<0.07).

Hazard3

Hazard4 Control < cell phone

Passenger <cell phone (p<0.055)

Hazard2 No significant


Experiment 1

Results

-Reaction time and time-to-collision(1/3)

Mean deceleration RT Mean deceleration TTC


Experiment 1

Results


One-way multivariate analysis id variance for four group.

Four remaining hazard sites(Hazards2-5) indicated a significant effect.(p<0.01)

Univariate analyses of the two deceleration measures significant differences:Hazards3Hazards4Hazards5


Experiment 1

Results


Significantly

Good=>long

Good=>shortNo Significantly

Significantly

22 1133

Significantly

A

BB

ABB

A>B

A

BB

A>B

A

BB

A>B

AA

B

B

AA

B

BA>B

A>B


Experiment 1

Results

-Discourse measures愛

Post hoc comparisonsSignificantly

A > B > C

A

B

C

A

B

C

A

BA

B

A

B

A>B


Experiment 1

Results

-Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashes

No Significantly

Post hoc comparisonsSignificantly

Post hoc comparisonsSignificantlyA

BMost memorable hazard for the

participants was the landslip.

Perhaps this was the last to appear.

A>B

A>B

A

B


Experiment 1

Results

-Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashesoccurring at Hazard 3(one-lane bridge) – 61.9%Hazard 2(parked car entering traffic)-33.3%

Chi-square analysis .Significant difference between the four groups.

AB A>B


Experiment 1

Results

-OvertakingNo significant differences in speeds measured at four point.(control 、 passenger 、 cell phone 、 Remote passenger)

Optimal number that could be safely overtaken was two vehicles.

68.8%50%

Chi-square analysis .Marginally Significant difference


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