trng i hc ngoi thng h ni khoa ting anh

translation Bin son

Phan Hin Giang, Nguyn Thu Hng, Ng Quang Vnh, Phan Vn Quyt

nh xut bn gio dc table of contents

2

Translation 1 (For intermediate learners) Part 1. Social issues i

7 8

Unit 1. Education Making college pay off Nng cao cht lng gio dc trong nn kinh t ang chuyn i

8 8

11

Unit 2. The dilemma that confronts the world What counts in environment protection UNDP gp phn loi b cc cht gy suy gim tng zn Vit nam

13 13 15

Unit 3. Social problems Corruption a tax of the worst kind

gia tng

17 17 19

Unit 4. History and culture Nguyen dynasty Mn n Vit nam

22 22 23

Unit 5. Biology the future industry GMOs the pros and cons Kha cnh o c trong khoa hc di truyn

26 26 27

check your progress 1 Part 2. Economics and International Trade

29

32

Unit 6. Trade pact offers hope Trade pact offers hope Ngoi trng M Albright mun xc tin hip nh thng mi Vit M

33 33 35

Unit 7. Rethinking Asia after the crisis 38

3

The answer: deglobalize Kim tm ng nng tng trng mi

38 39

Unit 8. China Deal of the Century How Beijing can learn from its neighbours blunders Trung Quc li v thit khi vo WTO

42 42 43

Unit 9. Is Globalisation desirable? Advancing globalisation Xu hng ton cu ho trong thin nin k mi

46 46 47

Unit 10. The Asian Century Asias economy surviving the aftershock Tnh hnh thng mi cc nc ng Nam

50 50 51

check your progress 2 Translation 2 (For higher-intermediate learners) Part 3. Social issues ii

54

56

57 Unit 11. Health and welfare Moonlighting medicos in Vietnam on kt chng li bnh AIDS

58 58 59

Unit 12. Tourism, land and people The Saigon blues Du lch Vit nam

61 61 63

Unit 13. Agriculture Would agriculture hold back the economy? Nng nghip Vit nam trong qu trnh i mi kinh t

65 65 67

Unit 14. The digital age How e-smart are you? Cng ngh thng tin - c hi hn l thch thc

69 69 70

4

Unit 15. The knowledge economy Who owns the knowledge economy? Tri thc l sc mnh

73 73 74

check your progress 3 Part 4. corporate concerns

77

80

Unit 16. Culture in business Dying to work Qun l tri thc phi xut pht t vn ho doanh nghip

81 81 83

Unit 17. SMEs and the Private Sector Small business discover its strength Doanh nghip va v nh vn v gii php

85 85 87

Unit 18. Foreign Direct Investment Forms of FDI Vit nam hoan nghnh s tr li ca cc nh u t

90 90 92

Unit 19. Marketing No smoke without brand fire Marketing cc doanh nghip Vit nam

95 95 96

Unit 20. Corporate governance and SOE reforms Corporate governance Gim bin ch DNNN nhng bc i ban u

98 98

100

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4 TRANSLATION 3 (For advanced learners) part 5. politics and foreign affairs Unit 21. International politics

102

104

105

106

5

Two great forces of our time Khi qut v chnh tr quc t

106 107

Unit 22. Worlds Powers Fading superpowers and new great powers Liu nc M c tip tc thng tr trong thin nin k mi?

110 110 112

Unit 23. Critical relations U.S. policy turning toward Asia S chia r trong quan h u M

115 115 116

Unit 24. International organizations Intergovernmental organizations H thng Lin hip quc

119 119 121

Unit 25. Ready for tomorrow Start me up Thc o thnh cng

124 124 125

check your progress 5 Part 6. money, Banking and finance

128

131

Unit 26. Financial Hubs The foundation of stability Qu Tin t Quc t cn ci cch

132 132 133

Unit 27. Monetary union and the euro Sleeping giant Cuc tranh lun xung quanh ng euro

136 136 137

Unit 28. Modern banking Online payments sideline banks Ngnh ngn hng trong th k 21

140 140 141

6

Unit 29. Insurance Vietnams thriving insurance market To ra mt sn chi bnh ng cho cc cng ty bo him Vit nam

144 144 145

Unit 30. Stock Market A start nonetheless Tin ti mt trung tm giao dch chng khon lnh mnh

148 148 149

check your progress 6 annex 1 Marking scheme annex 2 English proverbs

151

153

154

7

translation 1 For intermediate learners of English

8

part i. social issues i

UNIT 1. EDUCATION

9

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

Making college pay off 1. College is an experiment in hope. Its also a risky investment for us all. Whether it is

graduate or undergraduate school, a two-year program or an eight-year one, we entrust time in our lives to school for both a new identity and a ticket to the outside world. We come to college with unspoken anticipation of all that will be done for us. We expect to be made acceptable, valuable, and finally employable in the eyes of the world. We also hope that magic answers will be revealed to us through academic study, leading us to guaranteed success in the outside world. By graduation or completion of our chosen program, we presume everything will be clear; we will be made brilliant, and all knowledge will be accessible to us.

2. I have been a consultant to countless people who all had faith in this magic - many of

whom were disappointed when the expected alchemy never took place. They discovered, years later, that this powerful, magical process just doesnt happen.

3. We have been all conditioned to wait for things to happen to us, instead of making things

happen. Most of us learned that we would excel, or at least pass, if we did the work assigned to us by our teachers. We learned to find out what was expected to us, do it, and wait for a response. After we took all the required courses, we were promoted, say, from first to second year. But what did we really learn? System Dependency! We learned that the person who knew the greatest number of right answers was rewarded by being the first of her class.

4. Nothing like this happens in real life. Yet too many of us never recognize it. We are the

same passive students at ten or twenty five or forty four as we are at fourteen, continuing the teacher-student dichotomy, which we automatically transfer to the employer-employee relationship. And we found that though studying history or art or whatever might be interesting, it alone didnt lead to much else - like new experiences, contacts, or even a job.

5. Much disappointment resulted from this misuse of college. Its time to retrain ourselves to

approach school in the same positive, productive, active way that successful people approach life.

6. College can become all that you wished for - a time for learning, for broadening horizons,

a time to discover who you are and how you work with others, for setting goals and making things happen. In short, college is a time for developing skills that will serve you far beyond your college years, which, even more than your degree, will prepare you for entrance into the real world.

7. So instead of thinking of college as a more difficult twelfth grade, learn to use college like the real world. Step up and out of the suffocating box and stop pulling the lid tighter down on your own possibilities. Remember, the longer you sit and wait, the harder it is to move up. The passive good student attitude absolutely stifles any chance for people to become motivated, impassioned, or connected to new ideas and network of people. Dont be afraid to make that extra effort. Doing only the minimum requirement is the grossest misunderstanding of what college is all about!

10

Task 2. Vietnamization When translating, it is more important to convey the message in the most natural way possible, rather than stick to the English words or phrases. Look back at the examples from task 1: College is an experiment in hope Trng i hc l ni ta gi gm bao hi vng The longer you sit, the harder it is to move up Cng ngi lu th sc cng ln Now try to Vietnamize the following sentences: 1. The rural women have to work very hard from morning till night. 2. Have a safe journey home! 3. Its hard to overstate her beauty. 4. Time is what you make of it. 5. The sun also rises. 6. Your home away from home. (on the front door of a hotel) 7. Bacchus drowned more men than Neptune. 8. He talks to me as if there were nothing between us. 9. My new assistant is very efficient. 10. Unlike managers, leaders only use power as a last resort. Task 3. Find the English equivalents to the following nn kinh t ang chuyn i c trnh hc vn cao dn s trong tui lao ng bit c bit vit s lng ngi i hc tng trng ton din xo i ngho ph cp gio dc tiu hc gio dc ph thng c s (cp hai) gio dc trung hc gio dc i hc gi hc trn ging ng loi hnh o to

11

trng dn lp trng bn cng Task 4. Translate the following into English

NNG CAO CHT LNG GIO DC TRONG NN KINH T ANG CHUYN I

1. Vit nam c mt trnh hc vn kh cao vi 91% s tr em t 5 n 10 tui c i hc

v 88% dn s trong tui lao ng bit c bit vit. Tuy nhin, khi t nc bc vo thin nin k mi, s cnh tranh t cc nc lng ging ng s t ra nhng thch thc mi i vi h thng gio dc v o to ca Vit nam.

2. Chnh ph Vit nam t ra nhng mc tiu ln nhm tng s lng ngi i hc.

Nhng Vit nam cng phi i mt vi nhng thch thc khng nh trong vic thc hin cc chnh sch gio dc nhm m bo rng h thng gio dc s cung cp nhng kin thc v k nng cn thit p ng nhu cu ca x hi trong tng lai. Vit nam cn n lc rt nhiu, nht l cc vng nng thn, pht trin ngun vn con ngi qu gi phc v cho tng trng ton din.

3. Thch thc ln nht i vi cc nh gio dc Vit nam l lm sao m bo c rng h

thng gio dc o to thch ng c vi nhng yu cu mi ca mt nn kinh t th trng ang pht trin. Vic m rng v hin i ho h thng gio dc o to l nhng nhn t quan trng trong chin lc pht trin ca chnh ph nhm duy tr tng trng kinh t v xo i gim ngho.

4. Mc tiu ca chnh ph Vit nam l c gng ph cp gio dc tiu hc vo nm 2005 v

ph cp gio dc ph thng c s vo nm 2010. S sinh vin i hc nm 2005 d tnh c th tng thm 30% so vi nm 2000 (hn 450 000 sinh vin).

5. t c nhng mc tiu trn, cn phi c s thay i ca c cung v cu v gio dc. V cung, cn nng cao cht lng gio dc. Mun vy phi nng cao trnh ca i ng gio chc v tng lng cho h, ko di gi hc trn ging ng, v to iu kin cho gio vin v hc sinh c tip cn nhiu hn vi sch v v cc phng tin ging dy.

6. V cu, ngi dn cn nhn thc c rng li ch ca gio dc s b p li c nhng

chi ph cho gio dc, c chi ph trc tip ln gin tip. Trn thc t, cu v gio dc nhng nm gn y tng ng k. iu ny c th hin bng s xut hin ca hng lot cc loi hnh v t chc gio dc mi nh trng bn cng, trng dn lp, i hc m...v.v....

12

UNIT 2. the dilemma that confronts the world

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

WHAT COUNTS IN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 1. When one American astronaut saw our planet earth from his spaceship, he remarked,

Its so, so vast, so beautiful. His view of earth from outer space gave him a special understanding of the natural treasures of our planet. Earth has oxygen in the air so that creatures can breathe. It has fresh water and salt water to supply humans, animals, birds, fish and plant life with the liquid they need to survive. It has a variety of soils in which nutritious food can grow. It revolves around a sun that provides energy, light and heat. Our air, water, soil, plant and animal life, and climate compose our natural environment, which supports over 13 million different kinds of plant and animal species, including our human race.

2. The study of the relationship between the human species and all the elements of the

natural environment is called ecology, which teaches us about the delicate balance of nature in our home, the planet earth, and how we may upset that balance whenever we alter the environment. Ecological studies reveal the damage we have done to our natural home, some ways by which we could repair the damage, and some suggestions for preventing similar damage in the future. Although we cannot return all of our environment to its previous natural state, strict ecological control can preserve the unspoiled places that still exist.

3. In an assessment on the future for the human race in the early part of the next century,

Klaus Topfer, the executive director of the UN environment programme, said that the main threats to human survival were posed by water shortages, global warming and worldwide nitrogen pollution. Only by a massive increase in political will can a series of looming crises and ultimate catastrophe be averted. We have the technology but we are not applying it, he said.

4. He described efforts to curb global warming as inadequate in comparison to the 60% cuts

required and added that the world was already suffering as a result of climate change which was now unstoppable. Extreme weather events had left as many as 3 million people dead in the last 5 years.

5. Full scale emergencies already exist, says the report: water shortages are hampering

developing countries; land degradation has reduced fertility and agricultural potential and destruction of the tropical rain forests has gone too far to be reversed; many of the planets species have already been lost or condemned to extinction; one quarter of the worlds mamal species are now at significant risk of total extinction.

6. At sea, fisheries have been grossly overexploited and half of the worlds coral reefs are

threatened with destruction. Air pollution has reached crisis proportions in many cities and it is too late to prevent global warming. It is the lack of government control that has weakened the ability to solve problems. Dr Topfer said it was essential to force multinational companies to be accountable for their actions and what they produce.

13

7. The present course is unsustainable and postponing action is no longer an option. Inspired political leadership and intense cooperation across all regions and sectors will be needed to put both existing and new policy instruments to work, the reports concluded.

Task 2. Emphasis - conversions and cleft sentences Look back at the examples from task 1: Only by a massive increase in political will can a series of looming crises and ultimate catastrophe be averted. Extreme weather events had left as many as 3 million people dead in the last 5 years. What matters is being constructive and realising that where there is a political will, much can be achieved. It is the lack of government control that has weakened the ability to solve problems. Translate the following into English, using the prompts given Note nhn thc cho ngi dn pht thi kh nh knh tng zn nng lng thay th nhin liu ho thch cn kit bun bn ng vt hoang d cc loi c nguy c tuyt chng cng c quc t v a dng sinh hc 1. Cha bao gi min qu nh b ny phi hng chu mt trn bo khng khip n nh vy.

(Never....) 2. iu m mi nc cn lm l nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn v tm quan trng ca

vic bo v mi trng. (What....) 3. Vic gim thiu pht thi kh nh knh v bo v tng zn khng cn l trch nhim ca

mt quc gia n l no na m tr thnh nhim v chung ca c loi ngi. (No longer....)

4. Theo c tnh th vi mc tiu th nng lng nh hin nay v nu khng c s pht trin

cc ngun nng lng thay th th ch n nm 2050 thi, ton b nhin liu ho thch trn th gii s b cn kit. (... as early as ....)

5. Cc cng c quc t v a dng sinh hc to ra cc cng c php l kim sot vic

mua bn cc ng vt hoang d trn th gii. Tuy nhin chnh do nhu cu i vi ti nguyn thin nhin gia tng lm cho vic suy gim s loi sinh vt c nguy c tuyt chng vn tip din. ( it is.....)

14

Task 3. Find the English equivalents to the following loi b cc cht gy suy gim tng zn tng cc kh tng thu vn gim thiu hin tng pht thi kh CFCs qu u thc ngh nh th ph i din thng tr nh du mt mc quan trng k (cng c) hin tng nng ln ca tri t ti s dng ti ch ngnh c in lnh mc tiu pht trin bn vng bin php (mang tnh) kinh t thng tng zn Task 4. Translate the following into English

UNDP GP PHN LOI B CC CHT Gy SUY GIM TNG ZN vit nam

1. UNDP s phi hp cht ch vi B Cng nghip v Tng cc Kh tng thu vn ca Vit

nam thc hin mt d n 15 thng nhm gim thiu hin tng pht thi kh CFCs trong ngnh c in lnh.

2. D n s c qu u thc ca UNDP, Ngh nh th Montreal v C quan Bo v mi

trng ca c cung cp gn na triu la xc nh v thc hin cc bin php ti s dng cng nh gim thiu pht thi CFCs mt cch kinh t.

3. Hm nay ng Nicolas Roselini, ph i din thng tr UNDP, cng k d n ny vi

ng L Quc Khnh, th trng B Cng nghip. ng Roselini ni: Chng ti tin rng d n ny nh du mt mc quan trng cho vic loi b cc cht gy suy gim tng zn Vit nam.

4. Nm 1994, Vit nam k cng c Vin v bo v tng zn v Ngh nh th Montreal.

Hai vn kin ny u nhm mc ch hn ch v tin ti chm dt vic sn xut v s dng cc cht gy suy gim tng zn.

5. Theo c tnh, ch ring trong ngnh c in lnh c khong 450 doanh nghip va v

nh hin ang s dng CFCs, mt ho cht c lin quan ti tnh trng suy gim tng zn v hin tng nng ln ca tri t. Hng nm, cc doanh nghip ny tiu th trung bnh t 300 n 1500 kg CFCs.

15

6. D n s phi hp vi cc doanh nghip tm kim nhng c hi gim thiu cc cht pht thi vi hiu qu kinh t cao nht thng qua vic ti s dng. D n sau s cung cp thit b v o to chuyn mn cho mt s doanh nghip h c th thc hin cc bin php ra.

7. ng Roselini ni Thnh tu ny thc s l bng chng cho thy chng ta c th t c

mc tiu pht trin bn vng - bo v mi trng, ng thi nng cao hiu qu kinh t.

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unit 3. social problems

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

CORRUPTION - A TAX OF THE WORST KIND 1. Political and business leaders around the globe are today more than ever involved in

seeking common solutions to the problem of corruption. Popular theories of the 1970s, which defended corruption as efficiency-enhancing, or at the very least a necessary evil, have been debunked by a mountain of research demonstrating its corrosive impacts. These include lost productivity, increased poverty, skewed public expenditure patterns and a host of other downstream ills.

2. One study found that a country which improves its standing by two points on the 0-10

corruption perception index, created by the Berlin-based non-governmental organisation Transparency International, will see its investment rate increase by 4% and its GDP by about 0.5%. Another found that a strong correlation exists between high levels of corruption and a poor-quality infrastructure, largely because insufficient funds are devoted to operations and maintenance, which are less lucrative sources of illicit income.

3. More recent research has argued persuasively that not only does corruption impose a kind

of tax on both firms and citizens at large, it also tends to undermine the very institutions upon which functioning markets depend. Property rights and impartial mechanisms for enforcing commercial contracts are both imperilled when judges are for sale. If banks regulators violate capital-adequacy norms, rationality in the allocation of credit is dealt a fatal blow.

4. The persistent scale of worldwide corruption is a puzzle to many observers. At the

beginning of the 1990s, as former Soviet-bloc countries joined developing nations as participants in WB and IMF market-oriented reform programmes, it seemed to many economists that corruption was well on its way to being eliminated. By cutting onerous regulations and thereby reducing the discretionary powers of officials, economic liberalisation was supposed to tackle the root causes of corruption. Doing away with artificial scarcities created by state-dominated economies, it was thought that bribe-taking bureaucrats might become an endangered species.

5. Things didnt quite turn out that way. Paulo Mauro, an IMF economist, argues that the

shift from command economies to free markets has created massive opportunities for the appropriation of profits and has often been accompanied by a change from a well organised system of corruption to a more chaotic and deleterious one.

6. Research into the politics of economic reforms in countries like India, Uganda and South

Africa suggests two very good reasons why liberalisation has not stamped out corruption as originally hoped. First, the process of transferring assets and responsibilities from the public to the private sector is itself an invitation to such forms of corruption as sweetheart privatisation deals and lop-sided implementation of investment-promotion tax incentives.

7. The second reason stems from the continuous nature of reform programmes in most

developing and transitional economies. The initial big-bang reforms are usually followed

17

by an open-ended process in which governments tinker with alternative rules, experiment with regulatory authorities, introduce corporate governance and so on. Reformers, in short, have great discretion in determining how reform is to be implemented. Which options they choose in each case has implications for major business groups.

8. The opportunities for corruption thus continue to evolve and in some cases far exceed the

possibilities during the era of state control. Even where reform decisions are taken impartially, advance notice can be extremely valuable to private sector players, especially when regulations governing capital markets are concerned. Continuous reform makes inside information, in both timing and substance, a much sought-after commodity.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following: s cch bit giu ngho gia tng bin son nh ti tr c quan chnh ph t chc phi chnh ph xo i ngho ng bng sng Hng ph v trng tng cc thng k iu tra trung tm thng tin khoa hc thng binh v x hi chu thit thi vng su vng xa c trong 5 ngi th c 4 ngi... min ng Nam b khu vc ng bng sng Cu long thu hp khong cch nhim v quan trng hng u Task 3. Translate the following into English

vit nam - phn ho giu ngho ang gia tng 1. S cch bit giu ngho trong cc tng lp dn c Vit nam ang c chiu hng gia tng,

mc d nu xt theo tiu chun quc t th mc cch bit ny cha phi l ln. Kt lun ny c rt ra t Bo co Pht trin ca Vit nam nm 2002 do cc c quan chnh ph, cc nh ti tr v cc t chc phi chnh ph cng tc bin son nhm mc tiu tin ti xo b tnh trng ngho i Vit nam.

2. Theo bn bo co, s cch bit giu ngho trn c nc gia tng ch yu l do mc

chnh lch gia nng thn v thnh th tng ln. Tng trng ca khu vc thnh th vt xa mc tng trng ca nng thn mi vng, tr vng ng bng sng Hng. Cn nu em so snh gia cc vng giu nht v ngho nht Vit nam th c th thy s phn ho li cng su sc hn.

18

3. ng Nguyn Phong, ph v trng V X hi v Mi trng Tng cc Thng k cho bit, trong khi thu nhp nng thn tng ln 30% th thu nhp thnh th tng ln vi tc gp i, thm ch ti 4-5 ln ti cc thnh ph ln. Theo iu tra ca Tng cc Thng k, c trong 5 ngi ngho th c 4 ngi sng bng nng nghip.

4. B Hong Thu Nhung, Trng Phng Thng k thuc Trung tm Thng tin Khoa hc

Thng binh v X hi cho bit, s chnh lch ln v thu nhp gia thnh th v nng thn khng ch n thun l iu kin sng m cn nh hng nhiu n cc vn vic lm, y t, gio dc. Bn bo co ni trn c tnh mt ln n bnh vin c th lm cho mt ngi ngho mt i mt s tin tng ng 22% tng chi tiu cho lng thc ca h trong mt nm.

5. Mc d t l hc sinh n trng tng cao, song cn rt nhiu vng, nhiu nhm ngi

nng thn phi chu thit thi so vi thnh th trong vic tip cn gio dc c bn. Theo bo co ni trn, chi tiu cho hc tp thnh th bnh qun cao gp khong 10 ln khu vc nng thn. Ti cc vng ni, vng su vng xa, vic hc tp cng kh khn hn. Lai chu, ch c 49% ph n trng thnh bit ch.

6. S tng trng khc nhau theo tng vng cng l mt nguyn nhn lm rng thm h

ngn cch giu ngho. Bn bo co cho bit trong giai on 93-99, vng pht trin mnh nht l min ng Nam b vi tc k lc l 78%. Cn vng pht trin chm nht l khu vc ng bng sng Cu long vi tc 18%.

7. Do , hn ch din bin phn ho giu ngho v tin ti thu hp khong cch gia nng

thn v thnh th ang tr thnh mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng hng u ca Vit nam trong qu trnh hoch nh v trin khai chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi trong thi gian ti.

Task 4. Describing trends To avoid repetition and to show that you have a wide range of vocabulary, one word in Vietnamese can be translated differently into English. Look back at the examples from task 3: S cch bit giu ngho ang gia tng The rich-poor gap is widening mc chnh lch gia nng thn v thnh th ngy cng gia tng the worsening discrepancy between urban and rural areas What are the other verbs that are used to describe upward or downward trends? Complete the following table Table 1. Intransitive verbs

Increase

Decrease

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What are the adjectives used to describe the characteristics of the trends? Complete the following table Table 2. Maximizers and minimizers

Maximizers Minimizers Considerable

Slight

20

UNIT 4. History and culture

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

Nguyen Dynasty ( 1802-1945 )

1. Emperor Gia Long initiated what historian David Marr has called a policy of massive reassertion of Confucian values and institutions in order to consolidate the dynastys shaky position by appealing to the conservative tendencies of the elite, who had felt threatened by the atmosphere of reform stirred up by the Tay Son Rebels.

2. Gia Long also began a large-scale program of public works (dikes, canals, roads, ports,

bridges and land reclamation) to rehabilitate the country, which had been devastated by almost three decades of warfare. The Mandarin Road linking Hue to both Hanoi and Saigon was constructed during this period, as were a string of star-shaped citadels built according to the principles of the French military architect Vauban in provincial capitals. All these projects imposed a heavy burden on the Vietnamese population in the forms of taxation, military conscription and the forced labour.

3. Gia Longs son, Emperor Minh Mang, worked to consolidate the state and establish a

strong central government. Because of his background as a Confucian scholar, he emphasized the importance of traditional Confucian education, which consisted of memorisation and orthodox interpretation of the Confucian classics and texts of ancient Chinese history. As a result, education and spheres of activity dependent on it stagnated.

4. Minh Mang was profoundly hostile to Catholicism, which he saw as a threat to the

Confucian state, and he extended this antipathy to all Western influences. Seven

21

missionaries and an unknown number of Vietnamese Catholics were executed in the 1830s, inflaming passions among French Catholics who demanded that their government intervene in Vietnam.

5. Serious uprisings broke out in both the North and the South during this period, growing

progressively more serious in the 1840s and 50s. To make matters worse, the civil unrest in the deltas was accompanied by smallpox epidemics , tribal uprisings, drought locusts and most serious of all repeated breaches in the Red River dikes, the result of government neglect.

6. The early Nguyen emperors continued the expansionist policies of the preceding

dynasties, pushing into Cambodia and westward into the mountains along a wide front. They seized huge areas of Lao territory and clashed with Thailand over control of the lands of the weak Khmer Empire.

7. Minh Mang was succeeded by Emperor Thieu Tri, who expelled most of the foreign

missionaries. He was followed by Emperor Tu Duc, who continued to rule according to conservative Confucian precepts and in imitation of Qing practices in China. Both responded to rural unrest with repression.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following bnh a gia gim rau sng bnh cun bn ch nem rn chui tm bt rn ch u vn ming ngon H ni ming l Min nam Sch D a ch tm chua tiu vng tinh tu rau kinh gii gi bnh khoi cch dng gia v cch by bin ngi snh n tao nh x b thng tc ho cm u n thng thc Task 3. Translate the following into English

22

MN N VIT NAM

1. Ngi nc ngoi thch mn n Vit nam khng ch bi n ngon m cn bi s a dng

ca n. Ngi Vit nam t nht c ba phong cch nu n khc nhau, mi cch bt ngun t ba min : min Bc, min Trung, v Nam B; l cha k cc cch nu n cc tiu vng khc nhau.

2. Ngi min Nam thch dng u phng v bnh a lm nguyn liu nu nng. Ph l

mt mn n gc Bc nhng khi nu ph th ngi min Nam li dng gia gim ngi min Bc khng n, v d nh gi v rau sng.

3. C mn n min Bc v min Nam u rt ngon, nhng mn n min Nam c xu hng

ngoi lai, cn mn n min Bc c v tinh tu hn. C l bi vy m V Bng, mt ngi snh n ca Vit Nam, t tn sch vit v mn n t Bc ca mnh l "Ming ngon H Ni" v mn n min Nam l "Ming l min Nam".

4. Ngc li, mn n Hu li rt tao nh. Rt nhiu mn n Hu c ngun gc t triu

Nguyn vo th k 19. Mt s mn n ni ting ca Hu l tm chua, bn b Hu, bnh khoi, ch u vn. Do ngy cng c nhiu ngi thch nm nhng mn n ngon ny nn cc qun Hu mc ln nh nm HN v TP HCM.

5. VN l mt nc di v hp, tri t Bc xung Nam vi rt nhiu vng v tiu vng khc

bit nhau v x hi, vn ha v a l nn vic VN c nhiu mn n cng l iu d hiu. Mt cun sch dy nu n HN gn y c lit k ra 555 mn n VN nhng cc nh chuyn gia ni rng y ch l 1/10 tng s nhng mn n ca VN.

6. Mn n ca HN c t li trong sch s t rt sm. Trong cun "D a ch" c xut

bn vo u th k 15, Nguyn Tri lit k ra rt nhiu mn n ni ting ca t kinh k thi .

7. V Bng nhn xt: "Vo mt ngy ma thu, ti lang thang khp 36 ph phng HN v

cht nhn ra rng HN thay i rt nhiu: ph x , nh ca, qun o. Nhng c mt th vn khng thay i: mn n ca ngi HN".

8. Cch dng gia v trong mn n l mt phn rt quan trng trong cch nu nng ca

ngi HN. Mi mn n u c nhng gia v v cch by bin ring ca n: l chanh v mui tiu n vi tht g luc, rau kinh gii n vi bn cua ng, tht vt i vi ti v tht b i vi gng.

9. i vi ngi HN gc th cch n cng khng km phn quan trng so vi n bi l h

coi n ung l mt dp bn b v h hng gp g hn huyn. H n ung t t thng thc ht nhng v ngon ca cc mn n. Nhng trong s x b ca cuc sng hin i th cch n ung ny b thng tc ha v mi ngi ch cm u n m khng thng thc mn n.

Task 4. Look back at the examples from task 3

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Ngi nc ngoi thch mn n Vit nam khng ch bi n ngon m cn bi s a dng ca n. Foreigners like Vietnamese food not only because of its refined taste but also its variety. Now translate the following sentences into English, using the prompts given 1. Dn tc Vit nam khng nhng anh hng trong chin u m cn cn c trong lao ng.

(not only .. but .. as well) 2. Khng ch sinh vin m c gio vin cng phi n lp ng gi. (both) 3. Mn n Vit Nam khng ch hp dn khch nc ngoi m cn hp dn chnh ngi dn

bn x. (alike) 4. Trong my thp nin qua Vit Nam t c nhng tin b ng k v kinh t cng

nh x hi. (as well as) 5. Trung quc gi y ang c coi l nn kinh t nng ng nht th gii v nc ny tng

trng khng nhng nhanh m cn bn vng. (coupled with) 6. S d bn Hin Php ca Hoa K tn ti c lu nh vy l v n va n gin li va rt

linh hot. (and)

unit 5. biology - the future industry

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Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

gmos - the pros and cons 1. The developing worlds population is growing fast, but the amount of land available for

cultivation is not. To feed the 2 billion new mouths expected by 2025, new ways must be found to squeeze more calories out of each hectare. More people means not just more stomachs to fill, but also more brains to figure out how to fill them.

2. There are plenty of good ideas available. The most powerful is biotechnology, and

especially genetic modification (GM). It is a young science: the first commercially available genetically modified organism (GMO) appeared a mere five years ago. Supporters of GM expect it to end world hunger. Opponents fear it may poison us all. It is now worth stepping back for a moment to consider the breathtaking opportunities and the equally impressive dilemmas that were concomitant to that potential.

3. Farmers have been manipulating genomes since long before they knew about genes. For

thousands of years, they sought to transfer desirable traits from one plant species to another by cross-breeding: this was how wild grasses were turned into wheat. They also selectively bred animals to make them fatter and tastier: this was how wild boars became pigs.

4. GM aims to achieve similar results, but much faster, and more precisely, too. Jennifer

Thomson, professor and head of the microbiology department at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, describes how important genetically modified crops are to sub-Saharan Africa. In her work with maize, she has seen how it and other crops could be made drought-tolerant, virus-, fungus- and insect-resistant. Genetically modified food is part of an integrated approach to dealing with food shortages in parts of the world where famine still strikes.

5. Against these actual and potential benefits must, however, be set the potential dangers.

Shifting genes between different species could create health risks, and GM crops may cause environmental problems. As with any new technology, it is impossible ever to prove conclusively that GM foods are safe. It is essential to test GM products carefully before releasing them, and to keep monitoring them afterwards.

6. For the poor, GM appeared at an awkward time. After several people in Britain died of

what was almost certainly a human version of mad-cow disease, Europeans lost faith in their governments ability to keep dangerous food off their plates. This is probably why some poor countries hesitate to plant GMOs for fear of upsetting Europeans. NGOs claim that GM crops may contaminate neighbouring fields with their pollen. It would be a short step to call for a boycott of all the food exports, modified and unmodified, of countries where GMOs are widely grown.

7. Since people in rich countries rarely go hungry, they were not wildly excited about the

promise of cheap and abundant food. But in the mean time, it is sad that the priorities of the well-fed few should make it harder for the worlds hungry billions to feed themselves.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following:

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kha cnh o c khoa hc di truyn liu php chn bnh tnh th kh x hi nhi xinh xn bom nguyn t th bom tia phng x sinh th c bin i gen hoi nghi ty chay tht cht qui nh dn nhn Task 3. Translate the following into English

kha cnh o c trong khoa hc di truyn

1. Khng ai c th ph nhn rng vic s dng cc liu php di truyn hc chn v cha

bnh l mt bc tin ln trong lch s loi ngi, nhng iu ny cng lm ny sinh nhng tnh th kh x v mt o c. Trong mt bui thuyt trnh mang ta Khoa hc v Y dc: c phi chng ta ang hnh ng thay cho Cha Tri?, gio s Peter Singer ca trng i hc Princeton Hoa K ch ra rng trn thc t vic s dng cc k thut di truyn chn v cha bnh c nhiu u im rt ln, nhng cng cn phi c mt gii hn nht nh. iu g s xy ra nu nh chng ta dng k thut di truyn to ra nhng hi nhi xinh xn theo n t hng ca b m chng?

2. Khng ch c gio s Singer m nhiu ngi khc cng t ra c bit quan tm n vic

ng dng mn di truyn hc cng nh nhng nh hng lu di ca n. Ngi ta vn cha qun vic Robert Oppenheimer, ngi ch to ra bom nguyn t, v cc ng nghip ca ng phi cht v tia phng x nh th no khi M th qu bom nguyn t u tin Los Alamos. l mt bi hc thm tha cho tt c chng ta.

3. Hn na, ngi ta cn lo ngi v ngha ca cuc cch mng gen i vi nhng ngi khng c kh nng tip cn n, v iu ny s lm cho khong cch gia ngi giu v ngi ngho cng thm su sc.

4. Cn b Shiva, gim c trung tm Nghin cu Khoa hc v Cng ngh ca n th t ra

hoi nghi i vi quan im cho rng nhng sinh th c bin i gen s u vit hn nhng sinh th t nhin. B ch ra rng ngi dn sng vng ni Hymalaya qu b thng th n hn trm tui m chng phi ung bt k mt loi thuc bin i gen no.

5. mt s quc gia, nh c chng hn, dn chng ngy cng t ra lo ngi v nguy c ca

vic pht trin nhng sn phm nng nghip c bin i gen. Mt s ni ngi ta thm ch cn ty chay khng dng nhng sn phm loi ny. Trn thc t, thi phn i ca dn chng lm cho cc chnh ph phi tht cht hn cc qui nh i vi vic pht trin, s dng v dn nhn hiu cc thc phm c bin i gen.

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Task 4. Translation of unidentified subjects

Look back at the examples from task 3 Khng ai c th ph nhn rng... Few could argue that... Ngi ta cn lo ngi v... There is also massive concern about... Dn chng ngy cng t ra lo ngi v... There is growing public disquiet about... Thi phn i ca dn chng lm cho cc chnh ph phi... The hardening of public attitude has resulted in the governments... Now translate the following into English 1. Nhiu ngi bt u t du hi i vi nhng li ch ca cng ngh bin i gen. 2. V mt sc kho v mi trng, chng ta tin l cha c bng chng khoa hc tho ng

cho php vic sn xut thng mi cc loi cy trng c ci bin gen. 3. Chng ta cn thng lng v a vo thc hin cc tho c quc t bo v sc kho

cng ng v ti nguyn mi trng. 4. Ngi ta trng i vn cy trng c ci bin gen s l mt ch tho lun cng

thng ti Hi ngh B trng WTO Doha. 5. D lun rng ri u cho rng cn thng qua nghin cu khm ph nhng c hi nhm

gip nng dn ngho v ngi tiu dng c thu nhp thp c th thu c li t cy trng bin i gen.

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check your progress 1 (105 minutes)

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese 1. Ours is a world in which no individual, and no country, exists in isolation. We are all

influenced by the same tides of political, social and technological change. Pollution, organized crime and the proliferation of deadly weapons likewise show little regard for borders. We are connected, wired, interdependent.

2. Much of this is nothing new, but todays globalisation is different. It is happening more

rapidly and is governed by different rules or, in some cases, by no rules at all. It is bringing us new choices and opportunities, yet millions of people experience it not as an agent of progress, but as a disruptive force that can destroy lives, jobs and traditions.

3. Faced with the potential good of globalisation as well as its risks, faced with the persistence

of deadly conflicts in which civilians are the primary victims, faced with the pervasiveness of poverty and injustice, we must be able to identify the areas where concerted action is needed to safeguard global interests. It is high time we gave more concrete meaning to the idea of the international community.

4. Some say it is only a fiction or too elastic a concept. But I believe it does exist. When we see

an outpouring of international aid to the victims of earthquakes in Turkey and Greece, that is the international community following its humanitarian impulse. When governments are pressed to relieve the worlds poorest countries from crushing debt burdens, that is the international community throwing its weight behind the cause of development. When civil society obliges governments to adopt a convention banning weapons of mass destruction, that, too, is the international community in its attempt to protect world peace.

5. So what binds us into an international community? In the broadest sense there is a shared

vision of a better world for everyone as set out in the founding Charter of the United Nations. There is a framework of international law, treaties and human rights conventions.

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There is also our sense of shared opportunity, which is why we build common markets and joint institutions. Together, we are stronger.

Kofi Annan

UN Secretary General

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the special terms below

thm thc b kh ccbonc kh mtan tia cc tm xt nit tm khin t nhin th phm bnh ci xng bnh si thn tr tri kh cn n mn lan can

Task 3. Translate the following into English 1. Trc khi con ngi xut hin, th gii ch thay i ht sc chm chp qua hng ngn,

nu khng ni l hng triu nm. Nhng trong vng hai ngn nm tr li y th tc thay i li ht sc nhanh chng. Cc khu rng bin mt, sng ngi thay i dng chy, v cc thm thc b t nhin nhng ch cho t nng nghip v thnh ph. S cn bng tinh t ca to ho b ph v, gy ra nhng vn nan gii cho s sinh tn ca loi ngi.

2. Hiu ng nh knh. S tch t cc kh nh knh nh ccbonc, mtan v CFCs thi ra t

hot ng cng v nng nghip lm cho nhit b gi li trong bu kh quyn, lm cho tri t ngy cng m dn ln. Nu tri t tip tc nng ln vi tc hin nay th n nm 2030, mc nc bin s dng cao thm 1 mt, khin cho 15 triu ngi Bnglat lm vo cnh mn tri chiu t. Nhiu khu vc Lun n s chm di nc, v thnh Vniz s b ph hu hon ton.

3. Suy gim tng zn. Tng zn hp th ti 99% tia cc tm c hi t mt tri. Nhng cc

cht gy nhim nh CFCs, mtan v xt nit ang ph hu tm khin t nhin ny v ngi ta pht hin c mt vi l hng ln trn tng zn. S suy gim tng zn l th phm chnh gy ra cc bnh nguy him nh ung th da, ci xng v si thn.

4. Nn cht ph rng. Hng nm c ti hn 100 ngn km vung rng b cht ph, m rng li

l ngun cung cp xi ch yu cho chng ta. Nn ph rng lm bin mt cc loi ng thc vt cha c pht hin, m nhng loi c th em li rt nhiu li ch cho con ngi. Nn t rng s thi ra kh ccbonc v lm hiu ng nh knh cng trm trng thm. t khng cn rng che ph s b ma ra tri, li mt khung cnh tr tri kh cn.

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5. Ma axt. Kh axt thi ra t sn xut cng nghip kt hp vi hi m trong khng kh to

nn ma axt, lm thit hi cho cy ci , git cht c v cc loi ng vt thu sinh khc, ph hu cc ngi nh xy bng gch hay , v n mn cc cy cu v lan can bng kim loi.

part ii. economics and international trade

unit 6. trade pact offers hope

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

TRADE PACT OFFERS HOPE

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1. Spirits have been lifted by July 2001 agreement on the US-VN trade pact after more than four years of protracted negotiations. The agreement would dramatically open Vietnams economy and develop trade between the two nations. The deal will give the Vietnamese access to the US market on the same terms as other nations and could lead to $1 billion of extra business for Vietnamese companies. The deal will also help Hanois bid for membership of the WTO. In return, the agreement should result in enhanced opportunities for US investors in Vietnam.

2. It is important to realize the deal limitations. All the deal does is give Vietnam normal

trade relations status (NTR), previously termed MFN, allowing its goods to enter the US at the same low tariff rates accorded to most countries. The deal does not touch the existing set of quotas. Though economists have estimated Vietnams exports to the US - which were $450 million last year - could double in the first full year of agreement, it is wise to remember that similarly optimistic forecasts were made following the normalisation of diplomatic ties in 1995. The expected tourism boom never materialised.

3. Another limitation is the severity of the foreign investment downturn, which can be

ascribed partly to the regional crisis. But an equally important factor is foreign investors frustration at the difficulties of doing business in Vietnam. Since the opening of Vietnam to foreign investment in 1988, foreigners have run the spectrum from hope, to disillusion, to despair.

4. There are foreign firms making money in Vietnam. This fact is often given less than its due

coverage. That is partly because it is wise for successful entrepreneurs, both foreign and local, to keep a low profile. The Party is suspicious of wealth and of private enterprise, and the tax authorities are quick to target the wealthy.

5. Recently licence procedures were simplified, even for 100% foreign-owned ventures.

Initially 70/30 jointventure agreements dominated foreign investment into Vietnam, but it was found that the local partners frequently brought nothing to the table except over-priced land. Foreign investors have since increasingly preferred 100% foreign-owned enterprises, despite their more limited duration and the difficulties of securing land. Alternatively foreigners use business cooperation contracts, in effect sponsoring Vietnamese private entrepreneurs. Many of the success stories stem from these low-profile understandings.

6. The difficulties are enormous, however. All ventures in Vietnam are subject to shifting,

unclear, and arbitrary taxation of the companys profits, its land, and its employees, who are subject to a steeply progressive tax regime which means that an employee earning $2000 a month will cost the employer around $10,000 a month. Firms can not translate their income into foreign currency. Entry into existing Vietnamese distribution channels is impossible. Contracts between Vietnamese and foreigners are largely unenforceable. The commercial court system is non-functioning. The local arbitration system has no power of enforcement and the enforceability of arbitration under the New York Convention of Foreign Arbitral Award, to which Vietnam has acceded, is untested.

7. The authorities claim to be addressing these problems and hold occasional high-profile

dialogues between officials and foreign investors, but the value of these get-togethers is treated by investors with growing scepticism.

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Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following b trng ngoi giao (M) th trng (M) b trng ngoi giao (Vit nam) th trng (Vit nam) cuc hp bo tng b th th tng(VN) th tng (c) thng k s ngi M mt tch du n nhp c tip tc hon thi hnh tu chnh n Jackson-Vanik quan h lnh s cho php thnh lp to lnh s i n k kt hip nh ang trong qu trnh thng lng hip nh mang tnh bc ngot quc hi (M) quc hi (Vit nam) ph chun lnh vc cn tr tr tin chng bun bn ma tu Task 3. Translate the following into English

Ngoi trng M Albright mun xc tin hip nh thng mi Vit-M

(Trch bi pht biu ca bgoi trng Madeleine K. Albright ti cuc hp bo ngy 6/9/99 ti khch sn Daewoo, H ni. Ngun: B Ngoi giao Vit nam) 1. Xin cho qu v. Ti rt vinh d c tr li Vit nam ln ny. Trc khi bay i thnh

ph H Ch Minh, ti mun pht biu vi li v cuc hi kin hm nay vi ngi Tng b th, ngi th tng v ph th tng.

2. K t chuyn ving thm Vit nam ca ti cch y 2 nm, Vit nam v M cng c

c mi quan h hai nc trong hai vn c bn. Trc tin, chng ti lun bit n s hp tc ca cc bn trong vic cng chng ti c gng thng k s ngi M mt tch trong cuc chin tranh Vit nam.

3. Mt du n quan trng khc trong vic bnh thng ho quan h l vn ngi nhp c.

Nhng tin b r rt ca Vit nam cho php chng ti tip tc hon thi hnh tu chnh

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n Jackson-Vanik v bnh thng ho quan h lnh s gia hai nc - iu ny c th hin bng vic ti s cho php thnh lp to lnh s mi ti thnh ph H Ch Minh ngy mai.

4. Tuy nhin trong cuc hi kin sng nay ti cng nhn mnh rng Vit nam cn phi i

n k kt mt s bn hip nh cn ang trong qu trnh thng lng, v nhng hip nh s gp phn thc y tng trng v tht cht hn quan h kinh t gia Vit nam v M.

5. iu ct yu nht by gi l chng ta cn i n tho thun v mt hip nh thng mi

mang tnh bc ngot. Nu c quc hi M ph chun, hip nh ny s to iu kin cho quan h thng mi t do hn gia hai nc chng ta. Sau bn nm c gng m phn, chng ta cn hnh ng nhanh chng nu khng mun b l c hi qu bu ny.

6. Tt nhin, vic pht trin kinh t ca Vit nam khng ch ph thuc vo cc hip nh k

kt vi M. thc y u t nc ngoi v mu dch ni chung, Vit nam cn phi tip tc v tng cng i mi. y cng l tin Vit nam c th gia nhp WTO.

7. Ti cng thc gic cc nh lnh o Vit Nam phi hnh ng trit trong mt s

lnh vc phi kinh t hin nay cn tr tr, chng hn nh vic chng bun bn ma ty, hay vic k kt mt hip c to iu kin cho hp tc hai bn trong cc nghin cu khoa hc v y t.

8. Mt ln na, ti xin cm n B trng Ngoi giao Nguyn Mnh Cm nhit tnh n

tip ti. Mc d cn mt s vn cha gii quyt c gia hai nc, nhng nu Vit Nam n lc th chng ti cng s c gng gp i trong thi gian ti. By gi ti xin ch c tr li cc cu hi ca qu v.

Task 4. Possessive adjectives Normally in VN-EN translation, it is necessary to add posessive adjectives before some nouns to make them more identifiable. Look back at the examples from task 3 Ti mun pht biu vi li v cuc hi kin hm nay vi ngi... I would like to say a few words about my talks today with.... Nhng tin b r rt ca Vit nam cho php chng ti tip tc hon thi hnh tu chnh n Jackson-Vanik Vietnams strong performance has permitted us to renew our Jackson-Vanik waiver Vit nam cn phi tip tc v tng cng i mi. Vienam needs to continue and intensify its reforms. Ti xin cm n B trng Ngoi giao Nguyn Mnh Cm n tip ti. I would like to thank Minister Cam for his welcome. Now translate the following into English, paying special attention to the possessive adjectives if necessary

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1. D b ngoi khng my d coi nhng anh y vn c mi ngi qu mn. 2. Trong bi din vn, v thng c cam kt s c gii php tho g cho hon cnh kh khn

ca nhng ngi v gia c. 3. Dn chng ang ni dy chng li nhng nh lnh o thi nt. 4. Sau khi ln cm quyn, ng ta thanh ton mi i th chnh tr. 5. Th gii ang ku gi h tn trng bn ho c h k kt vi cc nc lng ging. 6. H phn bi t quc khi bn nhng b mt qun s cho cc ip vin ca ch. 7. Cc ngn hng ni rng vic thua l l mt bc tt yu trong qu trnh phc hi sau khng hong. 8. Chnh s suy yu trn th trng chng khon M khin cc nh u t chuyn vn

sang th trng chu . Related links:

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Unit 7. Rethinking Asia after the crisis

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

THE ANSWER: DEGLOBALISE

1. The financial crisis has spawned 1001 proposals for the reform of the global financial

order. But beneath the technical details and differences, there are three basic approaches. 2. The first sees the current financial architecture as basically sound. What needs

improvement is the wiring of the system. The way to deal with the crisis, according to this

35

school, is not to create a new global regulatory structure but to expand the role and resources of the IMF, making it a lender of last resort, but only to countries willing to undertake tough financial reforms, which include more liberalisation, greater transparency, tougher bankruptcy laws and more prudential regulation.

3. The second approach might be called the Back to Bretton Woods school. It proposes

controls on capital flows via a transaction tax. These are not only meant to prevent destabilising movement of speculative capital or to encourage greater inflow of long-term direct investment and credit. Capital controls should also be seen as legitimate instruments for the pursuit of trade and industrial policies aimed at national economic development.

4. The third school views the problem differently. The main problem, according to this

school, lies in the development model itself - the institutionalisation of exports and foreign capital as the twin engines of economic growth. The fundamental flaw of these economies is their indiscriminate integration into the global economy and their overreliance on foreign capital for development.

5. The way out of chronic and continuing crisis is the de-globalisation, albeit limited, of the

domestic economy - that is, its reorientation toward greater reliance on the internal market, greater dependence on domestic capital resources, closer cooperation with neighbouring economies to create protected regional markets, a lower rate of growth that would generate less income inequality and inflict less harm on the environment, and income distribution and political reforms to underpin controlled development.

6. It would, of course, be ideal to have a more congenial international financial architecture,

but since this is not going to happen soon, there are two overriding tasks. The first is to prevent current reforms from becoming a project to integrate financial sectors of developing economies into the global system controlled by the North. The second is to devise a set of effective capital controls, trade measures and regional cooperative arrangements that would allow internal economic transformations to take place with minimal disruption from external forces and developments.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following ng nng tng trng tn d cuc i suy thoi bt u phi thai b tan r l ng c thc y ging mt n ch mng vo..... con s thng k cng nhc ng mng dn vn cc cng ty c u tin vay vn quay v hng ni phi mt mt thi gian .... c cu li h thng doanh nghip phn phi li ngn sch nh nc Task 3. Translate the following into English

36

KIM TM NG NNG TNG TRNG MI 1. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca cc nc ng , qua tn d ca mt trong nhng cuc

khng hong ti chnh ln nht t cuc i Suy Thoi n nay, ngi ta cui cng nhn thy rng nhng nn tng cho mt nn kinh t mi ang bt u phi thai. Quyt nh ca Trung Quc trong vic ni lng cc hng ro mu dch nhm gia nhp WTO v thc y tng trng kinh t l mt phn ca xu th t do ho ang din ra mnh m trong ton khu vc.

2. Thc t kinh t ng lo ngi ng , nht l h thng ti chnh b tan r ca khu vc, l

ng c thc y xu th ny. S tin khng l 3% GNP m M phi b ra thanh ton nhng khon n hi thp k 80 tr nn chng c ngha l g nu em ra so snh vi s tin 15% GDP m Hn Quc cn thanh ton n (khong hn 95 t la, theo c tnh ca cc nh phn tch). Theo Deutsche Bank, s tin m Innsia cn khi phc h thng ti chnh l 50% GDP, v Thi Lan l 56%.

3. Cuc khng hong ti chnh cng vi nhng i thay ca kinh t ton cu ging mt

n ch mng vo m hnh kinh t c ca chu . Nhiu tp on khng l tng l ng lc cho cc quc gia chu ngy xa gi y tan r. Cc ngn hng ti tr cho cc tp on ny cng vy. Hn na, ngnh cng nghip ch to cng ang b e do bi gi quc t ngy cng thp v p lc cnh tranh t chu M Latinh v ng u ngy cng tng ln. Do , chnh ph cc quc gia chu ang phi n lc tm kim mt ng nng tng trng mi cho th k 21.

4. Ln u tin k t thp k 60 khi khu vc bt u ct cnh, cc tp on cng nghip

khng l bt u ch tm vo li nhun ch khng phi vo nhng k lc mi v sn lng. Nhng tp on hng mnh mt thi nay bt u tch nh, v chu gi y khng th trng cy vo h pht trin c na. Cc ngn hng trc kia ch ng vai tr ng mng dn vn vo cac cng ty c u tin vay vn, gi y cng buc phi a dng ho hot ng ca mnh. Chnh ph, trc kia ch quan tm n nhng con s thng k cng nhc, nay ch trng hn n cc nhu cu c bn ca x hi. Nhn chung cc nc chu u quay v hng ni, tm kim ng nng tng trng t ngi tiu dng trong nc, t nhng ngnh s dng cng ngh cao, t dch v, v t cc doanh nghip nh.

5. Mc tiu ca cc nh lnh o chu khng g khc hn l lp li c thnh cng ca

M trong M hnh Kinh t Mi ca nc ny. Theo li ng Tng Gim c U ban Pht trin Kinh t Singapore Liew Heng San, nhng nc no ph thuc qu nhiu vo ngnh cng nghip ch to s nhanh chng tr nn li thi. Do Singapore ang tch cc lp k hoch bin o quc ny tr thnh mt trung tm nghin cu v pht trin. ng Liew cn ni M hnh pht trin mi phi da trn kin thc.

6. Tuy nhin, c i mi l c kh khn v ri ro. M hnh kinh t mi ca chu phi mt

mt thi gian pht trin mt cch y . Chu khng th ci t trong mt sm mt chiu. Nc M phi mt 20 nm mi xy dng c nn mng cho nn kinh t mi bng vic c cu li h thng doanh nghip, phn phi li ngn sch nh nc, v u t cho cng ngh. i vi chu , chng ng ny ch mi bt u.

Task 4. Use of English proverbs

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Look back at the example from task 3 Chu khng th ci t trong mt sm mt chiu. Rome was not built in one day. Translate the following into English, paying attention to the italicized phrases: 1. Cu nn kin nhn. C cng mi st c ngy nn kim. 2. - Bn c ht ch hng ny, t s tr tin cho cu. - ng tnh cua trong l, chc g c ngi mua hng ca cu. 3. Nu ti l anh th ti s khng mua nhiu c phiu ca cng ty ny nh vy, phi bit phn

b ri ro ch! 4. Ti ngh sp qu li ri, l con ngi th c ai ton din u. 5. Theo ch, em khng nn hc cng mt lc hai ba trng nh th. Ci g cng bit th s

chng bit n ni n chn u. 6. Ti thy tng ca anh rt hay v c th thc hin c, anh nn trin khai ngay i.

ng n o nhiu qu, mu s ti nhn, thnh s ti thin m. 7. iu quan trng l anh chun b k lng. Vn s khi u nan, nu cn ti s gip

anh.

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Related links:

UNIT 8. CHINA - DEAL OF THE CENTURY Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

How Beijing can learn from its neighbours blunders 1. The notion that market liberalisation is purely good is usually a given. But as Beijing,

Washington and the world celebrate Chinas WTO pact, it is worth remembering that there are real hazards to plugging into the high-voltage grid of world capitalism with inadequate preparation. In the time before China must comply with the new rules, it should study the mistakes of other countries that liberalised ahead of it and implement the needed reforms.

2. The experiences of South Korea and Thailand in opening their financial markets prior to

the Asia crisis offer hard lessons. Making the yuan freely convertible and dismantling barriers to foreign capital inflows arent yet part of Chinas plan for entering the WTO. But as its companies grow more sophisticated and are forced to fight to compete in the borderless world, China inevitably will be pushed to open its capital markets further.

3. When Korea faced this challenge, it managed the transition badly. Seoul liberalised its

financial markets to coincide with its entry into the OECD in 1996. The result was that its banks, brokers and companies went on a wild spree. Allowed to borrow directly from foreign banks, giant conglomerates such as Daewoo Group loaded up on debt. Korea exhausted its foreign exchange reserves a year later. Humiliated, Seoul had to crawl to the IMF for a $58 billion bailout.

4. Thailand did no better. Its decision to introduce Bangkok International Banking Facilities

in 1993 was applauded by free marketeers. This program, intended to make Bangkok an international financial centre, allowed Thai companies to borrow more easily in foreign currencies, typically at interest rates that were 5 to 6 percentage points lower than domestic rates. The wave of cheap foreign money at first looked benign. But as Thailands

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balance of payments worsened and short-term foreign loans came due, the baht collapsed. Dozens of finance firms were wiped out, and Thailands banking system is still buried in unpayable debts.

5. Although Chinas WTO deal mostly is about trade, it does offer foreign banks, fund

managers and insurance firms greater access to its vast market. Once on the ground, the foreign companies will likely disrupt the fragile balance of Chinas wobbly financial structure.

6. This isnt an argument against liberalisation. It is a reminder that China must be savvy in

laying the ground for what lies ahead. It must begin now to train bankers, brokers and mutual fund managers of tomorrow. If China doesnt get financial reform right, it wont realise the benefits of the WTO.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following li v thit lung lay (nn kinh t) th tc quan liu rm r iu k diu trong nhy mt tr cp xut khu luyn kim ho du cng ngh sinh hc Task 3. Translate the following into English

TRUNG QUC - LI V THIT KHI VO WTO

1. Ngy 15 thng 11 va qua, B trng thng mi Trung Quc v i din thng mi M

k tho thun v vic Trung Quc gia nhp WTO. R rng l vo thi im ny Trung Quc gn nh khng cn s la chn no khc. Nn kinh t nc ny ang lung lay, nhp tng trng chm v tht nghip ln n mc hai con s. Cc nh u t nc ngoi ang rt vn khi Trung Quc v qu mt mi vi nhng th tc quan liu rm r. Trung Quc cn phi c WTO tin hnh ci cch.

2. Tuy nhin, tho thun Trung - M m ng cho Trung Quc gia nhp WTO cng khng

th em li iu k diu trong nhy mt. Nhng tho thun ny l mt bc quan trng i vi Trung Quc trong qu trnh m ca th trng sau nhiu thp k khng c tin b. Mc d ci cch s i km vi nhiu thit hi, cc nh lnh o Trung Quc vn thc c rng s c nhiu ci li khng th b qua.

3. Theo c tnh, vic gia nhp WTO s em li cho Trung Quc mt khon u t 100 t

la mi nm, v gip cho nn kinh t nc ny tng trng nhanh thm 1% nh vic tng hiu qu, tng sc cnh tranh v tng xut khu. Cc cng ty trong lnh vc cng ngh cao v cng ngh sinh hc s pht t. Ngnh dt may ni trong 5 nm c th to thm 5 triu vic lm, ngnh dch v 2,6 triu v ngnh xy dng 1 triu.

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4. Tuy nhin, c t c s tng trng trn hay khng cn tu thuc vo vic Trung Quc c thc hin nghim tc nhng cam kt ca mnh hay khng, v vo lng tin ca cc nh u t vo cng cuc i mi ca nc ny. Tho thun Trung - M yu cu Trung Quc phi m ca nhiu lnh vc bao gm vin thng, dch v internet, ngn hng, th trng chng khon v mng li phn phi. Ngoi ra Trung Quc cn phi ct gim thu nhp khu t 22% xung 17%, v bi b cc tr cp xut khu.

5. Ln u tin cc cng ty phng Ty c th bn sn phm trc tip cho ngi tiu dng Trung Quc. Hin nay, cc nh sn xut my tnh ang au u v cc loi hn ngch v thu quan i vi linh kin my, v v cc tr ngi trong vn phn phi. Gi y, vi tho thun WTO, cc cng ty c th ngh ti vic m rng kinh doanh.

6. Cc nng dn M cng c hi vng. Trung Quc s phi bi b tr cp xut khu v ct

gim thu i vi cc mt hng nng phm. Nhng i vi nng dn v cc nh sn xut Trung Quc th tnh hnh khng my kh quan. Vic gia nhp WTO s dn n mt s phn cch ln gia k thng v ngi bi. Nhiu cng ty trong cc ngnh cng nghip nng nh luyn kim v ho du s c nguy c ph sn khi khng cn nhng hng ro mu dch mt thi nng h.

Task 4. Verb - noun collocations In translating verbal phrases, it is wise to translate the noun (object) first and then consider what particular verbs can go with that noun. Never translate the verbs separately, as this may produce non-English phrases. Look back at the example from task 3: Trung quc cn thc hin cam kt ca mnh China needs to follow through its commitments Trung Quc phi bi b cc tr cp xut khu China needs to end all export subsidies What verbs can go with the following nouns? 1. policy 2. target 3. commitment 4. confidence 5. measure 6. barriers 7. restrictions 8. skills 9. poverty

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10. burden Related links:

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unit 9. IS GLOBALISATION DESIRABLE?

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

ADVANCING GLOBALISATION 1. Because of many countries inability to deal adequately with the effects of globalisation, as

has happened in Asia during the financial crisis, many pundits declared the nation-state to be in retreat. Multinational corporations, financial institutions, labour unions, non-government organisations and other civil groups now seem to play more important roles in the world economy. This has led to the belief that the market has taken over, leaving governments on the sidelines. The danger in such a view is that it prompts another belief that since globalisation may not be in a nations best interest, neither can it be in an individuals. And in this may be a backlash against globalisation.

2. Against this, leaders such as Britains Tony Blair have responded with a third way,

which seeks to place the nation-state firmly at the heart of globalisation. While a governments role may not be to intervene in the market, it can be in helping markets function properly and efficiently; and when there are social costs involved, it can lend a hand. Understood in this way, the nation-state isnt retreating, just repositioning itself as an integral part of globalisation. But while many European leaders have responded favourably to this new view, none has successfully shown how to translate it into policy. However, there is indeed a way.

3. First, a governments duty under this vision is to compel economic actors to meet basic

standards of conduct, so markets function properly. It can achieve this by setting and supervising regulatory standards. Next, a government can help equip its citizens with the skills necessary in global economic competition. It is increasingly important these days that, for example, workers are computer literate and can communicate in more than just their mother tongue. Lastly, there is a need for social safety nets. Competition produces winners and losers. But unless someone takes care of the losers, social cohesion will fray as losers are shunted to the margins.

4. But thats not the end of it. Increasingly, there are concerns that the market imposes a

value that is anathema to human dignity. Is governments role no more than to ensure market efficiency and to sharpen citizens competitiveness? What about nurturing a cultural and philosophical identity, offering a more spiritual fulfilment? Addressing these questions is a means to make people realize the importance of globalisation. This is particularly important in an Asia that now may be a little sceptical about this overwhelming trend.

5. Thus, beyond the bare basics, a government must also promote moral virtues, which in a

limited definition means teaching people to be humble winners and sporting losers - qualities that are important if we are to maintain social cohesion. In short, competition serves us well only if it is accompanied by moral virtues. A government can do much here through education, by inculcating a sense of cultural identity.

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6. Indeed, respect for virtues defined in this way isnt uniquely Asian. It is universal, in so far as it embraces respect for other cultures. The Asian crisis was a tragedy that occurred because of globalisation. Not because globalisation is bad, but because many in Asia were insufficiently prepared for it. Nevertheless, there is a bright side. At last, it awakened many in Asia to the fact that they had been slow to adjust to the new rules. It also reminded us all that under the press of technological innovation and globalisation, the importance of our moral virtues had been overlooked. Globalisation can, and should have, a human face. And it may indeed evolve into an even stronger force in the next century.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following: thiu nin y hoi bo khuych trng thuyt chn lc t nhin ca Darwin tc chng mt nhy bn vi thi cuc vp phi s phn ng ca... nn kinh t non nt Task 3. Translate the following into English

xu hng ton cu ho trong thin nin k mi 1. Cch y 30 nm, khi ngi ta hi cc thiu nin v mong mun ca cc em khi bc sang

nm 2000, nhiu em s tr li: em mong mun ho bnh trn ton th gii. Gi y, nu chng ta t li cu hi cho vn nhng ngi th cu tr li rt c th s l: Ti mong mun c thng tr th gii, bi v nhng em thiu nin y hoi bo xa kia nay tr thnh lnh o ca nhng cng ty hng u th gii v ang lm vic khng mt mi khuych trng cng ty ca mnh.

2. Mi y, ng John Zeglis, ch tch cng ty AT & T by t quan im ca mnh v tm

quan trng ca vic ton cu ho. Theo ng, trong tng lai, cc cng ty s ch c hai s la chn: hoc phi ton cu ho, hoc s ph sn. Quan im trn phn nh tinh thn ca mt th gii thng nht m trong thuyt chn lc t nhin ca Darwin t ra ng n hn bao gi ht.

3. Nhng iu ny cng chng c g mi. Trong th k va qua c rt nhiu cng ty m

rng hot ng ra phm vi ton cu, v hin rt nhiu cng ty trong s vn ang thng tr th trng th gii. Trong s nhng cng ty hng u th gii, cc cng ty nh Ford Motor, General Electric v IBM hin vn c sn phm c cc h gia nh trn ton th gii a dng.

4. Ci mi l tc hot ng v thay i n chng mt ca cc cng ty. Cc tin b trong

lnh vc thng tin gip cc cng ty c th qun l c mt b my hot ng rt ln m vn bo m c s nhy bn vi thi cuc. Cc k thut sn xut mi lm gim chi ph vn hnh v gip cng ty t c s sn xut nhng ni c nguyn liu v lao ng r.

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5. Nhng trong khi cc tp on khng l lu i ang s dng nhng tin b cng ngh

phc v cho mnh, h cng phi i mt vi mt nguy c ln: cc i th cnh tranh non tr ca h cng c th s dng nhng tin b , v vi s ra i ca Internet, cc tp on khng l trong nhy mt c th b tut mt mt th phn ln m h dy cng xy dng by lu nay.

6. Xu th ton cu ho cng ang vp phi s phn ng ca cc quc gia ang pht trin, v

h lo ngi rng cc cng ty a quc gia c th e da nn kinh t v cc cng ty ni a non nt ca mnh. Nhiu ngi cho rng M ang s dng h thng thng mi th gii phc v cho li ch ca ring mnh. Do cc nc ang pht trin ngy cng c nhng yu cu cao hn khi tham gia cc tho c thng mi v kinh t.

Task 4. Passives Its more natural in Vietnamese to use active voice. But in English, passives are more widely used, especially when readers are not interested in the agent of the action. Look back at the examples from task 3: khi ngi ta hi cc thiu nin v mong mun ca cc em... when asked what they wished for... ch tch cng ty AT & T by t quan im ca mnh v tm quan trng ca vic ton cu ho the importance of globalisation has recently been spelt out by AT & T president cc tp on khng l trong nhy mt c th b tut mt mt th phn ln m h dy cng xy dng by lu nay market shares built up over decades could be lost overnight Now translate the following into English, using passive voice if it makes the sentences more natural: 1. Ti din n kinh t th gii va qua, ngi ta khng ch trch vic ton cu ho, m ch

tp trung tranh lun v nhng cch tip cn khc nhau i vi xu th ny m thi. 2. Chng ta ai cng mun sng trong mt nn kinh t th trng, nhng li chng ai mun

sng trong mt x hi mang tnh th trng. V mt thch thc m chng ta ang gp phi gi y l lm sao gi cho x hi ca chng ta ng mang tnh th trng thun tu.

3. Theo th tng Anh Tony Blair, vai tr lnh o chnh tr ca chnh ph trong x hi

ang thay i. Ci chng ta cn l mt chnh ph nhy bn vi ci cch v khng s ci cch.

4. Vin tr khng hon li c mt s u im so vi vic cho vay. Cc nc vin tr c th

ngng cp vin tr khng hon li nu cc nc nhn vin tr khng tun th cc iu kin do nc vin tr t ra.

5. Qu trnh ton cu ho i hi chng ta phi thay i nhng lut l v thi quen c.

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Related links:

UNIT 10. the ASIAn century Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

ASIAS ECONOMY SURVIVING THE AFTERSHOCK 1. If anyone in Asia thought the atrocities of September 11 were distant events, tragic but far

removed, with no real impact on their daily lives, they have surely changed their minds by now.

2. Already the economic downdraft from the U.S. tragedies is fanning a chill wind across the

Asia-Pacific region. As trade evaporates and inveestment flows dry up, Asia is beginning to experience the flip side of globalization. Now, through no fault of their own, Asian countries are facing a slump likely to last 6 months longer, and with a trough far deeper, than anyone had expected.

3. Worst of all, theres very little Asia can do about it. The regions central banks can cut

rates in response to cuts in the U.S, governments sitting on spare cash can raise public spending, and countries with floating exchange rates can try to massage their currencies

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lower. But with confidence inside the U.S, the worlds biggest economy and long the engine of global growth, hammered hard by the attacks on New York and Washington, such measures can only cushion the blow, not deflect it.

4. The impact of U.S recession will be felt keenly by Asias export-led economies. The

regions smaller, more open countries had already suffered bitterly from the slowdown in external demand caused by the global technology slump. After seeing record double-digit declines in electronics export during the first half of the year, Singapore and Taiwan have already been pushed into recession.

5. Its not only exports that will be affected by the September 11 attacks, investment is also at

risk. The sharp sell-off in global stock markets over the second half of September emphasizes the heightened sense of risk aversion among porfolio investors. The contagion has been particularly brutal across much of Asia. Whereas the benchmark Down Jones Industrial Average droppoed by 8% over the 3 weeks following the attacks, Singapores Strait Times index lost a whopping 15%.

6. Even before the horrific events of September 11, Asia was preparing for a global economic

slowdown. But now, the regions economies will have to navigate a longer and more painful path to recovery.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following hip nh khung c hiu lc hon ton iu tr tru hp l ho ni dung chng cho iu khon min tr c bit lch trnh m ca th trng d thay lng i d k hoch ct gim thu quan ban u phn tc dng Task 3. Translate the following into English

tnh hnh thung mi cc nc ng nam 1. t nht, v l thuyt, vi bao nhiu l hip nh thng mi m cc nc ng Nam ,

ang v sp sa k kt th chc chn thng mi khu vc ny s phi pht trin mnh m. Ti hi ngh thng nh ln th 8 Phnm pnh vo u thng 11 va qua, cc nc ASEAN cng b hip nh khung v t do thng mi vi Trung Quc vo nm 2013. ng thi cc nc ny cng ra tuyn b v vic tht cht quan h thng mi vi Nht bn, t chc cuc hi ngh thng nh u tin vi n (trong thng mi s l vn c u tin tho lun), v xut bn mt bn bo co v qu trnh hi nhp cc nn

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kinh t ASEAN + 3 nhm bt tay vi Nht Bn, Trung Quc v Hn Quc. Tun trc, Hoa k va tuyn b mt k hoch mi nhm xc tin cc hip nh thng mi vi cc nc thnh vin ASEAN. Cn vo ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2003, khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN bt u c hiu lc hon ton vi 6 nc thnh vin u tin l Bruny, Innxia, Malaysia, Philppin, Singapo v Thi lan.

2. Tuy nhin iu tr tru l vic cc nc ua nhau k kt mt lot cc hip nh li chng

t l nhng n lc thc y t do mu dch ca khu vc cha em li kt qu no ng k. Trc y, vi nn kinh t m, n nh v chi ph thp, ASEAN tng thu ht c nhiu d n u t nc ngoi c nh hng xut khu. Nhng cuc khng hong ti chnh nm 97 v giai on bt n sau khng hong lm cho khu vc ny km hp dn i nhiu, khin cho cc nh u t chuyn hng sang th trng Trung Quc hp dn hn. T n nay chnh ph cc nc ASEAN tng cng cc bin php tin n mt th trng chung vi 500 triu dn nhm ku gi cc nh u t tr li. Mt biu trng cao nht ca n lc ny l khu vc mu dch t do ASEAN, trong thu nhp khu gia cc nc b gii hn mc ti a 5%. Tuy u nhn thc c v nhng li ch ca t do mu dch, cc thnh vin AFTA cha c s tin tng ln nhau hp l ho li h thng hin nay cng nh cng m phn nhng hip nh chung vi cc nc ngoi khi. Kt qu l c c mt ng cc ngh nh th v hip nh vi ni dung chng cho c k kt.

3. Ngay c hip nh mi k kt vi Trung Quc cng s qui nh nhng iu khon min tr c bit v cc lch trnh m ca th trng khc nhau vi tng thnh vin ASEAN, mc d nm trong khun kh chung. D sao th y cng l mt hip nh do pha Trung Quc ch khng phi ASEAN xng. Trung Quc ln u tin a ra tng ny cch y hai nm - v c gng lm ngh ny hp hn bng nhng nhng li ha hn y thin ch v vic gim thu nhp khu vi hng nng sn t ASEAN trong vng 3 nm.

4. Tt nhin l hip nh ny c li cho ASEAN: thng mi vi trung Quc tng ln 3

ln trong thp k qua vi thng d thng mi nghing v ASEAN. Mc tng tng nhanh ny ang gip gim bt s ph thuc ca ng Nam vo xut khu sang M, Chu u v Nht Bn hin ang tr tr. Khng c g phi nghi ng l trin vng xut khu min thu sang Trung Quc s thuyt phc mt s nh u t d thay lng i d tr li ASEAN. Khu vc mu dch t do ny s tr thnh mt th trng ln nht th gii vi hn 1.7 t ngi tiu dng.

5. Hy vng rng cc li ch ca k hoch ct gim thu quan ban u ca Trung Quc c

thng bo ti Phnm Pnh s thc y ASEAN y mnh tin trnh hi nhp v t do ho thng mi. Nhng mt s ngi lo ngi vic ny s phn tc dng: nhng tho thun nh vy c th gy chia r su sc hn trong khi ASEAN v lm yu i kh nng m phn tp th ca hip hi ny vi cc i tc bn ngoi.

Task 4. Figurative expressions 1 It is wise in reading English passages to make notes of beautiful structures and expressions, which may become handy in VN-EN translations afterwards. Look back at task 1 and underline any expressions or words you find beautiful. Now try to translate the following into English, paying attention to the italicized phrases:

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1. Vic mt s quan chc cao cp c dnh lu n v b bi trong gii x hi en lm cho uy tn ca nh cm quyn b lung lay nghim trng.(sbs credibility/reputation takes a severe beating/is punctured/undermined)

2. a ng l iu khng th xy ra Vit nam. (the door remains shut to sth) 3. Ph th tng V Khoan c nhiu kinh nghim trong qu trnh m phn HTM Vit

M v ng c th h tr c lc cho chnh ph trong vic xc nh nhng u tin cng nh nhng thch thc m Vit nam c th gp phi. (lend a big hand //pinpoint)

4. Yu t c bn ca mt h thng doanh nghip mnh l tnh minh bch v tinh thn trch

nhim cao. (the nuts and bolts/the heart and soul) 5. Vic sp nhp ang tr thnh mt i vi cc cng ty chu hin nay. (mating season) 6. V Th tng mi c c s phi gnh trng trch lm trong sch chnh ph v y mnh

hn na ci t kinh t. (shoulder the burden) Related links:

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check your progress 2 (90 minutes)

Task 1. Translate the following into Vienamese 1. Globalization has replaced the Cold War as the main arena of debate over the values

upon which societies, nations and international organizations should be built. The process of globalization has recently been accelerating for several reasons, including the latest wave of democratic transition. Following the collapse of communism in Eastern and Central Europe, many formerly authoritarian countries have embraced democracy and rejoined the international economy.

2. Globalization is both the construction of a set of international relationships and a process

of change. The wave of globalization that began after the Second World War has been shaped by a set of international rules or institutions ranging from the well known, such as the World Bank, to the relatively obscure, such as the International Organization for Standardization. Although this process has seen periods of pause and acceleration over the last fifty years, it is now fundamentally different than earlier periods in world history.

3. Each nation also has to decide how to engage in the globalization process. Developed and

developing countries alike must come to terms with the rapid integration of markets, the increasing flow of finance and the widespread use of technology. Even countries with a small, open economy need not be hapless victims swept up by international forces beyond their control.

4. Failing to integrate into the emerging rule-based global system also has consequences. The

experience of the former command economies in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, is not simply the result of a failed ideology. It demonstrates that attempts to supplant a competitive market economy with government-driven investment plans can no longer be sustained.

Task 2. Translate the following into English 1. R rng nn kinh t ca Vit Nam ang bc l nhng khim khuyt v khng c con ng

no khc hn l phi m ca lm n vi th gii. Theo mt iu tra ca Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam gn y (c Ph th tng Nguyn Mnh Cm dn ra ti hi ngh), 16% doanh nghip cha c thng tin g v hi nhp kinh t quc t v n 50% cc doanh nghip cha bit g v Hip nh Thng mi Vit - M. Bn cnh , bao cp vn cn rt nng. chnh l ci khng th chp nhn khi hi nhp.

2. Chng ta ang ni n thi c v thch thc. Tuy vy, thi c khng phi t trn tri ri

xung, m do chnh ta to ra v nm bt ly khi chng ta vt qua c thch thc ca

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chnh mnh. Ph th tng Nguyn Mnh Cm nhn mnh: Chng ta phi nhn r nhng yu km ca mnh khc phc khi lm n vi bn ngoi.

3. Theo ng Nguyn nh Lng, tr l B trng B Thng mi, trc ht chng ta cn

phi u tranh vt qua nhng kh khn v thch thc ni ti ca nn kinh t. l nhng thch thc d nhn ra, nhng li v cng kh khc phc. Theo nhiu i biu tham d hi ngh th tnh cnh tranh yu ca hng ho Vit Nam l mt thch thc v l thch thc hng u.

4. cp n nhng thun li khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, Ph th tng Nguyn Mnh

Cm cho rng Vit Nam s c mt th trng xut khu tng i n nh v c ch gii quyt cc tranh chp quc t. Thm vo , vic Vit Nam gia nhp WTO s gp phn lm quy ch thng mi quc t hp l hn, trnh b p t. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam cng s phi i mt vi nhng bt li nh nn kinh t cn lc hu, hay vic phi ct gim thu tc l gim ngun thu, th phn trong nc ca hng Vit Nam cng c th gim, v.v. Tuy nhin, xt trn ton cc, Vit Nam s bn lnh khc phc kh khn ni ti, chin thng nhng thch thc bn ngoi.

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translation 2 For higher- intermediate learners of English

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part iii. social issues ii

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UNIT 11. hEalth and welfare

Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

moonlighting medicos in vietnam

1. Since health-care reforms were carried out in 1989, physicians and dentists have been allowed to supplement their incomes by seeing private patients on the side - after their regular office hours at state-run clinics and hospitals. Retired physicians, formerly on the state payroll, have also been allowed to start private practices.

2. The reform and Vietnams move to a market-driven economy are starting to reshape

healthcare services in the country. The government encourages private doctors and this is evident in the fact that doctors are not taxed for income earned from private practice, nor are public clinics.

3. Proof of their popularity lies in Vietnams madical bills: the Vietnamese now dip into

their pockets for more than half of the countrys total health care expenditure. Figures from the World Bank indicate that the Vietnamese spend more money on private doctors, dentists and privately-purchased medication than they do at state-run facilities. Although it costs more to visit a private doctor, its worth it for good care. But its more than just a quality issue, convenience is also a key selling point. Private doctors are open on weeknights and weekends, and theres less red tape. They can also perform additional diagnostic and other services such as laboratory tests, electrocardiograms, and minor surgeries.

4. Doctors cite inflation, the cost of living, and their children education as key motivations

for moonlighting. As in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, many Vietnamese pay for after-school catch-up classes in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and foreign languages to improve their childrens chances of getting into a good university.

5. Still, not everyone is so sanguine about the reforms. Some hospital administrators worry

that the changes will lower the quality of health care and add to the burden of the already over-burdened doctors in the country. Moonlighters, they argue, will be overworked and too exhausted to provide quality care during regular clinic and hospital hours, let alone their private patients.

6. Moreover, with many doctors quietly dispensing drugs as a side business, concerns have

also been raised that medication will be over-prescribed. In addition, the uneven distribution of physicians is problematic too. The government no longer assigns medical-school graduates to work in specific areas, and few leave the larger cities where they were trained.

Task 2. Find the English equivalents to the following

virt suy gim min dch mc, nhim bun bn ph n v tr em s ly lan

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nn dch phng bnh pht hin (bnh) nhm ngi c ri ro nhim bnh cao Task 3. Translate the following into English

ON KT CHNG LI BNH AIDS 1. Xt v mt t nhin th phi ni rng HIV thnh cng. Trong vng 20 nm qua k

t khi tc hi ca n c y hc pht hin, loi virt suy gim min dch ny lm gn 60 triu ngi mc bnh, v con s mi ngy li tng thm 16000 ngi. Nhng nu xt t gc con ngi th HIV l mt thm ho. Trong s 60 triu ngi nhim HIV, hn 22 triu ngi cht v bnh AIDS, cn bnh do HIV gy nn. S cn li cng khng cn sng c bao lu na.

2. S ly nhim HIV bt ngun t Nam v chu Phi, v l mi e do ln i vi nhng n

lc pht trin kinh t v xo i gim ngho trong khu vc. Nguyn nhn ly nhim l do nhng hnh vi c mc ri ro cao, hot ng thng mi ho tnh dc, nhn thc cn hn ch, an ton mu km, s dng thuc bng bm kim tim, s di chuyn trong dn c (t nc ny sang nc khc hoc t nng thn ra thnh th), v nn bun bn ph n v tr em cho hot ng mi dm. Nhng kh khn v kinh t x hi trong c i ngho v nn m ch lm cho chng ta cng nhn thy rng cn phi hnh ng trit v c hiu qu gim bt s ly lan ca i dch ny.

3. Vit nam, s ca c xt nghim HIV dng tnh tng u t nm 1990 khi ca nhim

HIV u tin c pht hin thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tnh n thng 2 nm 2002, tng s c 18 196 ngi c chn on HIV dng tnh, hn 3000 ngi nhim bnh AIDS, v hn 2000 bnh nhn AIDS qua i.

4. Nhng con s k trn mi ch l nhng trng hp c ghi nhn, v con s thc t m

chnh ph d on cn cao hn nhiu. Ti t hn l cn bnh ny ang bt u lan t nhm ngi c ri ro nhim bnh cao sang nhng ngi dn bnh thng. Trng hp ly nhim qua ng tnh dc ngy cng nhiu, vic s dng ma tu ngy cng tng, v lc lng lao ng ngy cng lu ng hn u ang khin cho mc ly lan ngy cng trm trng thm.

Task 4. Compound adjectives Look back at the examples from task 3: s ly nhim qua ng tnh dc = sexually transmitted infections trng hp c ghi nhn = officially reported cases There are a number of ways adjectives are formed: adj + n + ed a cold -hearted girl, a thick-skinned man adv + Pii a well-educated girl, a beautifully-decorated vase noun + Pii a hand-made product, a fun-filled lesson adj + Ving a happy-looking child, a fast-moving society noun + Ving a heart-warming tale, a ground-breaking agreement

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Translate the following adjectives into English, paying attention to the underlined phrases 1. Xe my sn xut trong nc ang phi i mt vi s cnh tranh gay gt t xe my

nhp khu vi gi r. 2. Chnh ph tuyn b rng vic pht trin nhanh chng v cn i ca khu vc nng

thn l u tin hng u ca t nc. 3. Mt cuc iu tra do UNDP ti tr cho thy rng an ninh lng thc cng vi gio

dc v chm sc sc kho ban u l mi quan tm hng u ca b con dn tc thiu s.

4. Vit nam v Trung quc cam kt y mnh mi quan h lu i v s hp tc nhiu

mt gia hai nc. 5. C y thch loi nc hoa c mi nh nhng thm lu. Related link:

Unit 12. Tourism, land and people Task 1. Translate the following into Vietnamese

The Saigon Blues

Months of fending off feral cyclo drivers and cigarette vendors can take its toll from Saigons expats. Yet, as Marie-Claire Arrts discovered, the only cure is more.

1. The Saigon Blues, my friend Barbara said abashed, after she had just abused a persistent cigarette vendor. Sometimes life in Saigon gets just a little too much for foreigners, and then they snap.

2. The Saigon Blues are not quite so unexpected, but usually build up gradually and early

symptoms are easily recognizable by those who have an eye for it. Someone once

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compared the stress process to having little pebbles thrown at you day after day. One pebble is harmless enough, but its the ceaseless bombardment which ultimately pushes you over the edge.

3. It starts on arrival at Tan Son Nhat airport, where youre pursued by an army of

hawkers, money-changers and taxi drivers. Once all these have been negotiated and you enter the city proper, you discover its the hunting ground of cyclo drivers.

4. Cyclo madam? is the inevitable greeting, preceded by a cheerful salute as if you were a

long-time acquaintance. Do you know him? you wonder in the beginning. Because its inexcusable to cut an old friend dead. After all, were in this country to establish in-depth contacts with the local population. Sadly the exuberant greeting just happens to be the standard way to address potential customers.

5. Just imagine how much energy is involved in this type of canvassing for custom. Cyclo

drivers seem to have unlimited resources, as opposed to the easily drained foreigners. And if its a question of who has the most stamina, youll find that the salesman always wins.

6. In fact, theres only one way to survive the rollercoaster called Saigon: dont look up,

whatever happens. Because eye contact is fatal. Its an invitation for a lifelong friendship, or at least until you manage to sneak into a shop. Where you can not linger longer than two hour either, without arising suspicions. In any case, shopkeepers have learned to recognize fugitives from the street, and before you know it youll be the bamboozled owner of genuine Zippo lighters and antique dishes made just around the corner.

7. When you do finally leave the shop, laboring under the weight of all those unwanted

knick-knacks, there he is again, your loyal friend - the cyclo driver. Of course, madam definitely needs a cyclo now to cart all that junk back home. Sighing defeat, you clamber aboard this grown-ups pram and name your destination.

8. OOOPS! Big mistake! First you have negotiated a fare, because suddenly a five minutes

ride will cost you $2 - while an entire Vietnamese family with father, mother, kids and five ducks will pay just 40 cents. At moments like this, you realize that an attack of the Saigon Blues is imminent.

9. Theres no real remedy for the Blues. Of course, theres always the option o