tree biology, benefits, and the urban
TRANSCRIPT
Tree Biology, Benefits, and the Urban Environment
Massachusetts Tree Steward Training October 19, 2012, Harvard ForestEric Seaborn & Mollie Freilicher
MA-DCR Urban & Community Forestry Program
Tree Biology
• What makes a tree a tree?– Wood– Grow radially as well
as vertically– Can you climb it?
2009 San Diego Urban Tree Exhibit
Tree AnatomyXylem
• Dead and living cells• Conduct water and
minerals• Structural support• Store carbohydrates• Defend against disease
spread & decay• Made of tracheids,
fibers, parenchyma, and vessel elements (hardwoods)
Tree AnatomyPhloem
• Moves sugars produced by photosynthesis in leaves to other parts of the tree
• Innermost layer of bark; old phloem becomes part of bark
• Made of sieve tube elements and companion cells in hardwoods and sieve cells in conifers
Tree AnatomyRays
• Transport sugars and other compounds through trunk
• Store starch• Restrict decay
bio.tamu.edu
Tree AnatomyBark
• Protects– Moderate temperature– Provide defense– Reduce water loss– Made of old (non-
functioning) phloem and cork tissue
– Lenticels are small openings in the bark that allow gas exchange
Image: TX A&M Extension
Leaves• Photosynthesis • Transpiration
Image: Maricopa.edu
Image: Arbor Day Foundation
Parts of a Stem
Image: Clemson.edu
Branch Structure
Image: U.S. Forest Service
Image: Univ. of Kentucky
Branch Structure
Roots
• Functions– Anchorage– Absorption– Storage– Conduction
• Grow outward– Most roots are in top 6-12 inches of soil
Importance of Urban Trees
Pittsfield, MA
Percent Urban – Suburban 2010
Percent Urban – Suburban 2020
Percent Urban – Suburban 2030
Percent Urban – Suburban 2040
Percent Urban – Suburban 2050
FOREST COVER BY STATE
STATE %TREECOVER
LANDAREA km
% AGR.
%FOR.
%URB.
% POP.CHANGE
DENSITYPer km
CT 45.1 12550 11.2 54.2 25.0 -0.4 260.9
MA 50.4 20300 8.2 48.5 24.6 1.3 300.1
ME 70.0 79939 3.1 82.1 2.1 1.3 15.6
NH 73.7 23231 5.0 75.6 8.6 4.8 50.0
NY 54.6 122310
29.4 52.3 9.0 1.1 148.7
RI 35.2 2707 7.7 49.1 21.7 -1.3 365.9
VT 73.3 23956 17.4 71.5 3.7 4.6 24.6
TREE COVER IN MA COMMUNITIES
PLACE TREECOVER
LANDAREA
WATERAREA
1990POP.
POP.DENSITY
NEEDHAM
29.5 32.7 .02 27557 843
AMHERST
23.2 12.7 0.0 17824 1404
DOVER 50.4 11.3 0.0 2003 177
WIN-CHESTER
16.8 15.6 .07 20267 1295
BROOK-LINE
14.1 17.6 .1 54718 3111
Nature is a continuum with wilderness at one pole and the city at the other. But the same natural processes operate
in the wilderness and in the city. - Anne Whiston Spirn
Tree Benefits
• Stormwater– Reduction & retention
• Air pollution– Reduction & retention– Temperature
Reduction• Energy savings
– Reduce cooling costs
• Social– Reduced crime– “Sense of Place”– Property values– Screening & privacy– Noise reduction
New Bedford, MA
A 20-inch swamp white oak in our area can intercept 2,564 gallons of water per year
Air Pollution
Roots stabilize soil and prevent soil erosion
Evapo-transpiration from leaves cools surrounding air reducing the formation of ground-level ozone
Leaves filter pollutants from airBranches and form
provide shade, reducing the need for air conditioning
Blocks wind to help reduce heating needs
Larger Trees, Greater Benefits
Image: Arbor Day Foundation
Large Tree Argument• Large trees provide nearly 8 times the benefits as smaller trees
over the life of a large tree• Ornamental trees are often shorter-lived than large shade trees
– A crabapple may only live 40 years– An elm may live for 100s of years
Urban EnvironmentUrban Heat Island
Urban EnvironmentPeople
Urban EnvironmentLimited Planting Space
The Real World – Tree Decisions
We Make it Tough on Trees
Urban EnvironmentPeople
Important for us to be stewards of our trees to help them in the difficult urban environment
Urban EnvironmentPoor Urban Soils
Urban EnvironmentCompaction
After removals
Proximity to Wachusett Reservoir
“ The wind up here is terrible now! My windows were rattling and I think I lost shingles from my
roof”
“I never used to be able to see I-190 and all that stuff down there”
“The sun baked us this summer”
“My Dad planted that tree. It was hard to see it go”
“Welcome to the wasteland”