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Abstract

Untersuchung tiber die literarische anti-feudalabsolustische Bewegung des

'Sturm und Drangs'

Chang-Sub Cho

Deutsche Abteilung

Podagogische Fakultat

Seoul National Universittiit

Diese Abhandlung setzt sich die Aufgabe, die literarische anti-feudalistische Bewegung innerhalb

des 'Sturm und Drangs'zu untersuchen.

Die biirgerlich-antifeudale Opposition bildete das soziale Fundament fur die unter dem Namen

Sturm und Drang bekannt gewordene literarische Bewegung,die eine neue, hohere Phase der

biirgerlichen Aufklarung einleitete.

Diese Bewegung war vorrangig eine "literarische Revolution",die Goethe als eine "deutsche

literarische Revolution" bezeichnete.

Obwohl sie tiber den Bereich der literarischen Bewegung hinaus keine politische Revolution

ausloste und die gesellschaftliche Zustande der siebziger Jahre in Deutschland nicht ndern konnte,

trug sie einen ausgesprochenen politischen Charakter und gab dem Emanzipationskampf des

Biirgertums neuen Auftrieb.

Die jungen Schriftsteller griffen in ihren k hnsten Werken offen und direkt das Feudalregime an.

Da sie sich nicht auf eine breite Volksbewegung stiitzen konnten, mu Bten sie sich mit der

Forderung nach sozialen Reformen begnugen. Indem sie aber aus den Quellen der Volkspoesie und

VOlkssprache schopften, entwickelten sie nicht nur lebensvolle literarische Formen, sondern gaben

auch ihren Werken echte Volkstiimlichkeit. Hamann und Herder sind Erwecker der volkstiimlichen

Tendenzen vom Sturm und Drang.

Das in der fr hen Aufklarung noch weitgehend abstrakte Postulat von der Selbstbestimmung des

Individuurns entwickelte sich urn 1770 zur leidenschaftlichen Forderung nach der Freiheit der

Personlichkeit, Der Personlichkeitsbegriff der 'literarischen Revolution' verkorperte sich in der

132 Mi:* ~ 'iii (46)

Vorstellung vom 'Genie'. Imosch pferischen Genie wurde die Ganzheit des Menschen in seiner

Einheit von Gefiihl und Verstand erfaBt. Als Kunstler suchte das Genie die Fesseln einer streng

befolgtenmechnischen Nachahmungstheorie zu sprengen und setzte die Regeln selbst.

Goethe erfullte und vollendete,was Hamann und Herder vorbereitet und abgebahnt hatten. Mit

seinen Liedern, Hymnen und Balladen,seinen Dramen rGOtzj und rEgmontj, seinem rWertherj

leitete er eine neue Epoche in der deutschen Literatur ein,in denen er das Feudalsystem angriff.

Schiller entzndete sichuan der eigenen bitteren Erfahrung furstlicher Willkiir und reifte seine

politische .Einsicht. Das beherrschende Thema seiner Werke ist das des b urgerlichen

Freiheitsdranges und TyrannenhaBes, wie es in dieser kuhnen Offenheit und Scharfe bisher noch

nicht angeruhrt wurde.

Die jungen Dichter in StraBburg und in Frankfurt waren vorwiegend Dramatiker. Sie ergriffen

leidenschaftlich Partei fur die Unterdriickten und Emiedrigten des Volkes und formten die

'Selbsthelfer' und 'Genie', die es wagten, die Schranken der Feudalordnung zu durchbrechen und

deren Gesetzen zu trotzen. Der Titel von KJinger,'Sturm und Drang', bezeichnet treffend ihre

kraftvolle Rebellion gegen die gesellschaftlichen Grenzen und k nstlerischen Regeln ihrer Zeit, die

ihrem b rgerlichen Freiheits willen Fesseln anlegten.

Die Dichter des 'Guttinger Hain' riehteten sich ihr HaB gegen die antinationale Politik der

Fursten,

Die politische Lyriker und Publizisten in Schwaben gewannen im Kampf gegen das

unbeschrankte Furstentum, dessen Herrschaftssymbole das SchloB Solitude und die Feste

Hohenasperg waren.