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Doktora Tezi

Okan Haluk Akbay

'DQÕúPDQ

Prof. Dr. Nadir Engin UZUN

Ankara 2006

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øoLQGHNLOHU�.......................................................................................................................... i

Önsöz.................................................................................................................................. v

.ÕVDOWPDODU......................................................................................................................... vi

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��-DSRQFDQÕQ�.|NHQL�h]HULQH��..................................... 1

1.2 -DSRQFDQÕQ�7HPHO�6HVELOLPVHO�g]HOOLNOHUL�� 5

1.3 -DSRQFDQÕQ�7HPHO�Ortografik Özelli kleri................................................................. 11

��-DSRQFDQÕQ�7HPHO�6|]F�NELOLPVHO�g]HOOLNOHUL�� 14

1.4.1 Japonca Sözcükler.................................................................................................... 16

1.4.2 Çince Kökenli Sözcükler......................................................................................... 17

��<DEDQFÕ�.|NHQOL�6|]F�NOHU..................................................................................... 18

1.4.4 Hibrid Sözcükler....................................................................................................... 20

��-DSRQFDQÕQ�7HPHO�%LoLPELOLPVHO�g]HOOLNOHUL........................................................... 20

1.5.1 Japonca Sözcüklerin Biçimbilimsel Özelli kleri.................................................... 23

1.5.2 Çince Kökenli Sözcüklerin Biçimbilimsel Özelli kleri......................................... 25

��øNL�.DQMLGHQ�2OXúDQ�6|]F�NOHU............................................................................ 25

��ho�.DQMLGHQ�2OXúDQ�6|]F�NOHU........................................................................... 28

��'|UW�.DQMLGHQ�2OXúDQ�6|]F�NOHU........................................................................ 29

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1.5.4 Hibrid Sözcüklerin Biçimbilimsel Özelli kleri...................................................... 31

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��-DSRQFDQÕQ�7HPHO�6|]GL]LPVHO�g]elli kleri.............................................................. 31

��-DSRQFDQÕQ�7HPHO�7LSRORMLN�g]HOOLNOHUL................................................................. 31

1.6.1.1 Özne, Nesne ve Yüklem Dizilimi ....................................................................... 32

1.6.1.2 Sondurum Ekleri ve Adlar................................................................................... 33

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1.6.1.8 Özel ve Cins Adlar............................................................................................... 39

��.DUúÕODúWÕUPD�øIDGHOHUL.......................................................................................... 40

��<DUGÕPFÕ�(\OHPOHU��.................................................................................... 40

1.6.1.11 Zarflar................................................................................................................... 42

1.6.1.12 Soru Tümceleri.................................................................................................... 43

1.6.1.13 Olumsuz Tümceler............................................................................................. 44

1.6.2 Tümcede Sözcük Dizilimi ...................................................................................... 46

2. KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE........................................................................................... 52

2.1.��h\H�<DSÕVÕ�.DYUDPÕQD�*HQHO�%LU�%DNÕú................................................................ 52

2.1.2 Kategorisel Bilgiler.................................................................................................. 57

2.1.3 Yankategorileme....................................................................................................... 59

2.1.4 Durum Belirleyicileri (Sondurumsal Üyeler) ...................................................... 63

��h\HOHULQ�6|]GL]LPVHO�.RQXPODUÕ........................................................................... 64

��6HoPH�.ÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕ................................................................................................... 66

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��6RQGXUXP�gEH÷L...................................................................................................... 89

��-DSRQFDGD�gEHN�<DSÕ�.XUDOODUÕ................................................................................. 90

2.4 Japoncada Sondurumsal Üyeler................................................................................ 95

2.4.1 (-wa) .......................................................................................................................... 95

2.4.2 (-ga) ........................................................................................................................... 97

2.4.3 (-wo).......................................................................................................................... 98

2.4.4 (-he)............................................................................................................................ 100

2.4.5 (-ni)............................................................................................................................ 100

2.4.6 (-de)............................................................................................................................ 102

2.4.7 (-kara)........................................................................................................................ 104

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��'(1(<ø0&ø��.218........................................................................................... 242

4.12 KONU........................................................................................................................ 247

��ø=/(1&(�02'(/ø..................................................................................................... 254

��ø]OHQFH�gQHULVL............................................................................................................. 254

��ø]OHQFH�gUQHNOHUL......................................................................................................... 263

6. SONUÇ.......................................................................................................................... 330

KAYNAKÇA.................................................................................................................... 334

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a L’etude de La Langue Japonais (Rosny, 1856), Elements of Japanese Grammar for the Use

of Beginners (Alcock, 1861), Grammar of the Japanese Written Language (Aston, 1872),

Lehrbuch der Japanischen Umgangsprache (Lange ,1890) verilebili r.

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(\OHPOHULQ�DQDOL]L�\DSÕOÕUNHQ��ELULQFLO�DQODPODUÕ�WHPHO�DQODP�RODUDN�NDEXO�HGLOPLú�YH�EX�ED÷ODPGD�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHU� LoLQ�Shinmeikai (Sanseidoo, 1993) ve Türkçe eylemler için

Büyük Sözlük��7'.��EDúYXUX�ND\QD÷Õ�RODUDN�DOÕQPÕúWÕU�� ø]OHQFH� PRGHOLPL]� VDGHFH� H\OHP� W�PFH� NDOÕSODUÕQÕ� NDSVDPDNWD� ROXS�� DG� YH� VÕIDW�

W�PFHOHUL�oDOÕúPD�NDSVDPÕ�GÕúÕQGD�WXWXOPXúWXU��$QFDN�EXUDGD�X\JXODQDQ�\|QWHPLQ��GLOELOJLVL�NRQXODUÕQÕ� E�W�QF�O� RODUDN� LoLQH� DODFDN� úHNLOGH� JHQLúOHWLOPHVLQLQ� P�PN�Q� ROGX÷X�G�ú�Q�OPHNWHGLU��

ø]OHQFH�PRGHOL�ROXúWXUXOXUNHQ�úX�GHUV�NLWDSODUÕ�LQFHOHQPLúWLU��Nihongo Shoho (1985),

Shin Nihongo No Kiso£-¤ (1990), Minna No Nihongo£-¤ (1997), Wakaru Nihongo£-

§ (1991), Bunka Shokyuu Nihongo£-¤ (1987), Shokyuu Nihongo (1994), Gendai

Nihongo (1985), Nihongo No Bunpoo (2000).

Tezin Bölümleri

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Rus dilbilimci E.D Polivanov (1918, 1924), o zamana kadar geçerlikte olan Kuzey

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Izui’yi takip eden dönemlerde S.Ohno (1953, 1957, 1980, 1982), S.Murayama (1966,

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VDKLS�ELU�GLO�ROGX÷X�NDEXO�HGLOPHNWHGLU��6WDQGDUW�-DSRQFDQÕQ�IRQHP�\DSÕVÕQÕ�LQFHOHGL÷LPL]GH�NDUúÕPÕ]D�ú|\OH�ELU�J|U�Q�P�oÕNPDNWDGÕU�3 4

��Özel fonemlerden soku (çift ünsüz) fonemini ifade eden /Q/ (veya /T/��8OXVODUDUDVÕ�6HVELOLP�$OIDEHVLQGH��,3$��\HU�DOPDPDNWDGÕU�� Nihongo Kyooiku Jiten (1991)�

� ��

(2)

w Ünlü fonemler (V) �w /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/ w

w <DUÕ�hQO��IRQHPOHU��6� �w /y, w/ w w

w Ünsüz fonemler (C) �w SDWODPDOÕ /p, t, k, b, d, g/

w w w w GLúHWL � /c, s, z/ w

w w w w geniz /m, n, �/ w

w w w w GDPDNVÕ /h, ’/ w

w w w w DNÕFÕ�/r/ w w

w Özel fonemler �w hatsu fonemi /N/ w

w w w w soku fonemi /Q/ (veya /T/)

6WDQGDUW� -DSRQFDGD� NÕVD� �QO�� IRQHPOHULQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� X]XQ� �QO�� IRQHPOHU� GH�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��6WDQGDUW�-DSRQFDGD�/aæ/, /iæ/, /uæ/, /eæ/ ve /oæ/�ROPDN��]HUH�EHú�X]XQ��QO��IRQHP� EXOXQPDNWD� ROXS�� NÕVD� YH� X]XQ� �QO�� IRQHPOHU� DQODP� IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ� GD� PH\GDQD�getirmektedir. Bu yüzden kimi dilbilimciler, uzun� �QO�� IRQHPOHUL� GH�ED÷ÕPVÕ]�ELUHU� IRQHP�olarak kabul etmektedirler.

6WDQGDUW� -DSRQFDQÕQ� VHVELOLPVHO� \DSÕVÕQGD� /ai/, /oi/, /ei/, /ui/, /ae/� úHNOLQGH� oLIW� �QO��IRQHPOHUH�GH�VÕNOÕNOD�UDVWODQPDNWDGÕU��%X�oLIW��QO��IRQHPOHU�QHW�ELU�úHNLOGH�WHODIIX]�HGLOGL÷LQGH /a.i/, /o.i/, /e.i/, /u.i/, /a.e/�úHNOLQGH�EHUUDN�ELU�VHVOHWLP�RUWD\D�oÕNPDNWD\VD�GD��NRQXúPD�GLOLQGH�genelli kle /ai/, /oi/, /ei/, /ui/, /ae/�úHNOLQGH��QO��ND\PDODUÕ��diphtong) görülmektedir.

Japoncada /t/ – /d/, /k/ – /g/� úHNOLQGH�ELU� WLWUHPVL]–titremli VHV�NDUúÕWOÕ÷Õ�EXOXQPDNWD�ROXS��EX�NDUúÕWOÕN�KHFH�G�]H\LQGH\VH�/ta/ – /da/, /ka/ – /ga/�úHNOLQGH�RUWD\D�oÕNPDNWDGÕU�5 Çince,

7D\ODQGFD�YH�9LHWQDPFD�JLEL�ED]Õ�*�QH\GR÷X�$V\D�GLOOHULQGH�J|U�OHQ�SDWODPDOÕ–SDWODPDVÕ]�ses (voiced–voiceless��NDUúÕWOÕ÷Õ�LVH�-DSRQFDGD�EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU�� Japoncada /ga/, /za/, /da/, /ba/�KHFH�VÕUDODUÕ� WLWUHPOL�VHV��dakuon), /pa/ KHFH�VÕUDVÕ�\DUÕP�WLWUHPOL�VHV�(handakuon) olarak kabul edilmektedir.

� ��

7�UNoHQLQ�IRQHP�\DSÕVÕ�LVH�úX�úHNLOGHGLU�� 6

(3)

w Ünlü fonemler (V) �w /a/, /e/, /Õ/, /i/, /o/, /ö/, /u/, /ü/ w

w Ünsüz fonemler (C) �w çift dudak /b, m, p/

w w w w GLú-dudak /f, v/ w

w w w w GLú�HWL� � /d, l, n, r, s, t, z/ w

w w w w GLú�eti-damak /F��o��M��ú/ w

w w w w ön-damak /g, k, y/ w w

w w art-damak /J��÷��N/ w

w w JÕUWODN� /h/ w

)RQHP� \DSÕVÕQÕQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD�� -DSRQFDQÕQ� KHFH� \DSÕVÕQÕQ� GD� ID]OD� NDUPDúÕN� ROPDGÕ÷Õ�V|\OHQHELOLU�� 6|]F�NOHULQ� E�\�N� ELU� oR÷XQOX÷X�� DoÕN� KHFH� RODUDN� DGODQGÕUÕODQ� /V/, /CV/,

/C(y)V/, /C(y)VV/� KHFH� \DSÕODUÕQGDQ� ROXúPDNWDGÕU�� %XQXQ� GÕúÕQGD�� NDSDOÕ� KHFH olarak

DGODQGÕUÕODQ� /CVN/, /C(y)VN/, /VN/ ve /CVQ/, /C(y)VQ/, /VQ/� KHFH� \DSÕODUÕQGDQ� ROXúDQ�V|]F�NOHU�GH�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��

-DSRQFDQÕQ� VHVELOLPVHO� \DSÕVÕQÕ� LQFHOHUNHQ��mora (veya haku�� DGÕ� YHULOHQ� YH� KHFH�NDYUDPÕQGDQ�IDUNOÕ�ELU�]DPDQVDO�|Oo�PH�GD\DQDQ�ELU�VLVWHPGHQ�GH�\DUDUODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��%XQD�sisteme göre /V/, /CV/, /C(y)V/�\DSÕODUÕ�� mora, /C(y)VV/, /CVN/, /C(y)VN/, /VN/ ve /CVQ/,

/C(y)VQ/, /VQ/�\DSÕODUÕ�� mora olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu durumu bir kaç örnek üzerinde

úX�úHNLOGH�J|VWHUPHN�P�PN�QG�U��

��Hengirmen (1995)�

� ��

(4)

Hece Mora

saka �\RNXú� sa / ka (2 hece) sanka (2 mora)

sakka (yazar) sak / ka (2 hece) sanknka (3 mora)

karai �DFÕ� ka / rai (2 hece) kanrani (3 mora)

obasan (teyze, hala) o / ba / san (3 hece) onbansann (4 mora)

7�UNoHGH�GH��-DSRQFDGD�ROGX÷X�JLEL�/V/ (o) ve /CV/��EX��úHNOLQGH�DoÕN�KHFH, /VC/ (at),

/VCC/ (üst), /CVC/��GLú��/CVCC/��7�UN��úHNOLQGH�NDSDOÕ�KHFH�\DSÕODUÕQGDQ�ROXúDQ�V|]F�NOHU�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��

%D]Õ� V|]F�NOHUGH��QO��G�úPHVL� �devoicing) görülmektedir. Tokyo diyalektinde ünlü

G�úPHVLQLQ�DúD÷ÕGDNL�GXUXPODUGD�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L�J|U�OPHNWHGLU�� a. Titremsiz ünsüz fonemlerden sonra gelen ve sözcük sonunda yer alan /ki/, /ku/,

/shi/,/su/, /chi/, /tsu/, /hi/, /fu/ hecelerinde görülür: /desu/, /masu/, /kaku/, /eki/ gibi.

E�� 7LWUHPVL]� �QV�]� IRQHPOHUGHQ� VRQUD� JHOHQ� YH� V|]F�N� EDúÕQGD� \HU� DODQ� /i/ ve /u/

fonemlerinde görülür: /ikimasu/, /ikiru/, /uku/, /utsuru/ gibi.

c. /ka/ ve /ko/�KHFHOHULQLQ�G�ú�N�YXUJX\OD� WHODIIX]�HGLOLS��D\QÕ�KHFHQLQ� WHNUDUODQGÕ÷Õ�durumlarda görülür: /kakaru/, /kokoro/ gibi.

ç. /ha/ ve /ho/�KHFHOHULQLQ�G�ú�N�YXUJX\OD�WHODIIX]�HGLOLS��WDNLS�HGHQ�KHFHGH�\HU�DODQ��QV�]�IRQHPLQ�|QFHNL�KHFH\OH�D\QÕ�ROGX÷X�Gurumlarda görülür: /haka/ , /hokori/ gibi.

7�UNoHGH��QO��G�úPHVL\VH�GDU��QO�OHUGH��/Õ/, /i/, /u/, /ü/) görülmektedir:

a. D÷Õz È D÷]Õm

b. fikir È� fikrim

c. omuz È� omzum

ç. ömür È� ömrüm

� ��

-DSRQFDGD� LNL� V|]F�÷�Q� ELUOHúPHVLQH� ED÷OÕ� RODUDN�� LNLQFL� V|]F�÷�Q� LON� KHFHVLQGH�EXOXQDQ�WLWUHPVL]�IRQHPLQ�� WLWUHPOL�IRQHPH�G|Q�úPH��rendaku��|]HOOL÷LQH��ELU�GL÷HU�GH\LúOH��QV�]�\XPXúDPDVÕQD�UDVWODQPDNWDGÕU��

a. hon + tana È hondana

kitap raf NLWDSOÕN

b. asa + furo È asaburo

sabah banyo sabah banyosu

c. i + kusuri È igusuri

mide ilaç PLGH�LODFÕ�

7�UNoHGH��QV�]�\XPXúDPDVÕ��/p/, /ç/, /t/, /k/��IRQHPOHULQLQ�VÕUDVÕ\OD��/b/, /c/, /d/, /÷/) IRQHPOHULQH�GH÷LúPHVL�úHNOLQGH�J|U�OPHNWHGLU�

a. kitap È kitabÕP

b. D÷Dç È� D÷DcÕP

c. yurt È� yurdum

ç. çocuk È� çocu÷um

-DSRQFD�V|]F�NOHUGH��V|]F�N�RUWDVÕ�YH�V|]F�N�VRQXQGD�\HU�DODQ�/ga/, /gi/, /gu/, /ge/, /go/,

/gya/, /gyu/, /gyo/ seslerinin /za/, /zi/, /zu/, /ze/, /zo/, /zya/, /zyu/, /zyo/� úHNOLQGH�JHQ]HOOHúPHVLQH�GH�UDVWODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��

'LOOHU��YXUJX�|]HOOLNOHUL�DoÕVÕQGDQ�kuvvetli–]D\ÕI�(stress accent) vurgusu, tonlama (tone)

ve yüksek–alçak��SLWFK�DFFHQW��YXUJXVX�ROPDN��]HUH��o�DQD�JUXED�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕUODU��-DSRQFD��

� ��

EX� EDNÕPGDQ� yüksek–alçak vurgu özelli kleri göstermektedir. Standart Japoncada vurgular,

kendi içerisinde tekrar heiban–gata ve kifuku–gata� RODUDN� LNL� JUXED� D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��Heiban–gata�YXUJXVXQGD�V|]F�NOHULQ�LON�KHFHVL�G�ú�N��VRQUDNL�KHFHOHU�LVH�\�NVHN�YXUJX\OD�WHODIIX]�HGLOPHNWH�ROXS��V|]F�÷�Q�VRQXQD�NDGDU�EDúND�KHUKDQJL�ELU�YXUJX�GH÷LúLNOL÷L�PH\GDQD�gelmemektedir. Kifuku–gata YXUJXVX� LVH�� G�ú�N� YXUJX\OD� WHODIIX]� HGLOHQ� KHFHQLQ� V|]F�NWH�EXOXQGX÷X�\HUH�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN�atama–daka��V|]F�N�EDúÕ��naka–dakD��V|]F�N�RUWDVÕ��YH�o–daka

�V|]F�N�VRQX��RODUDN��oH�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��Kifuku–gata YXUJXVXQGD�ELU�NH]�G�úHQ�YXUJX�WHNUDU�yükselmemektedir.

-DSRQFDGD� GL\DOHNWOHUH� YH� E|OJHOHUH� ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� IDUNOÕ� YXUJX� WLSOHUL� J|U�OPHNWHGLU��-DSRQ\D�JHQHOLQGHNL�YXUJX�WLSOHUL�EHú�JUXED�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��

a. Kyoto–Osaka

E��%DWÕ�.\XXVKXX� c. Tokyo

ç. Vurgusuz

d. Tek model

7RN\R�WLSL�YXUJX�|]HOOLNOHULQL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGH�|]HWOHPHN�P�PN�QG�U�� a. Yüksek–DOoDN�YXUJX�IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ�PRUDQÕQ�VRQD�HUGL÷L�\HUGH�RUWD\D�oÕNDU��$\QÕ�PRUD�

LoHULVLQGH�YXUJX�IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ�ROXúPD]�� b. Birinci mora ve ikinci mora aUDVÕQGD� PXKDNNDN� \�NVHN–DOoDN� YXUJX� IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ�

EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��%X�GXUXP�\HQL�V|]F�÷�Q�EDúODGÕ÷ÕQÕ�EHOLUWPH�LúOHYLQL�GH��VWOHQPHNWHGLU�� F��%LU�V|]F�N�LoHULVLQGH�DQFDN�WHN�ELU�YXUJX�IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� o��9XUJX��KHFHQLQ�VHVELULPVHO�X]XQOX÷XQX��mora) dH÷LúWLUPH]��

7�UNoH� GH�� YXUJX� |]HOOLNOHUL� EDNÕPÕQGDQ� yüksek–alçak� YXUJX� |]HOOL÷L� J|VWHUPHNWHGLU��7�UNoHGH�J|U�OHQ�EDúOÕFD�YXUJX�|]HOOLNOHUL\VH�ú|\OH�|]HWOHQHELOLU�� 7

D��dR÷XQOXNOD�VRQ�KHFHGH�J|U�O�U��VHYLQmek, giysi, önlem, Kemal, siyah gibi.

��Ediskun, H ve B. Dürder (1984)�

� ��

E�� 3HNLúWLUPH� VÕIDWODUÕ�� QOHPOHU�� LNL� KHFHOL� \HU� DGODUÕQGD� LON� KHFHGH� J|U�O�U��koskocaman, çarçabuk, aferin !, haydi !, 0X÷la, Hatay gibi.

c. Nadiren orta hecede görülür: fakülte, sinema, lokanta, bezelye gibi.

o��<DSÕP�YH�oHNLP�HNOHULQGH�YXUJX�JHQHOOLNOH�HN��]HULQH�Nayar: okulÈokulaÈokulda

Èokuldan, gözlükÈgözlükçüÈgözlükçülük gibi.

��-$321&$1,1�7(0(/�2572*5$)ø.�g=(//ø./(5ø �

6WDQGDUW� -DSRQFDQÕQ� RUWRJUDILVL� kanji kana majiribun� DGÕ� YHULOHQ� \D]ÕP� VLVWHPLQH�GD\DQPDNWDGÕU��%X�\D]ÕP�VLVWHPLQGH�kanji, hiragana ve katakana�DGÕ�YHULOHQ��o�IDUNOÕ�\D]ÕP�VLVWHPL�D\QÕ�W�PFH�LoHULVLQGH�NXOODQÕOPDNWD�YH�KHU�ELUL�IDUNOÕ�ELU�LúOHY��VWOHQPHNWHGLU��%D]Õ�GLOELOLPFLOHU��/DWLQ�KDUIOHULQLQ�GH�J�Q�P�]�-DSRQFDVÕQÕQ�\D]ÕP�VLVWHPL�LoHULVLQGH�\HU�DOGÕ÷ÕQÕ�ileri sürmektedir.) Kanji kana majiribun�DGÕ�YHULOHQ�EX�\D]ÕP�VLVWHPLQGH�DQODP�GH÷HULQH�VDKLS�ideogramlar (kanji��dLQ�NDUDNWHUOHUL��YH�VHV�GH÷HULQH�VDKLS�IRQRJUDPODU��KLUDJDQD�YH�NDWDNDQD�KHFHOHUL��D\QÕ�VLVWHP�LoHULVLQGH�\HU�DOPDNWDGÕU��%X�GXUXPX�ELU�|UQHNOH�DoÕNODPDN�JHUHNLUVH��

(5)w ��!�ÇGNP 1% � í�ÒÚ>Xo,Çy�Ú� � Booeihi ga ji–en–pi ichi paasento waku-wo toppa shita nyuusu-ga nagareta.

p6DYXQPD�JLGHUOHULQLQ�*60+¶QÕQ��VÕQÕUÕQÕ�DúWÕ÷Õ�KDEHUL�XODúWÕ�q �

W�PFHVLQL�LQFHOHGL÷LPL]GH��!� (booeihi: savunma giderleri),�� (waku��OLPLW��VÕQÕU��í� (toppa��DúPDN��V|]F�NOHULQLQ kanji,�Ç (ga: özne belirleyici),� (wo: belirtme

durum eki),�ÒÚ (shita�� \DSWÕ�� V|]F�NOHULQLQ� hiragana,�>Xo, (nyuusu: haber)

V|]F�÷�Q�Q�katakana,�GNP (ji–en–pi��JD\UL�VDIL�PLOOL�KDVÕOD��V|]F�÷�Q�Q�LVH�roomaji (latin

harfleri) ilH�\D]ÕOGÕ÷Õ�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��y�Ú (nagareta��XODúWÕ��\D\ÕOGÕ��H\OHPLQLQ�N|N� kanji,

H\OHP�oHNLPLQL�ROXúWXUDQ�NÕVPÕ\VD hiragana LOH�\D]ÕOPÕúWÕU��%X�úHNLOGH��D\QÕ�W�PFH�LoHULVLQGH�IDUNOÕ� \D]ÕP� VLVWHPOHULQLQ� ELU� DUDGD� NXOODQÕOPDVÕ�� -DSRQFD\Õ� G�Q\DQÕQ� HQ� ]RU� RUWRgrafisine

� ��

sahip dill erinden birisi haline getirmektedir.

dLQ� \D]Õ� NDUDNWHUOHUL� RODQ� NDQMLQLQ�06�� \\¶GD� -DSRQ� DGDODUÕQD� JLUPH\H� EDúODGÕ÷Õ�WDKPLQ�HGLOPHNWHGLU��.DQMLQLQ�NXOODQÕPÕ��\\¶GDQ�LWLEDUHQ�DULVWRNUDW�VÕQÕIÕ�DUDVÕQGD�\D\ÕOPÕú��sonraki dönemlerdeyse�JLGHUHN�JHQLú�KDON�NHVLPOHUL� WDUDIÕQGDQ�GD�NXOODQÕOPD\D�EDúODPÕúWÕU��-DSRQFDQÕQ� HQ� HVNL� \D]ÕOÕ� ND\QDNODUÕ� RODQ Nihonshoki, Manyooshuu ve Kojiki (8.yy) gibi

HVHUOHU�NDQML�LOH�G�]HQOHQPLúOHUGLU��\\¶GD�hiragana ve katakana JLEL�-DSRQFD\D�|]J��\D]ÕP�sistemlHUL� JHOLúWLULOPLúVH� GH�� EXQODU� NDQMLQLQ� -DSRQFDQÕQ� RUWRJUDILVLQGHNL� LúOHYLQL� WDPDPODU�QLWHOLNWH�ROPXúWXU��.DQML��WDULK�ER\XQFD�-DSRQFDQÕQ�\D]ÕP�VLVWHPLQLQ�HQ�|QHPOL�XQVXUODUÕQGDQ�ELUL�ROPD�|]HOOL÷LQL�NRUXPXúWXU��

.DQML\L�GL÷HU�\D]ÕP�VLVWHPOHULQGHQ�D\ÕUDQ�HQ�E�\�N�|]HOOL÷L��úHNLO, ses ve anlam�GH÷HUL�ROPDN��]HUH��o�|÷H\L�ELU�DUDGD�EDUÕQGÕUDQ�ELU�\D]ÕP�VLVWHPL�ROPDVÕGÕU��%LU�EDúND�GH\LúOH��KHU�bir kanji karakteri kendine özgü úHNLO, ses ve anlam�GH÷HULQH�VDKLSWLU��

.DQML� NDUDNWHUOHUL� úHNLO� |]HOOLNOHUL� EDNÕPÕQGDQ�� ROXúXP�YH� \DSÕVDO� |]HOOLNOHUL� ROPDN��]HUH� LNL� DoÕGDQ� LQFHOHQHELOLU�� .DQML� NDUDNWHUOHUL� ROXúXP� |]HOOLNOHUL� DoÕVÕQGDQ� DOWÕ�� \DSÕVDO�|]HOOLNOHUL�DoÕVÕQGDQ� LVH�\HGL�NDWHJRUL\H�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��.DQML�NDUDNWHUOHULQLQ�bushu (radikal)

DGÕ�YHULOHQ�WHPHO�YH�RUWDN�ELOHúHQOHUH�D\UÕODELOPHVL��NDUDNWHUOHULQ�\D]ÕPÕQGD�E�\�N�NROD\OÕN�VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU��dLQFHGH�NXOODQÕODQ�NDQML�NDUDNWHUOHULQLQ�WRSODP�VD\ÕVÕ�DOWPÕúELQL�DúPDNWD\VD�GD��J�Q�P�]� -DSRQFDVÕQGD� NXOODQÕODQ� NDQML� VD\ÕVÕ� LNLELQ� FLYDUÕQGD� NDUDNWHUOH� VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU� .DQML�� dLQ� N|NHQOL� ELU� \D]ÕP� VLVWHPL� ROPDVÕQD� UD÷PHQ�� -DSRQFDGD� NXOODQÕOPDNWD� RODQ�NDUDNWHUOHU� DUDVÕQGD� -DSRQODU� WDUDIÕQGDQ� ROXúWXUXOPXú� NDUDNWHUOHU� GH� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� %X� W�U�karakterlere kokuji �DGÕ�YHULOPHNWHGLU��

Japoncada kanji karakterlerinin on ve kun�RNXQXúX�ROPDN��]HUH�LNL�GH÷LúLN�RNXQXúX�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��%XQODUGDQ�on�RNXQXúX��NDUDNWHULQ�dLQFHGHNL�RUMLQDO�RNXQXúXQXQ�-DSRQFDQÕQ�VHVELOLPVHO� \DSÕVÕQD� J|UH� ELoLPOHQPLú� WHODIIX]XGXU�� .DUDNWHULQ� DQODPÕQD� NDUúÕOÕN� JHOHQ�NDYUDPODUÕQ�-DSRQFD�RODUDN�WHODIIX]�HGLOmesine ise kun�RNXQXúX�DGÕ�YHULOPHNWHGLU��-DSRQFDGD�ED]Õ� NDUDNWHUOHULQ� ELUGHQ� ID]OD�on ve kun� RNXQXúX� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� %X� GXUXP�� V|]� NRQXVX�NDUDNWHULQ� dLQ¶GHQ� IDUNOÕ� E|OJH� YH� G|QHPOHUGH� -DSRQ� DGDODUÕQD� JLUPLú� ROPDVÕQGDQ� YH�

� ��

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(6)

otel fikir akrobat çevre yol iptal

Japonca yadoya omoitsuki karuzawa mawarimichi torikeshi

Çince kökenli ryokan chakusoo kyokugei ukairo kaiyaku

<DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL hoteru aidea akurobatto baipasu kyanseru

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(7)

Japonca Çince kökenli

dün kinoo sakujitsu

dil kotoba gengo

oyun asobi yuugi

fatura uketori ryooshuusho

fark chigai sooi

biçim katachi keitai

orman mori shinrin

1.4.1 JAPONCA SÖZCÜKLER (Wago)

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kökenlidir.

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WDNLS�HWPLú��EX�GLOGHQ�LVH�-DSRQFD\D�GDKD�oRN�WLFDUHW��GHQL]FLOLN�YH�J�QGHOLN�Hú\DODUOD�LOJLOL�WHULPOHU�JLUPLúWLU��(GR�G|QHPL� ��–1868), özelli kle HolODQGDFDGDQ�-DSRQFD\D�\R÷XQ�ELU�V|]F�N�JLULúLQLQ�ROGX÷X�ELU�G|QHP�ROPXúWXU��%X�G|QHPGH��-DSRQFD\D�WÕS��HF]DFÕOÕN��KXNXN��IHQ�YH�VRV\DO�ELOLPOHUH�LOLúNLQ�WHULPOHULQ�oR÷XQOX÷X�+ROODQGDFDGDQ�JHoPLúWLU��$YUXSD��ONHOHUL\OH�LOLúNLOHULQ�J�oOHQGL÷L�0HLML�G|QHPL� ��68–��YH��'�Q\D�6DYDúÕ� VRQUDVÕQGD� LVH�D÷ÕUOÕN�)UDQVÕ]FD��$OPDQFD�YH�øQJLOL]FH\H�ND\PÕúWÕU��)UDQVÕ]FDGDQ�GDKD�oRN�J�]HO�VDQDWODU��H÷LWLP�YH�DVNHUL� DODQODUD� LOLúNLQ� WHULPOHU��$OPDQFDGDQ� LVH� WÕS��HF]DFÕOÕN�YH� IHOVHIH� WHULPOHUL�-DSRQFD\D�JLUPLúWLU��

JaponFD� �]HULQGH� HWNLVL� HQ� ID]OD� RODQ� EDWÕ� GLOL\VH�� KLo� NXúNXVX]� øQJLOL]FH� ROPXúWXU��\ÕOÕQGD�$PHULNDQ�WLFDUHW�ILORVXQXQ�-DSRQ\D¶\D�JHOPHVL\OH�EDúOD\DQ�HWNLOHQPH�YH�V|]F�N�JHoLúL� J�Q�P�]GH� GH� \R÷XQ� ELU� úHNLOGH� GHYDP� HWPHNWHGLU�� øQJLOL]FHGHQ� -DSRQFD\D� RODQ�s|]F�N�JHoLúL�KHPHQ�KHPHQ�W�P�DODQODUGD�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��

dD÷GDú�-DSRQFDGD�NXOODQÕOPDNWD�RODQ�\DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHU�DUDVÕQGD�øQJLOL]FH��)UDQVÕ]FD��$OPDQFD�� øWDO\DQFD��+ROODQGDFD��5XVoD��dLQFH��3RUWHNL]FH��øVSDQ\ROFD��YH�GL÷HU�GLOOHU��úHNOLQGH�ELU�GD÷ÕOÕP�gözlemlenmektedir.9� <DEDQFÕ� N|NHQOL� V|]F�NOHULQ� EDúOÕFD� |]HOOLNOHULQL� DúD÷ÕGDNL� úHNLOGH�özetlemek mümkündür:

D�� -DSRQFDQÕQ� VHVELOLPVHO� \DSÕVÕQD� X\JXQ� RODUDN� -DSRQFD\D� DGDSWH� HGLOPLúOHUGLU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�NÕVDOWPDODUD�VÕNOÕNOD�UDVWODQÕOPDNWDGÕU�

E��g]HOOLNOH�ELOLPVHO�LoHULNOL�YH�UHVPL�PHWLQOHUGH�NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕUODU�� F��6|]F�N�EDúÕQGD�oR÷XQOXNOD�WLWUHPOL�ELU�VHV�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� o��6|]F�N�W�UOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�DGODU�D÷ÕUOÕNWDGÕU� d. Japonca ve Çince sözcüklerGH� EXOXQPD\DQ� ELU� \HQLOLN� YH� FDQOÕOÕN� L]OHQLPL�

vermektedir.

H��<HQL�V|]F�N��UHWPH\H�X\JXQ�ROXS��-DSRQODU�WDUDIÕQGDQ�\DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHUOH��UHWLOHQ�YH�RUMLQDO�GLOGH�EXOXQPD\DQ�V|]F�NOHU�GH�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU� ��KKK. Gendai-zasshi 90shu no yogo yoji (3) Report 25 (1964)�

� ��

(8)

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � <DOÕQ�6|]F�N� � � � � � � � � � � � � � (tanjungo)

Sözcük

(tango)

7�UHPLú�6|]F�N (haseigo)

Kompleks Sözcük

(gooseigo)

%LOHúLN�6|]F�N (fukugoogo)

<DOÕQ� V|]F�NOHU� �tanjungo�� GDKD� N�o�N� \DSÕVDO� YH� DQODPVDO� ELULPH� E|O�QHPH\HQ�sözcüklerdir. Japoncada�'ñ (tobu: uçmak) eylemini�tob–u úHNOLQGH��¿ (takai: yüksek)

VÕIDWÕQÕ�GD�taka–i úHNOLQGH�GDKD�N�o�N�LNL�\DSÕVDO�ELULPH�E|OPHN�P�PN�QVH�GH��u ve�i

sHVOHUL� GLOELOJLVHO� ELU� LúOHYH� VDKLS� ROGX÷X� LoLQ�� V|]� NRQXVX� V|]F�NOHU� \DOÕQ� V|]F�N� NDEXO�edilmektedir.

<DOÕQ� V|]F�NOHULQ� WHUVLQH�� NRPSOHNV� V|]F�NOHU� LVH� GDKD� N�o�N� \DSÕVDO� YH� DQODPVDO�ELULPOHUH�E|O�QHELOHQ�V|]F�NOHUGLU��.RPSOHNV�V|]F�NOHU��NHQGL�DUDODUÕQGD�W�UHPLú�V|]F�NOHU�(haseigo�� YH� ELOHúLN� V|]F�NOHU� �fukugoogo) ROPDN� �]HUH� LNL� E�\�N� JUXED� D\UÕOPDNWDGÕUODU��7�UHPLú� V|]F�NOHU�� V|]F�N� N|NOHULQH� �goki) ön ek (settooji) ve son eklerin (setsubiji )

HNOHQPHVL\OH��ELOHúLN�V|]F�NOHU�LVH�V|]F�N�N|NOHULQLQ�ELUOHúmesiyle meydana gelmektedir.

-DSRQFDQÕQ�|Q� HN�YH� VRQ� HNOHULQ� oHúLWOLOL÷L� DoÕVÕQGDQ�ROGXNoD� ]HQJLQ�ELU� GLO� ROGX÷X�söylenebilir. (Yunanca, Mançurya dili , Endonezya dili gibi dill erde bulunan orta ekler ise

-DSRQFDGD�EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU�� Japoncada�Å–[ (o–taku: ev),�î–%q (go–shujin��Hú��–÷ (su–ashi��oÕSODN�

� ��

ayak),��–ç¿ (su–bayai��KÕ]OÕFD��Ê–� (ko–michi: patika yol),�Ê–g¿ (o–gurai:

DODFDNDUDQOÕN��–ë¾ (fu–shinsetsu�� G�ú�QFHVL]��u–P� (mu–kanshin: ilgisiz)

sözcüklerindeki�DOWÕ�oL]LOL�NÕVÕPODU�|Q�HNWLU��Bu ön eklerden�Å– (o–) ve�î– (go–) ekleri

�VD\JÕ ,��– (su–) eki�GR÷UXGDQ ,�Ê– (o–, ko–) eki�küçük ,��– (fu–) ve

�u– (mu–) ekleri�olumsuzluk DQODPODUÕ�WDúÕPDNWDGÕU�� Japoncada oshiroi (ÅÒ�¿: pudra), onigiri (ÅæÉ��ELU�-DSRQ�\HPH÷L��YH�onaka

(ÅåÆ��NDUÕQ��JLEL�V|]F�NOHU��WDULKVHO�RODUDN�EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD�KHU�QH�NDGDU�Å– (o–) ön ekinin

HNOHQPHVL\OH� ROXúWXUXOPXú� V|]F�NOHUVH� GH�� J�Q�P�]GH� \DOÕQ� V|]F�N� RODUDN� NDEXO�edilmektedirler. Çünkü bu sözcüklerdeki (o–��|Q�HNLQLQ�oÕNDUÕOPDVÕ��EX�V|]F�NOHULQ�WDPDPHQ�IDUNOÕ�DQODPODUD�JHOPHVLQH�\D�GD�DQODPODUÕQÕ�\LWLUPHVLQH�\RO�DoPDNWDGÕU��

Son eklere örnek olaraksa,�½åÚ–ÇÚ (anata–gata: siz),�ÐÆå–ð (sakana–ya:

EDOÕNoÕ��–Ð (taka–sa: yükseklik),�üÒ�Ì–ÇùÒ¿ (oshitsuke–gamashii��SHUYDVÕ]��Îäý–Þø¿ (kodomo–ppoi: çocukça),�-�–{ (kindai–ka: modernOHúPH��qF–H (ningen–sei�� LQVDQOÕN��:Þ–� (hooritsu–joo: hukuken),��–Ç� (iya–garu:

KRúODQPDPDN��JLEL�HNOHU�YHULOHELOLU��Bu sözcüklerde geçen�–ÇÚ (–gata) eki�VD\JÕ ,�–

ð (–ya) eki�meslek grubu ,�–Ð (–sa) eki�nitelik, durum ,�–ÇùÒ¿ (–gamashii)

ve�–Þø¿ (–ppoi) ekleri�benzerlik ,�–{ (–ka) eki�GH÷LúLP ,�–H (–sei) eki

�nitelik, durum ,�–� (–joo) eki�LúDUHW��EHOLUWPH ve�–Ç� (–garu) eki�H÷LOLPLQGH�olmak DQODPODUÕQÕ�NDWPDNWDGÕU��

Japoncada�Å–þ–Ð� (o–yome–san: gelin),�Å–ú–ÊÓ (o–mi–kuji: piyango) ve

��–üÆÒ–Ð (furu–mekashi–sa�� HVNLOLN�� |UQHNOHULQGH� ROGX÷X� JLEL� D\QÕ� V|]F�N� \DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�ELUGHQ�ID]OD�|Q�YH\D�VRQ�HNLQ��\D�GD�KHP�|Q��KHP�GH�VRQ�HNLQ�EXOXQGX÷X�V|]F�NOHU�GH�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��gQ�YH�VRQ�HNOHU�VDGHFH�-DSRQFD�V|]F�NOHUH�GH÷LO��dLQFH�YH�\DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL�sözcüklere de eklenebilmektedir.

Türkçe sözcükler de, ELoLPELOLPVHO�RODUDN�WHPHOGH�\DOÕQ��W�UHPLú�YH�ELOHúLN�V|]F�NOHU�ROPDN��]HUH��oH�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��<DOÕQ�V|]F�NOHU��N|N�GXUXPXQGD�EXOXQDQ�KHUKDQJL�ELU�\DSÕP�HNL� DOPDPÕú� V|]F�NOHUGLU�� gUQHN� RODUDN�� bahçe, hava, pencere gibi sözcükler verilebili r.

� ��

7�UHPLú�V|]F�NOHU�� DGODUÕQ�YH�H\OHPOHULQ�\DSÕP�HNL�DOPDVÕ\OD�PH\GDQD�JHOHQ�V|]F�NOHUGLU��Örnek olarak, söz + lük È sözlük, ø]PLU�+ li È� ø]PLUli, sevmek È sevgi, durmak È durak

JLEL�V|]F�NOHU�YHULOHELOLU��%LOHúLN�V|]F�NOHU�LVH��ELUGHQ�oRN�V|]F�÷�Q�ELUOHúPHVL\OH�PH\GDQD�gelen sözcüklerdir. Örnek olarak, miras + ye- È mirasyedi, pazar + ertesi È pazartesi, sivri

+ sinek È sivrisinek gibi sözcükler verilebili r.

��-$321&$�6g=&h./(5ø1 %ødø0%ø/ø06(/�g=(//ø./(5ø�

Japoncada,

a. YalÕQ�V|]F�NOHU�YH\D�V|]F�N�N|NOHULQLQ�ELUOHúPHVL� E��<DOÕQ�V|]F�NOHU�YH\D�V|]F�N�N|NOHULQH�|Q�\D�GD�VRQ�HNOHULQ�HNOHQPHVL� F��%LU�V|]F�÷�Q�oHNLP�HNOHUL�NXOODQÕODUDN�IDUNOÕ�ELU�V|]F�N�W�U�QH�G|Q�úW�U�OPHVL� o��%LU�V|]F�÷�Q�NÕVDOWÕOPDVÕ��

gibi yollarla yeni sözcükler türetilebilmektedir. Japonca sözcükler, biçimbilimsel özelli kleri

DoÕVÕQGDQ�DúD÷ÕGDNL�G|UW�JUXED�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��

D�%LOHúLN�6|]F�NOHU��fukugoogo)

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�ÒÕ� (shizu-gokoro: sakin, huzurlu)

b.Yineleme Sözcükler ( joogo)

L��6|]F�÷�Q�\LQHOHQPHVL �� (yama-yama��GD÷ODU)

� ��

�q� (hito-bito: insanlar)

ii . Sözcük köklerinin yinelenmesi

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F��7�UHPLú�6|]F�NOHU��haseigo)�

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ii . Sözcük köklerine eklerin eklenmesi

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�íØÿÆ (hiso-yaka: gizlice)

iii . ÇekLP�HNOHULQLQ�IDUNOÕ�ELU�V|]F�N�W�U�QH�G|Q�úW�U�OPHVL ��Ê (iku: gitmek) È��È (iki��JLGLú� �-� (odoru: dans etmek) È�-� (odori: dans)

o��7�UHPLú�6|]F�NOHU��haseigo)

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D��9XUJX�GH÷LúLNOL÷L� �Ó + � È Ó� (mizu + kemuri È mizukemuri��VLV��VX�SDUoDFÕNODUÕ�

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YH\D� X]XQ� V|]F�NOHULQ� NÕVDOWÕOPDVÕQD� LPNDQ� YHUPHNWHGLU�� *HQHOOLNOH� G|UW� NDQMLGHQ� ROXúDQ�V|]F�NOHU�NÕVDOWÕODUDN��LNL�NDQMLGHQ�ROXúDQ�V|]F�N�KDOLQH�JHWLULOPHNWHGLU��

�G¢ �� È �G� (gakuwari��|÷UHQFL�LQGLULPL� �ÖÙ j' È �Öj (kokuren��%LUOHúPLú�0LOOHWOHU�

1.5.2.2 ho�.DQMLGHQ�2OXúDQ�6|]F�NOHU �

ho�NDQMLQLQ�ELUOHúPHVL\OH�ROXúDQ�dLQFH�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHULQ�E�\�N�ELU�oR÷XQOX÷X��LNL�NDQMLGHQ�ROXúDQ�V|]F�NOHULQ�EDúÕQD�YH\D�VRQXQD�ELU�GL÷HU�NDQMLQLQ�HNOHQPHVL\OH�PH\GDQD�JHOLU��Üç kanjidHQ�ROXúDQ�V|]F�NOHU�EHú�JUXED�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��

D��6|]F�÷�Q�VRQXQD�ELU�GL÷HU�NDQMLQLQ�HNOHQPHVL� �¾7-� (senmon-ka: uzman)

��-̄ (hoodoo-jin��EDVÕQ�HNLEL)

b.�H��{ gibi son eklerin eklenmesi:

� d-H (shakoo-sei��WRSOXPVDOOÕN��PHGHQLOLN)

� ��

�2�-� (kooka-teki: etkili )

F��6|]F�÷�Q�EDúÕQD�ELU�GL÷HU�NDQMLQLQ�HNOHQPHVL� �"-D| (dai-shizen: büyük tabiat)

�ä-ç� (bi-ishiki��J�]HOOLN�DQOD\ÕúÕ��

ç.��u�V�Â JLEL�ROXPVX]OXN�DQODPÕ�NDWDQ�|Q�HNOHULQ�HNOHQPHVL� ��-Þ: (bu-sahoo��VD\JÕVÕ]OÕN� �u-�� (mu-sekinin: sorumsuzluk)

d��$QODPFD�ELUELULQH�\DNÕQ��o�NDQMLQLQ�ELUOHúPHVL� �"�Ê (dai-chuu-shoo: büyük, orta, küçük)

�� (joo-chuu-ge��\XNDUÕ��RUWD��DúD÷Õ�

1.5.2.3 '|UW�.DQMLGHQ�2OXúDQ�6|]F�NOHU �

'|UW� NDQMLGHQ� ROXúDQ� V|]F�NOHU� JHQHOOLNOH�� LNL� NDQMLGHQ� ROXúDQ� V|]F�NOHULQ�ELUOHúPHVL\OH� PH\GDQD� JHOPHNWHGLU�� g]HOOLNOH� DWDV|]OHUL�� GH\LPOHU� YH� NDOÕSODúPÕú� ED]Õ�LIDGHOHUGH� EX� \DSÕ\D� VÕNOÕNOD� UDVWODQPDNWDGÕU�� '|UW� NDQMLGHQ� ROXúDQ� V|]F�NOHUGH� GH�� LNL�NDQMLGHQ�ROXúDQ�V|]F�NOHUGH�ROGX÷X�JLEL�EHOLUWPH�LOLúNLVL��NDUúÕWOÕN�LOLúNLVL��EHQ]HUOLN�LOLúNLVL�YH�HúGHúOLN�LOLúNLVL�JLEL�DQODPVDO�|]HOOLNOHU�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��

�.¢�k (suisei mushi��VRUXPVX]FD��ELU�úH\�G�ú�QPHGHQ�\DúDPDN� �ÂÏû, (kiki ippatsu: WHKOLNHGHQ�NÕOSD\Õ�NXUWXOPDN)

� ��

��<$%$1&,�.g.(1/ø�6g=&h./(5ø1 %ødø0%ø/ø06(/�g=(//ø./(5ø

<DEDQFÕ� N|NHQOL� V|]F�NOHU�� RUMLQDO� WHODIIX]ODUÕQGDQ� IDUNOÕ� ELU� úHNLOGH�� -DSRQFDQÕQ�VHVELOLPVHO� \DSÕVÕQD� X\JXQ� RODUDN� -DSRQFD\D� DGDSWH� HGLOPLúOHUGLU�� -DSRQFDQÕQ� DoÕN� KHFH�\DSÕVÕQD� VDKLS� ELU� GLO� ROPDVÕ�� RUMLQDO� WHODIIX]GD� EXOXQPD\DQ� ED]Õ� �QO�� VHVOHULQ� GH� \DEDQFÕ�kökHQOL� V|]F�NOHULQ� -DSRQFD� WHODIIX]XQGD� \HU� DOPDVÕQD� YH� KHFH� VD\ÕVÕQÕQ� DUWPDVÕQD� VHEHS�ROPDNWDGÕU��+HFH� VD\ÕVÕ� oRN� RODQ� X]XQ� V|]F�NOHULQ�� J�QO�N� \DúDPGD� GDKD� NROD\� NXOODQÕPÕ�LoLQVH�� EX� V|]F�NOHULQ� NÕVDOWÕOPDVÕ� \ROXQD� VÕNOÕNOD� EDúYXUXOPDNWDGÕU�� dD÷GDú� -DSRQFDda

NXOODQÕOPDNWD� RODQ� \DEDQFÕ� N|NHQOL� V|]F�NOHULQ� E�\�N� oR÷XQOX÷X� NÕVDOWPD� \ROX\OD�ROXúWXUXOPXúWXU��

(9)

w �Q4X�� È� �Q� (ama: amatör) (amateur)

w :Uf,;_o*Zf�È��:U� (demo: gösteri) (demonstration)

w 9`]-S� �È��9`� (tero: terörizm) (terrorism)

øNL� V|]F�NWHQ� ROXúDQ� \DEDQFÕ� N|NHQOL� V|]F�NOHUGH�� KHU� LNL� V|]F�÷�Q� GH� NÕVDOWÕODUDN�ELUOHúWLULOPHVL\OH�ROXúWXUXODQ�V|]F�NOHU�oR÷XQOXNWDGÕU��

(10)

w :Do;� (depaato��PD÷D]D� (department store)

w ]U&f� (rimokon: uzaktan kumanda) (remote control)

w .&Bf� (sekohan: ikinci el) (second hand)

� ��

��+ø%5ø'�6g=&h./(5ø1 %ødø0%ø/ø06(/�g=(//ø./(5ø

Hibrid sözcükler ELoLPELOLPVHO�|]HOOLNOHUL�DoÕVÕQGDQ G|UW�JUXED�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��

a. Japonca sözcükler + Çince kökenli sözcükler

�'Ñ (aizu��LúDUHW) �-Ûµ' (roodoo kumiai��LúoL�VHQGLNDVÕ) E��dLQFH�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHU��<DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHU �,]^õ (suriru kan: tehlike hissi)

�Ú6�@^!o (genshi enerugii : nükleer enerji)�

F��-DSRQFD�V|]F�NOHU��<DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHU� �ù�\, (mado garasu��SHQFHUH�FDPÕ) ��oJfÔ� (oopun suru��DoÕOÕú�\Dpmak)

o��<DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHU��\DEDQFÕ�N|NHQOL�V|]F�NOHU �9oQn0f# (teema songu��NRQX�P�]L÷L��IRQ�P�]L÷L)�

��H,nO2f (kafusu botan��NRO�G�÷PHVL)

��-$321&$1,1�7(0(/�6g='ø=ø06(/�g=(//ø./(5ø� ��-$321&$1,1�7(0(/�7ø32/2-ø.�g=(//ø./(5ø��

TipoloML�oDOÕúPDODUÕQÕQ�|QF�OHULQGHQ�*UHHQEHUJ��GLOOHULQ�V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕODUÕQÕ�LQFHOHPHN� LoLQ� ELU� WDNÕP� NULWHUOHU� |QHUPLúWLU��*UHHQEHUJ¶LQ� |QHUGL÷L� NULWHUOHULQ� EDúOÕFDODUÕQÕ�-DSRQFD\D� X\JXODGÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD�� -DSRQFDQÕQ� WLSRORMLN� DoÕGDQ� úX� |]HOOLNOHUH� VDKLS� ROGX÷X�görülmektedir:

� ��

1.6.1.1�Özne, Nesne veYüklem Dizili mi

-DSRQFD� W�PFHOHUGH� |]QH�� QHVQH� YH� \�NOHP� |÷HOHULQLQ� WHPHO� GL]LOLPL�� NÕVDFD� 629�(Subject–Object–Verb��RODUDN�GD�DGODQGÕUÕODQ�özne–nesne–yüklem úHNOLQGHGLU��-DSRQFDGD�tümceler yüklemlerine göre, eylHP� W�PFHVL�� VÕIDW� W�PFHVL� YH� DG� W�PFHVL� ROPDN� �]HUH� �oH�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��

(11) a. ��ã�;ºâ�þ!Ç�àÈÚ� �w w Kinoo Kyuushuu-de jishin-ga okita.

w w pDün Kyuushuu’da deprem oldu.q w

b. �ÎéÄê�ãáý�Y�¿� �w w Kono hon-wa totemo omoshiroi.

w w pBu kitap çok ilginç.q w

c. �°�3ê�ùÛ�G¢Û� � Tanaka kun-wa mada gakusei da.

pTanaka henüz |÷UHQFLGLU.q

g]QH��QHVQH�YH�\�NOHP�|÷HOHULQLQ�WHPHO�GL]LOLPL�DoÕVÕQGDQ��7�UNoH�GH�D\QÕ�|]HOOLNOHUL�WDúÕPDNWDGÕU��

(12) a. pTepelere kar \D÷GÕ�q b. p*HOGL÷LPGH�RGD�ERúWX.q c. pùLLU��VHVVL]�ELU�úDUNÕGÕU�q

� ��

1.6.1.2�Sondurum Ekleri ve Adlar

Bütün dill erde durum ekleri (adposition�� GLOELOJLVLQGH� |QHPOL� ELU� LúOHYH� VDKLSWLU��Durum eklerinde en çok rastlanan örnekler, öndurum (preposition) ve sondurum

(postposition) ekleridir. Japonca, sondurum ekleri kullanan bir dildir.

(13) a. �8â6�ÚÜÇ��â¿�� Niwa-de kodomo tachi-ga asonde iru.

pBahçede çocuklar oyun oynuyor.q

b. �óê��PÆ�ëÞáÈÚ� � Chichi-wa shigoto-kara kaette kita.

p%DEDP�Lúten döndü.q

7VXQRGD� �� JLEL� ED]Õ� GLOELOLPFLOHU�� -DSRQFDGD� VRQGXUXP� HNOHULQLQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD�|QGXUXP� HNOHULQLQ� GH� EXOXQGX÷X� ILNULQGHGLUOHU�� )DNDW� V|]� NRQXVX� |QGXUXP� HNOHULQLQ�NXOODQÕPÕ��DQFDN�UHVPL�LIDGHOHU�YE��JLEL�|]HO�GXUXPODUOD�VÕQÕUOÕGÕU�

(14) a. �K,�ð � pNagoya’ya varanq

b. �È,�ð � pNagoya’daq

<XNDUÕGDNL�|UQHNOHUGH�JHoHQ�K ve�È JLEL�|QGXUXP�HNOHULQLQ�NXOODQÕPÕ��dLQFHQLQ�ELU� HWNLVL�ROXS�� J�Q�P�]�-DSRQFDVÕQGD�EX� W�U�NXOODQÕPODUD�]DPDQ�]DPDQ� UDVWODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

)DNDW� EX� |QGXUXP� HNOHULQLQ� NXOODQÕPÕ� \D]ÕOÕ� GLOOH� VÕQÕUOÕ� ROXS�� NRQXúPD dilinde bu tür

|QGXUXP� HNOHUL� J|U�OPHPHNWHGLU�� %LU� EDúND� LIDGH\OH�� |QGXUXP� HNOHUL� VDGHFH� \D]ÕOÕ� GLOGH�J|UVHO�DPDoOÕ�RODUDN�NXOODQÕOPDNWD�ROXS��JHUoHNWH�WHODIIX]�HGLOPHPHNWHGLU��

Japonca gibi Türkçe de, sondurum ekleri kullanan bir dildir:

(15) a. pYurtdÕúÕQa mektup gönderdim.q

b. pÇocuk kitabÕ hevesle okudu.q

c. p2OD\Õ�JD]HWHden�|÷UHQGLN�q

1.6.1.3�ø\HOLN�(NOHUL�YH�$GODU�

Japoncada iyelik ifade eden sondurum eki olarak�é (no�� NXOODQÕOPDNWD� ROXS��EHOLUWLOHQ� J|UHYLQGHNL� |÷HOHUGHQ� |QFH� JHOPHNWHGLU�� -DSRQFDGD� L\HOLN� HNL�� 7�UNoHGHQ� IDUNOÕ�RODUDN�NLúL�NDYUDPÕ�YHUPH]��

(16) a. �sé� � Watashi no ie

pBenim evimq

b. �ãÄéYÍ � Nihon no menseki

pJaponya’QÕQ yüzölçümüq

Türkçede iyelik ekleri�–(i)m, –(i)n, –(s)i, –(i)miz, –(i)niz, –leri úHNOLQGH� oHúLWOLOLN�J|VWHUPHNWH�ROXS��NLúL�NDYUDPÕ�YHULUOHU�

� ��

(17) a. pBenim arabam bozuldu.q

b. pOnun kitabÕ biraz eski.q

c. pErsin’in yeni evi�X]DNPÕú.q

1.6.1.4�øúDUHW�$GÕOODUÕ�YH�$GODU��

-DSRQFDGD�LúDUHW�DGÕOODUÕ��DGGDQ�|QFH�JHOPHNWHGLU�

(18) a. �ÎéOæ � Kono kooen

pBu parkq

b. �ØéL � Sono uta

pùX�úDUNÕq

-DSRQFDGD�ROGX÷X�JLEL��7�UNoHGH�GH�LúDUHW�DGÕOODUÕ�DGGDQ�|QFH�JHOPHNWHGLU�

(19) a. pO adamq

b. pBu olayq

1.6.1.5�6D\Õ�6ÕIDWODUÕ�YH�$GODU

-DSRQFDGD� VD\Õ� VÕIDWODUÕ�� DGGDQ� |QFH� JHOPHNWHGLU�� 6D\Õ� VÕIDWODUÕ\OD� ELUOLNWH� VD\ÕVÕ�EHOLUWLOHQ�YDUOÕ÷ÕQ�QLWHOL÷LQH�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN��IDUNOÕ�VÕQÕIODPD�|÷HOHUL�GH��FODVVLILHU��NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

-DSRQFD�� VÕQÕIODPD� |÷HOHUL� DoÕVÕQGDQ� ROGXNoD� ]HQJLQ� ELU� J|U�Q�P� DU]� HWPHNWHGLU�� .�o�N�nesneler için –ko��\DVVÕ�YH�Lnce nesneler için -mai, sili ndirik nesneler için –hon, ciltli nesneler

için –satsu�� VÕYÕODU� LoLQ�–hai, insanlar için –nin� YE�� HQ� VÕN�NXOODQÕODQ� VÕQÕIODPD�|÷HOHULQGHQ�ELUNDoÕGÕU�� %XQODUÕQ� GÕúÕQGD� VÕUD� JHQHO� RODUDN� NXOODQÕODELOHQ� –tsu� VÕQÕIODPD� |÷HVL� GH�buluQPDNWDGÕU��-DSRQFDGD�VD\Õ�VÕIDWODUÕ\OD�ROXúWXUXODQ�$g�\DSÕVÕ� pVD\Õ��VÕQÕIODPD�|÷HVL��iyelik ilgeci (no) + adq úHNOLQGHGLU��

(20) a. �QðéR^" � Ni-hai no miruku (-hai: VÕYÕODU�LoLQ) pøNL�EDUGDN sütq

b. �Vqé6äý �w w Go-nin no kodomo (-nin: insanlar için)

w w p%Hú çocukq w

.XQR� �� VD\Õ� VÕIDWODUÕ� YH� VÕQÕIODPD� |÷HOHULQLQ� NRPELQDV\RQX� LOH� ROXúDQ� $g�\DSÕODUÕQÕQ��|]HOOLNOH�H\OHP�W�PFHOHUL�LoHULVLQGH�]DUIVDO�ELU�NXOODQÕP�|]HOOL÷LQH�VDKLS�ROGX÷XQX�belirtmektedir.

(21) a. �Ä û`�ÞÚ� � Hon-wo is-satsu katta.

p%LU�NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕP�q

b. �û`éÄ �ÞÚ� � Is-satsu no hon-wo katta.

p%LU�NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕP�q

� ��

c. ��Ï ûß)ôÚ� �w w Ringo-wo hitotsu tabeta.

w w pBir elma yedim.q w

d. �ûßé��Ï )ôÚ� �w w Hitotsu no ringo-wo tabeta.

w w pBir elma yedimq w

7�UNoHGH��VD\Õ�DGODUÕ�EDúND�ELU�DGÕQ�|Q�QH�JHOHUHN�VD\Õ�VÕIDWODUÕQÕ�ROXúWXUXUODU��

(22) a. pGarajda EHú�DUDED var.q

b. pManavdan iki kilo�HOPD�DOGÕP�q c. p%X�Lú�WDP�DOWÕ�D\ sürdü.q

1.6.1.6�6ÕIDWODU�YH�$GODU �

-DSRQFDGD�VÕIDWODU��DGGDQ�|QFH�JHOHUHN��NHQGLOHULQGHQ�VRQUD�JHOHQ�DGODUÕQ�QLWHOLNOHULQL�belirtir. Japoncada i–VÕIDWÕ ve na–VÕIDWÕ�ROPDN��]HUH�LNL�W�U�VÕIDW�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��

(24) a. �ÅýÒ�¿�¹ �w w Omoshiro-i eiga (i–VÕIDWÕ) w w pøOJLQo filmq w

b. �RÆå¸ �w w Shizuka-na machi (na–VÕIDWÕ) w w pSakin�úHKLUq w

� ��

-DSRQFDGD�ROGX÷X�JLEL��7�UNoHGH�GH�VÕIDWODU��DGGDQ�|QFH�JHOPHNWHGLU�

(25) a. p*HQLú odaq

b. pÇok paraq

c. pYeni evq

1.6.1.7�<DQ�7�PFH��øOJL�7�PFHVL��YH�$GODU��

Japoncada yan tümce (ilgi tümcesi), addan önce gelmektedir.

(26) a. ��ã��ÞÚÄ ù�æ�ÒÚ� �w w �Kinoo kattahon-wo tomodachi-ni kashita.

w w p�'�Q�DOGÕ÷ÕPNLWDEÕ�DUNDGDúÕPD�|G�Qo�YHUGLP�q

b. ��9æÑ�â¿��£ 0�Ú� �w w �Koobe-ni sunde iruoba-wo otozureta.

w w p�Koobe’de oturanteyzemi ziyaret ettim.q

JaponcadD�ROGX÷X�JLEL��7�UNoHGH�GH�\DQ�W�PFH��LOJL�W�PFHVL��DGGDQ�|QFH�JHOPHNWHGLU�

(27) a. p�*|QGHUGL÷LPmektubu okudun mu ?q b. p�Evi soyanKÕUVÕ]ODU�\DNDODQPÕú�q

� ��

1.6.1.8�Özel ve Cins Adlar

�

%D]Õ� LVWLVQDL� GXUXPODU10 bulunmakla birlikte, Japoncada özel adlar, genelli kle cins

adlardan önce gelmektedir.

(28) a. �âÖN9^ �w w Teikoku Hoteru

w w pTeikoku Oteliq w

b. �ºãÂ^ � Asahi Shinbun� pAsahi Gazetesiq� c. �òi"G �

w w Tokyo Daigaku

w w pTokyo Üniversitesiq w

Türkçede özel adlar, cins adlardan önce gelmektedir.

(29) a. pVan gölüq

b. p<HúLOD\�'HUQH÷Lq c. pTürk ulusuq

��7VXQRGD� �� |]HOOLNOH� \DEDQFÕ� N|NHnli sözcüklerde,�N9^n�o"\ (Hoteru Ohkura: Ohkura Oteli)�úHNOLQGH�|]HO�DGODUÕQ�FLQV�DGODUGDQ�VRQUD�JHOHELOGL÷LQL�EHOLUWPHNWHGLU��%XQXQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD��oldukça nadir olmakla birlikte�ÏZ!Ä (Ryokan Kawamoto: Kawamoto Oteli)� úHNOLQGH�NXOODQÕPODUÕQ�ROGX÷XQD�GD�GLNNDW çekmektedir.

� ��

1.6.1.9�.DUúÕODúWÕUPD�øIDGHOHUL��

-DSRQFDGD�WHPHO�NDUúÕODúWÕUPD�LIDGHVLQLQ�V|]F�N�GL]LOLPL� p|]QH��QHVQH��NÕ\DV�LOJHFL��\RUL��VÕIDWq úHNOLQGHGLU��%X�GXUXP�ELU�oRN�$OWD\�GLOLQLQ�NDUúÕODúWÕUPD�LIDGHOHUL\OH�EHQ]HUOLN�göstermektedir.

(30) a. �ÎéÄê�½éÄ�� Ò¿� � Kono hon-wa ano hon yori muzukashii.

pBu kitap, o kitaptan (daha) zor.q

b. �sê�ó��Ç��¿� � Watashi-wa chichi yori se ga takai.

pBen babamdan (daha) uzun boyluyum.q

7�UNoHGH�LVH��NÕ\DV�LOJHFL�RODUDN��oÕNPD�GXUXP�HNL��-GHQ��NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��

(31) a. pBugün dünden��GDKD��VÕFDN�q b. p%HQLP�LúLP�VHQLQ�LúLQden (daha) zor.q

1.6.1.10�<DUGÕPFÕ�(\OHPOHU� �

-DSRQFDGD�\DUGÕPFÕ�H\OHPOHU��KHP�oHNLPOL��KHP�GH�oHNLPVL]� V|]F�NOHre eklenerek,

V|]F�NOHUH�IDUNOÕ�DQODPODU�NDWPDNWDGÕU��

(32) a1. �Ðê�G¢Û� � Kare-wa gakusei da.

� ��

p2��|÷UHQFLdir.q

a2. �Ðê�G¢âêå¿� � Kare-wa gakusei dewanai.

p2��|÷UHQFL�GH÷LO.q

a3. �Ðê�G¢ÛÞÚ� � Kare-wa gakusei datta.

p2��|÷UHQFL�idi.q

b1. �Þ� � Tsukuru

p+D]ÕUODPDNq

b2. �ÞÞá� ¿� � Tsukutte iru

p+D]ÕUOÕ\RU�ROPDNq

b3. �ÞÞá� ½� � Tsukutte aru

p+D]ÕUODQPÕú�ROPDNq

b4. �ÞÞá� ÅÊ � Tsukutte oku

p+D]ÕU�HWPHNq

� ��

b5. �ÞÞá� ÒùÁ � Tsukutte shimau

p+D]ÕUOD\ÕYHUPekq

�

Türkçede ise, pHWPHN�� H\OHPHN�� ROPDN�� NÕOPDN�� EX\XUPDNq JLEL� \DUGÕPFÕ� H\OHPOHU�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��%X�H\OHPOHU��DG�YH\D�DG�VR\OX�V|]F�NOHUH�ELUOLNWH�NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU��

(33) a. pDedem hasta oldu.q

b. p.DUGHúLP�EX�NRQXGDQ�V|]�HWPLúWL�q c. pBu hediyeyi lütfen kabul buyurunuz.q

1.6.1.11�Zarflar

�

-DSRQFDGD�]DUIODU��H\OHP�YH�VÕIDWODUGDQ�|QFH�JHOPHNWHGLU��

(34) a. ��ê�¿ßý� fÊ� `Ê� � Otooto-wa itsumo hayaku aruku.

p.DUGHúLP�hep KÕ]OÕ yürür.q

b. �y�é{ê�Æå��¿� � Kotoshi no fuyu-wa kanari samui.

p%X�VHQH�NÕú�oldukça�VR÷XN�q

7�UNoHGH�GH�]DUIODU��H\OHP�YH�VÕIDWODUGDQ�|QFH�JHOPHNWHGLU��

(35) a. pBu resim pek güzel�ROPDPÕú�q

� ��

b. pKonuyu daha NÕVD anlat.q

1.6.1.12�Soru Tümceleri

�

Japoncada soru tümceleri, VRUX�LOJHFL��VRUX�VÕIDWÕ��VRUX�DGÕOÕ�YH�VRUX�]DUIÕ�JLEL�|÷HOHULQ�NXOODQÕOPDVÕ\OD� ROXúWXUXOXU��Æ (ka�� VRUX� LOJHFLQLQ� W�PFH� VRQXQD� JHOPH� ]RUXQOXOX÷X�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� $QFDN�NRQXúPD�GLOLQGH�YXUJX�IDUNOÕOÕ÷Õ\OD�ROXúWXUXODQ�VRUX�W�PFHOHULQH�GH�UDVWODQPDNWDGÕU��

(36) a. �%âê�Ä ��Û� � Taroo-wa hon-wo yonda.

pTaroo, kitap okudu.q

b. �%âê�Ä ��ÛÆ� � Taroo-wa hon-wo yonda ka.

pTaroo, kitap okudu mu ?q

c. �%âê�ä�åÄ ��ÛÆ� � Taroo-wa donna hon-wo yonda ka.

pTaroo, QDVÕO bir kitap okudu ?q

d. �%âê�¿ßÄ ��ÛÆ� � Taroo-wa itsu hon-wo yonda ka.

pTaroo, ne zaman kitap okudu ?q

� ��

e. �%âê�äÎâÄ ��ÛÆ� � Taroo-wa doko-de hon-wo yonda ka.

pTaroo, nerede kitap okudu ?q

Türkçede de soru tümceleri, soru sözcükleri pQH�� QHUHGH�� QH� ]DPDQ�� QDVÕO�� NLP��hangi...q ya da p-mi ?q soru�LOJHFL\OH�ROXúWXUXOXU�

(37) a. pOnu en son nerede�J|UP�úW�Q�"q b. pHangi�NLWDEÕ�LVWL\RUVXQ�"q c. p'ÕúDUÕ\D�oÕNDOÕP�PÕ ?q

$QFDN�7�UNoH� VRUX� W�PFHOHULQGH�� -DSRQFDGD� ROGX÷X� JLEL� VRUX� LOJHFLQLQ�PXKDNNDN�W�PFH�VRQXQD�JHOPH�]RUXQOXOX÷X�EXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU��6RUX�LOJHFL��W�PFHGH�LOJLOL�|÷HGHQ�VRQUD�yer alabilmektedir.

(38) a. p2UKDQ�\DUÕQ�RNXOD�JLGHFHN�mi ?q

b. p2UKDQ�\DUÕQ�RNXOD�PÕ gidecek ?q

c. p2UKDQ�\DUÕQ�PÕ okula gidecek ?q

ç. pOrhan PÕ�\DUÕQ�RNXOD�JLGHFHN�"q

1.6.1.13�Olumsuz Tümceler �

�

JaponcaGD� ROXPVX]� W�PFHOHU�� \�NOHP� NRQXPXQGDNL� H\OHP�� VÕIDWODUD� YH\D� DGODUD�ROXPVX]OXN�ELOGLUHQ�VRQ�HNOHULQ�YH\D�\DUGÕPFÕ�H\OHPOHULQ�HNOHQPHVL\OH�HOGH�HGLOPHNWHGLU��

� ��

(39) a1. �%âê�G^æ�Ê� � Taroo-wa gakkoo-ni iku.

pTaroo, okula gider.q

a2. �%âê�G^æ�Æå¿� � Taroo-wa gakkoo-ni ikanai.

pTaroo, okula gitmez.q

a3. �%âê�G^æ�ÆåÆÞÚ� � Taroo-wa gakkoo-ni ikanakatta.

pTaroo, okula gitmedi.q

b1. �½éñðê�"È¿� � Ano heya-wa ookii.

pO oda büyük.q

b2. �½éñðê�"ÈÊå¿� � Ano heya-wa ookikunai.

pO oda E�\�N�GH÷LO.q

b3. �½éñðê�"ÈÊåÆÞÚ� � Ano heya-wa ookikunakatta.

pO oda E�\�N�GH÷LOGL.q

c1. �%âê�ë¾åqÛ� � Taroo-wa shinsetsuna hito da.

pTaroo, kibar (bir) LQVDQGÕU.q

c2. �%âê�ë¾åqâêå¿� � Taroo-wa shinsetsuna hito dewanai.

pTaroo, kibar (bir) LQVDQ�GH÷LO.q

� ��

c3. �%âê�ë¾åqâêååÆÞÚ� � Taroo-wa shinsetsuna hito dewanakatta.

pTaroo, kibar (bir) LQVDQ�GH÷LOGL.q

�7�UNoHGH�GH��\�NOHP�NRQXPXQGDNL�H\OHP��VÕIDWODUD�YH\D�DGODUD�ROXPVX]OXN�ELOGLUHQ�

ek veya özel sözcüklerin eklenmesiyle olumsuz tümceler elde edilmektedir.

(40) a. pSeni GLQOHPH\HFH÷LP�q b. p%X�HYLQ�NLUDVÕ�XFX]�GH÷LO�q c. p&DPÕ�NÕUDQ�R�oRFXN�GH÷LOGL�q ç. pNe kitap okudum, ne�|GHY�\DSWÕP�q

��7h0&('(�6g=&h.�'ø=ø/ø0ø �

-DSRQFD�� V|]GL]LPVHO� DoÕGDQ� WLSLN� ELU� 629� �Subject–Object–Verb:

Özne–Nesne–Eylem�� GLOL� RODUDN� WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU�� -DSRQFDQÕQ� GÕúÕQGD� 7�UNoH�� $LQXFD��.RUHFH��0R÷ROFD��0DFDUFD�� 7LEHWoH�� %XUPDFD�� 7DPLOFH�� +LQWoH� YH� 1DYDKR� JLEL� GLOOHU� GH�V|]GL]LPVHO� RODUDN� EX� \DSÕ\D� VDKLS� GLOOHUGLU�� %X� GLOOHUGHQ� ED]ÕODUÕQÕQ� W�PFH� \DSÕODUÕQGD��\�NOHPFLO�H\OHPLQ�NHVLQ�RODUDN�W�PFH�VRQXQD�JHOPH�]RUXQOXOX÷X��Verb–Final Requirement)

EXOXQXUNHQ�� ED]Õ� GLOOHULQ� GL÷HUOHULQH� NÕ\DVOD� GDKD� |]J�U� ELU� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕ� � VHUJLOHGL÷L�gözlemlenmektedir.11 12

6KLEDWDQL� �� -DSRQFDQÕQ� WHPHO� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕVÕQÕ� YH� |÷HOHULQ� oDONDODPD�(scrambling�� VHUEHVWL\HWLQL� DoÕNODPDN� LoLQ� ú|\OH� ELU� |UQHN� YHUPHNWHGLU�� 7�PFHOHULQ��.XQR� �� $LQXFD��.RUHFH��0R÷ROFD�� %XUPDFD�� 7DPLOFH� YH�1DYDKR� JLLEL� GLOOHUGH� \�NOHPFLO�H\OHPLQ�NHVLQ�RODUDN�W�PFH�VRQXQD�JHOPH�]RUXQOXOX÷X�EXOXQGX÷XQX��7�UNoH��-DSRQFD�YH�+LQWoHGH�EX�]RUXQOXOX÷XQ�EXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�|QH�V�UPHNWHGLU�� ShibataQL��H\OHPLQ�NHVLQ�RODUDN�W�PFH�VRQXQD�JHOPH�]RUXQOXOX÷X�NXUDOÕQÕQ�7�UNoHGH�GDKD�HVQHN�ROGX÷XQX��-DSRQFDGD�LVH�EX�HVQHNOL÷LQ�GDKD�VÕQÕUOÕ�ROGX÷X�J|U�ú�QGHGLU��

� ��

NDEXOHGLOHELOLUOLN�GHUHFHOHQGLUPHVLQL�EHOLUWPHN�LoLQ�"��""�� SDUDGLJPDODUÕ�NXOODQÕOPÕúWÕU�� (41) a. �%âÇÎ6æØéÄ ÿÞÚ� �

Taroo-ga Hanako-ni sono hon-wo yatta.

p7DURR��+DQDNR¶\D�R�NLWDEÕ�YHUGL�q

b. �Î6æ%âÇØéÄ ÿÞÚ� � Hanako-ni Taroo-ga sono hon-wo yatta.

p+DQDNR¶\D�7DURR�R�NLWDEÕ�YHUGL�q

c. �ØéÄ %âÇÎ6æÿÞÚ� � Sono hon-wo Taroo-ga Hanako-ni yatta.

p2�NLWDEÕ�Taroo Hanako’ya verdi.q

ç. ? �Î6æØéÄ %âÇÿÞÚ� � Hanako-ni sono hon-wo Taroo-ga yatta.

p+DQDNR¶\D�R�NLWDEÕ�7DURR�YHUGL�q

d. ? �ØéÄ Î6æ%âÇÿÞÚ� � Sono hon-wo Hanako-ni Taroo-ga yatta.

p2�NLWDEÕ�+DQDNR¶\D�7DURR�YHUGL�q

e. �%âÇØéÄ Î6æÿÞÚ� � Taroo-ga sono hon-wo Hanako-ni yatta.

p7DURR�R�NLWDEÕ�+DQDNR¶\D�YHUGL�q

� ��

��D��W�PFHVL�-DSRQFDQÕQ�WHPHO�V|]F�N�GL]LPL�RODQ�629�\DSÕVÕQÕ�VXQPDNWDGÕU��E��F��YH��H��W�PFHOHUL�LVH��WHPHO�V|]F�N�GL]LPLQGHQ�ELUD]�D\UÕOPDNOD�EHUDEHU�NDEXOHGLOHELOir |]HOOL÷L�WDúÕPDNWDGÕU��%XQD�NDUúÕOÕN��o��YH��G��W�PFHOHULQGH�LVH�NDEXOHGLOHELOLUOLN�GHUHFHVL�G�úPHNWHGLU��

(\OHPLQ� W�PFH� VRQXQD� JHOPH� NXUDOÕ�� W�PFH� LoHULVLQGHNL� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHULQ�V|]GL]LPVHO� VXQXOXúODUÕQÕ� GD� NDWL� ELU� úHNLOGH� G�]HQOHPHNWHGLU�� %X� Güzenleme içerisinde,

W�PFHGH�WHNUDUODQDQ�ED]Õ�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHULQ��V|]GL]LPVHO�VXQXOXúWDQ�oÕNDUÕOPDVÕ�NXUDOODUÕ�GD�(gapping�� EHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU�� gUQH÷LQ�� -DSRQFDGD� W�PFH� LoHULVLQGH� WHNUDUODQDQ� D\QÕ�H\OHPOHUGHQ�DQFDN�W�PFH�VRQXQGD�\HU�DODQ�H\OHP�GÕúÕQGDNLOHU sili nebilmektedir. (Japoncada

tümce içerisinde tekrarlanan ve yan tümceye ait eylemler sili nebilmekte, tümce sonunda yer

DOPDVÕ�JHUHNHQ�WHPHO�W�PFH\H�DLW�H\OHP�LVH�VLOLQHPHPHNWHGLU��

(42) a. �%âÇ��Ï )ô�Î6ÇúÆ� )ôÚ� � Taroo-ga ringo-wo tabe, Hanako-ga mikan-wo tabeta.

p7DURR�HOPD\Õ�\HGL��+DQDNR�PDQGDOLQD\Õ�\HGL�q

b. �%âÇ��Ï ��Î6ÇúÆ� )ôÚ� � Taroo-ga ringo-wo ��, Hanako-ga mikan-wo tabeta.

p7DURR�HOPD\Õ��+DQDNR�PDQGDOLQD\Õ�\HGL�q

c. ? �%âÇ��Ï )ô�Î6ÇúÆ� �� Taroo-ga ringo-wo tabe, Hanako-ga mikan-wo ��. p7DURR�HOPD\Õ�\HGL��+DQDNR�PDQGDOLQD\Õ��.q

(\OHPLQ� W�PFH� VRQXQGD� \HU� DOPD� ]RUXQOXOX÷X� EXOXQDQ� 629� GLOOHULQGH�� H\OHPGHQ�VRQUD�ED]Õ�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHULQ�\HU�DODELOGL÷L�GH��right dislocation) görülmektedir. (43a), (43b)

� ��

ve (43c) tümceleULQH�EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD�H\OHPLQ�W�PFHQLQ�VRQXQGD�EXOXQPDGÕ÷Õ��H\OHPLQ�VD÷ÕQGD�GL÷HU�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHULQ�EXOXQGX÷X�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��

(43) a. �êÚ��%âÇ� � Kita yo, Taroo-ga.

pGeldi ! Taroo.q (Taroo geldi !)

b. �ýÁ��Û�ÎéÄ� � Moo yonda, kono hon.

p2NXGXQ�PX��EX�NLWDEÕ�"q� � � � � �%X�NLWDEÕ�RNXGXQ�PX�"�

c. �^¿Ú�½éÁÐ� � Kiita, ano uwasa.

pDuydun mu, o söylentiyi ?q (O söylentiyi duydun mu ?)

� �7VXMLPXUD��YH�6KLEDWDQL��EX�úHNLOGHNL�629�GL]LOLPLQH�X\PD\DQ�GHYULN�

tümcelerin, ö]HOOLNOH� J�QO�N� NRQXúPD� GLOLQGH� NXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQÕ�� EX� W�U� LIDGHOHULQ� GDKD� oRN�NRQXúXFXQXQ�GX\JX�YH�G�ú�QFHOHULQL�IDUNOÕ�DoÕODUGDQ�YXUJXODPDN�LVWHGL÷L�]DPDQ�|QH�oÕNWÕ÷ÕQÕ�EHOLUWPHNWHGLU��'HYULN�W�PFHOHU��WHPHO�629�\DSÕVÕQGDQ�D\UÕOPDNOD�ELUOLNWH�GLOELOJLVHO�RODrak

kabuledilebili r tümcelerdir.

%LUOHúLN� W�PFHOHUH� EDNÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD\VD�� -DSRQFDGD� WHPHO� YH� \DQ� W�PFH� \DSÕVÕQGDNL�sözlüksel birimlerin çalkalama (scrambling�� VHUEHVWL\HWLQLQ�� VDGHFH� ED÷OÕ� EXOXQGX÷X� W�PFH�\DSÕVÕ\OD� NÕVÕWOÕ� ROGX÷X� J|U�OPHNWHGLU�� <DQL� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHU�� DQFDN� EXOXQGXNODUÕ� W�PFH�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�\HU�GH÷LúWLUHELOPHNWH��EX�\DSÕQÕQ�GÕúÕQGD�ELU� \HUGH�EXOXQPDODUÕ� oDONDODPD�NXUDOODUÕQD�D\NÕUÕ�G�úPHNWHGLU��

� ��

(44) a. �%âÇ½ÒÚ�ð��T]�â³ÞÚqã¿ÕÔ�� Taroo-ga ashita�kyonen amerika de attahito to kekkon suru.

p7DURR�\DUÕQ��JHoHQ�VHQH�$PHULND¶GD�WDQÕúWÕ÷Õkimseyle evleniyor.q

b. ? �%âÇð�½ÒÚ��T]�â³ÞÚqã¿ÕÔ�� Taroo-ga kyonen ashita�amerika de attahito to kekkon suru.

p7DURR�JHoHQ�VHQH�\DUÕQ��$PHULND¶GD�WDQÕúWÕ÷Õ�NLPVH\OH�HYOHQL\RU�q �

(45) a. �%âÇ�Î6ÇG^âÞÞÚ¼! )ôÚ� � Taroo-ga�Hanako-ga gakkoo-de tsukuttasushi-wo tabeta.

pTaroo,�+DQDNR¶QXQ�RNXOGD�KD]ÕUODGÕ÷ÕVXúL\L�\HGL�q

b. ? �Î6Ç�%âÇG^âÞÞÚ¼! )ôÚ� � Hanako-ga Taroo-ga�gakkoo-de tsukuttasushi-wo tabeta.

pHanako’nun Taroo, okulda ha]ÕUODGÕ÷Õ�VXúL\L�\HGL�q

c. ? �G^â%âÇ�Î6ÇÞÞÚ¼! )ôÚ� � Gakkoo-de Taroo-ga�Hanako-ga tsukuttasushi-wo tabeta.

pOkulda Taroo,�+DQDNR¶QXQ�KD]ÕUODGÕ÷ÕVXúL\L�\HGL�q � �(44a)da�ð� (kyonen�� JHoHQ� VHQH�� V|]F�÷�� \DQ� W�PFHGH� LIDGH� HGLOHQ� ROD\OD�

LOLúNLOLGLU�� )DNDW� ��E�GH� EX� |÷HQLQ� WHPHO� W�PFHGH� \HU� DOPDVÕ� VRQXFXQGD� EX� LOLúNL� RUWDGDQ�NDONPDNWDGÕU��D�GD�LVH��Î6ÇG^âÞÞÚ �Hanako-ga gakkoo-de tsukutta��Hanako’nun

RNXOGD�KD]ÕUODGÕ÷Õ��yan tümcesi VXúL�V|]F�÷�\OH�ED÷ODQWÕOÕGÕU��E��YH��F��W�PFHOHULQGH�\DQ�tümFHQLQ�|÷HOHULQGHQ�RODQ�Î6Ç (Hanako-ga: Hanako’nun) ve�G^â (gakkoo-de:

RNXOGD��|÷HOHUL�\DQ�W�PFHGHQ�D\UÕOPÕú�GXUXPGDGÕU��E��E��YH��F��W�PFHOHULQGH��\DQ�

� ��

W�PFHGH� EXOXQPDVÕ� JHUHNHQ� ED]Õ� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHULQ� EX� \DSÕGDQ� X]DNODúPDVÕ�� GLOELOJLVHO�olarak ER]XN� W�PFHOHU� \DUDWPDNWDGÕU�� 7HPHO� YH\D� \DQ� W�PFHGHNL� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHULQ�� EX�\DSÕODUÕQ� GÕúDUÕVÕQGD� \HU� DOPDVÕQD� X]DN� DUD� oDONDODPD (long²distance scrambling�� DGÕ�verilmektedir.

%XQXQOD� ELUOLNWH� 6DLWR� �� LVH�� -DSRQFDGD� X]DN� DUD� oDONDODPDQÕQ� ED]Õ� GXUumlarda

GLOELOJLVHO�RODUDN�NDEXOHGLOHELOLU�W�PFHOHU�PH\GDQD�JHWLUHELOGL÷LQL�GH�EHOLUWPHNWHGLU�

(46) a. �%âÇ�Î6ÇÂÒ¿¯ �ÞÚãAÞÚ� � Taroo-ga�Hanako-ga atarashii fuku-wo kattato omotta.

pTaroo,�+DQDNR¶QXQ�\HQL�HOELVH�DOGÕ÷ÕQÕG�ú�QG��q

b. �ÂÒ¿¯ %âÇ�Î6Ç�ÞÚãAÞÚ� � Atarashii fuku-wo Taroo-ga�Hanako-ga kattato omotta.

pYeni elbiseyi Taroo,�+DQDNR¶QXQ�DOGÕ÷ÕQÕG�ú�QG��q

(47) a. �%âÇ�Î6Ç�æèÎ ½ÍÚã�ÞÚ� � Taroo-ga�Hanako-ga imooto-ni neko-wo agetato itta.

pTaroo,�+DQDNR¶QXQ�NÕ]NDUGHúLQH�NHGL\L�YHUGL÷LQLsöyledi.q

b. �èÎ %âÇ�Î6Ç�æ½ÍÚã�ÞÚ� � Neko-wo Taroo-ga�Hanako-ga imooto-ni agetato itta.

pKediyi Taroo,�+DQDNR¶QXQ�NÕ]NDUGHúLQH�YHUGL÷LQLsöyledi.q

� ��

2. BÖLÜM

KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE

��h<(�<$3,6,�.$95$0,1$�*(1(/�%ø5�%$.,ù�

��¶OL� \ÕOODUD� NDGDU� h\H� <DSÕVÕ� �$UJXPHQW� 6WUXFWXUH�� NDYUDPÕ, sözdizimsel

VXQXOXúODUÕQ� DoÕNODQPDVÕ� DODQÕQGD� ROGXNoD� NÕVÕWOÕ� ELU� URO� R\QDPDNWD\GÕ��%X� G|QHPGH� �\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�� JHQHOOLNOH�� \�NOHPFLO� H\OHPLQ� VDKLS� ROGX÷X� �\H� VD\ÕVÕ� YH� EXQODUÕQ� DUDVÕQGDNL�LOLúNLGHQ�LEDUHW�ELU�VLVWHP�RODUDN��VÕQÕUOÕ�ELU�ED÷ODPGD�HOH�DOÕQGÕ÷Õ�V|\OHQHELOLU��)DNDW�J�Q�P�]�GLO� NXUDPODUÕQGD�� W�PFHQLQ� V|]GL]LPVHO�YH� DQODPELOLPVHO� \DSÕODUÕQÕ� ELUELULQH� ED÷OD\DQ�YH�EXQODUD�DoÕNODPD�JHtiren bir altkuram olarak �\H�\DSÕVÕQD�GDKD�D÷ÕUOÕNOÕ�ELU�\HU�YHULOPH\H�EDúODQPÕúWÕU�� g]HOOLNOH� ��¶OL� \ÕOODUÕQ� EDúÕQGDQ� LWLEDUHQ� Rol Ölçütü (Theta Criterion),

<DQVÕWPD� øONHVL (Projection Principle) (Chomsky, 1981) ve 6|]O�NVHO� øúOHYVHO� 'LOELOJLVL (LexicaOLVW�)XQFWLRQDO�*UDPPDU��%UHVQDQ��JLEL�NXUDPODUÕQ��V|]GL]LPVHO�VXQXOXúODUÕQ�DoÕNODQPDVÕQD� IDUNOÕ� DoÕOÕPODU�ND]DQGÕUPDVÕ�� EX�NRQX\D� \HQL�EDNÕú� DoÕODUÕQÕQ� JHWLULOPHVLQL�]RUXQOX�NÕOPÕúWÕU��

h\H�\DSÕVÕ��%UHVQDQ��YH�:LOOLDPV��JLEL�oDOÕúmalarda eylemlerin

sözlüksel kütükOHULQGH��OH[LFDO�HQWU\��\HU�DODQ�ELU�oHúLW�ELOJL�RODUDN�HOH�DOÕQPÕúWÕU��&KRPVN\�� JLEL� oDOÕúPDODUGD� LVH�� \H� \DSÕVÕQÕQ� sözlükçe\L� �OH[LFRQ�� ROXúWXUDQ�E�W�Q�Q�ELU�SDUoDVÕ�RODUDN�GH÷HUOHQGLULOGL÷L�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��%X�J|U�úH�J|UH��\H�\DSÕVÕ��LNL�W�U�\DSÕ� DUDVÕQGD� ELU� N|SU�� NRQXPXQGDGÕU�� %XQODUGDQ� ELULQFLVL� DQODPVDO� \DSÕ�� LNLQFLVL\VH�

� ��

d-\DSÕGÕU��%X�\DNODúÕPD�J|UH�� D��h\H�\DSÕVÕ��V|]O�NVHO-DQODPVDO�\DSÕQÕQ�ELU�\DQVÕPDVÕGÕU�� b. d-\DSÕ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�YH�$úDPDOÕ-X kuraPÕ�LONHOHULQLQ�ELU�\DQVÕPDVÕGÕU�� h\H�\DSÕVÕ�NDYUDPÕQÕQ�YH�|]HOOLNOHULQLQ�LUGHOHQPHVL�V�UHFLQGH�JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ�EDúOÕFD�

|QHPOL�oDOÕúPDODU�YH�EX�oDOÕúPDODUGD��\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�HOH�DOÕQÕú�úHNLOOHUL�úX�úHNLOGH�|]HWOHQHELOLU�

(1)

(i) see (A, Th) (di Sciullo and Willi ams, 1987)

(ii) give (theme, goal)

put (theme, location)

steal (theme, source) (Marantz, 1984)

(iii ) temere�fear[Experiencer, Theme]

preoccupare�worry[Experiencer, Theme]

piacere�please[Experiencer, Theme] (Belletti and Rizzi, 1988)

(iv) put: x (y, P-loc z) (Rappaport and Levin, 1986)

(v) work, x

arrivey

hity

puty, xçLoc Pz (Zubizarreta, 1987)

<XNDUÕGD� EDKVL� JHoHQ� oDOÕúPDODUGD� "iç üye" ve "GÕú� �\H"� D\UÕPÕ� �]HULQGH� GH�GXUXOPXú�� Lo� �\HOHULQ� ELoLPELOLPVHO� YH� DQODPELOLPVHO� |]HOOLNOHUL� oHúLWOL� DoÕODUGDQ� GHWD\OÕ�olarak ele alÕQPÕúWÕU��%X�\DNODúÕPGDQ�IDUNOÕ�RODUDN��iç üye ve GÕú��\HOHUL�E�W�QF�O�RODUDN�HOH�DOPD� \DNODúÕPÕ� GD� RUWD\D� NRQXOPXúWXU�� +DOH� ��¶LQ� |QF�O�÷�Q�� \DSWÕ÷Õ� EX� \DNODúÕP��*ULPVKDZ��YH�*ULPVKDZ�DQG�0HVWHU��JLEL�oDOÕúPDODUOD�GDKD�GD�JHOLúWLULOPLúWLU� gQHP�.XUDPÕ��3URPLQHQFH�7KHRU\��RODUDN�GD�DGODQGÕUÕODQ�EX�\DNODúÕP��\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�ELU�

� ��

E�W�Q� RODUDN� HOH� DOÕQPDVÕ� ED÷ODPÕQGD� |QFHNL� oDOÕúPDODUOD� |QHPOL� NDUúÕWVDOOÕNODU� RUWD\D�NR\PDNWDGÕU��%X�\DNODúÕPD�J|UH��KHU�H\OHPLQ�NHQGLQH�|]J��ELU�LoVHO�\DSÕVÕ�EXOXQPDNta ve

EX�LoVHO�\DSÕ�H\OHPLQ�GLOELOJLVHO�GDYUDQÕPODUÕQÕ�G�]HQOHPHNWHGLU��'L÷HU�ELU�GH\LúOH��H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�G�]HQOHQLúL��eylemin sözlüksel-DQODPVDO�|]HOOLNOHULQLQ�ELU�\DQVÕPDVÕ�RODFDNWÕU��%X�\DNODúÕPÕQ� WHPHO� KHGHIL�� DQODPVDO� \DSÕGDQ� KDUHNHWOH� |QFH� ELU� üyH� \DSÕVÕ� G�]HQOHQLúL�VLVWHPDWL÷LQL� HOGH� HWPHN�� GDKD� VRQUD� \�NOHPLQ� GLOELOJLVHO� GDYUDQÕPODUÕQD� YH� G-\DSÕ\D�XODúPDN�úHNOLQGH�|]HWOHQHELOLU��

*ULPVKDZ��5RVHQ��-DFNHQGRII��JLEL�oDOÕúPDODUGD�LVH��\H�\DSÕVÕ�NDYUDPÕ��\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕ�YH�G-\DSÕ�LOH�RODQ�LOLúNLOHUL�IDUNOÕ�DoÕODUGDQ�D\UÕQWÕOÕ�ELU�úHNLOGH�HOH�DOÕQPÕúWÕU��

*ULPVKDZ� �� \H� \DSÕVÕQÕ� V|]O�NoH� LOH� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕ� DUDVÕQGDNL� ELU� V�UHo�RODUDN� HOH� DOPÕúWÕU�� *ULPVKDZ¶D� J|UH�� \H� \DSÕVÕ�� V|]O�NVHO-DQODPELOLPVHO� \DSÕQÕQ� ELr \DQVÕPDVÕGÕU��G-\DSÕ� LVH��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LOH�$úDPDOÕ-;�NXUDPÕ� LONHOHULQLQ�ELU�\DQVÕPDVÕ�RODUDN�RUWD\D�oÕNPDNWDGÕU��%X�\DNODúÕPD�J|UH��\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�GLOELOJLVHO�\DSÕ�LoHULVLQGHNL�LúOHYLQL�úX�úHNLOGH�ELU�úHPD\OD�J|VWHUPHN�P�PN�QG�U��

(2)

6|]O�NVHO�<DSÕ SÖZLÜKÇE

h\H�<DSÕVÕ

d-\DSÕ

6|]GL]LPVHO�<DSÕ (y-\DSÕ�

6g='ø=ø06(/�<$3,

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%X�\DNODúÕPD�J|UH��V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕQÕQ� LKWL\Do�GX\GX÷X�V|]O�NVHO�ELOJLOHULQ� W�P��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�\HU�DOPDNWDGÕU��hVWHOLN��\H�\DSÕVÕ�G-\DSÕQÕQ�G�]HQOHQLúLQL�RUWD\D�NR\DQ�\HJDQH�ELOJL�NRQXPXQGDGÕU��

%HOOHWWL�DQG�5L]]L��¶\H�J|UH�GH��\H�\DSÕVÕ��G-\DSÕQÕQ�G�]HQOHQLúLQGH�|QHPOL�ELU�J|UHY��VWOHQPHNWHGLU��%HOOHWWL� DQG�5L]]L¶QLQ�NXUDPÕQD� J|UH�� G-\DSÕQÕQ� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕ\D�G|Q�ú�P�V�UHFLQGH�\HU�DODQ�YH\D�GR÷DO�RODUDN�V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕGD�\HU�DODQ�ELU�|÷H��GR÷UXGDQ��\H�\DSÕVÕQD�LOLúNLQ�ELU�ELOJL�VXQPDPDNWDGÕU��$QFDN�|EHN�\DSÕODUÕQ�ELoLPOHQLúLQGH�EHOLUOH\LFL�ELU� HWNHQ� ROPDNWDGÕU�� GH� YHULOHQ� úHPD�� D\QÕ� ]DPDQGD�� Yönetim YH� %D÷ODPD� .XUDPÕ (Government and Binding Theory) teorisyenleri ((Belletti and Rizzi (1988), Baker 1988,

�� YE�� DUDVÕQGDNL� ELU� ILNLU� ELUOL÷LQL� GH� LIDGH� HWPHNWHGLU��<DQL�� \H� \DSÕVÕQGD� EXOXQDQ�V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕ\D� LOLúNLQ� ELOJLOHULQ�� G-\DSÕGD� EXOXQDQ� |EHN� \DSÕODUGD� NRGODQPÕú� RODUDN�EXOXQPDODUÕ� JHUHNPHNWHGLU�� h\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� \HU� DODQ� YH� |EHN� \DSÕODUÕQ�ELoLPOHQPHVLQGH� \HU� DOPD\DQ� ELOJLOHU� LVH� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕGD� J|U�QPH\HFHNWLU��<DQL�� \H�\DSÕVÕ�V|]O�NoHGH�NRGODQPÕú�RODUDN�EXOXQDQ��V|]O�NVHO�YH�ELoLPELOLPVHO�V�UHoOHULQ�ROXúPDVÕ�için gerekli bir köprü görevini üstlenmektedir.

*ULPVKDZ��EDúWD�ROPDN��]HUH�ED]Õ�GLOELOLPFLOHU�LVH�EX�NRQXGD�IDUNOÕ�J|U�úOHU�|QH� V�UPHNWHGLUOHU��%XQD�J|UH��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�\HU� DODQ�ELOJLOHULQ� W�P��G-\DSÕGD�GD�devam etWLULOHFHN� ELU� úHNLOGH�� G-\DSÕQÕQ� �]HULQGH� ELoLPOHQPLú� ELU� |]HOOLN� WDúÕPDPDNWDGÕU��*ULPVKDZ¶D� J|UH�� \H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VDGHFH� �\H� \DSÕVÕQD� |]J�� ELU� WDNÕP� ROJXODU�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU� NL�� EX� ROJXODUÕQ� WDPDPÕ� G-\DSÕQÕQ� G�]HQOHQLúLQGH� VXQXOPDPDNWDGÕU��Grimshaw’un,��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LOH�GL÷HU�\DSÕODU�DUDVÕQGDNL�LOLúNL\H�\|QHOLN�YDUVD\ÕPÕQÕ�úX�úHNLOGH�ELU�úHPD\OD�LIDGH�HWPHN�P�PN�QG�U��

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(3)

h\H�<DSÕVÕ

d-\DSÕ� � � � � � � � � 6|]GL]LPVHO�<DSÕ

6g='ø=ø06(/�<$3,

<XNDUÕGDNL�úHPD\Õ�ELUD]�GDKD�DoDUVDN��*ULPVKDZ¶XQ�YDUVD\ÕPÕQD�J|UH��\H�\DSÕVÕ�VDGHFH� V|]O�NoH� LOH� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕ� DUDVÕQGD� ED÷ODQWÕ� NXUDQ� ELU� V�UHo� GH÷LOGLU�� $\QÕ�]DPDQGD�� EX� LNL� \DSÕGDQ� ED÷ÕPVÕ]� ELU� \DSÕ� ROPD� |]HOOL÷LQH� GH� VDKLSWLU�� h\H� \DSÕVÕQGD�EXOXQDQ�ELOJLOHU��GL÷HU�\DSÕODUOD�oHúLWOL�DoÕODUGDQ�SDUDOHOOLNOHU�J|VWHUPHNOH�ELUOLNWH��GL÷HUOHUL�WDUDIÕQGDQ� WDP� RODUDN� NDSVDQPDPDNWDGÕU�� *ULPVKDZ¶XQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕQD� LOLúNLQ� J|U�úOHUL��<|QHWLP�YH�%D÷ODPD�.XUDPÕQÕQ�YDUVD\ÕPODUÕQGDQ�|QHPOL�QRNWDODUGD�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕU��gUQH÷LQ��\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕ�LOH�GR÷UXGDQ�LOLúNLOL�ROPDVÕ��G-\DSÕQÕQ�EX�ED÷ODPGD�|QHPLQL�E�\�N�|Oo�GH�\LWLUPHVLQL�YXUJXODPDNWDGÕU��

h\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�GL÷HU�\DSÕODUOD�RODQ�LOLúNLOHUL��]HULQH��)ROH\�YH�9DOLQ��.LSDUVN\��%UHVQDQ�YH�.DQHUYD��-DFNHQGRII��YH�GL÷HU�ED]Õ�GLOELOimciler %LUOHúWLUPH�.XUDPÕ� �/LQNLQJ�7KHRU\��RODUDN�GD�DGODQGÕUÕODQ�ELU�NXUDP�|QH�V�UP�úOHUGLU��%X�NXUDPÕQ�WHPHO�EDNÕú�DoÕVÕQÕ�úX�úHNLOGH�LIDGH�HWPHN�P�PN�QG�U��

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(4)

h\H�<DSÕVÕ Üyeler

Sözdizimsel øúOHYOHU

Biçimbilimsel-6|]GL]LPVHO�øIDGHOHU

BirleúWLUPH� .XUDPÕQÕ�� <|QHWLP� YH� %D÷ODPD� .XUDPÕQGDQ� D\ÕUDQ� EHOLUJLQ� |]HOOLN��d-\DSÕQÕQ�\RNOX÷X�YH�KHU��\HQLQ�YH\D�NRQXVDO�52/�Q�|EHN�\DSÕGD�J|U�QPHVL�LONHVLGLU��%X�J|U�ú�� GDKD� VRQUD�<|QHWLP� YH�%D÷ODPD�.XUDPÕnda <DQVÕWPD� øONHVL (Projection Principle)

olarak devaP�HWPLúWLU��&KRPVN\��<DQVÕWPD�øONHVLnde, %LUOHúWLUPH�.XUDPÕna ek olarak,

W�PFHQLQ�\|QHWLFLVL�NRQXPXQGD�RODQ�|÷H�WDUDIÕQGDQ��\HOHULQ�DQODPELOLPVHO�NDWHJRULOHULQLQ�VHoLOPHVL�LONHVL�GH�HNOHQPLúWLU��<DQL��H÷HU�ELU�H\OHP��H\OHPGHQ�HWNLOHQHQ�ELU��\H\H�VDKipse,

EX� H\OHP� V|]GL]LPVHO� J|U�Q�PGH� QHVQH� NRQXPXQGD� RODQ� ELU� $g� DOPDOÕGÕU��%LUOHúWLUPH�.XUDPÕQGD\VD�� EX� \DNODúÕPÕQ� WHUVLQH�� \HOHULQ� YH\D� NRQXVDO� 52/OHULQ� |EHN� \DSÕODUGD�görünmesi için, d-\DSÕ�JLEL�|EHN�\DSÕ\D�LOLúNLQ�ELOJLOHULQ�NRGODQPÕú�ROGX÷X�EDúND�ELU sürece

LKWL\Do� GX\XOPDPDNWDGÕU�� %LUOHúWLUPH� .XUDPÕ�� \HOHU� YH� V|]GL]LPVHO� LúOHYOHU� DUDVÕQGD�GH÷LúNHQ�ELU� WDNÕP�ELUOHúPHOHUH� LPNDQ�WDQÕPDNWDGÕU��%X�ELUOHúPHOHU� LON�EDNÕúWD�JHOLúLJ�]HO�JLEL�J|U�QVH�GH��EX�ELUOHúPHOHULQ�DVOÕQGD��\H�\DSÕVÕQÕQ�G�]HQOHQLúLQLQ�DoÕNODPDVÕQD�LOLúNLQ�|QHPOL�\DUJÕODU�RUWD\D�NR\GX÷X�GD�V|\OHQHELOLU��

��.$7(*25ø6(/�%ø/*ø/(5�

<|QHWLP�YH�%D÷ODPD�.XUDPÕna�J|UH�GLOELOJLVL��W�PFHOHULQ�ELUELUL\OH�RODQ�LOLúNLOHUL�LOH�úHNLOOHQHQ� ELWLúNHQ� ELU� VLVWHPGLU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ� LOH� EX� VLVWHPGH� GLOELOJLVLQLQ� WHPHO� \DSÕ� ELULPL�tümce�NDEXO�HGLOPHNWHGLU��'LOELOJLVL��W�PFHQLQ�ELOHúHQOHULQL��ELOHúHQOHULQ�ELUELUL\OH�RODQ�LOLúNL�

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YH�HWNLOHúLPOHULQL��ELOHúHQOHULQ�KDQJL�V|]GL]LPVHO�NXUDOODUD�X\PDN�]RUXQGD�ROGXNODUÕQÕ�DoÕNODU��'LOELOJLVL�� EX� DoÕGDQ� KHP� GLOLQ� ED]Õ� HYUensel niteliklerini formüle eder, hem de o dili n

NHQGLQH�|]J��ELU�WDNÕP�|]HOOLNOHULQL�RUWD\D�NR\DU�� 7�PFH\L�ROXúWXUPD�DoÕVÕQGDQ�V|]F�NOHU�|QHPOL�LúOHYOHUH�VDKLSWLU��'R÷DO�NRQXúXFXODU�

sözlükçe� �OH[LFRQ�� DGÕ� YHULOHQ� ELU "içsel-]LKLQVHO� V|]O�÷H" sahiptir. Sözlükçede sözlüksel

birimOHUH� DLW� VHVELOLPVHO�� V|]GL]LPVHO�YH� DQODPELOLPVHO� ELOJLOHULQ�NRGODQPÕú� ROGX÷X�NDEXO�HGLOPHNWHGLU�� 'L÷HU� ELU� GH\LúOH� sözlüksel birimler, sözlükçede sesbilimsel, sözdizimsel,

DQODPELOLPVHO�YH�H÷HU�YDUVD�NHQGLQH|]J��|]HOOLNOHULQL�LoHUen bir sözlüksel kütük olarak yer

DOPDNWDGÕU��

(5)

sözcük:

sözlüksel kütük

/sesbilimsel bilgi/

[sözdizimsel bilgi]

�anlambilimsel bilgi

kendine özgü bilgi

Sözlükçe, bizlere bir dilde bulunan tüm sözcüklerin anlamsal, biçimsel ve sesbilimsel

özelli kOHULQL� EHOLUOHPHNWH�� WDQÕPODPDNWD� YH� VXQPDNWDGÕU�� 6|]O�NoH�� LoLQGH� EDUÕQGÕUGÕ÷Õ� YH�OLVWHOHQPLú� GXUXPGD� EXOXQDQ� W�P� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHULQ� KDQJL� V|]GL]LPVHO� NDWHJRUL\H� DLW�ROGX÷XQX� RUWD\D� NR\PDNWDGÕU�� gUQH÷LQ�� V|]O�NoHGH� \HU� DODQ� ELOJLOHU� VD\HVLQGH� kedinin ad,

okumakÕQ�H\OHP��zorXQ�VÕIDW��KÕ]OÕQÕQ�]DUI�NDWHJRULOHULQH�DLW�ROGX÷XQX�ELOPHNWH\L]��

(6)

kedi� + A

� ��

��GD�ROGX÷X�JLEL��V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHULQ�DG��H\OHP��VÕIDW��]DUI�YE��úHNOLQGH��VDGHFH�KDQJL�V|]GL]LPVHO�NDWHJRULOHUH�DLW�ROGX÷X�ELOJLVL�\HWHUOL�ROPDPDNWD��GDKD�GHWD\OÕ�NDWHJRULVHO�ELOJLOHUH�LKWL\Do�GX\XOPDNWDGÕU��gUQH÷LQ��4XLUN��YH�&KRPVN\��¶\H�J|UH��DGODU�özel ve cins

DGODU� RODUDN� GDKD� DOWVÕQÕIODUD� D\UÕOPDOÕGÕU�� $GODU� NHQGL� DUDODUÕQGD� WHNUDU� VD\ÕODELOHQ ve

VD\ÕODPD\DQ�ROPDN��]HUH�LNL�DOWVÕQÕID�D\UÕOPDNWDGÕUODU��%X�VÕQÕIODPDODUD�insansal ve NÕUÕODELOLU ROPD�JLEL�|]HOOLNOHUL�GH�HNOHPHN�P�PN�QG�U��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�NDWHJRULVHO�ELOJLOHU��DVOÕQGD�\DOÕQ�NDWHJRUL�ELOJLOHULQLQ�ELUOHúPHVL\OH�ROXúPDNWDGÕU��%DúND�ELU�GH\LúOH��NDWHJRULVHO�ELOJLOHU��\DOÕQ�kategoUL�ELOJLOHULQLQ�ELU�ELOHúNHVL�RODUDN�EL]OHUH�VXQXOPDNWDGÕU��gUQH÷LQ��kedi sözlüksel birimi

için, sözlüksel kütükte�+Aolarak büyüksel ve��&LQV��6D\ÕODELOHQ� -øQVDQVDO��-.ÕUÕODELOLURODUDN�N�o�NVHO�NDWHJRULVHO�|]HOOLNOHULQ�NRGODQPÕú�RODUDN�EXOXQPDVÕ�JHUHNPektedir:

(7)

kedi�+A, -(��&LQV��6D\ÕODELOHQ��-øQVDQVDO��-.ÕUÕODELOLU,...

��<$1.$7(*25ø/(0(�

%XQXQOD� ELUOLNWH� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕODUÕ� LQFHOHUNHQ�� NDWHJRULVHO� |]HOOLNOHULQ� VD÷ODGÕ÷Õ�ELOJLOHU� EL]H� \HWHUOL� ROPDPDNWDGÕU�� gUQH÷LQ�� 6|]O�NVHOOHúWLUPH� øONHVine13 (Lexicalisation

3ULQFLSOH��J|UH��GHNL�GL]LP�D÷DFÕQÕQ�(gGH�ERú�EXOXQDQ�H\OHPLQ�\HULQH��KHUKDQJL�ELU�H\OHPL�\HUOHúWLUPHPL]�P�PN�QG�U��

�� 6|]O�NoHGH�\HU�DODQ�ELU�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPLQ�\HULQH��D\QÕ�NDWHJRULVHO�|]HOOLNOHUH�YH�\DQNDtegorileme oHUoHYHOHULQH�VDKLS�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHULQ�\HUOHúHELOPH�LONHVL��

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(8)

T

AÖ EÖ

AÖ EÖ

A A E

$OL� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � .HQDQ¶Õ� � � � � � � � "

(9)

D�� $OL�.HQDQ¶Õ�J|UHFHN�/�oD÷ÕUDFDN�/�DONÕúOD\DFDN�/ bekleyecek / affedecek.

E�� $OL�.HQDQ¶Õ�D÷OD\DFDN�/ gelecek /�G�úHFHN�/��ú�\HFHN�/ akacak.

Oysa ki, 6|]O�NVHOOHúWLUPH�øONHVLnin önJ|UG�÷��D\QÕ�NDWHJRULGHNL�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHULQ�D\QÕ�|EHN�\DSÕ\D�\HUOHúHELOPH�LONHVLQH�UD÷PHQ��ERú�EXOXQDQ�H\OHPLQ�\HULQH�ED]Õ�H\OHPOHULQ�\HUOHúHELOGL÷L��ED]Õ�H\OHPOHULQ�LVH�\HUOHúHPHGL÷L�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��

��D��YH��E�GHNL�NDUúÕWVDOOÕNWDQ�GROD\Õ�6|]O�NVHOOHúWLUPH�øONHVLQLQ�EX�DúDPDGD�\HWHUVL]�NDOGÕ÷Õ�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��D��YH��E�GHNL�NDUúÕWVDOOÕ÷ÕQ�VHEHEL�NROD\FD�DQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU��(gGH�\HU�DODQ�$g��V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕGD�ERú�EXOXQDQ�H\OHPLQ��JHoLúOL�ELU�H\OHP�ROPDVÕ�JHUHNWL÷LQL�EL]H�LIDGH� HWPHNWHGLU�� 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�� D�GDNL� JHoLúOL� H\OHPOHU� ERú� EXOXQDQ� H\OHPLQ� \HULQH�\HUOHúHELOPHNWH�� EXQD� NDUúÕQ� ��E�GHNL� JHoLúVL]� H\OHPOHUVH� EX� |]HOOLNOH� oDWÕúWÕ÷Õ� LoLQ�\HUOHúHPHPHNWHGLU��

� ��

Chomsky (1965)’ye göre, sözlüksel kütük içerisinde yankategorileme

(subcategorisation) DGÕ� YHULOHQ� ELOJLOHU� GH� \HU� DOPDOÕGÕU�� <DQNDWHJRULOHPH�� LOJLOL� V|]O�NVHO�ELULPLQ� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕGD� ELUOLNWH� J|U�QHFH÷L� GL÷HU� NDWHJRULOHUH� \|QHOLN� VHoLPLQL�VXQPDNWDGÕU��gUQH÷LQ��JHoLúOL�H\OHPOHU��JHoLúVL]�H\OHPOHUGHQ�IDUNOÕ�RODUDN�|EHN�\DSÕGD�ELUOLNWH�bulunacak bir AÖQH�LKWL\Do�GX\PDNWDGÕUODU��%X�úHNLOGH��H\OHPOHULQ�\DQNDWHJRUL�oHUoHYHOHUL��RQODUÕQ� EX� NDWHJRUL� VHoLPLQH� J|UH� EHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU�� gUQH÷LQ�� 7�UNoHGH� gör- ve D÷OD- H\OHPOHULQLQ�\DQNDWHJRUL�oHUoHYHOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGH�RODFDNWÕU��

(10)

gör - : sözlüksel kategori � + E

yankategori çerçevesi � AÖ _

D÷OD�- : sözlüksel kategori � + E

yankategori çerçevesi � _

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(11)

bekle- : sözlüksel kategori � + E

yankategori çerçevesi � (AÖ) _

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(12)

a. Ali�Kenan’a�hediyeverdi.

E�� $UNDGDúÕm�paketi�banaXODúWÕUGÕ� F�� 3ÕQDU�annesine�çiçekgönderdi.

o�� %DEDVÕ�R÷OXQD�sevgisinigösterdi.

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(13)

eylem : sözlüksel kategori � + E

yankategori çerçevesi � AÖ AÖ _

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(14)

D�� $OL�NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕ�� b. Ali øVWDQEXO¶GD�NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕ�� c. Ali geçen hafta NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕ� ç. Ali NDUGHúLQH�NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕ� d. Ali NUHGL�NDUWÕ\OD�NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕ�

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geçen hafta, (14ç) tümcesinde NDUGHúLQH ve (14d) tümcesinde NUHGL� NDUWÕ\OD öbeklerinin

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seçimsel birer öEHN� ROGXNODUÕQÕ� YH� oku-� H\OHPLQLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕQGD� \HU� DOPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�göstermektedir.

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(15)

D�� %R\DFÕ�GXYDU� � –i / *-e / *-de / *-GHQ�ER\DGÕ�� b. Babam zorluklar *–i / -e / *-de / *-GHQ�NDWODQGÕ�� F�� .HQDQ�ø]PLU� � –i / *-e / -de /*-den oturuyor.

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(16)

3ÕQDU�NLWDS� � –i / *-e / -de / -den okudu.

(\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� \HU� DODQ� $gOHULQ� DOGÕNODUÕ� '%OHU�� \DQNDWHJRUL�oHUoHYHVLQGH�úX�úekilde ifade edilebili r:

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(17)

anla - : sözlüksel kategori � + E

yankategori çerçevesi �� AÖ DB -i _

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(18)

EÖ

AÖ EÖ

A DB E

cam -Õ� � � � � � � � � NÕU-

Tümcede üyelerin sözGL]LPVHO�NRQXPODUÕQÕ�EHOLUOH\HQ�NXUDOODU��evrensel kurallar ve o

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øONHVL (First Principle) verilebili r. gQFHOLN� øONHVLne göre dill er, sözdiziPVHO�\DSÕ�|]HOOLNOHULQH�ED÷OÕ� RODUDN� %Dú� gQFHOL÷L� øONHVL (Head First Principle) veya 7�POHo� gQFHOL÷L� øONHVLnden

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(19)

EÖ

AÖ EÖ

A E

kitap oku-

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LONHGHQ� \ROD� oÕNDUDN� $gQ�Q�� RQXQ� \|QHWLFLVL� NRQXPXQGD� RODQ� H\OHPH� ELWLúNen olarak

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(20)

a. Kenan�Ali ’nin�KDNOÕ�ROGX÷XQD�LQDQGÕ.

b. *Kenan�KDNOÕ�ROGX÷XQD�LQDQGÕ�Ali ’nin.

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2.1.6 SEÇME KISITL ILIKLARI

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(21)

a. Kenan�EDEDVÕQÕUD]Õ�HWWL�� b. * Kenan�kedisiniUD]Õ�HWti.

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(22)

a. Kenan sevindi.

b. * Pencere sevindi.

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$oÕNoD� J|U�OPHNWHGLU� NL�� VHoPH� NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕ� tümcede yer alan sözlüksel birimler

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(24)

G�ú�U- (('ø&ø: Burçin)((7.ø/(1(1: fincan)

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(25)

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(26)

T

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(fincan) (G�ú�UPHN)

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(27)

('ø&ø��$*(17� (÷HU� ELU� �\H�� LúLQ� YH\D� ROXúXPXQ� PH\GDQD� JHlmesinde bilerek, isteyerek, bili nçli

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b1. NRú- (('ø&ø: köpek)

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a2. Çocuk HOPD\Õ yedi.

D�� *�QHú�ekinleri kavurdu.

b1. boya- (('ø&ø: usta)((7.ø/(1(1: duvar)

b2. ye- (('ø&ø: çocuk)((7.ø/(1(1: elma)

b3. kavur- (('ø&ø��J�QHú)((7.ø/(1(1: ekinler)

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b1. úDúÕU- ('(1(<ø0&ø: babam)(KONU: haber)

b2. uyu- ('(1(<ø0&ø: bebek)

b3. kork- ('(1(<ø0&ø: çocuk)(KONU: köpek)

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a1. Borudan�VX�GDPOÕ\RU�� a2. Gemi limandan�D\UÕOGÕ�� a3. Babam \XUWGÕúÕQGDQ döndü.

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b2. D\UÕO- (('ø&ø: gemi)(KAYNAK: liman)

b3. dön- (('ø&ø: babam)(KAYNAK��\XUWGÕúÕ)

YER (LOCATIVE)

(÷HU� ELU� �\H�� LúLQ� YH\D� ROXúXPXQ� JHUoHNOHúWL÷L� \HU�� NRQXP� YH� X]DPÕ� EHOLUWL\RUVD�YERdir.

a1. Kenan Antalya’da ev aOGÕ�� a2. Ay, dünya yörüngesinde�GRODQÕ\RU�� D�� .DUGHúLP�yatakta uyuyor.

b1. al- (('ø&ø: Kenan)(YER: Antalya)(KONU: ev)

b2. dolan- (('ø&ø: Ay)(YER: dünya yörüngesi)

b3. uyu- ('(1(<ø0&ø��NDUGHúLP)(YER: yatak)

YARARLANICI (BENEFECTOR)

(÷HU� ELU� �\H�� LúLQ� YH\D� ROXúXPXQ� VRQXFXQGDQ� ROXPOX� RODUDN� HWNLOHQL\RU� YH�\DUDUODQÕ\RUVD�YARARLANICIGÕU��

a1. %DúNDQ suikastten kurtuldu.

a2. Annem bana�NDKYDOWÕ�KD]ÕUODGÕ�� a3. Hakim suçluyu affetti.

� ��

b1. kurtul- (YARARLANICI��EDúNDQ)(KONU: suikast)

b2. KD]ÕUOa- (('ø&ø: annem)(YARARLANICI: ben)(KONU��NDKYDOWÕ) b3. affet- (('ø&ø: hakim)(YARARLANICI: suçlu)

ARAÇ (INSTRUMENT)

(÷HU�ELU��\H��LúLQ�YH\D�ROXúXPXQ�PH\GDQD�JHOPHVLQGH�DUDo�RODUDN�ELU�LúOHY�J|U�\RUVD�ARAÇWÕU��

a1. Kenan trenle Ankara’ya dönecek.

a2. Çocuk makasla�ND÷ÕGÕ�NHVWL�� a3. Babam kürekle�NX\X�ND]GÕ��

b1. dön- (('ø&ø: Kenan)(ARAÇ: tren)(HEDEF: Ankara)

b2. kes- (('ø&ø: çocuk)(ARAÇ: makas)((7.ø/(1(1��ND÷ÕW) b3. kaz- (('ø&ø: babam)(ARAÇ: kürek)((7.ø/(1(1: kuyu)

<XNDUÕGD�WDQÕPODUÕ�YHULOHQ�WHPHO�52/OHULQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD��GDKD�GHWD\OÕ�52/�WDQÕPODUÕ�GD�NXOODQÕODELOPHNWHGLU��%X�52/�WDQÕPODUÕQGDQ�ED]ÕODUÕ�úX�úHNLOGHGLU��

ø<(��3266(625� (÷HU�ELU��\H��LúLQ��ROXúXPXQ�YH\D�QHVQHQLQ�NLPH�DLW�ROGX÷XQX�LIDGH�HGL\RUVD�ø<(dir.

a1. $UVODQÕQ güçlü pençeleri var.

a2. .HQDQ¶ÕQ�L\L�ELU�LúL�YDU�� a3. dRFX÷XQ�R\XQFD÷Õ�YDU��

� ��

b1. var (ø<(: arslan)(KONU: güçlü pençe)

b2. var (ø<(: Kenan)(KONU��L\L�ELU�Lú) b3. var (ø<(: çocuk)(KONU: oyuncak)

KURULAN (CONSTRUCTUM)

(÷HU� ELU� �\H�� LúLQ� YH\D� ROXúXPXQ� VRQXFXQGD� ELOLQoOL� RODUDN� RUWD\D� oÕNDUÕOÕ\RUVD�KURULANGÕU��

a1. Terzi ceket dikti.

a2. Burçin bana pasta�\DSWÕ�� a3. Besteci yeni bir senfoni besteledi.

b1. dik- (('ø&ø: terzi)(KURULAN: ceket)

b2. yap- (('ø&ø: Burçin)(YARARLANICI: ben)(KURULAN: pasta)

b3. bestele- (('ø&ø: besteci)(KURULAN: yeni bir senfoni)

YIKILAN (DESTRUCTUM)

(÷HU�ELU��\H��LúLQ�YH\D�ROXúXPXQ�VRQXFXQGD�RUWDGDQ�NDONÕ\RU�YH�YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕ�\LWLUL\RUVD�YIKILANGÕU��

a1. Ordu köprüyü�\ÕNWÕ�� a2. Soyguncu dükkan sahibini öldürdü.

a3. Sel ürünü mahvetti.

b1. \ÕN- (('ø&ø: ordu)(YIKILAN: köprü)

b2. öldür- (('ø&ø: soyguncu)(YIKILAN: dükkan sahibi)

b3. mahvet- (('ø&ø: sel)(YIKILAN: ürün)

� ��

NEDEN (REASON)

(÷HU�ELU��\H��LúLQ�YH\D�ROXúXPXQ�EDúODPDVÕQD�J�F�O�RODUDN�VHEHS�ROX\RUVD�NEDENdir.

a1. Ali yemekten zehirlendi.

a2. Babam VR÷XNWDQ�KDVWDODQGÕ�� D�� $UNDGDúÕP�üzüntüden�]D\ÕIODGÕ��

b1. zehirlen- ('(1(<ø0&ø: Ali)(NEDEN: yemek)

b2. hastalan- ('(1(<ø0&ø: babam)(NEDEN��VR÷XN) b3. ]D\ÕIOD- ('(1(<ø0&ø��DUNDGDúÕP)(NEDEN: üzüntü)

��ød�9(�',ù�h<(/(R

(\OHPOHULQ��\H� YH�52/� \DSÕODUÕQÕ� LQFHOHUNHQ�|]QH�NRQXPXQGD�EXOXQDQ��\HOHU� LOH��|]QH� NRQXPXQGD� EXOXQPD\DQ� �\HOHU� DUDVÕQGD� ELU� D\UÕP� \DSPDN� JHUHNPHNWHGLU��7�PFHGH�\|QHWLFL� NRQXPXQGD� EXOXQDQ� H\OHP�� LoHULVLQGH� \HU� DOGÕ÷Õ� (g� DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\OD� W�PFH\H�ED÷ODQPDNWDGÕU�� g]QH�$gV�� LVH�� W�PFH\H� GR÷UXGDQ� ED÷ODQPDNWDGÕU�� %XQD� NDUúÕQ� H\OHPLQ��\HOHUL��KHP�H\OHPLQ�W�POHFL�NRQXPXQD��KHP�GH�|]QH�NRQXPXQD�\HUOHúHELOPHNWHGLU��%XQD�J|UH� |]QH� NRQXPXQGD� EXOXQDQ� �(g� GÕúÕQGD� NDODQ�� \HOHU� GÕú� �\H, eylemin tümleci

konumunda bulunan (EÖ içerisinde kalan) üyeler ise iç üye�ROPDNWDGÕU��%X�\DNODúÕPD�J|UH��\HOHULQ��VWOHQHFH÷L�52/OHULQ�EHOLUOHQPHVL� GH�GH÷LúHFHN�� GÕú� �\HOHULQ� \�NOHQGL÷L�52/�GÕú�ROL�� Lo� �\HOHULQ� \�NOHQGL÷L� 52/� LVH� iç ROL� RODFDNWÕU�� %LU� W�PFHGH� oRN� VD\ÕGD� iç üye

bulunabilmesinH�UD÷PHQ��VDGHFH�WHN�ELU�GÕú��\H bulunabili r.

��h<(�<$3,6,�9(�52/�<$3,6,�$5$6,1'$.ø�ø/øù.ø

(\OHPOHULQ��\H�YH�52/�\DSÕODUÕQÕ� LQFHOHUNHQ�NDUúÕPÕ]D� ú|\OH�ELU� VRUX�oÕNPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

1HGHQ�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHULQ�YDUOÕ÷Õ��\H�\DSÕVÕQGDNL��\HOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�LOLúNLGHQ�IDUNOÕ�RODUDN�HOH�DOÕQPDNWDGÕU�"�

(28)

a. Çocuk topu�PHUGLYHQGHQ�DúD÷Õ�\XYDUODGÕ�� b. Top�PHUGLYHQGHQ�DúD÷Õ�\XYDUODQGÕ��

��D��YH��E��W�PFHOHULQLQ�IDUNOÕ��\H�\DSÕODUÕQD�VDKLS�ROGX÷X�NROD\OÕNOD�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��Top V|]F�÷��D�GD�QHVQH��E�GH�LVH�|]QH�GXUXPXQGDGÕU��%XQXQOD�ELUOLNWH��top V|]F�÷�Q�Q��D�GD��VWOHQGL÷L�52/�� VH]JLVHO�RODUDN�� E�GHNL��VWOHQGL÷L�52/OH�|UW�úPHNWHGLU��d�QN��her iki tümcede de topXQ�JHUoHNOHúWLUGL÷L�KDUHNHW�D\QÕGÕU��+HU�LNL�W�PFHGH�GH�IDUNOÕ�ELU��\H�\DSÕVÕ� EXOXQPDNOD� ELUlikte, topXQ� \�NOHQGL÷L� NRQXVDO� 52/� D\QÕGÕU�� <DQL�� D�GD� QHVQH��(28b)de ise özne konumunda olan top, her iki durumda da, (7.ø/(1(1� 52/ünü

üstlenmektedir.

Fakat acaba neye dayanarak topXQ�KHU�LNL�W�PFHGH�GH�D\QÕ�NRQXVDO�52/��VWOHQGL÷LQL�söyleyebilmekteyL]�"�(OEHWWH�NL��VDGHFH�VH]JLVHO�ELOJLOHU�EX�NRQXGD�\HWHUOL�ROPD\DFDNWÕU��%LU�WDNÕP� VD÷ODP� DPSLULN� ELOJLOHUH� GH� LKWL\DFÕPÕ]� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU� NL�� EX� ELOJLOHUL� EL]H� VHoPH�NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕ�VD÷ODPDNWDGÕU��

6HoPH�NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕ�LOH�NRQXVDO�\DSÕ�DUDVÕQGD�GR÷UXGDQ�ELU�ED÷ÕQWÕ�EXOXQGX÷XQGDQ��D\QÕ�NRQXVDO�52/H�VDKLS�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHU�D\QÕ�VHoPH�NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕQD�X÷UDPDNWDGÕUODU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD��IDUNOÕ� VHoPH� NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕQD� X÷UD\DQ� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHU� LVH�� IDUNOÕ� NRQXVDO� 52/OHU�üstlenmektedirler. Bu yüzden, (28a)daki yuvarla- eyleminin nesnesi olan AÖ ile, (28b)de

yuvarlan-�H\OHPLQLQ�|]QHVL�RODQ�$g�D\QÕ�VHoPH�NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕQD�X÷UDPDNWDGÕU��

(29)

a. Çocuk topu /�HOPD\Õ�/� VR÷X÷X�/� G�ú�QFH\L�PHUGLYHQGHQ�DúD÷Õ�\XYDUODGÕ�� b. Top / elma /� VR÷XN�/� G�ú�QFH�PHUGLYHQGHQ�DúD÷Õ�\XYDUODQGÕ�

� ��

<XNDUÕGDNL�W�PFHOHUGH�yuvarla-�H\OHPLQLQ�QHVQHVL�NRQXPXQGD�RODQ��\HOHULQ��JHoLúVL]�H\OHPLQ�|]QHVL�RODUDN�NXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD�D\QÕ�VHoPH�NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕQD�X÷UDPDVÕ��EL]LP�EDúODQJÕoWDNL�VH]JLVHO�ELOJLOHULPL]L�GR÷UXODPDNWDGÕU��

(30)

a. Va]R�FDPÕ�NÕUGÕ�� E�� 9D]R�NÕUÕOGÕ�

Vazo� V|]F�÷�� gerek (30a), gerekse (30b) tümcelerinde özne konumunda

EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�� )DNDW� DQODPELOLPVHO� DoÕGDQ� EDNWÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD� vazo� V|]F�÷�Q�Q� ��D�GD� ('ø&ø, (30b)de ise (7.ø/(1(1� 52/�Q�� VWOHQPLú� ROGX÷XQX� J|UPHNWH\L]�� %X� IDUNOÕOÕN�� vazo

V|]F�÷�Q�Q� X÷UDGÕ÷Õ� VHoPH� NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕQÕQ� VRQXFXQXQ� ELU� \DQVÕPDVÕ� RODUDN� NDUúÕPÕ]D�oÕNPDNWDGÕU��

h\HOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHU��IDUNOÕ�\DSÕODU�DUDVÕQGDNL�EHQ]HUOLN�YH�IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕ�DQODPDPÕ]GD� EL]H� |QHPOL� LSXoODUÕ� VXQPDNWDGÕU�� %X� EHQ]HUOLN� YH� IDUNOÕOÕNODU� V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕGDQ�ND\QDNODQPDPDNWDGÕU��DQODPELOLPVHO�\DSÕQÕQ�ELU�\DQVÕPDVÕGÕU��

.LPL� GLOELOLPFLOHU�� NRQXVDO� LOLúNLOHULQ�� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕODU� �]HULQGH� HWNLQ� ELU� URO�R\QDGÕ÷ÕQÕ�|QH�V�UPHNWHGLUOHU��gUQH÷LQ�*UXEHU��øQJLOL]FHGH�ED]Õ�]DUIODUÕQ�V|]GL]LPVHO�VXQXOXúWD��\DOQÕ]FD�('ø&ø�52/��LOH�ELUOLNWH�J|U�QG�÷�Q��LOHUL�V�UPHNWHGLU��

(31)

a. John (é('ø&ø) deliberately rolled the ball down the hill .

b. *The ball deliberately rolled down the hill .

Fillmore (1972) ise, bu saptamaya beQ]HU�ELU�úHNLOGH��ED]Õ�]DUIODUÕQ�W�PFHGH�\DOQÕ]FD�'(1(<ø0&ø�52/�Q��VWOHQHQ�ELU��\H�LOH�ELUOLNWH�\HU�DOGÕ÷ÕQÕ�EHOLUWPHNWHGLU��

� ��

(32)

a. Personally, I (é'(1(<ø0&ø) don’t like roses.

b. Personally, your proposal doesn’t interest me (é'(1(<ø0&ø).

c. * Personally, I (é('ø&ø) hit you.

ç. * Personally, you hit me (é(7.ø/(1(1).

.RQXVDO�LOLúNLOHUL�LQFHOHUNHQ�GH÷LQLOPHVL�JHUHNOL�ELU�EDúND�LONH�LVH�ROL Ölçütü øONHVLdir.

ROL Ölçütü øONHVLQH�J|UH��KHU��\H\H�\DOQÕ]FD�ELU�52/�\�NOHQPHNWH�YH�KHU�52/�\DOQÕ]FD�ELU��\H� WDUDIÕQGDQ� \�NOHQLOPHNWHGLU��ROL Ölçütü øONHVLQL� VRPXW� ELU� |UQHNOH� DúD÷ÕGDNL� úHNLOGH�göstermek mümkündür:

(33)

a. Kenan (é('ø&ø��FDPÕ�NÕUGÕ� b. Ersin (é('ø&ø��FDPÕ�NÕUGÕ� c. Kenan (é('ø&ø) ve Ersin (é('ø&ø��FDPÕ�NÕUGÕ�

(34)

a. Kenan (é('ø&ø) caPÕ�NÕUGÕ�� b. Çekiç (éARAÇ��FDPÕ�NÕUGÕ�� c. * Kenan (é('ø&ø) ve çekiç (éARAÇ��FDPÕ�NÕUGÕ�

(33a) ve (33b) tümcelerinde Kenan ve Ersin’ in, ('ø&ø�52/�Q��VWOHQPLú�ROGXNODUÕ�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD�D\QÕ�52/��VWOHQPLú�RODQ�Kenan ve Ersin��F�GH�ROGX÷X�gibi

D\QÕ�V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕGD�J|U�QHELOPHNWHGLU��%XQD�NDUúÕOÕN��E��W�PFHVLQGH�çekiç ise ARAÇ

52/�Q�� VWOHQPLú� GXUXPGDGÕU�� %X� \�]GHQ� ��F�� W�PFHVLQGH� D\QÕ�$g� LoHULVLQGH� EXOXQDQ�Kenan ve çekiç¶LQ� \�NOHQPLú� ROGXNODUÕ� 52/OHU� IDUNOÕ� ROGX÷XQGDQ�� F�� ER]XN� ELU tümce

RODUDN�NDUúÕPÕ]D�oÕNPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

-DFNHQGRII� �� \H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGHNL� NRQXVDO� LOLúNLOHULQ� EHOLUOL� ELU� KL\HUDUúLN�G�]HQH� J|UH� EHOLUOHQGL÷LQL� |QH� V�UPHNWHGLU�� %LU� EDúND� GH\LúOH�� \HOHULQ� V|]GL]LPVHO�VXQXOXúODUÕQGD�� \HOHULQ� DQODPELOLPVHO� GH÷HUOHUL� YH� \�NOHQGLNOHUL�52/OHU� HWNLOL� ROPDNWDGÕU��-DFNHQGRII��¶XQ�|QH�V�UG�÷��\HOHU�DUDVÕQGDNL�KL\HUDUúLN�\DSÕ�úX�úHNLOGHGLU��

(35)

('ø&ø��'(1(<ø0&ø��+('()�/ KAYNAK / YER ( KONU ) ) )

%X�KL\HUDUúLN�\DSÕ\Õ��H\OHPOHULQ�DQODPELOLPVHO�|]HOOLNOHULQH�J|UH�GDKD�GHWD\OÕ�RODUDN�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGH�DoPDN�P�PN�QG�U��

(36)

�� *HoLúOL� �('ø&ø��.218��

1 2

�� dLIW�*HoLúOL� �('ø&ø��+('()��.218��

1 X X

� Etkilenmesiz

� � � � � � � � � �('ø&ø�� 1

� Psikolojik

(DENE<ø0&ø��.218�� 1 2

� ��

� Psikolojik

�'(1(<ø0&ø��.218�� 2 1

� Etkisel Psikolojik Ettirgen

�('ø&ø��'(1(<ø0&ø�� 1 2

��.2186$/�<$3,�9(�6g='ø=ø06(/�<$3,�$5$6,1'$.ø�ø/øù.ø

$FDED�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHU�LOH�V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕ�DUDVÕQGD�QDVÕO�ELU�LOLúNL�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU"� 6|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕ\D�EDNDUDN��KDQJL��\HQLQ�KDQJL�52/��\�NOHQHFH÷LQL�VDSWDPDN�YH\D�

|QJ|UPHN�P�PN�Q�GH÷LOGLU��d�QN�� V|]GL]LPVHO� \DSÕ� LOH� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� DUDVÕQGD�GR÷UXGDQ�ELU�ED÷ODQWÕ� EXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQ� YH� KHU� ELU� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPLQ� \�NOHQHFH÷L� 52/� LOH� NHQGLQH|]J��|]HOOLNOHUL�DUDVÕQGD�\DNÕQ�ELU�LOLúNL�EXOXQGX÷XQGDQ��NRQXVDO�52/OHU�|QFHGHQ�WDKPLQ�HGLOHPH]�ELU�|]HOOLN�WDúÕPDNWDGÕU��

%X� \�]GHQ�� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHULQ� V|]O�NVHO� N�W�NOHULQGH� NRGODQPÕú� RODUDN� EXOXQDQ�bilgiOHU� DUDVÕQGD� NDWHJRULVHO� ELOJLOHU�� \DQNDWHJRULOHPH� oHUoHYHVL�� VHoPH� NÕVÕWOÕOÕNODUÕQÕQ� \DQÕ�VÕUD�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHUH�GDLU�ELOJLOHU�GH�\HU�DOPDOÕGÕU��

Jackendoff (1972),�ELU�H\OHPLQ�V|]O�NVHO�N�W�÷�QGH�\HU�DODQ�ELOJLOHU��GLOELOJLVHO�YH�NRQXVDO� ELOJLOHU� DUDVÕQGD� ELU� ED÷ODQWÕ� NXUPDOÕGÕU GHPHNWHGLU�� -DFNHQGRII¶D� J|UH�� |UQH÷LQ� �øQJLOL]FHGH�murder� �|OG�UPHN��NDWOHWPHN��H\OHPLQLQ�V|]O�NVHO�N�W�÷�QGH�DúD÷ÕGDNL�ELOJLOHU�\HU�DOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

(37)

(i) murder

(ii) �+E

(iii ) �AÖ--------AÖ

�LY�� ('ø&ø� � � � � .ONU

(v) (ø16$16$/)(ø16$16$/)

<XNDUÕGDNL� ELOJLOHUGHQ� �L�� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPLQ� VHVELOLPVHO� |]HOOLNOHULQL�� LL�� NDWHJRULVHO�|]HOOLNOHULQH� LOLúNLQ� ELOJLOHUL�� LLL�� V|]GL]LPVHO� |]HOOLNOHUH� LOLúNLQ� ELOJLOHUL�� LY�� \HOHULQ�\�NOHQHFH÷L�52/OHUH�LOLúNLQ�ELOJLOHUL� (v) ise kendineözgü bilgileri içermektedir. Jackendoff’a

J|UH��LLL��YH��LY��V|]GL]LPVHO�\DSÕ�LOH�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHU�DUDVÕQGD�ELU�ED÷ÕQWÕ��LOLúNL�NXUPDNWDGÕU�� Fillmore’a göre üyelerin kategorisel bilgileri, konusal ROLleri ve sözdizimsel

J|U�Q�POHUL� DUDVÕQGDNL� LOLúNLOHUL� G�]HQOHPHNWH� RODQ� WHPHO� ELU� LONH� EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��Tümleç

Seçimi��&RPSOHPHQW�6HOHFWLRQ��RODUDN�DGODQGÕUÕODQ�EX�LONH��KDQJL�Lo��\HOHULQ�$g�NRQXPXQGD�EXOXQPDVÕ�JHUHNWL÷LQL�YH�KDQJL�'%�DODFD÷ÕQÕ�DoÕNODPDNWDGÕU��

(38)

a. Harry sprayed paint (éARAÇ)�on the wall(éYER).

b. Harry sprayed the wall (éYER) with paint (éARAÇ).

(39)

a. John planted peas and corn (éARAÇ)�in his garden(éYER).

b. John planted�his garden(éYER) with peas and corn (éARAÇ).

� ��

)LOOPRUH¶XQ�YHUGL÷L�|UQHNOHUGH�LWDOLNOH�\D]ÕOPÕú�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHU�ARAÇ,� içerisinde

\D]ÕOPÕú�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHUVH�YER�52/��VWOHQPLú�GXUXPGDGÕU��%X�|UQHNOHUH�J|UH�ARAÇ veya

YER� 52/�� VWOHQPLú� V|]O�NVHO� ELULPOHU�� H\OHP� WDUDIÕQGDQ� $g� W�POHFL� RODUDN�VHoLOHELOPHNWHGLU�� (÷HU� ARAÇ� 52/�Q�� VWOHQPLú� V|]O�NVel birimler AÖ tümleci olarak

seçili rse, YER�52/�Q��VWOHQPLú�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHU�'%�DODFDNWÕU��%XQXQ�DNVLQH�YER ROLünü

�VWOHQPLú�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHU�$g�W�POHFL�RODUDN�VHoLOLUVH��ARAÇ�52/�Q��VWOHQPLú�V|]O�NVHO�ELULPOHU� '%� DODFDNWÕU�� %X� VRQXoWDQ� KDUHNHWOH�� KDQJL� �\HQLQ� KDQJL� '%� DODFD÷ÕQÕQ�� E�\�N�|Oo�GH�'%QLQ�DQODPELOLPVHO�|]HOOL÷LQH�ED÷OÕ�RODUDN�EHOLUOHQGL÷LQL�YDUVD\PDN�P�PN�QG�U��%X�YDUVD\ÕP�EL]L�WHNUDU�úX�\DUJÕ\D�XODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU��'%QLQ�V|]O�NVHO�N�W�NOHULQGH��KDQJL�'%QLQ�KDQJL�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHUL�LIDGH�HWWL÷L�WDQÕPODQPÕú�YH�EHOLUOHQPLú�GXUXPGDGÕU��<DQL��KHU�'%QLQ�V|]O�NVHO� N�W�÷�QGH�� $gQH� KDQJL� NRQXVDO� 52/OHUL� \�NOH\HELOHFH÷L� NRGODQPÕú�EXOXQPDNWDGÕU��

)LOOPRUH¶XQ�YDUVD\ÕPÕQÕ�7�UNoH� LoLQ�X\JXODGÕ÷ÕPÕ]GD��7�UNoHGH�NXOODQÕOPDNWD�RODQ�'%OHULQ�WHPHOGH�úX�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHUL�WDQÕPODPDNWD�ROGXNODUÕ�YDUVD\ÕODELOLU��

(40)

Durum Belirleyici Konusal ROL

(Ø) ('ø&ø

(-i) (7.ø/(1(1

(Ø) '(1(<ø0&ø

(-i) KONU

(-e) HEDEF

(-den) KAYNAK

(-de) YER

(-e) YARARLANICI

(-ile) ARAÇ

� ��

2.2 JAPONCADA ÖBEK YAPILAR

'L÷HU� GLOOHUGH� ROGX÷X� JLEL� -DSRQFDGD� GD� DQODPVDO� RODUDN� ELUELULQH� \DNÕQ� |÷HOHU� ELU�DUD\D� JHOHUHN� |EHN� \DSÕ\Õ�� |EHN� \DSÕODU� GD� ELUOHúHUHN� GDKD� E�\�N� |EHN� \DSÕODUÕ�PH\GDQD�JHWLUPHNWHGLU��%�\�N�|EHN�\DSÕODU�GD�ELU�DUD\D�JHOHUHN�W�PFH\L�ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU��

(41)

‘$(æ� �ô�’

‘ tannen-ni shiraberu’

‘dikkatlice DUDúWÕUPDN’

(42)

� � ‘�¿� �± ’� � ‘$(æ� �ô�’

‘f urui shiryoo-wo’ ‘tannen-ni shiraberu’

‘eski belgeleri’ ‘dikkatlice � � � � � DUDúWÕUmak’

� ��

(43)

%âê� � ‘�¿� �± ’� � ‘$(æ� �ô�’

Taroo-wa ‘f urui shiryoo-wo’ ‘tannen-ni shiraberu’

Taroo ‘eski belgeleri’ ‘dikkatlice � � � � � DUDúWÕUÕ\RU’

-DSRQFDGD�H\OHP�|EH÷L� �(g��DG�|EH÷L� �$g��VÕIDW�|EH÷L� �6g��]DUI�|EH÷L� �=g��YH�VRQGXUXP�|EH÷L��6'g��ROPDN��]HUH�EHú�WHPHO�|EHN�\DSÕGDQ�EDKVHGLOHELOLU��

� ��

��(</(0�g%(öø

EÖ [Ä � �û]

[hon-wo yomu]

[kitap okumak]

(44)

EÖ

AÖ

A E

Ä � � � �û

hon-wo yomu

‘kitap okumak’

� ��

��$'�g%(öø

AÖ [ÂÒ¿� Ä]

[atarashii hon]

[yeni kitap]

(45)

AÖ

SÖ

S A

ÂÒ¿ Ä

atarashii hon

‘yeni kitap’

� ��

��6,)$7�g%(öø

SÖ [ãáýw ÂÒ¿]

[totemo atarashii]

[çok yeni]

(46)

SÖ

ZÖ

Z S

ãáýw ÂÒ¿

totemo atarashii

‘çok yeni’

� ��

��=$5)�g%(öø

ZÖ [fÊ� Û�]

[hayaku hashiru]

[KÕ]OÕ�NRúPDN@

(47)

EÖ

ZÖ

Z E

fÊ� Û�

hayaku hashiru

‘KÕ]OÕ� � � � � � � � � � � � � NRúPDN’

� ��

��621'8580�g%(öø

SDÖ [Ñ Z-â]

[toshokan-de]

[kütüphane-de]

(48)

SDÖ

AÖ

A SD

Ñ Z -â

toshokan -de

‘kütüphane -de’

� ��

2.3 JAPONCADA ÖBEK YAPI KURALL ARI

-DSRQFDGD�EHú� WHPHO�|EHN� \DSÕQÕQ� �H\OHP�|EH÷L� �(g�� DG�|EH÷L� �$g�� VÕIDW� |EH÷L��6g�� ]DUI� |EH÷L� �=g�� YH� VRQGXUXP� |EH÷L� �6'g�� ELUOHúPHVL\OH� W�PFH� ROXúPDNWDGÕU��JaponFDGD�|EHN�\DSÕ�NXUDOODUÕQÕ�úX�úHNLOGH�|]HWOHPHN�P�PN�QG�U��

(49)

a. T " AÖ EÖ

b. AÖ " (AÖ) (SÖ) A

c. EÖ " (SDÖ) (AÖ) (SDÖ) (AÖ) E

ç. SDÖ " AÖ DÖ

<XNDUÕGDNL�NXUDOODU�� |EHNVHO� NDWHJRULOHU� DUDVÕQGDNL� \DSÕVDO� NXUDOODUÕ� EHOLUOHPHNWHGLU��gUQH÷LQ�� D�GDNL� NXUDO�� W�PFHGH� PXKDNNDN� ELU� $g� YH� (g� EXOXQPDVÕ� JHUHNWL÷LQL� YH�V|]GL]LPVHO� J|U�Q�úWH�$gQ�Q� (gGHQ� |QFH� JHOPHVL� JHUHNWL÷LQL� LIDGH� HWPHNWHGLU�� 3DUDQWH]�LoHULVLQGHNL�NDWHJRULOHU�LVH�VHoLPOLN�|EHN�GXUXPXQGDGÕUODU��

��GD�YHULOHQ�|EHN�\DSÕODU�DúD÷ÕGDNi örnek tümceleri meydana getirmektedirler:

��

� ��

(50)w�5¢ÇêÚ� � Sensei-ga kita.

pg÷UHWPHQ�JHOGL�q �

T

AÖ EÖ

A E

5¢Ç� � � � � � � � � � � �êÚ

Sensei-ga kita

pg÷UHWPHQ� � � � � � � � � � JHOGL�q

� ��

(51)w�6äýê�Oæâ��Û� � Kodomo-wa kooen-de asonda.

pdRFXN�SDUNWD�R\QDGÕ�q �

T

AÖ EÖ

SDÖ E

AÖ DB

A A

6äýê� � � � � �Oæ� � � � � � � � � �â� � � � � ��Û

Kodomo-wa kooen -de asonda

pÇocuk park -WD� � � � � R\QDGÕ�q

� ��

(52)w�%âê�Î6ãòió�ÞÚ� � Taroo-wa Hanako-to Tookyoo-e itta.

pTaroo, Hanako ile Tokyo’ya gitti .q �

T

AÖ EÖ

SDÖ SDÖ E

AÖ DB AÖ DB

A A A

�%âê� � � � � � � �Î6� � � � � � � �ã� � �òi� � � � � � � � � �ó� � � � � � � � � � ��ÞÚ

Taroo-wa Hanako -to Tookyoo -e itta

pTaroo Hanako ile Tokyo ’ya gitti .q

� ��

(53)w�%âê�ÄðâÂÒ¿Ä �ÞÚ� � Taroo-wa honya-de atarashii hon-wo katta.

p7DURR��NLWDSoÕGD�Q��\HQL�NLWDS�VDWÕQ�DOGÕ�q �

T

AÖ EÖ

SDÖ AÖ E

AÖ DB SÖ A

A A S

%âê� � � � � � � �Äð� � � � � � �â� � � � �ÂÒ¿� � � � � �Ä � � � � � � � � � � ��ÞÚ

Taroo-wa honya -de atarashii hon-wo katta

p7DURR� � � � � � NLWDSoÕ� � � � � � -da(n) yeni kitap VDWÕQ�DOGÕ�q

� ��

2.4 JAPONCADA SONDURUMSAL ÜYELER

��¶GH� EHOLUWLOGL÷L� �]HUH�� $gOHULQ� �VWOHQGLNOHUL� NRQXVDO� 52/OHULQ� |QHPOL� |Oo�GH�DOGÕNODUÕ�'%�WDUDIÕQGDQ�EHOLUOHQGL÷L�V|\OHQHELOLU��-DSRQFDGD�$gOHULQ�DOGÕ÷Õ�'%OHULQ�WHPHOGH�úX�NRQXVDO�LOLúNLOHUL�WDQÕPODPDNWD�ROGXNODUÕ�YDUVD\ÕODELOLU��

(54)

Durum Belirleyici Konusal ROL

(-wa), (-ga) ('ø&ø

(-wo), (-to) (7.ø/(1(1

(-wa), (-ga) '(1(<ø0&ø

(-wa), (-ga), (-wo), (-ni) KONU

(-he), (-ni) HEDEF

(-kara), (-wo) KAYNAK

(-de), (-wo) YER

(-wo), (-he), (-ni) YARARLANICI

(-de) ARAÇ

(54)de yer alan JaponcadaNL�'%OHULQ�EDúOÕFD�DQODP�YH�NXOODQÕP�|]HOOLNOHUL�úX�úHNLOGH�özetlenebili r.

2.4.1 (-wa)

�L��7�PFHGH�|]QH\L�EHOLUWLU��%LU�QHVQH��NLúL�YH\D�ROD\�KDNNÕQGD�WDQÕP�\DSPDN�\D�GD�ELOJL�YHUPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

� ��

(55)w�°�Ð�ê�ãÄqÛ� � Tanaka san-wa nihonjin da.

pBay Tanaka Japondur.q

�(56)w�sê�y�»� ¿á¿��

Watashi-wa ima tegami wo kaite iru.

p%HQ�úLPGL�PHNWXS�\D]Õ\RUXP.q

�LL�� 1HVQH�� NLúL� YH\D� ROD\ODUÕQ� E�W�Q�� -JD�� LOH� EHOLUWLOGL÷L� GXUXPODUGD�� EX� E�W�Q�DUDVÕQGDQ�|]HOOLNOH�ELU�WDQHVLQL�YH\D�ELU�NÕVPÕQÕ�bHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU�

(57)w�� `Õß�ÞÚÇ�zê � `�ÞÚ� � Yasai-wo ni kiro-zutsu katta ga, niku-wa san kiro katta.

pSHE]HOHUGHQ�LNLúHU�NLOR�VDWÕQ�DOGÕP�DPD�HWL��o�NLOR�VDWÕQ�DOGÕP.q

� (58)w��væG¢ÚÜÇ¿��µé6ê��q¿��

Kyooshitsu-ni gakusei tachi-ga iru. Otoko no ko-wa rokunin iru.

p6ÕQÕIWD�|÷UHQFLOHU�YDU��(UNHN�|÷UHQFL�DOWÕ�NLúL�YDU.q

�LLL�� .DUúÕWOÕN� ELOGLUHQ� LIDGHOHUGH�� QHVQH�� NLúL� YH\D� ROD\ODUÕ� NDUúÕODúWÕUPD� DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU�

(59)w��êd¿âÔÇ�{ê�¿� � Natsu-wa atsui desu ga, fuyu-wa samui.

pYD]�VÕFDNWÕU�DPD�NÕú�VR÷XNWXU�q

� ��

(60)w�°Ð�ê�÷�Ç�»âÔÇ�H\f,�ê�»âêå¿� � Yamada san-wa eigo-ga joozu desu ga, furansugo-wa joozu dewanai.

p%D\DQ�<DPDGD¶QÕQ�øQJLOL]FH¶VL�oRN�L\LGLU�DPD�)UDQVÕ]FD¶VÕ�L\L�GH÷LOGLU�q �� LY��1HVQH��NLúL�YH\D�ROD\ODUÕ�YXUJXODPD�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU� �

(61)w�Î�åãÎ�æê��2ãêå¿� � Konna tokoro-ni -wa moo ni do to konai.

pBöyle bir yere tekrar gelmem.q

� (62)w�sê�ÈÁÐ�æ³ÞÚÎãêå¿� �

Watashi-wa Suzuki san-ni atta koto-wa nai.

pBen, ED\�6X]XNL�LOH�KLo�NDUúÕODúPDGÕP.q

2.4.2 (-ga)

(i) Tümcede \�NOHPLQ�ELOGLUGL÷L�Lú��ROXú��KDUHNHW�YH\D�GXUXPXQ�öznesini belirtir.

� (63)w�=Çè '�â¿��

Tori-ga sora-wo tonde iru.

p.Xú�J|N\�]�QGH�XoX\RU.q �

(64)w�ñðé�ÇÇß¿á¿�� Heya no denki-ga tsuite iru.

p2GDQÕQ�ÕúÕ÷Õ�\DQÕ\RU.q �

� ��

(ii) Tümcede \�NOHPLQ�ELOGLUGL÷L�Lú��ROXú��KDUHNHW�YH\D�GXUXPXQ�QHVQHVLQL belirtir.

� (65)w�ÂÒ¿D©�Ç<Ò¿� �

Atarashii jit ensha-ga hoshii.

pYeni bir bisiklet istiyorum.q

� (66)w�ÎÎÆ��Ç�Ê×Ã��

Koko-kara umi-ga yoku mieru.

pBuradan deniz çok iyi görünüyor.q

�2.4.3 (-wo)

�L��<�NOHPLQ� ELOGLUGL÷L� Lú�� ROXú� YH\D� KDUHNHWWHQ� HWNLOHQHQ� YH\D� EXQXQ� NRQXVX� RODQ�QHVQH��NLúL�YH\D�ROD\Õ�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(67)w�ùÛÜÆ�Ä �`k�Ú� � Tomodachi-kara hon-wo yonsatsu karita.

p$UNDGDúÕPGDQ�G|UW�tane kitap ödüno�DOGÕP.q

�(68)w�yãéÂ^ �úùÒÚÆ� �

Kyoo no shinbun-wo yomimashita ka.

pBugünkü gazeteyi okudun mu ?q

(ii) Yüklemin pJHoLS�JLWPHN��DúPDN��LOHUOHPHNq� JLEL�DQODPODUÕ�LIDGH�HWWL÷L�GXUXPODUGD��sözkonusu \HU�YH\D�ERúOX÷X�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

� ��

(69)w�s�ê�,�ð »á�iúæ�¿Ú� � Watashi tachi-wa Nagoya-wo hete Kyoto-ni tsuita.

pBiz Nagoya’\Õ�JHoLS�.\RWR’\D�XODúWÕNq �

(70)w�ÎéC,ê�Ñ Zéè b�ùÔÆ� � Kono basu-wa toshokan no mae-wo toorimasu ka.

pBu otobüs kütüphanenin önünden geçer mi ?q

(iii ) Yüklemin poÕNPDN��D\UÕOPDN��WHUNHWPHN��X]DNODúPDNq� JLEL�DQODPODUÕ�LIDGH�HWWL÷L�GXUXPODUGD��V|]NRQXVX�\HU�YH\D�ERúOX÷X�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(71)w�óê�¤º �(æ� ´�� Chichi-wa mai asa hachi-ji ni ie-wo deru.

p%DEDP�KHU�VDEDK�VDDW�VHNL]GH�HYGHQ�oÕNDU�q �

(72)w�sê�"G :ÒÚ�o�ûæå�Ú¿� � Watashi-wa daigaku-wo sotsugyoo shitara bengoshi ni naritai.

pÜniversiteden mezun olunca avukat olmak istiyorum.q

�(iv) Yön EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

�(73)w�ÎÜ� 0¿áÊÛÐ¿� �

Kochira-wo muite kudasai.

pLütfen bu tarDID�GR÷UX�G|Q�Q.q ��

� ��

(74)w�ùê�° 0¿á¿�� Mado-wa minami-wo muite iru.

p3HQFHUH�J�QH\H�EDNÕ\RU.q �2.4.4 (-he)

<�NOHPLQ�ELOGLUGL÷L�Lú��ROXú�YH\D�KDUHNHWLQ�\|Q�Q��EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(75)w�ãÄó�Êèæ�ËÒãÄ� @�ÒÚ� � Nihon-he iku mae-ni sukoshi nihongo-wo benkyoo shita.

pJaponya’\D�JLWPHGHQ�|QFH�ELUD]�-DSRQFD�oDOÕúWÕP.q

�(76)w�fÊÎÎóêåÐ¿� �

Hayaku koko-he kinasai.

pHemen buraya gel !q

2.4.5 (-ni)

(i) Nesne veya�NLúLQLQ�EXOXQGX÷X�\HUL�ya da�ROD\ÕQ�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L�\HUL�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(77)w�8æ6äýÚÜÇ¿�� Niwa-ni kodomo tachi-ga iru.

pBahçede çocuklar var.q

��

� ��

(78)w��dê�H�éOæ½�� Denwa-wa rooka no oku-ni aru.

p7HOHIRQ�NRULGRUXQ�VRQXQGDGÕU�q

�LL�� <�NOHPLQ� ELOGLUGL÷L� Lú�� ROXú� YH\D� KDUHNHWLQ� JHUoHNOHúWL÷L� ]DPDQÕ� EHlirtmek

DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(79)w�£ê�Ú¿á¿ �(æàÈ�� Haha-wa taitei roku-ji-ni okiru.

p$QQHP�JHQHOOLNOH�VDDW�DOWÕGD�NDONDU�q �

(80)w�sê�â¬ ��ãæêãÒÚ� � Watashi-wa roku-gatsu juugo-nichi-ni rainichi shita.

p%HQ�RQEHú�KD]LUDQGD�-DSRQ\D¶\D�JHOGLP�q

(LLL��$PDo�ELOGLUHQ�LIDGHOHUGH�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(81)w�½ÒÚ��æ�ÎÁÆ� � Ashita kaimono-ni ikoo ka.

p<DUÕQ�DOÕúYHULúH�oÕNDOÕP�PÕ�"q �

(82)w��ã�ùÛÜãû�æ÷é³ ×æ�ÞÚ� � Kinoo tomodachi to isshoni tenrankai-wo mi-ni itta.

p'�Q�DUNDGDúÕPOD�ELUOLNWH�VHUJL\L�J|UPH\H gittim.q

� ��

�LY��<�NOHPLQ�ELOGLUGL÷L�Lú��ROXú�YH\D�KDUHNHWLQ�\|Q�Q��EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(83)w�ê��s�æë�ÁãAÞá¿�� Rainen jikka-ni kaeroo to omotte iru.

pGelecek sene memleketime dönmeyi d�ú�Q�\RUXP�q �

(84)w��ê�"GæI�ÚÇÞá¿�� Imooto-wa daigaku-ni hairitagatte iru.

p.Õ]NDUGHúLP��QLYHUVLWH\H�JLUPHN�LVWL\RU�q

2.4.6 (-de)

��L��<�NOHPLQ�ELOGLUGL÷L�ROD\ÕQ�PH\GDQD�JHOGL÷L�\HUL�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

�(85)w�sê��ÊÑ Zâ@�Ô��

Watashi-wa yoku toshokan-de benkyoo suru.

pBen oR÷XQOXNOa N�W�SKDQHGH�GHUV�oDOÕúÕUÕP�q �

(86)w�Ðê�y�D½éñðâ¢á¿�� Kare-wa ima jibun no heya-de nete iru.

p2�úLPGL�NHQGL�RGDVÕQGD uyuyor.q

�LL��<�NOHPLQ�ELOGLUGL÷L�Lú��ROXú�YH\D�KDUHNHWLQ�\DSÕOÕú�úHNOLQL��\D�GD�NXOODQÕODQ�DUDFÕ�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

� ��

(87)w�£ê�=�Hâz ¾ÞÚ� � Haha-wa naifu-de niku-wo kitta.

p$QQHP�EÕoDNOD�HWL�NHVWL�q �

(88)w�w6ê�D©�âG^æbÞá¿�� Musuko-wa jitensha-de gakkoo-ni kayotte iru.

p2÷OXP�RNXOD�ELVLNOHWOH�JLGLS�JHOL\RU�q

� �LLL��%LU�QHVQHQLQ��DVOÕQÕ�\D�GD�WHPHO�PDGGHVLQL�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(89)w�Îé9oI^ê�ÁââÈá¿�� Kono teeburu-wa ki-de dekite iru.

p%X�PDVD�WDKWDGDQ�\DSÕOPÕúWÕU�q �

(90)w�£ê��ÞáÈÚÚ±â±� ÞÞÚ� � Haha-wa katte kita zairyoo-de ryoori-wo tsukutta.

pAnnem DOÕS�JHOGL÷L�malzemelerle�\HPHN�\DSWÕ.q

�LY�� <�NOHPLQ� ELOGLUGL÷L� Lú�� ROXú� YH\D� KDUHNHWLQ� DPDo� YH\D� VHEHELQL� EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(91)w��âüÇ=®Ð�Ú� � Taifuu-de minato-ga heisa sareta.

p7D\IXQ�GROD\ÕVÕ\OD�liman�NDSDWÕOGÕ�q ��

� ��

(92)w�ÄÐ�ê�ês��Pâ��ó�Ê�Ò¿� � Yamamoto san-wa raishuu shigoto-de kaigai-e ikurashii.

pBay Yamamoto gelecek hafWD�Lú�LoLQ�\XUWGÕúÕQD gidecekPLú.q

2.4.7 (-kara)

�L��<�NOHPLQ�ELOGLUGL÷L�Lú��ROXú�YH\D�KDUHNHWLQ�oÕNÕú�QRNWDVÕQÕ�\D�GD�EDúODQJÕo�]DPDQÕQÕ�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(93)w��íÆ��Ç´á¿�� Entotsu-kara kemuri-ga dete iru.

p%DFDGDQ�GXPDQ�oÕNÕ\RU�q �

(94)w��¬�èÆ��úæå�� Go-gatsu gejun-kara natsu yasumi ni naru.

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�LL��%LU�QHVQHQLQ��DVOÕQÕ�YH\D�WHPHO�PDGGHVLQL�EHOLUWPHN�DPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(95)w�ñäÁÆ�b�f Þ�� Budoo-kara wain-wo tsukuru.

ph]�PGHQ�úDUDS�\DSÕOÕU�q �

(96)w�J\,46"ê�y$Æ�Þ�� Purasuchikku-wa sekiyu-kara tsukuru.

p3ODVWLN�SHWUROGHQ�\DSÕOÕU�q

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�LLL�� <�NOHPLQ� ELOGLUGL÷L� Lú�� ROXú� YH\D� KDUHNHWLQ� DPDo� YH\D� VHEHELQL� EHOLUWPHN�aPDFÕ\OD�NXOODQÕOÕU��

(97)w� 3ê��-Æ��ÇæåÞÚ� � Shachoo-wa karoo-kara byooki ni natta.

p0�G�U�oRN�oDOÕúPDNWDQ�UDKDWVÕ]ODQGÕ�q �

(98)w�ÕÆå�HçÆ�"ÈåP�ÇàÈáÒùÞÚ� � Wazukana fuchuui-kara ookina jiko-ga okite shimatta.

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� ��

3. BÖLÜM

-$321&$�9(�7h5.d(�(</(0/(5ø1�$1$/ø=ø

(0001) abiru '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0002) maruz kal– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –e w

(0003) agaru ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga (–kara) (–he/–ni) w

(0004) yüksel– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)

Ø (–den) (–e) w

(0005) ageru (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga –wo (–he/–ni) w

(0006) yükselt– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0007) ageru (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0008) ver– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0009) ai s. '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0010) sev– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0011) aisatsu s. ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0012) selamla– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w

(0013) akeru (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0014) aç– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0015) akeru (2) ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0016) ERúDOW– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w

(0017) aku (1) KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0018) DoÕO– KONU

Ø w

(0019) aku (2) KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0020) ERúDO– KONU

Ø w

(0021) akushu s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –to w

(0022) WRNDODú– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –ile w

� ��

(0023) amaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0024) art– KONU

Ø w

(0025) annai s. ('ø&ø (YRRLANICI) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–ni) (–wo)

(0026) rehberlik et– ('ø&ø (YRRLANICI) (YER)

Ø (–e) (–i)

(0027) anshin s. '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0028) rahatla– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0029) arau ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0030) \ÕND– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0031) aru KONU (YER)

–wa/–ga (–ni) w

(0032) bulun– KONU (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0033) aruku ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–de) (–wo) w

(0034) yürü– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

Ø (–de) (–i) w

(0035) asobu '(1(<ø0&ø (YER) �(7.ø/(1(1� (ARAÇ)

–wa/–ga (–de) (–to) (–de)

(0036) H÷OHQ– '(1(<ø0&ø (YER) �(7.ø/(1(1� (ARAÇ)

Ø (–de) (–ile) (–ile)

(0037) atatamaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0038) ÕVÕQ– KONU

Ø w

� ��

(0039) atatameru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w w

(0040) ÕVÕW– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w w

(0041) atsumaru ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–de) (–he/–ni) w

(0042) toplan– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

Ø (–de) (–e) w

(0043) atsumeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0044) topla– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0045) au (1) ('ø&ø �(7.ø/(1(1� �(7.ø/(1(1� –wa/–ga (–to) (–ni) w

(0046) NDUúÕODú– ('ø&ø �(7.ø/(1(1�

Ø (–ile) w w

� ��

(0047) au (2) KONU (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–ni) w w

(0048) uy– KONU (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

(0049) ayamaru ('ø&ø HEDEF

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0050) özür dile– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –den w

(0051) azukaru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga –wo (–kara) w

(0052) emanet al– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0053) azukeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0054) emanet ver– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0055) benkyoo s. ('ø&ø KONU


(0056) GHUV�oDOÕú– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0057) bikkuri s. '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–ni) w w

(0058) úDúÕU– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

(0059) butsukaru ('ø&ø HEDEF

–wa/–ga –he/–ni w

(0060) çarp– ('ø&ø HEDEF ((7.ø/(1(1)

Ø –e (–i) w

(0061) chigau KONU KONU

–wa/–ga –to w w

(0062) IDUNOÕ�RO– KONU KONU

Ø –den w

� ��

(0063) chikazuku ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0064) \DNODú– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0065) chikoku s. ('ø&ø (KONU)


(0066) gecik– ('ø&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

(0067) chuui s. ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0068) dikkat et– ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –e w

(0069) chuumon s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga –wo (–ni) w

(0070) ÕVPDUOD– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0071) dasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga –wo (–kara) (–he/–ni)

(0072) oÕNDU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–den) (–e)

(0073) dekakeru ('ø&ø (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga (–he/–ni)

(0074) oÕN– ('ø&ø (HEDEF)

Ø (–e)

(0075) denwa s. ('ø&ø HEDEF

–wa/–ga –he/–ni

(0076) telefon et– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e

(0077) doryoku s. ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga

(0078) gayret et– ('ø&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e)

� ��

(0079) erabu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0080) seç– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0081) fueru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0082) oR÷DO– KONU

Ø w

(0083) fuku (1) ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w w

(0084) es– ('ø&ø

Ø w w

(0085) fuku (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0086) sil– ('ø&ø ET.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0087) fumu ('ø&ø (YER)

–wa (–wo) w

(0088) bas– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–e) w

(0089) furu (1) ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0090) \D÷– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0091) furu (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0092) salla– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0093) furueru ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w w

(0094) titre– ('ø&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0095) futoru '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0097) fuyasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0098) oR÷DOt– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0099) gaman s. '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0101) ganbaru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0096) úLúPDQOD– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0100) sabret– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –e w

(0102) gayret et– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –e w

� ��

(0103) gookaku s. ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0105) hairu ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0106) gir– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0107) hajimaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0108) EDúOD– KONU

Ø w

(0109) hajimeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0110) EDúOD– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –e w

(0104) geç–��VÕQDY� ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

� ��

(0111) hakobu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0112) WDúÕ– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0113) haku (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0114) giy– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0115) haku (2) ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0116) süpür– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w

(0117) hakushu s. ('ø&ø YARARLANICI


(0118) DONÕúOD– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w

� ��

(0119) hanasu ('ø&ø �(7.ø/(1(1� (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga (–to) (–ni)

(0120) NRQXú– ('ø&ø �(7.ø/(1(1�

Ø (–ile) w

(0121) happyoo s. ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0122) ilan et– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0123) harau ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0124) öde– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0125) hareru ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0126) aç– (hava) ('ø&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0127) haru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0128) \DSÕúWÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0129) hashiru ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0130) NRú– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0131) hataraku ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0132) oDOÕú– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0133) henji s. ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0134) cevap ver– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

� ��

(0135) herasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0136) azalt– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0137) heru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0138) azal– KONU

Ø w

(0139) hieru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0140) VR÷X– KONU

Ø w

(0141) hikaru ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0142) parla– ('ø&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0143) hikkosu ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0144) WDúÕQ– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0145) hiku (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0146) çek– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0147) hiku (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0148) çal–w èoDOJÕé ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0149) hipparu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0150) oHNLúWLU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0151) hiraku KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0152) DoÕO– KONU

Ø w

(0153) hirou ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


(0154) topla– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0155) hiyasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0156) VR÷Xt– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0157) homeru ('ø&ø YARARLANICI (HEDEF)


(0158) öv– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0159) hoshigaru '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0160) arzula– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0161) hosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0162) kurut– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0163) ikiru ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0164) \DúD– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0165) iku ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0166) 'it– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


� ��

(0167) ireru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0168) koy– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0169) iru (1) KONU (YER)


(0170) bulun– KONU (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0171) iru (2) '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–ga) w

(0172) gereksin– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

(0173) isogu ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0174) acele et– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –e w

� ��

(0175) iu ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0176) söyle– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0177) junbi s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0178) KD]ÕUOD– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0179) kaburu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0180) giy– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0181) kaeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0182) GH÷LúWLU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0183) kaesu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0184) iade et– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0185) kaimono s. ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0186) DOÕúYHULú�\DS– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0187) kaiwa s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –to w

(0188) diyalog yap– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –ile w

(0189) kakaru KONU (YER)


(0190) WDNÕO– KONU (YER)

Ø (–e) w

� ��

(0191) kakeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0192) tak– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0193) kaku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0194) yaz– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0195) kakureru ('ø&ø (YER)

–wa/–ga (–he/–ni) w

(0196) gizlen– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–e) w

(0197) kamu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0198) ÕVÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0199) kanashimu '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0200) üzül– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –e w

(0201) kangaeru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0202) G�ú�Q– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0203) kanjiru '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0204) hisset– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0205) kariru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


(0206) ödünç al– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

� ��

(0207) kasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0208) ödünç ver– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0209) katazuku KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0210) düzenlen– KONU

Ø w

(0211) katazukeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0212) düzenle– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0213) katsu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0214) yen– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0215) kau ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0216) VDWÕQ�DO– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0217) kawakasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0218) kurut– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0219) kawaku KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0220) kuru– KONU

Ø w

(0221) kawaru (7.ø/(1(1 (KONU)


(0222) G|Q�ú– (7.ø/(1(1 (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

� ��

(0223) kayou ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0224) gdip gel– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0225) kazaru ('ø&ø YER (ARAÇ)

–wa/–ga –wo (–de) w

(0226) süsle– ('ø&ø YER (ARAÇ)

Ø –i (–ile) w

(0227) kazoeru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0228) say– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0229) kega s. '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0230) yaralan– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0231) kekkon s. ('ø&ø ((7.ø/(1(1�

–wa/–ga (–to) w

(0232) evlen– ('ø&ø ((7.ø/(1(1�

Ø (–ile) w

(0233) kenbutsu s. ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0234) gez– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w

(0235) kengaku s. ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0236) gez– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w

(0237) kenka s. ('ø&ø ((7.ø/(1(N)

–wa/–ga (–to) w

(0238) kavga et– ('ø&ø ((7.ø/(1(1�

Ø (–ile) w

� ��

(0239) kenkyuu s. ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0240) DUDúWÕU– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0241) keru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0242) tekmele– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(NEN

Ø –i w

(0243) kesu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0244) söndür– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0245) kezuru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0246) yont– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0247) kieru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0248) sön– KONU

Ø w

(0249) kigaeru ('ø&ø �(7.ø/(1(1�


(0250) �]HULQL�GH÷Lú– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0251) kikoeru KONU (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga (–kara) w

(0252) duyul– KONU (KAYNAK)

Ø (–den) w

(0253) kiku (1) ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0254) dinle– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

� ��

(0255) kiku (2) ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0256) sor– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0257) kimaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0258) belirlen– KONU

Ø w

(0259) kimeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0260) belirle– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0261) kiniiru '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0262) EH÷HQ– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w

� ��

(0263) kiru (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0264) kes– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0265) kiru (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0266) giy– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0267) koboreru (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0268) dökül– (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0269) kobosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0270) dök– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0271) koeru ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0272) Dú– ('ø&ø YER (YER)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0273) komaru '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)


(0274) VÕNÕQWÕ�oHN– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0275) komu KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0276) dol– KONU

Ø w

(0277) kooru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0278) don– KONU

Ø w

� ��

(0279) kopii s. ('ø&ø E7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0280) kopyala– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0281) korobu '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0282) tökezle– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0283) korosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0284) öldür– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0285) koshoo s. KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0286) bozul– KONU

Ø w

� ��

(0287) kotaeru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0288) cevapla– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0289) kotowaru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0290) red et– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0291) kowareru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0292) bozul– KONU

Ø w

(0293) kowasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0294) boz– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0295) kubaru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0296) GD÷ÕW– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0297) kumitateru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0298) ELUOHúWLU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0299) kumoru ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0300) bulutlan– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0301) kuraberu ('ø&ø KONU (KONU)

–wa/–ga –wo (–to) w

(0302) NDUúÕODúWÕU– ('ø&ø KONU (KONU)

Ø –i (–ile) w

� ��

(0303) kurikaesu ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0304) tekrarla– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0305) kuru ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0306) gel– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0307) kusaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0308) çürü– KONU

Ø w

(0309) kyuukei s. ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0310) mola ver– ('ø&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0311) machigaeru '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0312) \DQOÕú�\DS– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0313) machigau '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0314) \DQOÕú�\DS– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0315) magaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0316) H÷ULO– KONU

Ø w

(0317) mageru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0318) H÷– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0319) makeru '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)


(0320) yenil– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

(0321) maku (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0322) sar– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0323) maku (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0324) saç– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0325) mamoru ('ø&ø YARARLANCI �

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0326) koru– ('ø&ø YARARLANCI

Ø –i w

� ��

(0327) manabu ('ø&ø KONU (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga –wo (–kara)

(0328) |÷UHQ– ('ø&ø KONU (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0329) maniau ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0330) \HWLú– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –e w

(0331) matsu ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0332) bekle– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0333) mawaru (1) ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0334) dön– ('ø&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0335) mawaru (2) ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0336) gez– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w

(0337) mawasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0338) döndür– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0339) mayou '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)


(0340) úDúÕU– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–i) w

(0341) mieru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0342) görün– KONU

Ø w

� ��

(0343) migaku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0344) parlat– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0345) miokuru ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0346) yolcu et– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w

(0347) miru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0348) gör– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0349) miseru ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0350) göster– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0351) mitsukaru (7.ø/(1(1 �('ø&ø�


(0352) bulun– (7.ø/(1(1

Ø w

(0353) mitsukeru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0354) bul– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0355) modoru ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0356) geri dön– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0357) modosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0358) geri koy– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0359) moeru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0360) yan– KONU

Ø w

(0361) morau ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga –wo (–kara) (–ni)

(0362) al– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0363) motsu (1) ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0364) sahip ol– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –e w

(0365) motsu (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0366) al– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0367) motteiku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0368) götür– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0369) mottekuru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


(0370) getir– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0371) moyasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0372) yak– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0373) mukaeru ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0374) NDUúÕOD– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w

� ��

(0375) muku ('ø&ø HEDEF

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0376) dön– E'ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0377) nagareru (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0378) ak– (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0379) nagasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0380) DNÕW– ('ø&ø E7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0381) nageru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0382) IÕUODW– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0383) naku (1) '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga

(0384) D÷OD– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–e)

(0385) naku (2) ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0386) öt– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0387) nakunaru (1) '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga

(0388) öl– '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga

(0389) nakunaru (2) KONU

–wa/–ga

(0390) kaybol– KONU

–wa/–ga

� ��

(0391) nakusu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1


(0392) kaybet– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w w

(0393) namakeru ('ø&ø KONU


(0394) kaytar– ('ø&ø KONU (KONU)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0395) naoru (1) '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga

(0396) iyLOHú– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø

(0397) naoru (2) KONU

–wa/–ga

(0398) düzel– KONU

Ø

� ��

(0399) naosu (1) ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo

(0400) L\LOHúWLU– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i

(0401) naosu (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1


(0402) düzelt– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w w

(0403) naraberu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0404) VÕUDOD– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0405) narabu ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–he/–ni) (–de) w

(0406) VÕUDODQ– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

Ø (–e) (–de) w

� ��

(0407) narau ('ø&ø KONU (KAYNAK) (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga –wo (–kara) (–ni)

(0408) |÷UHQ– ('ø&ø KONU (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0409) nareru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –ni w w

(0410) DOÕú– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –e w w

(0411) naru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0412) çal– (zil vb.) KONU

Ø w

(0413) nemuru '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga

(0414) uyu– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø

� ��

(0415) neru '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga

(0416) uyu– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø

(0417) nigeru ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0418) kaç– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0419) nigiru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0420) VÕN– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0421) niru KONU KONU KONU

–wa/–ga –ni (–to) w

(0422) benze– KONU KONU

Ø –e w

� ��

(0423) nobiru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0424) uza– KONU

Ø w

(0425) noboru (1) ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–wo) (–he/–ni) w

(0426) WÕUPDQ– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

Ø (–i) (–e) w

(0427) noboru (2) ('ø&ø (HEDEF)


(0428) yüksel– ('ø&ø (HEDEF)

Ø (–e) w

(0429) nokoru (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)


(0430) kal– (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)

Ø (–de) w

� ��

(0431) nokosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)


(0432) EÕUDN– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YER) (YER)

Ø –i (–e) (–de)

(0433) nomu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0434) iç– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0435) noru ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0436) bin– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0437) nugu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0438) oÕNDU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0439) nureru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0440) ÕVODQ– KONU

Ø w

(0441) nuru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0442) sür– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0443) nusumu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


(0444) çal– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0445) nyuugaku s. ('ø&ø (HEDEF)


(0446) okula gir– ('ø&ø (HEDEF)

Ø (–e) w

� ��

(0447) nyuuin s. '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0448) hastaneye yat– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0449) oboeru ('ø&ø KONU


(0450) ezberle– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w w

(0451) ochiru (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0452) G�ú– (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)


(0453) odoroku '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–ni)

(0454) úDúÕU– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e)

� ��

(0455) odoru ('ø&ø (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–wo) w

(0456) dans et– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0457) okiru (1) ('ø&ø (KAYNAK)


(0458) kalk– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK)

Ø (–den) w

(0459) okiru (2) KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0460) meydana gel– KONU

Ø w

(0461) okoru (1) '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU) (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–ni) (–wo) w

(0462) NÕ]– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w w

� ��

(0463) okoru (2) KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0464) meydana gel– KONU

Ø w

(0465) okosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0466) X\DQGÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0467) oku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0468) koy– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0469) okureru ('ø&ø (KONU)


(0470) gecik– ('ø&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

� ��

(0471) okuru (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0472) gönder– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0473) okuru (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YRRLANICI)


(0474) hediye et– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YRRLANICI)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0475) omoidasu '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo

(0476) KDWÕUOD– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i

(0477) omou ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo

(0478) G�ú�Q– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i

� ��

(0479) onegai s. ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0480) iste– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0481) oreru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0482) NÕYUÕO– KONU

Ø w

(0483) oriru ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga (–kara) (–wo) w

(0484) in– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK)

Ø (–den)

(0485) orosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0486) indir– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0487) oru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0488) NÕYÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0489) osaeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0490) EDVWÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0491) oshieru ('ø&ø KONU (YRRLANICI)


(0492) |÷UHW– ('ø&ø KONU (YRRLANICI)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0493) osu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0494) it– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0495) otosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF) (YER)

–wa/–ga –wo (–he/–ni) (–de)

(0496) G�ú�U– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF) (YER)

Ø –i (–e) (–de)

(0497) owaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0498) bit– KONU

Ø w

(0499) oyogu ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)


(0500) yüz– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0501) renraku s. ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0502) haber ver– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0503) renshuu s. ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0504) DOÕúWÕUPD�\DS– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0505) riyoo s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0506) kullan– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0507) ryoori s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0508) yemek yap– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0509) ryuugaku s. ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0510) \XUWGÕúÕQGD�H÷LWLP�J|U– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –de w

� ��

(0511) sagaru ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0512) alçal– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0513) sagasu ('ø&ø KONU


(0514) ara– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w w

(0515) sageru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0516) alçalt– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0517) saku ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w w

(0518) aç– (çiçek) ('ø&ø

Ø w w

� ��

(0519) samasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0520) VR÷XW– ('ø&ø ETKø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0521) sameru (1) '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)


(0522) uyan– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–den) w

(0523) sameru (2) KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0524) VR÷X– KONU

Ø w

(0525) sanka s. ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0526) NDWÕO– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

� ��

(0527) sanpo s. ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)


(0528) \�U�\�ú�\DS– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0529) sasou ('ø&ø YARARLANICI (HEDEF)


(0530) davet et– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0531) sasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0532) sapla– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0533) sawagu ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0534) gürültü et– ('ø&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0535) sawaru EDø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 �(7.ø/(1(1� –wa/–ga –ni (–wo) w

(0536) dokun– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –e w

(0537) seikatsu s. ('ø&ø (YER)

–wa/–ga (–de)

(0538) \DúD– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de)

(0539) sentaku s. ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0540) oDPDúÕU�\ÕND– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0541) setsumei s. ('ø&ø KONU (YRRLANICI)


(0542) DoÕNOD– ('ø&ø KONU (YRRLANICI)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0543) shaberu ('ø&ø �(7.ø/(1(1� (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga (–to) (–ni)

(0544) NRQXú– ('ø&ø �(7.ø/(1(1� (HEDEF)

Ø (–ile) (–e) w

(0545) shigoto s. ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga

(0546) Lú�\DS– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0547) shikaru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0548) azarla– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0549) shiku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0550) ser– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0551) shimaru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0552) kapan– KONU

Ø w

(0553) shimau ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0554) \HUOHúWLU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0555) shimeru (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0556) kapat– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0557) shimeru (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0558) ED÷OD– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0559) shinjiru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0560) inan– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –e w

(0561) shinpai s. '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)


(0562) HQGLúHOHQ– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

(0563) shinu '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0564) öl– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0565) shiraberu ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0566) DUDúWÕU– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

� ��

(0567) shiraseru ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0568) haber ver– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–he/–ni) w

(0569) shiru ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0570) bil– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0571) shitsumon s. ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0572) soru sor– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0573) shizumu (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0574) bat– (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø (–e) w

� ��

(0575) shokuji s. ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0576) yemek ye– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0577) shookai s. ('ø&ø KONU (YRRLANICI)


(0578) WDQÕW– ('ø&ø KONU (YRRLANICI)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0579) shootai s. ('ø&ø YARARLANICI (HEDEF)


(0580) davet et– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0581) shuppatsu s. ('ø&ø (HEDEF) (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga (–he/–ni) (–kara) w

(0582) \ROD�oÕN– ('ø&ø (HEDEF) (KAYNAK)

Ø (–e) (–den) w

� ��

(0583) shuuri s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0584) tamir et– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0585) sodateru ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0586) büyüt– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w

(0587) sodatsu '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0588) büyü– D(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0589) sonkei s. ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0590) hürmet et– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –e w

� ��

(0591) soodan s. ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF) �(7.ø/(1(1� –wa/–ga –wo (–he/–ni) (–to)

(0592) GDQÕú– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0593) sooji s. ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo

(0594) temizle– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w

(0595) soru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0596) WUDúOD– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0597) sotsugyoo s. ('ø&ø (KAYNAK) (KAYNAK)

–wa/–ga (–kara) (–wo) w

(0598) mezun ol– ('ø&ø (KAYNAK)

Ø (–den) w

� ��

(0599) suberu ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)


(0600) kay– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0601) sugiru ('ø&ø (YER)


(0602) geç– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

Ø (–i) (–den) w

(0603) sumu (1) ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–de) (–ni) w

(0604) ikamet et– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0605) sumu (2) KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0606) hallol– KONU

Ø w

� ��

(0607) suru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0608) yap– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0609) susumu ('ø&ø (HEDEF)


(0610) ilerle– ('ø&ø (HEDEF)

Ø (–e) w

(0611) suteru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0612) at– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0613) suu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0614) teneffüs et– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0615) suwaru ('ø&ø (YER)


(0616) otur– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

Ø (–e) (–de) w

(0617) taberu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0618) ye– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0619) taiin s. '(1(<ø0&ø (KAYNAK)


(0620) taburcu ol– '(1(<ø0&ø (KAYNAK)

Ø (–den) w

(0621) taizai s. ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–ni) (–de) w

(0622) ikamet et– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

� ��

(0623) taku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0624) SLúLU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0625) tanomu ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0626) iste– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0627) tanoshimu '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0628) zevk al– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –den w

(0629) taoreru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0630) devril– KONU

Ø w

� ��

(0631) taosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0632) devir– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0633) tariru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0634) yet– KONU

Ø w

(0635) tasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0636) ilave et– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0637) tasukeru ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0638) kurtar– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w

� ��

(0639) tataku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0640) vur– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –e w

(0641) tatamu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0642) katla– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0643) tateru (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)


(0644) dik– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0645) tateru (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)


(0646) LQúD�HW– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0647) tatsu (1) KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0648) geç– (zaman) KONU

Ø w

(0649) tatsu (2) KONU (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–ni) (–de) w

(0650) LQúD�HGLO– KONU (YER) (YER)

Ø (–e) (–de) w

(0651) tatsu (3) KONU (YER) (YER)

–wa/–ga (–he/–ni) (–de) w

(0652) ayakta dur– KONU (YER) (YER)

Ø (–e) (–de) w

(0653) tazuneru (1) ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0654) sor– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0655) tazuneru (2) ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0656) ziyaret et– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w

(0657) tetsudau ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0658) \DUGÕP�HW– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –e w

(0659) tobu ('ø&ø (YER)


(0660) uç– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0661) todokeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0662) XODúWÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0663) todoku ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0664) XODú– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0665) tojiru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0666) kapat– ('ø&ø (7.ø/ENEN

Ø –i w

(0667) tomaru (1) ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0668) dur– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0669) tomaru (2) ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)


(0670) gecele– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

� ��

(0671) tomeru (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0672) durdur– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0673) tomeru (2) ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0674) misafir et– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w

(0675) tooru ('ø&ø (YER)


(0676) geç– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)


(0677) toru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


(0678) al– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

� ��

(0679) tsuzukeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0680) devam ettir– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0681) tsuzuku EDø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0682) devam et– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0683) tsukareru '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0684) yorul– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0685) tsukau ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0686) kullan– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0687) tsukeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0688) tak– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0689) tsuku (1) ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0690) var– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0691) tsuku (2) ('ø&ø YER


(0692) EXODú– ('ø&ø YER

Ø –e w

(0693) tsukuru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0694) üret– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0695) tsumoru KONU (YER)


(0696) birik– KONU (YER) (YER)

Ø (–e) (–de) w

(0697) tsureteiku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0698) götür– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0699) tsuretekuru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


(0700) getir– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0701) tsuru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0702) avla– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0703) tsutaeru ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0704) ilet– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0705) tsutomeru ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)


(0706) oDOÕú– ('ø&ø (YER)

Ø (–de) w

(0707) tsutsumu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0708) sarmala– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0709) ueru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (YER)


(0710) dik– (bitki) ('ø&ø ET.ø/(1(1 (YER)

Ø –i (–e) w

� ��

(0711) ugokasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0712) NÕPÕOGDW– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0713) ugoku ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0714) NÕPÕOGD– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0715) ukeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


(0716) al– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0717) umareru '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0718) GR÷– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0719) umu '(1(<ø0&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0720) GR÷XU– '(1(<ø0&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0721) undoo s. ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0722) hareket et– ('ø&ø

Ø w

(0723) unten s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0724) sür– (araç) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0725) uru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0726) sat– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

� ��

(0727) utau ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0728) PÕUÕOGDQ– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0729) utsu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0730) vur– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0731) utsuru (1) ('ø&ø HEDEF


(0732) \HU�GH÷LúWLU– ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w

(0733) utsuru (2) (7.ø/(1(1 HEDEF


(0734) akset– (7.ø/(1(1 HEDEF

Ø –e w

� ��

(0735) utsusu (1) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0736) \HU�GH÷Lútirt– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0737) utsusu (2) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0738) aksettir– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0739) wakareru ('ø&ø KAYNAK

–wa/–ga –to w

(0740) D\UÕO– ('ø&ø KAYNAK

Ø –den w

(0741) wakaru ('ø&ø KONU (KONU)

–wa/–ga –ga (–wo) w

(0742) anla– ('ø&ø KONU (KONU)

Ø –i (–den) w

� ��

(0743) wakasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0744) kaynat– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0745) wakeru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1EN

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0746) D\ÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0747) waku KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0748) kayna– KONU

Ø w

(0749) warau '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)


(0750) gül– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

� ��

(0751) wareru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0752) NÕUÕO– KONU

Ø w

(0753) waru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0754) NÕU– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0755) wasureru '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0756) unut– '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w

(0757) wataru ('ø&ø (YER)


(0758) geç– ('ø&ø (YER) (YER)


� ��

(0759) watasu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


(0760) geçir– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0761) yabureru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0762) \ÕUWÕO– KONU

Ø w

(0763) yaburu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0764) \ÕUW– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0765) yakeru KONU

–wa/–ga w

(0766) yan– KONU

Ø w

� ��

(0767) yaku ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo w

(0768) yak– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w

(0769) yakunitatsu ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –ni w

(0770) ID\GDOÕ�RO– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –e w

(0771) yakusoku s. ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


(0772) söz ver– ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –e (–e) w

(0773) yakusu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)

–wa/–ga –wo (–kara) (–he/–ni)

(0774) tercüme et– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK) (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–den) (–e)

� ��

(0775) yameru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo

(0776) EÕUDN– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i

(0777) yamu ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga

(0778) din–��\D÷PXU� ('ø&ø

Ø

(0779) yaru ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo

(0780) yap– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i

(0781) yaseru '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0782) ]D\ÕIOD– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

� ��

(0783) yasumu ('ø&ø (KONU)

–wa/–ga (–wo)

(0784) dinlen– ('ø&ø

Ø

(0785) yobu ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo

(0786) oD÷ÕU– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i

(0787) yogoreru KONU

–wa/–ga

(0788) kirlen– KONU

Ø

(0789) yogosu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo

(0790) kirlet– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i

� ��

(0791) yomu ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo

(0792) oku– ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i

(0793) yooi s. ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –wo

(0794) KD]ÕUOD– ('ø&ø ETKø/(1(1

Ø –i

(0795) yopparau '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w

(0796) VDUKRú�RO– '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w

(0797) yorokobu '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)


(0798) sevin– '(1(<ø0&ø (KONU)

Ø (–e) w

� ��

(0799) yoyaku s. ('ø&ø KONU

–wa/–ga –wo

(0800) rezervasyon yap– ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i

(0801) yureru KONU

–wa/–ga

(0802) sallan– KONU

Ø

(0803) yurusu ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

–wa/–ga –wo

(0804) affet– ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i

��

� ��

4. BÖLÜM

$1$/ø=�'(ö(5/(1'ø50(6ø�

-DSRQFD�YH�7�UNoH�WHPHO�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�DoÕVÕQGDQ�\DSÕODQ�DQDOL]L� VRQXFXQGD� DúD÷ÕGDNL� EXOJXODUD� XODúÕOPÕúWÕU�� $QDOL]� VÕUDVÕQGD� NXOODQÕODQ� NRQXVDO�ROLler ('ø&ø��(7.ø/(1(1��'(1(<ø0&ø��.218��+('()��.$<1$.��<(5��<$5$5/$1,&,��$5$d

RODUDN�VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU��

��('ø&ø�

(Tablo 1)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø

–wa/–ga w w

EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø

Ø w w

*HoLúVL]�H\OHPOHULQ� WHPHO�\DSÕVÕ�RODUDN�GD�DGODQGÕUDELOHFH÷LPL]�EX�\DSÕGD��-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� \HU� DODQ� ('ø&ø ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–wa/–ga) DB

almaktayken, 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� \HU� DODQ� ('ø&ø ROLünü üstlenen

�\HOHUVH�KHUKDQJL�ELU�'%�DOPDPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

TaEOR��GH�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH�VDKLS�-DSRQFD�YH�7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU��

(0083)-(0084), (0089)-(0090), (0093)-(0094), (0125)-(0126), (0129)-(0130), (0131)-(0132),

(0141)-(0142), (0163)-(0164), (0185)-(0186), (0249)-(0250), (0299)-(0300), (0309)-(0310),

(0333)-(0334), (0385)-(0386), (0455)-(0456), (0517)-(0518), (0533)-(0534), (0539)-(0540),

(0543)-(0544), (0545)-(0546), (0575)-(0576), (0667)-(0668), (0681)-(0682), (0713)-(0714),

(0721)-(0722), (0777)-(0778), (0783)-(0784)

øNL�GLO�DUDVÕQGD�EHQ]HUOLN�J|VWHUHQ�\XNDUÕGDNL�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�GÕúÕQGD��\H�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�DoÕVÕQGDQ�ED]Õ�IDUNOÕOÕNODU�J|VWHUHQ�H\OHPOHU�LVH�úXQODUGÕU��

a. (0249) nolu Japonca eylem seçimlik üye olarak ((7.ø/(1(1 (–ni)) alabili rken,

(0250) nolu Türkçe eylem ü\H�VHoLPOLN��\H�DODPDPDNWDGÕU��

w X Y E w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

(0249)w Watashi-wa pajama-ni w kigaemashita.

(0250)w Ben * pijama-(y)a w �]HULPL�GH÷Lútim.

b. (0455) nolu Japonca eylem seçimlik üye olarak (KONU (–wo)) alabili rken, (0456)

nolu Türkçe eylem �\H�VHoLPOLN��\H�DODPDPDNWDGÕU�

w X Y E w ('ø&ø KONU

(0455)w Watashi-wa tango-wo w odorimasu.

(0456)w Ben * tango-(y)u w dans ederim.

� ��

c. (0783) nolu Japonca eylem seçimlik üye olarak (KONU (–wo)) alabili rken, (0784)

nolu Türkçe eylem üye seçimlik üye�DODPDPDNWDGÕU�


(0783)w Watashi-wa gakkoo-wo w yasumimasu.

(0784)w Ben * okul-u w dinlenirim.

��('ø&ø��(7.ø/(1(1��£)

(Tablo 2)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1


EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –i w w

GeçiúOL� H\OHPOHULQ� WHPHO� \DSÕVÕ� RODUDN� GD� DGODQGÕUDELOHFH÷LPL]� EX� \DSÕGD�� -DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + ((7.ø/(1(1 (–wo)�� úHNOLQGH� ROXúPDNWD\NHQ��7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ\VD�(('ø&ø (–Ø)) + ((7.ø/(1(1 (–i)��úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWDGÕU��

Tablo ��GH�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH�VDKLS�-DSRQFD�YH�7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU��

(0005)-(0006), (0007)-(0008), (0013)-(0014), (0029)-(0030), (0039)-(0040), (0043)-(0044),

(0051)-(0052), (0053)-(0054), (0069)-(0070), (0071)-(0072), (0079)-(0080), (0085)-(0086),

(0091)-(0092), (0097)-(0098), (0111)-(0112), (0113)-(0114), (0123)-(0124), (0127)-(0128),

� ��

(0135)-(0136), (0145)-(0146), (0147)-(0148), (0149)-(0150), (0153)-(0154), (0155)-(0156),

(0161)-(0162), (0167)-(0168), (0177)-(0178), (0179)-(0180), (0181)-(0182), (0183)-(0184),

(0191)-(0192), (0193)-(0194), (0197)-(0198), (0205)-(0206), (0207)-(0208), (0211)-(0212),

(0215)-(0216), (0217)-(0218), (0241)-(0242), (0243)-(0244), (0245)-(0246), (0259)-(0260),

(0263)-(0264), (0265)-(0266), (0269)-(0270), (0279)-(0280), (0283)-(0284), (0293)-(0294),

(0295)-(0296), (0297)-(0298), (0317)-(0318), (0321)-(0322), (0323)-(0324), (0337)-(0338),

(0343)-(0344), (0357)-(0358), (0361)-(0362), (0365)-(0366), (0367)-(0368), (0369)-(0370),

(0371)-(0372), (0379)-(0380), (0381)-(0382), (0391)-(0392), (0401)-(0402), (0403)-(0404),

(0419)-(0420), (0431)-(0432), (0433)-(0434), (0437)-(0438), (0441)-(0442), (0443)-(0444),

(0465)-(0466), (0467)-(0468), (0471)-(0472), (0473)-(0474), (0485)-(0486), (0487)-(0488),

(0489)-(0490), (0493)-(0494), (0495)-(0496), (0505)-(0506), (0507)-(0508), (0515)-(0516),

(0519)-(0520), (0531)-(0532), (0547)-(0548), (0549)-(0550), (0553)-(0554), (0555)-(0556),

(0557)-(0558), (0583)-(0584), (0595)-(0596), (0607)-(0608), (0611)-(0612), (0613)-(0614),

(0617)-(0618), (0623)-(0624), (0631)-(0632), (0635)-(0636), (0641)-(0642), (0643)-(0644),

(0661)-(0662), (0665)-(0666), (0671)-(0672), (0677)-(0678), (0679)-(0680), (0685)-(0686),

(0687)-(0688), (0693)-(0694), (0697)-(0698), (0699)-(0700), (0701)-(0702), (0707)-(0708),

(0711)-(0712), (0715)-(0716), (0723)-(0724), (0725)-(0726), (0729)-(0730), (0735)-(0736),

(0737)-(0738), (0743)-(0744), (0745)-(0746), (0753)-(0754), (0759)-(0760), (0763)-(0764),

(0767)-(0768), (0773)-(0774), (0775)-(0776), (0779)-(0780), (0789)-(0790), (0791)-(0792),

(0793)-(0794)

7DEOR��GH�J|VWHULOGL÷L�úHNLOGH��WHPHOGH�(('ø&ø + (7.ø/(1(1��\DSÕVÕ�WDúÕPDNOD�ELUOLNWH��seçimlik olarak (HEDEF�� 52/�� VWOHQHQ� �\HOHUL� DODELOHQ� H\OHP� oLIWOHUL\VH� DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU�

�-DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�HEDEF ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–he/–ni) DB, 7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�HEDEF ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler ise (–e��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

(Tablo 3)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)


EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0005)-(0006), (0007)-(0008), (0053)-(0054), (0069)-(0070), (0071)-(0072), (0123)-(0124),

(0127)-(0128), (0167)-(0168), (0183)-(0184), (0191)-(0192), (0207)-(0208), (0269)-(0270),

(0295)-(0296), (0323)-(0324), (0357)-(0358), (0367)-(0368), (0379)-(0380), (0381)-(0382),

(0441)-(0442), (0467)-(0468), (0471)-(0472), (0485)-(0486), (0495)-(0496), (0515)-(0516),

(0531)-(0532), (0549)-(0550), (0553)-(0554), (0557)-(0558), (0611)-(0612), (0635)-(0636),

(0661)-(0662), (0687)-(0688), (0697)-(0698), (0709)-(0710), (0735)-(0736), (0737)-(0738),

(0759)-(0760), (0773)-(0774)

7DEOR��GH�J|VWHULOGL÷L�úHNLOGH��WHPHOGH�(('ø&ø + (7.ø/(1(1��\DSÕVÕ�WDúÕPDNOD�ELUOLNWH��seçimlik olarak (KAYNAK�� 52/�� VWOHQHQ� �\HOHUL� DODELOHQ� H\OHP� oLIWOHUL\VH� DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU�

�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–kara) DB, 7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�KAYNAK ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–den��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

(Tablo 4)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)


� ��

EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 (KAYNAK)

Ø –i (–den) w

(0051)-(0052), (0071) (0072), (0153) (0154), (0205)-(0206), (0361)-(0362), (0369)-(0370),

(0443)-(0444), (0677)-(0678), (0699)-(0700), (0715)-(0716), (0773)-(0774)

7DEOR� �� YH� ��GH� J|VWHULOHQ� \DSÕODU� KDULFLQGH�� LNL� GLO� DUDVÕQGD� EHQ]HUOLN gösteren

\DSÕODU�úXQODUGÕU�� a. ��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�

(YER (–he/–ni))��YH��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�olarak (YER (–e)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 YER

(0643)

wWatashi-wa

boo-wo

soko-he

soko-ni

tatemashita.

(0644)w Ben sopa-�\�Õ ora-(y)a diktim.

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 YER

(0645)

wWatashi-wa

ie-wo

akichi-he

akichi-ni

tatemashita.

(0646)w Ben ev-i ERú�DUD]L-(y)e LQúD�HWWLP�

b. �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� �\H� RODUDN�(YARARLANICI (–he/–ni))�� QROX�7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� �\H�

� ��

olarak (YARARLANICI (–e)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 YARARLANICI

(0473)

wWatashi-wa

hon-wo

tomodachi-he

tomodachi-ni

okurimasu.

(0474)w Ben kitap-Õ DUNDGDúÕP-a KHGL\H�HGHFH÷LP�

c. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�(YER (–de)),

�� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� Loerisinde seçimlik üye olarak (YER (–de))

bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 YER

(0495)w Watashi-wa okane-wo michi-de otoshimashita.

(0496)w Ben para-�\�Õ yol-da G�ú�UG�P�


a. �� YH� �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� (7.ø/(1(1�ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–wo) DB almaktayken, (0110) ve (0640) nolu Türkçe eylemlerin

�\H�\DSÕVÕ içerisinde (7.ø/(1(1�ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

w X Y E w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

(0109)w Watashi-wa shigoto-wo w hajimemasu.

(0110)w Ben Lú-e w EDúOD\DFD÷ÕP�

w X Y E w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

(0639)w Watashi-wa doa-wo w tatakimashita.

(0640)w Ben NDSÕ-(y)a w vurdum.

b. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�(7.ø/(1(1�ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–wo) veya (–ni) DB almaktayken, ��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�(7.ø/(1(1 ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

w X Y E w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

(0535)

wWatashi-wa

kikai-ni

kikai-wo wsawarimashita.

(0536)w Ben makine-(y)e w dokundum.

c. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�(7.ø/(1(1�ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, (0214) nolu Türkçe eyOHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�(7.ø/(1(1

ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–i)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

w X Y E w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

(0213)w Watashi-wa kare-ni w kachimashita.

(0214)w Ben o-(n)u w yendim.

ç. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODrak YER ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler (–he/–ni) DB almaktayken, ��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–e) veya (–de) DB alabilmektedir.

w X Y (Y) E

w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 YER

(0431)

wWatashi-wa

okane-wo

soko-he

soko-ni

nokoshimashita.

(0432)ww

Ben

para-�\�Õ

ora-(y)a

ora-da

EÕUDNWÕP�

d. �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–kara)�'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–ni) DB de alabilmektedir. (0362) nolu Türkçe eylemin üye

\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGe KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen üye ise sadece (–den) DB alabilmektedir.

w X Y (Y) E

w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1 KAYNAK

(0361)

wWatashi-wa

hon-wo

yuujin-kara

yuujin-ni

moraimashita.

(0362)w Ben kitap-Õ DUNDGDúÕP-dan DOGÕP�

� ��

��('ø&ø��(7.ø/(1(1��¤)

(Tablo 5)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

–wa/–ga –to

EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

Ø –ile

øúWHú�DQODPÕ�WDúÕ\DQ�JHoLúOL�H\OHPOHULQ�WHPHO�\DSÕVÕ�RODUDN�GD�DGODQGÕUDELOHFH÷LPL]�EX�\DSÕGD�� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + ((7.ø/(1(1 (–to)�� úHNlinde

ROXúPDNWD\NHQ��7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ\VD�(('ø&ø (–Ø)) + ((7.ø/(1(1 (–ile)��úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWDGÕU��

7DEOR��GH�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH�VDKLS�-DSRQFD�YH�7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU��

(0021)-(0022), (0035)-(0036), (0045)-(0046), (0119)-(0120), (0187)-(0188), (0231)-(0232),

(0237)-(0238), (0543)-(0544)


a. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�(7.ø/(1(1 ROLünü üstlenen

(–to��'%QLQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� (–ni) DB de alabilmektedir. ��QROX�7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ�içerisinde (7.ø/(1(1�ROLünü üstlenen üye ise sadece (–ile) DB alabilmektedir.

� ��

w X Y E w ('ø&ø (7.ø/(1(1

(0045)

wWatashi-wa

sensei-to

sensei-ni waimashita.

(0046)w Ben |÷UHWPHQ-ile w NDUúÕODúWÕP�

b. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH��HEDEF (–ni)) ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler seçimlik üye olarak bulunabilmekteyken, (0120) nolX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ�içerisinde (HEDEF (–e))�52/�Q��VWOHQHQ��\H�EXOXQDPDNWDGÕU�

w X Y E w ('ø&ø HEDEF

w Watashi-wa sensei-ni w hanashimashita.

w Ben * |÷UHWPHQ-e w NRQXúWXP�

��('ø&ø��<$5$5/$1,&,

(Tablo 6)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø YARARLANICI


EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

Ø –i w w

%X�\DSÕGD��-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + (YARARLANICI (–wo))

úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWD\NHQ��7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ\VD�(('ø&ø (–Ø)) + (YARARLANICI (–i))

� ��

úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWDGÕr.

7DEOR��GD�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH�VDKLS�-DSRQFD�YH�7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU��

(0157)-(0158), (0325)-(0326), (0345)-(0346), (0373)-(0374), (0399)-(0400), (0529)-(0530),

(0579)-(0580), (0585)-(0586), (0637)-(0638), (0673)-(0674), (0803)-(0804)

7DEOR��GD�J|VWHULOHQ�\DSÕ�KDULFLQGH�� LNL�GLO�DUDVÕQGD�EHQ]HUOLN�J|VWHUHQ�\DSÕ�RODUDN��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�(HEDEF (–he/–ni)), (0158), (0530) ve��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�seçimlik üye olarak (HEDEF (–e)��EXOXQDELOGL÷L�J|U�OPHNWHGLU��

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø YARARLANICI HEDEF

(0157)

Watashi-wa

kare-wo

sensei-he

sensei-ni

homemashita.

(0158) Ben o-(n)u |÷UHWPHQ-e övdüm.

w X Y Z E


(0529)

Watashi-wa

yuujin-wo

paati-he

paati -ni

sasoimashita.

(0530) Ben DUNDGDúÕP-Õ parti-(y)e davet ettim.

� ��

w X Y Z E


(0579) Watashi-wa yuujin-wo ie-he / ie -ni shootai shimashita.

(0580) Ben DUNDGDúÕP-Õ ev-e davet ettim.


a. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQde YARARLANICI ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YARARLANICI ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–i)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

w X Y E w ('ø&ø YARARLANICI

(0011)w Watashi-wa yuujin-ni w aisatsu shimashita.

(0012)w Ben DUNDGDúÕP-Õ w VHODPODGÕP�

b. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YARARLANICI ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YARARLANICI ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0025)w Watashi-wa sensei-ni w annai shimasu.

(0026)w Ben |÷UHWPHQ-e w UHKEHUOLN�HGHFH÷LP�

� ��

c. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YARARLANICI ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–he/–ni) DB almaktayken, (0118) nolu Türkçe H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YARARLANICI ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–i)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0117)

wWatashi-wa

kashu-he

kashu-ni whakushu shimashita.

(0118)w Ben úDUNÕFÕ-�\�Õ w DONÕúODGÕP�

ç. (0589) ve (0657) nolu JaponcD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� YARARLANICI

ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–wo) DB almaktayken, (0590) ve (0658) nolu Türkçe eylemlerin

�\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YARARLANICI ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0589)w Watashi-wa sensei-wo w sonkei shimasu.

(0590)w Ben |÷UHWPHQLP-e w hürmet ederim.


(0657)w Watashi-wa yuujin-wo w tetsudaimashita.

(0658)w Ben DUNDGDúÕP-a w \DUGÕP�HWWLP�

� ��

��('ø&ø��.218

(Tablo 7)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø KONU


EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø KONU

Ø –i w w

%X�\DSÕGD��-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + (KONU (–wo)��úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWD\NHQ�� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ\VD� (('ø&ø (–Ø)) + (KONU (–i)�� úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWDGÕU��

Tablo 7.de gösteULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH�VDKLS�-DSRQFD�YH�7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU��

(0055)-(0056), (0121)-(0122), (0175)-(0176), (0201)-(0202), (0227)-(0228), (0239)-(0240),

(0253)-(0254), (0255)-(0256), (0289)-(0290), (0301)-(0302), (0303)-(0304), (0327)-(0328),

(0331-0332), (0347)-(0348), (0349)-(0350), (0353)-(0354), (0393)-(0394), (0407)-(0408),

(0449)-(0450), (0477)-(0478), (0479)-(0480), (0491)-(0492), (0501)-(0502), (0503)-(0504),

(0513)-(0514), (0541)-(0542), (0565)-(0566), (0567)-(0568), (0569)-(0570), (0577)-(0578),

(0591)-(0592), (0625)-(0626), (0653)-(0654), (0703)-(0704), (0727)-(0728), (0741)-(0742),

(0771)-(0772), (0785)-(0786), (0799)-(0800)

7DEOR� ��GH� J|VWHULOGL÷L� úHNLOGH�� WHPHOGH� (('ø&ø + KONU�� \DSÕVÕ� WDúÕPDNOD� ELUOLNWH��seçimlik olarak (HEDEF�� 52/�� VWOHQHQ� �\HOHUL� DODELOHQ� H\OHP� oLIWOHUL\VH� DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU�

� ��

(Tablo 8)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)


EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø KONU (HEDEF)

Ø –i (–e) w

(0121)-(0122), (0175)-(0176), (0255)-(0256), (0349)-(0350), (0501)-(0502), (0567)-(0568),

(0591)-(0592), (0653)-(0654), (0703)-(0704)

7DEOR��YH��GH�J|VWHULOHQ�\DSÕODU�KDULFLQGH��LNL�GLO�DUDVÕQGD�EHQ]HUOLN�J|VWHUHQ�\DSÕODU�úXQODUGÕU��

a. ��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�(KAYNAK (–kara))��YH��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�üye olarak (KAYNAK (–den)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø KONU KAYNAK

(0327)w Watashi-wa kore-wo sensei-kara manabimashita.

(0328)w Ben bu-(n)u |÷UHWPHQ-den |÷UHQGLP�

w X Y Z E


(0407)w Watashi-wa kore-wo sensei-kara naraimashita.

(0408)w Ben bu-(n)u |÷UHWPHQ-den |÷UHQGLm.

� ��

b. ��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�olarak (YARARLANICI (–he/–ni))�� YH� ��QROX�7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ�içerisinde seçimlik üye olarak (YARARLANICI (–e)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø KONU YARARLANICI

(0491)

wWatashi-wa

kore-wo

yuujin-he

yuujin-ni

oshiemashita.

(0492)w Ben bu-(n)u DUNDGDúÕP-a |÷UHWWLP�

w X Y Z E


(0541)

wWatashi-wa

jij oo-wo

chichi-he

chichi-ni

setsumei shimashita.

(0542)w Ben durum-u babam-a DoÕNODGÕP�

w X Y Z E


(0577)

wWatashi-wa

ano hito-wo

yuujin-he

yuujin-ni

shookai shimasu.

(0578)w Ben o adam-Õ DUNDGDúÕP-a WDQÕWDFD÷ÕP�


D�� YH� �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ�içerisinde KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–wo) DB almaktayken, (0102), (0174), (0364),

� ��

�� YH� �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� KONU ROLünü üstlenen

üyelerse (–e��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0101)w Watashi-wa benkyoo-wo w ganbarimasu.

(0102)w Ben derslerim-e w JD\UHW�HGHFH÷LP�


(0173)w Watashi-wa kaeri-wo w isogimasu.

(0174)w Ben G|Q�ú-e w acele ediyorum.


(0363)w Watashi-wa kuruma-wo w motte imasu.

(0364)w Ben araba-(y)a w sahibim.


(0559)w Watashi-wa kare-wo w shinjimasu.

(0560)w Ben o-(n)a w LQDQÕ\RUXP�

� ��


(0771)w Watashi-wa iku koto-wo w yakusoku shimashita.

(0772)w Ben gitme-(y)e w söz verdim.

E��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�içerisinde KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, (0066), (0068), (0330),

�� YH� �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� KONU ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–e��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU�


(0066)w Watashi-wa gakkoo-ni w chikoku shimashita.

(0065)w Ben okul-a w JHo�NDOGÕP�


(0067)w Watashi-wa jikan-ni w chuui shimasu.

(0068)w Ben zaman-a w dikkat ederim.


(0329)w Watashi-wa basu-ni w maniaimashita.

(0330)w Ben otobüs-e w \HWLúWLP�

� ��


(0409)w Watashi-wa nihon-ni w naremashita.

(0410)w Ben Japonya-(y)a w DOÕúWÕP�


(0469)w Watashi-wa kaigi-ni w okuremashita.

(0470)w Ben WRSODQWÕ-(y)a w geciktim.


(0769)w Ano shain-wa kaisha-ni w yakunitachimasu.

(0770)w O eleman úLUNHW-e w ID\GDOÕ�ROX\RU�

c. (0103) ve (0287) QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, (0104) ve (0288) QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�içerisinde KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–i��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0103)w Watashi-wa shiken-ni w gookaku shimashita.

(0104)w Ben VÕQDY-Õ w geçtim.

� ��


(0287)w Watashi-wa shitsumon-ni w kotaemashita.

(0288)w Ben soru-(y)u w FHYDSODGÕP�

ç. �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� RODUDN� EXOXQDELOHQ�KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–kara)�'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–ni) DB de alabilmektedir.

w X Y Z E


(0407)

wWatashi-wa

kore-wo

chichi-kara

chichi-ni

naraimashita.

(0408)w Ben bu-(n)u babam-dan |÷UHQGLP�

d. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–wo)� '%QLQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� (–ga) DB alabilmektedir. �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ�içerisinde KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ise (–i)�'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–den) DB alabilmektedir.


(0741)ww

Watashi-wa

nihongo-wo

nihongo-ga wwakarimasu.

(0742)ww

Ben

Japonca-�\�Õ�

Japonca-dan wDQODUÕP�

� ��

e. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�içerisinde KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–wo) DB DOPDNWDGÕU�� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� KONU ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler ise (–i)�'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–den) DB de alabilmektedir.


(0393) Watashi-wa shigoto-wo wnamakemashita.

(0394)

wBen

Lú-i

Lú-den wND\WDUGÕP�

I�� YH� �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� RODUDN�bulunabilen HEDEF ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–he/–ni) DB almaktayken, (0480) ve (0626)

QROX�7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHUisinde seçimlik olarak bulunabilen HEDEF ROLünü


w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø KONU HEDEF

(0479)

wWatashi-wa

kore-wo

sensei-he

sensei-ni

onegai shimashita.

(0480)w Ben bu-(n)u |÷UHWPHQ-den istedim.

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø KONU HEDEF

(0625)

wWatashi-wa

kore-wo

yuujin-he

yuujin -ni

tanomimashita.

(0626)w Ben bu-(n)u DUNDGDúÕP-dan istedim.

� ��

g. (0078) nolu Türkçe eylem seçimlik üye olarak (KONU (–e)) alabili rken, (0077) nolu

-DSRQFD�H\OHP�VHoLPOLN��\H�DODPDPDNWDGÕU��


(0077)w Watashi-wa * benkyoo-wo w doryoku shimasu.

(0078)w Ben derslerim-e w JD\UHW�HGHFH÷LP�

h. (0591) nolu Japonca eylem seçimlik üye olarak ((7.ø/(1(1 (–to)) alabili rken,

(0592) nolu Türkçe eylem seçimlik üye olarak ((7.ø/(1(1 (–ile)) DODPDPDNWDGÕU��


(0591)w Watashi-wa sensei-to w soodan shimasu.

(0592)w Ben * |÷UHWPHQ�LOH w GDQÕúDFD÷ÕP�

��('ø&ø��+('()

(Tablo 9)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø HEDEF

–wa/–ga –he/–ni w w

EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø HEDEF

Ø –e w w

� ��

%X� \DSÕGD�� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + (HEDEF (–he/–ni))

úHNOLQGH� ROXúPDNWD\NHQ�� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ\VD� (('ø&ø (–Ø)) + (HEDEF (–e))

úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWDGÕU�� 7DEOR��GD�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH sahip Japonca ve

7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU��

(0003)-(0004), (0059)-(0060), (0063)-(0064), (0073)-(0074), (0075)-(0076), (0105)-(0106),

(0133)-(0134), (0143)-(0144), (0165)-(0166), (0223)-(0224), (0305)-(0306), (0355)-(0356),

(0375)-(0376), (0417)-(0418), (0427)-(0428), (0435)-(0436), (0445)-(0446), (0509)-(0510),

(0511)-(0512), (0525)-(0526), (0543)-(0544) , (0571)-(0572), (0581)-(0582), (0609)-(0610),

(0663)-(0664), (0689)-(0690), (0691)-(0692) , (0731)-(0732), (0733)-(0734)


D��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�HEDEF ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–ni) DB almaktayken, (0050) nolu T�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�HEDEF ROLünü



(0049)w Watashi-wa sensei-ni w ayamarimashita.

(0050)w Ben |÷UHWPHQ-den w özür diledim.

E��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLnde HEDEF ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–wo) DB almaktayken, ��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�HEDEF ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–e��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��


(0375)w Watashi-wa migi-wo w mukimashita.

(0376)w Ben VD÷-a w döndüm.

c. (0060) nolu Türkçe eylem seçimlik üye olarak ((7.ø/(1(1 (–i)) alabili rken, (0059)

QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHP�VHoLPOLN��\H�DODPDPDNWDGÕU��

w X Y Z E

w ('ø&ø HEDEF (7.ø/(1(1

(0059)

wWatashi-wa

kabe-he

kabe-ni

* kuruma-wo

butsukarimashita.

(0060)w Ben duvar-a araba-�\�Õ oDUSWÕP�

o�� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + (HEDEF (–he/–ni))

úHNOLQGH� ROXúPDNWD\NHQ�� (0510) nolu 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ\VD� (('ø&ø (–Ø)) + (YER

(–de)��úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWDGÕU��


(0509)

Watashi-wa

nihon-he

nihon-ni wryuugaku shimasu.

w X Y E w ('ø&ø YER

(0510)w Ben Japonya-da w H÷LWLP�J|UHFH÷LP�

� ��

��('ø&ø��.$<1$.

(Tablo 10)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø KAYNAK

–wa/–ga –kara w w

EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø KAYNAK

Ø –den w w

Tablo 10�GD�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH�VDKLS�-DSRQFD�YH�7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHGLU��

(0003)-(0004), (0143)-(0144), (0165)-(0166), (0251)-(0252), (0305)-(0306), (0355)-(0356),

(0417)-(0418), (0457)-(0458), (0483)-(0484), (0581)-(0582), (0597)-(0598)


D�� YH� �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� Rlarak

bulunabilen ve KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–kara)� '%QLQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� (–wo) DB

alabilmektedir. ��YH��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�bulunabilen ve KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ise (–den) DB DOPDNWDGÕU�

w X Y E w ('ø&ø KAYNAK

(0483)w Watashi-wa kuruma-wo w orimashita.

(0484)w Ben araba-dan w indim.

� ��


(0597)w Watashi-wa daigaku-wo w sotsugyoo shimashita.

(0598)w Ben üniversite-den w mezun oldum.

b. (0739) nolu Japonca eylemin üye \DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�EXOXQDELOHQ�YH�KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–to) DB almaktayken, (0740) nolu Türkçe eylemin üye

\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�EXOXQDELOHQ�YH�KAYNAK ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ise (–den)

'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0739)w Watashi-wa yuujin-to w wakaremashita.

(0740)w Ben DUNDGDúÕP-dan w D\UÕOGÕP�

��('ø&ø��<(5��£)

(Tablo 11)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø YER

–wa/–ga –de w w

EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø YER

Ø –de w w

%X�\DSÕGD��-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + (YER (–de)��úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWD\NHQ�� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ\VD� (('ø&ø (–Ø)) + (YER (–de)�� úHNOLQGH�

� ��

ROXúPDNWDGÕU�� 7DEOR��GH�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]HOOLNOHULQH�VDKLS�-DSRQFD�YH�

7�UNoH�H\OHP�oLIWOHUL�DúD÷ÕGDNL�úHNLOGHdir:

(0033)-(0034), (0035)-(0036), (0041)-(0042), (0405)-(0406), (0499)-(0500), (0527)-(0528),

(0537)-(0538), (0599)-(0600), (0603)-(0604), (0621)-(0622), (0669)-(0700), (0705)-(0706)


D��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–de��'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–he/–ni), ��YH��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�içerisinde YER ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–de��'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD��–e) DB de alabilmektedir.


(0041)

w

Gakusei tachi-wa

koko-de

koko-he

koko-ni w

atsumarimasu.

(0042)

wg÷UHQFLOHU

bura-da

bura-(y)a wtoplanacak.

w X Y E w E'ø&ø YER

(0405)

w

Gakusei tachi-wa

koko-de

koko-he

koko-ni w

narabimasu.

� ��

(0406)

wg÷UHQFLOHU

bura-da

bura-(y)a wVÕUDODQDFDN�

E��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–he/–ni), (0196) nolu Türkçe eylemin��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse

(–e��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0195)

wKodomo-wa

soko-he

soko-ni wkakuremashita.

(0196)w Çocuk úXUD-(y)a w gizlendi.

c. (0499), (0527) ve (0599) QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHrisinde YER

ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–de��'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–wo) DB de alabilmektedir. (0500), (0528) ve

(0600) QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� RODUDN� EXOXQDELOHQ� YH� YER

ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ise (–de)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU�


(0499)

wWatashi-wa

umi-de

umi-wo woyogimashita.

(0500)w Ben deniz-de w yüzdüm.

� ��


(0527)

wWatashi-wa

kooen-de

kooen-wo wsanpo shimashita.

(0528)w Ben park-ta w \�U�\�ú�\DSWÕP�


(0599)

wWatashi-wa

michi-de

michi-wo wsuberimashita.

(0600)w Ben yol-da w ND\GÕP�

ç. (0603), (0621), (0669) ve (0705) QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YER

ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–de��'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–ni) DB de alabilmektedir. (0604), (0622),

(0670) ve (0706) QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN�RODUDN�EXOXQDELOHQ�YH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ise (–de)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU�


(0603)

wWatashi-wa

nihon-de

nihon -ni wsumimashita.

(0604)w Ben Japonya-da w ikamet ettim.

� ��


(0621)

wWatashi-wa

nihon-de

nihon -ni wtaizai shimashita.

(0622)w Ben Japonya-da w ikamet ettim.


(0669)

wWatashi-wa

hoteru-de

hoteru-ni wtomarimashita.

(0670)w Ben otel-de w geceledim.


(0705)

wWatashi-wa

ginkoo-de

ginkoo-ni wtsutomemashita.

(0706)w Ben banka-da w oDOÕúWÕP.

G��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–he/–ni) '%�DOPDNWDGÕU�� (0616) nolu Türkçe eylePLQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler (–de��'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD�(–e) DB de alabilmektedir.


(0615)

wWatashi-wa

isu-he

isu-ni wsuwarimashita.

� ��

(0616)

wBen

sandalye-de

sandalye-(y)e woturdum.

��('ø&ø��<(5��¤)

(Tablo 12)

EYLEM (J) ('ø&ø YER


EYLEM (T) ('ø&ø YER

Ø –i w w

%X�\DSÕGD��-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ (('ø&ø (–wa/–ga)) + (YER (–wo)��úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWD\NHQ�� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ\VD� (('ø&ø (–Ø)) + (YER (–i)�� úHNOLQGH ROXúPDNWDGÕU��


(0015)-(0016), (0025)-(0026), (0033)-(0033), (0115)-(0116), (0225)-(0226), (0233)-(0234),

(0235)-(0236), (0271)-(0272), (0335)-(0336), (0425)-(0426), (0593)-(0594), (0655)-(0656),

(0757)-(0758)


a. (0425) nolu JaponcD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–wo�� '%QLQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� (–he/–ni), �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� YER

ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–i��'%QLQ�\DQÕ�VÕUD��–e) DB de alabilmektedir.

� ��


(0425)

w

Watashi-wa

yama-wo

yama-he

yama-ni w

noborimashita.

(0426)

wBen

GD÷-Õ�

GD÷-a wWÕUPDQGÕP�

E��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler (–wo) '%� DOPDNWDGÕU�� (0602), (0676) ve (0758) nolu Türkçe eylemin üye

\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� YER ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–i�� '%QLQ� \DQÕ� VÕUD� �–den) DB de

alabilmektedir.


(0601)w Watashi-wa machi-wo w sugimashita.

(0602)

wBen

úHKLU-i úHKLU-den w

geçtim.


(0675)w Watashi-wa dooro-wo w toorimashita.

(0676)

wBen

cadde-(y)i

cadde-den wgeçtim.

� ��


(0757)w Watashi-wa michi-wo w watarimashita.

(0758)

wBen

yol-u

yol-dan wgeçtim.

c. ��QROX� -DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–wo) DB almaktayken, �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� YER ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0087)w Watashi-wa tsuchi-wo w fumimashita.

(0088)w Ben yer-e w EDVWÕP�

ç. (0659) nolu JaSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–wo) DB almaktayken, �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� YER ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–de)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0659)w Tori-wa sora-wo w tobimasu.

(0660)w .Xú gökyüzü-(n)de w uçar.

� ��

��'(1(<ø0&ø

(Tablo 13)

EYLEM (J) '(1(<ø0&ø

–wa/–ga w w

EYLEM (T) '(1(<ø0&ø

Ø w w

%X�\DSÕGD�� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�\HU� DODQ�'(1(<ø0&ø ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler (–wa/–ga) DB almaktayken, TüUNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�\HU�DODQ�'(1(<ø0&ø�52/�Q��VWOHQHQ��\HOHUVH�KHUKDQJL�ELU�'%�DOPDPDNWDGÕU��


(0027)-(0028), (0095)-(0096), (0229)-(0230), (0281)-(0282), (0383)-(0384), (0387)-(0388),

(0395)-(0396), (0413)-(0414), (0415)-(0416), (0447)-(0448), (0563)-(0564), (0587)-(0588),

(0683)-(0684), (0717)-(0718), (0781)-(0782), (0795)-(0796)

Tablo 13.de gösterilen üye yapÕVÕ� |]HOOLNOHUL� DoÕVÕQGDQ� IDUNOÕOÕN� J|VWHUHQ� H\OHPOHU�olarak,��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN� (KONU (–e))

bulunabili rken, ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�KONU

ROLünü üstlenen üye buOXQDPDGÕ÷Õ�görülmektedir.

� ��

w X Y E w '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

(0383)w Watashi-wa * oji no shi-wo w nakimashita.

(0384)w Ben dedemin ölümü-(n)e w D÷ODGÕP�

��'(1(<ø0&ø��.218

(Tablo 14)

EYLEM (J) '(1(<ø0&ø KONU


EYLEM (T) '(1(<ø0&ø KONU

Ø –i w w

%X�\DSÕGD��-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ ('(1(<ø0&ø (–wa/–ga)) + (KONU (–wo))

úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWD\NHQ��7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ\VD�('(1(<ø0&ø (–Ø)) + (KONU (–i))

úHNOLQGH�ROXúPDNWDGÕU�� 7DEOR��GH�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ ve DB özelli klerine sahip Japonca ve


(0009)-(0010), (0159)-(0160), (0203)-(0204), (0261)-(0262), (0311)-(0312), (0313)-(0314),

(0475)-(0476), (0755)-(0756)

7DEOR� ��GH� J|VWHULOHQ� \DSÕODU� KDULFLQGH�� LNL� GLO� DUDVÕQGD� EHQ]HUOLN� J|VWHUHQ� \DSÕODU�úXQODUGÕU��

a. (0001), (0099), (0199), (0561), (0749) ve (0797) QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�

� ��

içerisinde seçimlik üye olarak (KONU (–wo)), (0002), (0100), (0200), (0562), (0750) ve (0798)

nolu Türkçe eylemlerin üye yaSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� �\H� RODUDN� (KONU (–e))

bulunabilmektedir.


(0001)w Watashi-wa hizashi-wo w abimashita.

(0002)w Ben J�QHú�ÕúÕ÷Õ-(n)a w PDUX]�NDOGÕP�


(0099)w Watashi-wa kurushimi-wo w gaman shimasu.

(0100)w Ben DFÕ-(y)a w sabrediyorum.


(0199)w Watashi-wa fuseikoo-wo w kanashimimashita.

(0200)w Ben EDúDUÕVÕ]OÕ÷ÕP-a w üzüldüm.

b. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�(KAYNAK

(–kara))��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�(KAYNAK

(–den)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y E w '(1(<ø0&ø KAYNAK

(0619)w Watashi-wa byooin-kara w taiin shimashita.

� ��

(0620)w Ben hastane-den w taburcu oldum.

c. (0057), (031�� YH� �� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� KONU

ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, (0058), (0320) ve (0454) nolu Türkçe

H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–e��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0057)w Watashi-wa kono nyuusu-ni w bikkuri shimashita.

(0058)w Ben bu haber-e w úDúÕUGÕP�


(0319)w Watashi-wa kare-ni w makemashita.

(0320)w Ben o-(n)a w yenildim.


(0453)w Watashi-wa kono dekigoto-ni w odorokimashita.

(0454)w Ben bu olay-a w úDúÕUGÕP�

o�� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� KONU ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–kara) DB almaktayken, �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�KONU

ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–den) DB alPDNWDGÕU��

� ��


(0521)w Watashi-wa yume-kara w samemashita.

(0522)w Ben rüya-dan w X\DQGÕP�


a. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–wo) DB almaktayken, ��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–den)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0627)w Watashi-wa ryokoo-wo w tanoshimimashita.

(0628)w Ben yolculuk-tan w ]HYN�DOGÕP�

b. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–ga) DB almaktayken, ��QROX�7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ��\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU�


(0171)w Watashi-wa okane-ga w irimasu.

(0172)w Ben para-(y)a w gereksinim duyuyorum.

c. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

� ��

(–ni) DB almaktayken, (0340) QROX�7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–i)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0339)w Watashi-wa michi-ni w mayoimashita.

(0340)w Ben yolum-u w úDúÕUGÕP�

ç. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–ni) veya (–wo) DB almaktayken, ��QROX�7�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU

ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��


(0461)

wSensei-wa

gakusei-ni

gakusei-wo wokorimashita.

(0462)w g÷UHWPHQ |÷UHQFL-(y)e w NÕ]GÕ�

d. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN� (–ni) DB

alan ve KONU ROLünü üstlenen bir üye bulunabilmekteyken, (0274) nolu Türkçe eylemin

�\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen seçimlik bir �\H�EXOXQDPDPDNWDGÕU.


(0273)w Watashi-wa okane-ni w komatte imasu.

(0274)w Ben * para-(y)a w VÕNÕQWÕ�oHNL\RUXP�

� ��

4.12 KONU

(Tablo 15)

EYLEM (J) KONU

–wa/–ga w w

EYLEM (T) KONU

Ø

%X�\DSÕGD��-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�\HU�DODQ�KONU ROLünü üstlenen

üyeler (–wa/–ga) DB almaktayken, 7�UNoH�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�\HU�DODQ�KONU

52/�Q��VWOHQHQ��\HOHUVH�KHUKDQJL�ELU�'%�DOPDPDNWDGÕU�� 7DEOR��GH�J|VWHULOHQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ�YH�'%�|]elli klerine sahip Japonca ve


(0017)-(0018), (0019)-(0020), (0023)-(0024), (0037)-(0038), (0081)-(0082), (0107)-(0108),

(0137)-(0138), (0139)-(0140), (0151)-(0152), (0209)-(0210), (0219)-(0220), (0247)-(0248),

(0257)-(0258), (0275)-(0276), (0277)-(0278), (0285)-(0286), (0291)-(0292), (0307)-(0308),

(0315)-(0316), (0341)-(0342), (0359)-(0360), (0389)-(0390), (0397)-(0398), (0411)-(0412),

(0423)-(0424), (0439)-(0440), (0459)-(0460), (0463)-(0464), (0481)-(0482), (0497)-(0498),

(0523)-(0524), (0551)-(0552), (0605)-(0606), (0629)-(0630), (0633)-(0634), (0647)-(0648)

(0747)-(0748), (0751)-(0752), (0761)-(0762), (0765)-(0766), (0787)-(0788), (0801)-(0802)

7DEOR� ��GH� J|VWHULOHQ� \DSÕ� KDULFLQGH�� LNL� GLO� DUDVÕQGD� EHQ]HUOLN� J|VWHUHQ� \DSÕODU�úXQODUGÕU��

� ��

a. ��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�(YER (–de))�� YH� �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGe seçimlik üye

olarak (YER (–de)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y E w KONU YER

(0649)w Tatemono-wa soko-de w tatte imasu.

(0650)w Bina ora-da w LQúD�HGLOPLúWLU�

w X Y E w KONU YER

(0651)w Kodomo-wa soko-de w tatte imasu.

(0652)w Çocuk ora-da w ayakta duruyor.

b. (0267), (0377), (0451) ve (0573) QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�seçimlik üye olarak (HEDEF (–he/–ni)), (0268), (0378), (0452) ve (0574) nolu Türkçe

H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�(HEDEF (–e)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y E w KONU HEDEF

(0267)

wMizu-ga

yuka-he

yuka-ni wkoboremashita.

(0268)w Su yer-e w döküldü.

� ��


(0377)

wKawa-ga

umi-he

umi-ni wnagaremasu.

(0378)w Nehir deniz-e w akar.


(0451)

wNooto-ga

yuka-he

yuka-ni wochimashita.

(0452)w Defter yer-e w G�úW��


(0573)ww

Fune-wa

umi-he

umi-ni wshizumimashita.

(0574)w Gemi deniz-e w EDWWÕ�

c. (0267), (0377) ve (0451) QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�olarak (KAYNAK (–kara)), (0268), (0378) ve (0452) nolu�7�UNoH�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�seçimlik üye olarak (KAYNAK (–den)) bulunabilmektedir.

w X Y E w KONU KAYNAK

(0267)w Mizu-ga koppu-kara w koboremashita.

(0268)w Su bardak-tan w döküldü.

� ��


(0377)w Kawa-ga koko-kara w nagaremasu.

(0378)w Nehir bura-dan w akar.


(0451)w Nooto-ga ue-kara w ochimashita.

(0452)w Defter \XNDUÕ-dan w G�úW��


D�� QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–ni) DB almaktayken, �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� YER ROLünü

üstlenen üyeler (–de��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

w X Y E w KONU YER

(0429)w Gohan-ga sara-ni w nokorimashita.

(0430)w Yemek tabak-ta w NDOGÕ�

E�� QROX� -DSRQFD� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� �\H� RODUDN� KONU

ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, �� QROX� 7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ�içerisinde KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–e��'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

w X Y E w KONU KONU

(0221)w Hiyoko-ga tori-ni w kawarimashita.

(0222)w Civciv NXú-a w G|Q�úW��

c. (0696) nolu Türkçe eylem seçimlik üye olarak (YER (–de)) alabili rken, (0695) nolu

Japonca eylem seçimlik üye olarak (YER (–de)) DODPDPDNWDGÕU��

w X Y E w KONU YER

(0695)w Yuki-ga * michi-de w tsumorimashita.

(0696)w Kar yol-da w birikti.

ç. (0351) nolu Japonca eylem seçimlik üye olarak (('ø&ø (–ni)) alabili rken, (0352)

nolu Türkçe eylem seçimlik üye olarak ('ø&ø�ROLü üstlenen bir üye DODPDPDNWDGÕU��

w X Y E w KONU ('ø&ø

(0351)w Keganin-ga keikan-ni w mitsukarimashita.

(0352)w <DUDOÕ * polis-?e w bulundu.

d. ��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�bulunan ve YER ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, (0032) ve (0170) nolu

7�UNoH� H\OHPOHULQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH� VHoLPOLN� �\H� RODUDN� EXOXQDQ� YH� YER ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–de)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU��

� ��

w X Y E w KONU YER

(0031)w Shinbun-wa koko-ni w arimasu.

(0032)w Gazete bura-da w EXOXQPDNWDGÕU�

w X Y E w KONU YER

(0169)w Sensei-wa soko-ni w imasu.

(0170)w g÷UHWPHQ ora-da w (EXOXQPDNWD�GÕU�

e. ��YH��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�VHoLPOLN��\H�RODUDN�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler (–ni) DB almaktayken, (0048) ve (0422) nolu Türkçe

H\OHPOHULQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyelerse (–e)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU�

w X Y E w KONU KONU

(0047)w Kagu-wa heya-ni w aimashita.

(0048)w Mobilya oda-(y)a w uydu.

w X Y E w KONU KONU

(0421)

wKare-wa

otoosan-ni

otoosan-to wnite imasu.

(0422)w O EDEDVÕ-(n)a w benziyor.

� ��

f. ��QROX�-DSRQFD�H\OHPLQ��\H�\DSÕVÕ�LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü üstlenen üyeler

(–to) DB almaktayken, �� QROX�7�UNoH� H\OHPLQ� �\H� \DSÕVÕ� LoHULVLQGH�KONU ROLünü

üstlenen üyelerse (–den)�'%�DOPDNWDGÕU�

w X Y E w KONU KONU

(0061)w Atarashii no-wa furui no-to w chigaimasu.

(0062)w Yenisi eskisi-(n)den w IDUNOÕGÕU�

�

� ��

5. BÖLÜM

ø=/(1&(�02'(/ø

��ø=/(1&(�g1(5ø6ø

1. KONU

h1ø7(��.218��g5h17h6h

*HoLúVL]�H\OHPOHU %DVLW�JHoLúVL]�H\OHP�W�PFHOHUL h\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ��'%�YH�HNOHQWL�NDYUDPODUÕ Temel zaman çekim ekleri

'DYUDQÕúODU�

��*HoLúVL]�H\OHPOHULQ�ELoLPELOLPVHO��DQODPELOLPVHO�YH�NXOODQÕP�|]HOOLNOHULQL�NDYUDPD ��*HoLúVL]�H\OHPOHUL�NXOODQDUDN�EDVLW�JHoLúVL]�H\OHP�W�PFHOHULQL�NXUDELOPH ��h\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ��'%�YH�HNOHQWL�NDYUDPODUÕQÕ�|÷UHQPH (4)�('ø&ø�ê(-wa) ve�'(1(<ø0&ø�ê(-wa) ROLlerini anlama

(5)�*ùÔ(-masu) ve�*ùÒÚ(-mashita) oHNLP�HNOHULQL�YH�ROXPVX]�KDOOHULQL�|÷UHQPH �2. KONU

h1ø7(��.218��g5h17h6h

*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHU

� ��

%DVLW�JHoLúOL�H\OHP�W�PFHOHUL h\H�\DSÕVÕ��52/�\DSÕVÕ��'%�YH�HNOHQWL�NDYUDPODUÕ Temel zaman çekim ekleri

'DYUDQÕúODU�

��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHULQ�ELoLPELOLPVHO��DQODPELOLPVHO�YH�NXOODQÕP�|]HOOLNOHULQL�NDYUDPD ��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHUL�NXOODQDUDN�EDVLW�JHoLúOL�H\OHP�W�PFHOHULQL�NXUDELOPH (3)�(7.ø/(1(1� (-wo) ,�KONU� (-wo) ,�ARAÇ�â(-de) ROLlerini anlama

�3. KONU

h1ø7(��.218��g5h17h6h

�YER�â(-de) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki görünümleri

�HEDEF�ó(-e) / æ(-ni) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki görünümleri

�YARARLANICI�ó(-e) / æ(-ni) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki

görünümleri

'DYUDQÕúODU�

��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHULQ�ELoLPELOLPVHO��DQODPELOLPVHO�YH�NXOODQÕP�|]HOOLNOHULQL�NDYUDPD ��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHUL�NXOODQDUDN�EDVLW�JHoLúOL�H\OHP�W�PFHOHULQL�NXUDELOPH (3)�YER�â(-de) ,�HEDEF�ó(-e) / æ(-ni) ,�YARARLANICI�ó(-e) / æ(-ni) ROLlerini

kavrama

�4. KONU

h1ø7(��.218��g5h17h6h

�KAYNAK�Æ�(-kara) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki görünümleri

�YER� (-wo) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki görünümleri

'DYUDQÕúODU�

��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHULQ�ELoLPELOLPVHO��DQODPELOLPVHO�YH�NXOODQÕP�|]HOOLNOHULQL�NDYUDPD ��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHUL�NXOODQDUDN�EDVLW�JHoLúOL�H\OHP�W�PFHOHULQL�NXUDELOPH

� ��

(3)�KAYNAK�Æ�(-kara) ve�YER� (-wo) ROLlerini kavrama

�5. KONU

h1ø7(��.218��g5h17h6h

�KAYNAK� (-wo) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki görünümleri

�(7.ø/(1(1�ã(-to) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki görünümleri

'DYUDQÕúODU�

��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHULQ�ELoLPELOLPVHO��DQODPELOLPVHO�YH�NXOODQÕP�|]HOOLNOHULQL�NDYUDPD ��*HoLúOL�H\OHPOHUL�NXOODQDUDN�EDVLW�JHoLúOL�H\OHP�W�PFHOHULQL�NXUDELOPH (3)�KAYNAK� (-wo) ve�(7.ø/(1(1�ã(-to) ROLlerini kavrama

�6. KONU

h1ø7(��.218��g5h17h6h

�KONU�Ç(-ga) ROLünü üstlenen üyeler ve tümce içerisindeki görünümleri

�½�ùÔ(arimasu) \�NOHPFLO�|÷HVL �¿ùÔ(imasu) \�NOHPFLO�|÷HVL 6ÕQÕIODQGÕUPD�|÷HOHUL 'DYUDQÕúODU�

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(024)w �sê�ùÛÜæ� Ñ² � �Ãá� ý�¿ùÒÚ� � Watashi-wa tomodachi-ni juusho-wo oshiete moraimashita.

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(025)w �sê� 3æ� Ñ² � �Ãá� ¿ÚÛÈùÒÚ� � Watashi-wa shachoo-ni juusho-wo oshiete itadakimashita.

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(028)w �½é6ê��ëæ� ×âý� Òá� ý�ÞáÈÚÆ��Ã��âÔ� � Ano ko-wa ryooshin-ni nandemo shite moratte kita kara amaenboo desu.

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(033)w ��ê�sæ� Ä � Ê�ùÒÚ� � Otooto-wa watashi-ni hon-wo kuremashita.

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(046)w �5¢ê�séd � á¿è¿æ� ^¿á� ÊÛÐ¿ùÒÚ� � Sensei-wa watashi no hanashi-wo teinei-ni kiite kudasaimashita.

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